hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.711

Input-Output LCA

Process-Based LCA

Process-Based LCA

Process-Based LCA

Process-Based LCA

Hybrid LCA


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.707

mass flows


IO-LCA

IO-LCA

IO-LCA

IO tables

multi-scale IO models


IO-LCA

IO-LCA

IO-LCA

process-based LCA

process-based LCA


Input-Output LCA

Input-Output LCA

Multiregion Input-Output methodology

Input-Output LCA

Input-Output LCA

Process-based assessment

Electricity production

Fuel production


IO-LCA

IO-LCA

IO-LCA

Production

Use

IO-LCA


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.712

LCA

LCA

LCA

Input-Output analysis

LCIA methodologies

environmental impacts

environmental impacts

environmental impacts


household consumption

Low population growth rate

High disposable income

Compromised waste management system


Private motor vehicle usage

Mobility

Space conditioning

Capital formation

Household consumption

Low population density

Climate variability

High population growth rate

Low population growth rate


urban design interventions

food production

built form

GHG emissions

metabolic activities

Nexus interactions


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.713

LCA

LCA

LCA-based assessments

built environment


non-renewable resource use

non-renewable resource use

GHG emissions

construction aggregate use

new road construction

embodied impacts of construction aggregate use

LCA

LCA

waste

traffic


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.714

multiregional IO-LCA

single region IO-LCA

dense living

consumption in other areas

process-based approach


territorial LCA

territorial LCA

territorial LCA

land uses and programmes as functional units

LCA

LCA


LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment

LCAs and MFAs of cities

urbanisation


Goldstein et al.'s (2013) assessment

Goldstein et al.'s (2013) assessment

process-based approach

particulate matter formation

agricultural land

Lenzen and Peters (2010)

Multiregion IO-LCA

Hillman and Ramaswami (2010)

Process-based LCA

Hillman and Ramaswami (2010)


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.715

Material Flow Analysis

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

environmental performance


Material Flow Analysis

Material Flow Analysis

GHG accounting

transport

material and energy fluxes

Material Flow Analysis

C&D waste


Agricultural Land Occupation

Particulate Matter

Local air pollution

Agricultural Land Occupation


IO-LCA

Transport

Process-based LCA

Process-based LCA

System dynamics MFA

Construction sector


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.716

Use Stage

End-of-Life Stage

Sensitivity Testing

Characterisation Factors

Emissions

Resource Extractions


Material Flow Analysis

urban metabolism

urban metabolism

urban morphology


process-based LCA

better compatibility with LCIA methodologies

LCA of buildings and built environment

LCA of buildings and built environment

multi-indicator assessments

multi-indicator assessments

minimise burden shifting between environmental issues


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.717

Energy use

Goal and scope

Use stage

End of Life stage

Maintenance stage

Burden shifting

Environmental Product Declarations

Imported goods


Building

Built environment

Building

Built environment

Construction

Building energy

Mobility

Food

Embodied impacts in imported goods

Global Warming Potential


LCA

LCA

LCA


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA of built environment

LCA of built environment

LCA

LCA


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.718

Waste statistics

Private automobile use

Consumer expenditure data


EPD

EPD

European Product Environmental Footprint

LCI data

waste statistics

trade statistics


Inventory and Product System Modelling

Generic data

LCA databases

biomaterials

innovative materials

product specific data

Environmental Product Declaration

Environmental Product Declaration

wood products


IO-LCA

Hybrid IO-LCA

Hybrid IO-LCA

Scope 1 emissions

Scope 2 emissions

Built environment

Embodied GHGs in imported goods

Inventory and Product System Modelling

Generic data

Product specific data


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.719

Local contextual data

Economic data

Process-based LCA

Input-Output LCA


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

system dynamics framework

network analysis


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Assessment

certification framework

building LCA


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.720

use stage

building operational efficiency

mobility

space conditioning

nutritional needs

building energy use


comprehensiveness

inventory analysis

LCI of the built environment

transparency

urban metabolic activities


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Urban Metabolism

Life Cycle Energy Use


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Building Design

Life Cycle Phases


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.721

Pre-use phase

Greenhouse gas emissions

Residential building

Dense downtown living

Urban population density


construction

building energy

mobility

household goods

water

construction

building energy

mobility

household goods

meat and dairy


Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment

Energy and Material Flow

CO2 Emissions

Material Recycling

Urban Metabolism


Urban population density

Suburbanization

Life Cycle Assessment

Urban metabolism

Phosphorus management


IO-LCA

Multiregional IO-LCA

LCA Calculation Procedures

Ubiquitous Computing

Urban Environmental Performance Monitoring

Network Science

Systems Thinking


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

environmental assessment in land planning

urban metabolism


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.722


Direct and indirect energy use

Carbon emissions

Life cycle energy analysis of buildings

Multidimensional Pareto optimization

Site-specific building refurbishment solutions


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.723


embodied energy

energy need for operation

recycling potential


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.724

Agriculture

Food demand

Heated greenhouses

Meat production

Urban farming

Food import


Agriculture

Livestock Production

Crop and Livestock Production

Nutrient Runoff

Pesticide Use

Agriculture


Synthetic fertilisers

Synthetic pesticides

Synthetic pesticides

Plant breeding

Fossil energy

Pesticides

Nutrients


Distribution

Consumption

Distribution

Consumption

Waste Management

Storage

Preparation

Food Waste

Landfilling

Incineration

Composting

Digestion

Transportation

Functional Unit


Nitrogen cycle

Fertiliser production

Fertiliser application

Nitrogen emissions


Food Product Life Cycle

Food Product Life Cycle

Food Product Life Cycle

Food Product Life Cycle

Food Product Life Cycle

Food Product Life Cycle

Cultivation

Production and Transportation of Inputs

Animal Husbandry

Manure Handling

Fertiliser Production and Use

Farm Machinery Operation

Processing

Cultivation

Distribution


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.725

Production and Transportation of Inputs

Agricultural stage

Cradle-to-farm gate

Cradle-to-farm gate

Agricultural stage

Waste management

Distribution


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.726

Agrichemicals

Agrichemicals

Pesticide production

Fertiliser production

Nitrogenous fertiliser manufacturing

Phosphorous fertiliser manufacturing

Fertiliser industry

Fertiliser industry

Phosphorus


Agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture

Forest conversion

Life Cycle Assessment

Envi Food protocol

Product Environmental Footprint

Food products


Agricultural Food Products

Agricultural Production

Cradle-to-Farm Gate

Life Cycle Assessment


greenhouse

greenhouse

capital goods

infrastructure

ISO standards


phosphate rock

phosphate rock

animal feed production

animal feed production

animal feed transport

animal feed transport

fertiliser production

fuel use

capital goods production

capital goods disposal


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.727

Pesticides

Pesticides

Agrichemical Application

Pesticide Residues

Pesticide Residues

Pesticide Residues

Fertilisers

Fertilisers

Fertilisers


Fertiliser

Fertiliser

Fertiliser

Ammonia

Ammonia

Ammonia

Nitrous Oxide

Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrate

Phosphate

Particulate Phosphorus


Enteric fermentation

Enteric fermentation

Enteric fermentation

Excretion and manure handling

Excretion and manure handling

Manure


Agricultural Stage

Agricultural Stage

Agricultural Stage

Agricultural Stage

Agricultural Stage

Agricultural Stage

Capital Goods

Capital Goods


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.728

Ploughing

Fertiliser application

Pesticide application

Harvesting

Greenhouse heating

Product transport

Fossil fuel use

Fossil fuel use

Farm machinery use

Farm machinery use


Farming practice

Farming practice

Agricultural data selection

Enteric fermentation

Manure handling

Enteric fermentation

Manure handling

Enteric fermentation

Manure handling

Enteric fermentation

Animal Husbandry and Manure Management


Processing

Processing


Croplands and pastures

Irrigated crops

Irrigation

Water consumption

Farm water discharge

Water withdrawal

Non-renewable energy use


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.729

Distribution

Transportation

Cool Storage

Packaging

Conditioning

Sorting

Transportation

Cool Storage

Distribution

Non-renewable Energy Use


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.730

Dishwashing

Hot water

Pesticide residues in food

dynamiCROP model

USEtox 2.0

Cooking


Use Stage

Food Transport

Food Storage

Food Cooking

Food Storage

Food Preparation

Road Transport

Rail Transport

Ship Transport

Air Transport


Farm machinery operation

Farm machinery operation

Soil degradation

Soil degradation

Unsustainable farming practices

Land cover transformation

Croplands and pastures


dynamiCROP model

USEtox 2.0

Waste Management

Disposal stage

Agricultural production

Post-harvest handling and storage

Processing and packaging

Distribution


Distribution

Agricultural Stage

Refrigerated Transport and Storage

Refrigerated Transport and Storage

Air Transport

Long Distance Fruit and Vegetable Impacts

Transportation Mode

Consumption

Food Transport from Retailer

Cooking and Storage Energy


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.731

Wastewater treatment

Food Sector

Food Sector

Food Sector

Food Sector


Danish pork

pig farm

slaughterhouse

transport infrastructure

grain

soybean meal

manure

consequential-LCA approach


wastewater treatment

sludge disposal

food waste

human excretion

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment


Grain

Soybean meal

Manure

Manure

Manure

Biogas

Biogas

Global Warming Potential

Eutrophication

Acidification

Synthetic fertiliser

Fossil fuels


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.732

Farm Input Production

Grain Production

Soybean Meal Production

Agricultural Stage

Methane Emissions from Manure

Meat Processing

Transport to UK


Meat processing

Transport to the UK

Manure

Grain production

Manure application

Ammonia emissions from pig housing

Ammonia emissions from pig housing

Grain production


Food Waste Reduction

Use Stage

Food Waste Handling

Food Waste Handling

Food Waste Handling

Food Waste Handling

Anaerobic Digestion

Composting

Anaerobic Digestion


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.733

Beef meat

Beef meat

Chicken meat

Chicken meat

Pork meat

Pork meat

Ammonia emissions

Ammonia emissions

Agricultural practices


Soybean meal

Soybean meal

Soybean meal

Grain

Grain

Grain

Pig housing

Energy use in pig housing

Manure application to field

Slaughterhouse

Transport after slaughterhouse

Pig housing

Manure application to field


Beef

Beef

Beef

Pork

Chicken

Beef Production

Beef Production

Methane

Beef Production

Pork Production

Chicken Production


Beef

Greatest fossil energy use among meat products

Pork

Chicken

Livestock production

Livestock production

Livestock production

Livestock production

Livestock production

Livestock production


Chicken

Pork

Beef

Chicken

Pork

Beef

Chicken

Pork

Beef

Chicken

Pork

Beef

Chicken

Pork

Beef


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.734

Cheese production

Milk production

Retailing

Household consumption

Waste management

Milk

Rennet

Calcium chloride

Salt

Water

Plastic

Cardboard

Cleaning agents

Farm impacts

Farm impacts


Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Ozone Depletion

Ecotoxicity

Milk

Meat

Cheese


Farming

Methane emissions from fermentation in the cow rumen

N2O emissions from soil processes

Fertiliser production

Farm inputs and agricultural stage

Processing

Retail

Waste management


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.735

ammonia volatilisation

ammonia volatilisation

Nitrate leaching

agricultural stage

farm inputs

cheese making process

milk production


Natural gas use

Fuel use

Electricity use

Production and retailing

Volatile organic compounds

Farm emissions

Methane

Farming

Farming

Ammonia volatilisation

Ammonia volatilisation

Nitrate leaching


Feed Production

On-Farm Emissions

Agricultural Stage

Manufacturing

Retail

Consumption

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Agricultural Stage

Transport Mode


ship transport

truck transport

consumers' car transport

ship transport

farm production

sewage treatment

distribution


Ozone Depletion Potential

LCA

LCA


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.736

Bread production

Bread production

Refrigerants

Refrigerant leaking

Baking scale comparison

Industrial bakeries


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.737

Baking

Food processing

Ethanol

Transport

Agricultural stage


farm inputs

agriculture

farm inputs

agriculture

wheat cultivation

Transport

Transport


Wheat cultivation

Wheat milling

Baking

Packaging material production

Household stage

Waste handling

Transport

Farm inputs

Capital goods

Wholesale and retail


Local bakery

Transport by car

Industrial bakery

Industrial bakery impacts

Local bakery impacts


Wheat cultivation

Milling

Industrial bakeries

Local bakery

Energy use

Land use

Global Warming Potential

Eutrophication Potential

Acidification Potential

Photo-oxidant Formation Potential


Electricity production from waste incineration

Electricity production from oil combustion

Waste incineration


Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Photochemical oxidant formation

Primary energy

Bread production

Bread production

Bread production

Bread production


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.738

Eutrophication

Global Warming Potential

greenhouse heating

energy consumption

renewable energy sources


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.739

Torrellas et al. (2012a)

cradle-to-farm gate

transport

Sim et al. (2007)

shipping

Mithraratne et al. (2010)


Greenhouse tomato production

Greenhouse tomato production

Greenhouse tomato production

Greenhouse tomato production

Greenhouse tomato production

Greenhouse tomato production

Greenhouse tomato production

Greenhouse tomato production

Cumulative energy demand

Abiotic depletion

Acidification

Eutrophication

Global warming

Photochemical oxidation


Greenhouse structure

Greenhouse structure

Greenhouse structure

Greenhouse structure

Greenhouse structure

Steel frame

Plastic cover

Auxiliary equipment

Auxiliary equipment

Auxiliary equipment

Auxiliary equipment

Fertiliser production

Fertiliser production

Fertiliser production

Fertiliser application

Fertiliser application

Fertiliser application

Cumulative Energy Demand


food production

food production

food production

food production

food production

food production

Meat and dairy


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.740

Wastewater treatment

Biogenic CO2

Meat, dairy and beverages

Wastewater treatment

Home storage and cooking

Home storage and cooking


Agricultural stage

Production inputs

Meat production

Dairy

Beverages

Food waste reduction


Food waste reduction

LCA study of average Spanish diet


Product System Design

Fuel Type Selection

System Equivalence

LCA

Greenhouse Tomato Production

Tomato


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.741

New Nordic Diet

New Nordic Diet

New Nordic Diet

New Nordic Diet

New Nordic Diet

food waste

vegetarian diet


Crop Production

Nemecek et al. (2011)

Nemecek et al. (2011)

Nemecek et al. (2011)

7-year crop rotations


agriculture stage

processing of food

distribution

supply of food for a Spanish citizen in the year 2005

retailing

storage at home

preparation

food waste management

wastewater treatment of human excretion

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Primary Energy Use

food production

food production

food production

food production


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.742

land management

food production

land management

food production

impacts reported per kg dry matter or per MJ net energy content

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment

Swiss Agriculture Life Cycle Assessment


Conventional Agriculture

Conventional Agriculture

Organic Agriculture

Organic Agriculture

Organic Agriculture

Organic Agriculture

Organic Agriculture

Conventional Agriculture


Organic farming

Synthetic pesticides ban

Organic farming

Organic farming

Lower potential impacts per land management function

Conventional/integrated farming

Higher potential impacts per land management function

Organic farming

Lower toxicity impacts per kg dry matter

Toxicity impacts


Organic farming

Organic farming

Avoidance of synthetic-agrochemical pesticides

Organic milk farming

Organic milk farming

Integrated farming

Integrated farming

Integrated farming

Integrated farming


Mineral Fertiliser

Mineral Fertiliser

Organic Farming

Reduced Mineral Fertiliser Use

Reduced Mineral Fertiliser Use


Organic farming

Mineral fertiliser

Pesticides

Organic farming

Organic farming

Organic farming

Organic farming

Copper


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.743

crop rotations

organic crop production

integrated crop production

conventional crop production

organic farming

product systems

conventional milk production

organic milk production


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.744

Conventional farming

Feed concentrates

Organic farming

Functional unit

Milk production


Land use

Energy use

Climate change

Acidification

Eutrophication

Milk production

Feed production

Fertiliser production

Pesticide production

Concentrate


fertiliser production

pesticide production

concentrate production

concentrate production

artificial fertiliser production

manure storage

manure application

fertiliser application

ammonia


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

LCA

Conventional farming

Organic farming

Agriculture

LCA outcomes

LCA outcomes


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.745

Global Warming Potential

Apple production

Apple transportation

Cold storage

System boundaries


Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Conventional Milk Production

Conventional Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Milk Production

Cow


Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Land Use

Land Use

Water Use

Terrestrial Toxicity

Nitrogen Flows

Carbon Flows


Transport

Transport

Air Transport

Transport

Production

Fertiliser Production

Electricity Use

Transportation Mode

Environmental Impacts of Transportation Phase


Food Production

Food Miles

Local Food

Local Food Environmental Aspects


Conventional milk production

Organic milk production

Conventional milk production

Organic milk production

Conventional milk production

Organic milk production

Conventional milk production

Organic milk production

Conventional milk production

Organic milk production


Apple storage

Tomato production in heated greenhouses

Imported tomatoes from Spain

Local tomato production

Food miles


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.746

functional unit

functional unit

agriculture

agriculture

agriculture

goal and scope

food products

provide energy and nutrients to human body


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.747

technosphere

ecosphere

material flows

energy flows

pesticide emissions

agricultural and food products


Transport

Agricultural stages

Animal husbandry

Fertiliser production

Farm inputs


Animal husbandry

Fertiliser production

Fertiliser production

Fertiliser production

Fertiliser use

Fertiliser use

Animal manure use

Animal manure use

Pesticide use

Land use


nitrogen flows

environmental impacts from on-field processes

N balance

N surplus

nitrogen potentially emitted to the environment

eutrophication potentials

uncertainty of LCA results


cradle-to-farm gate study

Agricultural stage

Product losses

Food waste reduction

Production system diversity

Agricultural production systems

LCA results


Goal and Scope Definition

System Boundaries

LCI

LCIA

Cradle-to-Farm Gate Study


N surplus

N surplus

N emissions

Swiss agriculture


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.748

PestLCI 2.0

pesticide emissions to air, surface water and groundwater

USEtox

toxicity

LCI


Nitrogen emissions from manure

Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen balance

carbon flows

carbon flows

pesticide emissions

pesticide emissions

pesticide emissions

pesticide emissions


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.749

Water Use

Water Use

AWARE

Water Use

Water Use

Water Use


Functional Unit

Food Products

Wheat Yield

Comparative LCA Studies

System Boundaries


PestLCI 2.0

pesticide emissions

pesticide emissions

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Ozone Depletion

Land Use

organic farming


Water use

Water use

salinisation

desertification

LCA

LCA

LCA


Toxicity Impact Categories

Social Impacts

LCA of Food and Agriculture

LCA of Food and Agriculture


direct land use change

organic farming

chemical pesticide use

organic farming

toxicity

indirect land use change

indirect land use change


Land Use Impact

Water Use Impact

Biodiversity Impact

Water Deprivation

Soil Quality Impact

Salinisation Impact

Toxicity Impact Categories

GHG Emissions from Soils


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.750

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

Agricultural stage

Agricultural stage

Livestock and manure handling

Livestock and manure handling

Agricultural stage


food production stage

use stage

energy consumed in food storage and preparation

waste management stage

food waste handling

treatment of human excretion

food waste

Transport

production stage


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.751


Life Cycle Assessment

inventory datasets

cradle-to-farm-gate

water

land


PestLCI 2.0

PestLCI 2.0

pesticide emissions

livestock products

dairy products


Water Accounting and Vulnerability Evaluation

Water Footprinting

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Perennial Crop Cycle

Conventional Farming


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.752


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.753

Life Cycle Assessment of Swiss farming systems

Assessing potential desertification environmental impact in Life Cycle Assessment

LCA of local and imported tomato

LCA of local and imported tomato


LCA

functional unit

system boundary

life cycle inventory

life cycle inventory

life cycle inventory

life cycle inventory

LCIA phase

land use-related impacts

land use-related impacts

agricultural LCA


USEtox

USEtox

USEtox

Human Toxicity

Freshwater Ecotoxicity


LCA studies of food products

transport

sustainability strategy for food sourcing

food miles


hauschild:29 LCA of Food and Agriculture, p.754


ISO 14040

ISO 14044


Agrochemical emissions

Land use

Water consumption

Field emissions modelling

Perennial crops

Crop production

Animal production

Pesticide emission quantification


agrochemical emissions

land use

water consumption

agricultural processes

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

resource use in agricultural activities


Thomassen et al.

Thomassen et al.

Torrellas et al. 2012a

Torrellas et al. 2012a

Torrellas et al. 2012b

USEtox

Van Middelaar et al.


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.755

bio-products

fossil fuel consumption

Life Cycle Assessment

biomass production

biomass production


Biofuels

Biofuels

Biomaterials

fossil resources

fossil resources

bio-products

LCA


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.756

Fossil Products

Bio-based Products

Fossil Products

Fossil Resources

Fossil Carbon


Life Cycle Assessment

bio-products

environmental performance

system boundary choices

bio-products


Bio-based chemicals

Bio-based polymers

Biofuels

Biomass


Bio-products

Biomass

biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin

Biomass

from agriculture, forestry and related industries

Bio-products

Fossil products

Renewable Energy Directive


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.757

biogenic carbon

fossil fuel consumption

bio-product production

Life Cycle Assessment

biofuels

biomaterials


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.758

2G biofuel

3G bio-products

3G bio-products

lignocellulosic residues

3G bio-products


bio-products

biomass feedstock

plants

biogenic carbon

bio-products

carbon sequestration and release timing


First generation bio-products

First generation bio-products

First generation bio-products

First generation bio-products

First generation bio-products

Second generation bio-products

Second generation bio-products

Second generation bio-products


EU-RED

Renewable Fuel Standard

biodiesel

bioethanol

biodiesel

bioethanol


Bioethanol

Biodiesel

Biogas

Syngas

Biohydrogen

Pellets

Lignin

Biochar

Wood


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.759

Synthetic biomaterials

Synthetic biomaterials

Polylactic acid

Polylactic acid

Bio-products


Land Use Change

Waste Products Modelling

Use Stage

End-of-Life Handling

Impact Categories

Time Horizons

System Boundaries

System Boundaries


attributional system boundaries

consequential system boundaries

consequential system boundaries

consequential system boundaries

LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials


Biofuels

Biomaterials

Liquid fuels

Solid fuels

Gaseous fuels

Bioethanol

Biodiesel

Biogas

Biohydrogen

Biocomposites

Biopolymers


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.760

Land Use Change

Indirect Land Use Change

Eutrophication

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Acidification


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.761

Biomaterials

Biomaterials

Biofuels

Biomaterials

Global Warming Potential


biofuels

biomaterials

first generation bio-products

bio-products

bio-products

bio-products

bio-products


bio-products

impact categories

impact categories

LCA

environmental sustainability of bio-products

biofuels

biomaterials

LCA studies


biomass feedstock production

land use

1G bio-products

2G bio-products

2G bio-products feedstock

better environmental performance than 1G


biomaterials

biomaterials

biomaterials

biomaterials

biomass feedstock production

biomass feedstock production


System boundaries

Land Use Change

Indirect Land Use Change

Land Use Change

LUC emissions

LUC emissions

LUC emissions

LUC emissions

Attributional system boundaries


Land Use Change

biorefinery concept

Major Impact Processes in the Life Cycle

environmental impacts


biorefinery concept

biorefinery concept

biorefinery concept

integrated production of fuel and materials

biomass energy and material recovery

biorefinery concept

biomass energy and material recovery maximisation


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.762

Industrial farming practices

Fertilisers

Pesticides

Water

Solid wastes

Liquid wastes

Production stage

Bioethanol


Cradle-to-gate

Impact categories

System boundaries

Functional units

Allocation procedure

Life cycle scenarios


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.763

cradle-to-gate perspective

cradle-to-grave perspective

Life Cycle Assessment

meta-analysis

functional unit


System Boundaries

Functional Units

Allocation Procedure

Life Cycle Scenarios

Feedstock Type

Production Technology

Electricity Generation

End-of-Life Handling

Fossil Fuel Consumption

GHG Emissions


microalgal biodiesel

biomass production

concentration and transformation processes

Life Cycle Inventory

well-to-wheel

well-to-tank

co-product management


LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.764

IPCC guidelines

ILUC impacts

data integrity

assumptions review


ILUC impacts

Water consumption

Biodiversity changes

Soil carbon losses

Soil erosion

Surface albedo changes

N2O emissions

N2O emissions


biofuels

biofuels

biomaterials

greenhouse gas emissions

IPCC (2006)


goal and scope

LCI

LCIA

co-product management

climate change impact

inventory data uncertainties

assumptions in LCA modelling

biomaterials production


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.765

Temporary Carbon Storage

Biomaterials

Product Incineration

Temporary Carbon Storage

Temporary Carbon Storage


Use Stage

Fuels

Biomaterials


temporary carbon storage

temporary carbon storage

short-term perspective

emissions occurring during first 100 years

long-term emissions

correction elementary flow

temporary carbon storage


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.766

Global Warming Potential

Climate Change

Kyoto Protocol

temporary carbon storage

accounting period


100-year time horizon

CO2 emission

100-year time horizon


100-year time horizon

100-year accounting period

100-year time horizon

accounting period


Kyoto Protocol

100-year time horizon

CO2 emissions

approximately 20% stays in atmosphere for many thousand years

accounting period

accounting period

starts counting from time carbon is stored


temporary carbon storage

biopolymer products

Global Warming Potential100

carbon storage duration


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.767

100-year accounting period

temporary carbon storage

product lifetime

temporary carbon storage

GHG emissions


Tipping Points

Tipping Points

Carbon Storage

Tipping Points


Climate Change Mitigation

Carbon Storage

Global Warming Potential


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.768

Biodegradability

Biodegradability

Biomaterials

Petrochemical materials

Temporary carbon storage


100-year time horizon

100-year accounting period

temporary carbon storage

GHG emission

bio-products


biodegradability

biodegradable material

incineration

incineration

carbon cascading

carbon cascading


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.769

composting

anaerobic digestion

composting

biodegradable polymers

composting


Anaerobic Digestion

Landfill with Gas Capture

Biogas Plant

Methane

Home Composting

Landfill without Gas Capture

Methane


carbon cascading

carbon cascading

composting

incineration

incineration

polylactic acid

energy recovery from incineration

anaerobic digestion

anaerobic digestion

composting


Composting

N2O

Biomaterial

Biomaterial

Biomaterial

Composting

Biodegradable products

Biodegradability


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.770

Direct Land Use Change

Direct Land Use Change

Indirect Land Use Change

Direct Land Use Change

Marginal Land


Timber harvesting

Infrastructure development

Agricultural expansion

Biofuels

Biomaterials

Land Use Change

Land Use Change


Habitat Loss

Species Extinction

Land Use Change

Land Use Change


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.771

Biodiversity Impact Assessment

UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

Biodiversity Impacts

Albedo


Indirect Land Use Change

biodiesel production

Land Use Change

Land Use Change

Land Use Change

Land Use Change

Indirect Land Use Change


Albedo

Albedo

Land Use Change

Albedo Changes

Snow and Ice Coverage

Forest Coverage


Biofuel

Feedstock

Indirect Land Use Change

Indirect Land Use Change

Intensified agricultural production

Intensified agricultural production

Land Use Change


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.772

Carbon Pools

Above ground biomass

Below ground biomass

Litter and deadwood

Soil carbon

Albedo effect


temporary carbon storage

temporary carbon storage model

plantation replanting cycle

biogenic carbon storage

temporary carbon storage


Rapeseed oil

Biodiesel production

Palm oil production

Biodiesel production from rapeseed in Europe

Palm oil


biogenic carbon storage

organic residues

Land Use Change

biomass from virgin sources

forest conversion


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.773

palm oil derived biodiesel

oil palm plantations

timber felling

emissions from logged-over forest

ILCD Handbook


forest conversion to agricultural land

timber extraction

timber extraction

Land Use Change emissions

attributional LCA

timber extraction as separate product system

consequential LCA


land use change emissions

land use change emissions

forest conversion

forest recovery

ILCD


ILCD

conversion of secondary forests to bio-products crops

ILCD

conversion of crops to bio-products crops

ILCD

conversion of plantations to bio-products crops

IPCC

IPCC data

forest carbon stocks


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.774

Immediate LUC emissions

Immediate LUC emissions

Immediate LUC emissions

LUC emissions attribution

LUC emissions

20-year allocation period for annual crops

LUC emissions

20-30 year allocation period for tree/palm plantations

Long-Term Emissions

Long-Term Emissions


Peat soil conversion to agricultural land

Peat oxidation

Land Use Change

Peat soil drainage

Land management practices

Assessment of bio-product crop on peat soil


Long-Term Emissions

Long-Term Emissions

soil carbon sequestration

Long-Term Emissions

Long-Term Emissions

Long-Term Emissions

Peat soils


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.775

peat land conversion

cultivated peat land

palm oil plantation

palm oil

Indirect Land Use Change

peat composition

management practices


Land Use Change

LUC Emissions

ILUC Emissions

Payback Time

Bio-product

Fossil Products


Land Use Change

Net Carbon Balance

Land Use Change

Land Use Change

Carbon Sequestration Credits

Difference in Carbon Stock at Assessment Boundaries

Plantation Management


biodiesel production

fossil diesel extraction, refining and combustion

2.7 tonne CO2-eq/tonne biodiesel equivalent

land use change

biodiesel production

biodiesel system

net saving of 1 tonne CO2-eq/tonne biodiesel

Global Warming Potential


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.776

Integrated Biorefineries

Biomass

Sustainable Biomass


biofuels

biomaterials

biorefineries

integrated production of biofuels and biomaterials

biomass feedstock production

agricultural management practices


no-tillage farming

reduction of environmental impacts from biomass feedstock production

winter crop cultivation

extensive farming

agricultural residues utilization

1G bio-products

2G bio-products

potential to improve environmental performance


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.777

crop residues

biochar

biochar

soil carbon replenishment

sustainably available amount of crop residues


algae biomass

algae biomass

algae biomass

algae biomass

algae biomass

algae biomass production

algae biomass production


Oil sands

Shale gas

Synthetic crude oil production

Conventional crude oil production

Oil sands

Shale gas


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.778

Biofuel crops

Unconventional oil

Environmental impact approximately double conventional oil

Bio-products

Biofuel crops

Deforestation

Fossil fuel CO2


Substituting fossil products

Substituting fossil products

Substituting fossil products

Substituting fossil products


Deforestation

Deforestation

Biofuels

Carbon Sequestration

Carbon Footprinting

Biorefineries


biorefinery


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Climate Impacts

Greenhouse Gas Accounting


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.779

Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems

Global Warming Potential

biogenic CO2 fluxes

albedo dynamics

life cycle assessment

Environmental life cycle comparison


2G bio-products

2G bio-products feedstocks

higher soil organic carbon sequestration potentials

2G bio-products feedstocks

2G bio-products

decrease land use compared to 1G bio-products

2G bio-products feedstocks

can grow on land not suited for agricultural production

agricultural residues

forest residues

2G bio-products feedstocks

not competing with global food production


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

carbon Storage and Timing of Emissions


LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

Oil palm plantation establishment


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.780


International Reference Life Cycle Data System

Life Cycle Assessment

biobased polymers

bioenergy

Life Cycle Assessment


N2O release

N2O release

Life Cycle Assessment

Land use impacts on biodiversity

Perennial Grasses


Assessment of Land use impact on biodiversity

forestry operations


temporary carbon storage in biomaterials

biofuels

biofuels

transportation

global land use impact assessment on biodiversity and ecosystem services


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.781


biodiesel production from microalgae

corn stover-based fuel ethanol

biodiesel production

biodiesel

Allocation issues in LCA methodology


LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

Environmental impacts of biobased materials


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.783


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.784

Chemicals

Synthetic Chemicals

Chemical Production and Use

Chemicals


cradle to gate assessment

product use stage

chemicals

functional unit

system boundaries

toxicity


Organic chemicals

Organic chemicals

composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Inorganic chemicals

Inorganic chemicals

Chemical reactivity

Chemical reactivity

Chemical reactivity


hauschild:30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials, p.782

Susanne Vedel Hjuler

Susanne Vedel Hjuler

Susanne Vedel Hjuler

Sune Balle Hansen

Sune Balle Hansen

Sune Balle Hansen

Sune Balle Hansen


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.785


CAS Registry Number

Chemical production

Commercial chemicals


Chemical Products

Chemical Products

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Raw Material Extraction

Chemical Synthesis and Processing

Material Processing

Product Manufacturing

Product Use

End-of-Life

Abiotic Raw Materials

Biotic Raw Materials


Polychlorinated biphenyls

Chlorinated paraffins

Chemical and pharmaceutical industries

extraction, purification and synthesis of chemicals


LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

chemical industry

use or disposal of chemicals by other industries


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.786

Risk

Risk

Chemical Emissions

Potential Impacts

LCA

LCA


petrochemicals

consumer chemicals

speciality chemicals

basic inorganics

polymers

organic chemicals

benzene

styrene

formaldehyde

chemical production

air pollution


Chlorofluorocarbons

Heavy Metals

Ore Mining and Processing

Pesticide Emissions

Incomplete Combustion

Fertilisers

Chemical Emissions


Environmental performance indicators

LCA models

Chemicals management

Chemicals management


Air Pollution

Chemical Releases

Chemical Releases

Synthetic Organic Pesticides

Chemical Industry


Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

REACH

Life Cycle Assessment

risk assessment

green and sustainable chemistry

chemical alternatives assessment


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.787

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

Chemical Management Tools


risk assessment


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.788

Chemical exposure

Chemical exposure

Parts per million

Parts per billion


Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Chemical Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Hazard Identification

Dose-Response Assessment

Exposure Assessment

Risk Characterisation


Chemical pollution

Greenhouse gas emission targets

Chemical footprints

Chemical pollution control strategies


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.789

High-throughput screening

High-throughput screening

First-tier screening

LCA impact assessment

Robotic in vitro bioassays

Computational models


Chemical Risk Assessment

Safety Thresholds

Safety Thresholds

Chemical Concentrations in Environmental Media


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

impact assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Chemical Footprint

Risk Assessment

LCA

LCA

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Single or multiple chemicals expose multiple receptors over life cycle of single product or service

Life Cycle Assessment

Risk assessment

Single chemical exposes individual receptor

High throughput risk screening

Producer/emitter perspective

Receptor perspective


High Throughput Risk Screening

Comparative Ranking of Impacts

Single Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Single Product Assessment


LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

Multiple chemicals

Products


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.790

Green Engineering

Sustainable Development

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

Green Chemistry

Sustainable Chemistry

Green Chemistry


Life Cycle Assessment

green chemistry

green chemistry

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Green Chemistry

Sustainable Chemistry

Sustainable Chemistry

Green Chemistry

reducing or eliminating hazardous substances

Sustainable Chemistry

Sustainable Chemistry

reducing environmental impacts of chemical production


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.791

Chemical Hazard Assessment

Chemical Hazard Assessment

Chemical Hazard Assessment

Chemical Hazard Assessment


Chemicals Assessment and Alternatives (CAA)

OECD Substitution and Alternatives Assessment Toolbox


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Design for Environment

Chemical Alternatives Assessment

identifies safer alternatives to harmful chemicals

Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Chemical Alternatives Assessment

considers performance and economic viability


Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Chemical Emissions

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.792

carbon dioxide

methane

greenhouse gases

ammonia

nitrogen oxides

phosphate

raw materials extraction

product disposal


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Chemicals

Chemical emissions

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals

Chemicals


chemical processing

material production

chemical processing

material production

product manufacturing

chemicals

polymers


Raw materials extraction

Material processing

Chemical synthesis/processing

Product manufacturing

Product application/use

System boundaries

System boundaries

System boundaries

System boundaries


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.793

Raw Material Extraction

Chemical Product Manufacturing

Raw Material Extraction

Product Use

Product Disposal


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Chemical Production

Chemical Production

Toxicity Potential

Water Consumption

Greenhouse Gas Emissions


LCA

LCA Study Goal

Attributional LCA

Chemical Industry Guidance

LCA

LCA

LCA


LCA

LCA

chemical synthesis and production processes

formulations

partial LCA studies

partial LCA studies

chemicals in materials, products, and formulations


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.794

Pharmaceuticals

Cleaning products

Pesticide formulations

Flame retardants in electronics

Nano-materials

Polymers used in food packaging

Industrial solvents


Reactor configuration

Solvents

Catalysts

Machine lubricants

Product longevity

Waste handling

Disposal process

Co-products

Generic life cycle stages


Cleaning products

Cleaning products

Textiles

Textiles

Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals

Industrial solvents

Polymers used in food packaging


Cradle to Gate

Stages A–F

Acrolein

PET


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.795

Life Cycle Thinking

Simplified Tools

Hybridised LCA Tools

LCA

LCA


Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals

Plant Protection Products

Plant Protection Products

Plant Protection Products

Nano-materials

Cosmetics

Cosmetics


Polylactic acid

Thermoplastic starch

High-density polyethylene

Low-density polyethylene

Polyethylene terephthalate

Polypropylene

Polystyrene

Impact scores


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.796

eco-friendly food packaging

green solvents

bio-based raw materials

bio-based raw materials


bio-based polymers

fertilisers

bio-based polymers

pesticides

bio-based polymers

pesticides

deforestation

bio-based polymers


PLA

PLA

PLA

PLA

PLA

PLA

PLA

PLA

Bio-based polymers

Petro-based polymers


Chemical Synthesis and Production Processes

LCA


pesticides

fertilisers

bio-based materials

burden shifting

LCA

chemical emissions


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.797

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

pesticide application

pesticide application

pesticide synthesis and production

plant protection products


Chemical Synthesis

Chemical Complexity

Chemical Production

Pharmaceutical Production

Raw Materials

Fossil Fuel-Based Chemical Production

Biomass Synthesis


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.798

solvent use

chemical synthesis

chemical processing

green chemical synthesis

green chemical production processes


bio-PET

PET

bio-PET

PET

bio-PET

ethylene glycol

ethylene glycol

terephthalic acid

polyethylene terephthalate polymer production


Natural gas refinement

Cracking

Ethylene separation and purification

Distillation

Bio-based chemical production

Fossil-based chemical production

Bio-based feedstock processing

Agriculture production systems

Biomass type


post-processing of bio-based products

post-processing of residues

chemical synthesis

continuous reactor

catalysis

fermentation

antimony trioxide

polycondensation

process yield

environmental impact per chemical production unit

solvents


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.799

Goal and Scope Definition

Functional Unit

Reference Flow

System Boundaries

Functional Unit

Functional Unit


Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Functional Unit

Partial Functional Unit Definition

Inconsistent LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products


Functional Unit

LCA study

LCA study

chemical alternatives assessment

chemical alternatives assessment

chemical alternatives assessment


xylene

terephthalic acid

ethylene

ethylene oxide

ethylene glycol

bio-ethylene

bio-ethylene glycol


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.800

Functional Unit

one-product system

one-product system

two-product system

two-product system

one-product system


Goal and Scope Definition

Product System Modelling

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Interpretation of LCA Results

Chemical Inventory Data

Life Cycle Chemical Emissions

Characterisation Modelling


Functional Unit

Siloxanes

Terpenes


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Propylene Glycol

Propylene Glycol

Propylene Glycol

Propylene Glycol

Water


Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

reflects amount of goods and services for Functional Unit

water plus stabiliser plus humectant plus emulsifier


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.801

cradle to gate

cradle to gate

disposal stage

plant protection products

carbamate insecticides

plant protection products


Functional Unit

Liquid Shampoo

Powdered Shampoo

Hot Water

Cradle to Gate

Reference Flow

Pesticide


System Boundaries

System Boundaries

Bio-based Chemical Synthesis

Bio-based Chemical Synthesis

Fossil-based Chemical Synthesis

Cradle to Gate Systems

Cradle to Gate Systems


field buffer strips

field buffer strips

reduction of pesticide impact on non-treated areas

buffer strips allocation to technosphere

buffer strips system boundary definition

environmental distribution processes of pesticides


System Boundaries Definition

System Boundaries Definition

System Boundaries Definition

System Boundaries Definition

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.802

foreground system modelling

primary data

supply chain

pesticide application


Product System Modelling and Inventory Analysis

Goal and Scope Definition

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

LCI Database

Foreground System

Primary Data


Sugar cane harvesting

Sugar cane harvesting

Sugar cane harvesting

Molasses

Bagasse

Bagasse

By-product allocation


Aspen HYSYS

Aspen Plus

BatchReactor

BatchColumn

CHEMCAD

chemical process simulators

chemical process simulators


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.803

LCI databases

LCI databases

chemical emissions

chemical emissions

product use

post-use

LCA practitioner


product washing-off

cross-contamination

recycled material


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.804

Agricultural practices

Landfill leachate

Environmental conditions

Time and location

LCI results


energy conversion processes

energy conversion processes

chemical synthesis

chemical synthesis


Product Use

Chemical Emission

Chemical Emission

Indoor Emission

Outdoor Emission

Sorption and Desorption

Ventilation Transport


USEtox 2.0

near-field fate and exposure pathways

product ingredients

product ingredients emission to environment

near-field fate and exposure pathways

human intake during and after product use


Ecotoxicity

Freshwater aquatic ecosystem toxicity characterization factors

d-limonene

d-limonene

d-limonene

chemical synthesis


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.805

Chemical Degradation Products

Persistent chemicals

Chemical degradation

Characterisation factors

LCI database


d-limonene

d-limonene

d-limonene

potentially affected fraction of freshwater species

indoor fate and exposure

freshwater ecotoxicity characterisation factors


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

USEtox

USEtox

USEtox

toxicity-related impacts


AMPA

AMPA

persistent degradation products

characterisation factors

agricultural processes

LCA


abiotic degradation

biotic degradation

aminomethylphosphonic acid

greater persistence than parent compound

aminomethylphosphonic acid

agricultural processes

LCIA methodologies

LCIA methodologies


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.806

Chemical Emissions

Chemical Emissions

Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystem Toxicity

Ozone Depletion

Chemical Mixtures

Chemical Mixtures


freshwater aquatic ecosystem toxicity

overall product system-related impact score

ozone depletion

chemical emissions

synergistic or antagonistic effect potentials


Characterisation factors

toxicity-related impacts

occupational exposure

consumer exposure

dermal exposure

human toxicity

allergy

endocrine disruption


LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCA study

LCIA methodology


LCIA Method

LCIA Method

LCIA Method


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.807

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

characterisation results

emission patterns

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


characterisation factors

characterisation factors

characterisation results

steady-state conditions

agricultural pesticides

chemical dynamics


LCIA methods

dermal uptake

endocrine disruption

residence time

population density

continental average

spatially differentiated regionalised models

location of emissions


LCA

functional unit

assessment methods

positive human health outcomes


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Functional Unit

Wastewater Treatment


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.808

Interpretation

Interpretation

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCI results

LCIA results

toxicity-related impacts

chemical emissions


LCA

LCA

chemical products

LCI

chemicals

Impact Results

Impact Results


bio-based plastics

bio-based plastics

agricultural practices

agricultural practices

LCA

LCA


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.809

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Chemical identification

Chemical identification

Inventory Analysis


Impact Category

uncertainty

uncertainty


Life Cycle Inventory

LCA software packages

Heavy metals

Inventory results

LCA data and results

Uncertainty


Toxicity Characterisation

Toxicity Characterisation Methods

Uncertainty

Variability

Uncertainty

Uncertainty


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.810

EC50 values

toxicity characterisation

characterisation factors

chemical-specific uncertainty

exposure to pesticide residues in food crops


REACH

EC50

ecotoxicity effective concentrations


LCIA characterisation methods

toxicity characterisation

EC50 values

chemicals

interpretation phase


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.811

Goal and Scope

Inventory Processes

Impact Categories

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Glass Food Packaging

Transport-related Emissions

Fossil Fuel Burning

Glass Weight

Plastic Food Packaging

Worker Exposure Pathways

Consumer Exposure Pathways

LCIA Toxicity Models


Chemical Risk Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Toxicity Assessment

Chemical Characterisation

Human Toxicity

Ecosystem Toxicity


Goal and Scope

Inventory Processes

Impact Categories

Toxicity Characterisation

REACH


LCA study

toxicity impacts on humans and ecosystems

LCA study

persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity

primary data


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

life cycle impacts

chemical alternatives assessment frameworks


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.812

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Green Engineering

Bio-based PET

Water Treatment


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

inventory and impact characterisation approaches


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.813


LCA

LCA

emerging technologies

LCA


Glycerol

Acrolein production

Pharmaceutical environmental sustainability assessments


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Human Health Impacts of Pesticides

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

Exposure to Chemicals in Food Packaging

Parameterization Models for Pesticide Exposure


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.814


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Chemical Alternatives Assessments

Bio-based polymers

Glass jars

Plastic pots


Life cycle assessment

Environmental impacts of food consumption and nutrition

Life cycle assessment

Environmental impact assessment of coloured textiles production

Life cycle assessment


petrochemical production

agricultural crop production

agricultural crop production

Climate change

biochemical production

petrochemical production


hauschild:31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products, p.815


USEtox

USEtox

Human Toxicity

Freshwater Ecotoxicity

Pesticide Emission Inventory


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Chemical footprinting

Cotton T-shirt

Nanoparticle synthesis

Bleached cotton

Unbleached cotton


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.817


Nanomaterial

Nanoparticle

all three dimensions within 1–100 nm range

Nano-scale

Nanomaterial


LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

Life Cycle Assessment

chemical fate

chemical transport

human exposure to chemicals in products


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.818

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

ENMs

ENMs

ENMs

combustion particles

ENMs


Manufacturing of engineered nanomaterials

Downscaling

Upscaling

Gold nanoparticles

Nano-size alteration

Engineered nanomaterials


Engineered Nanomaterials

Improved material properties and functionalities

Sealants and coatings

Health and fitness products


Silver

Titanium Dioxide

Carbon

Life Cycle Assessment

Chemical Risk Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

cradle-to-gate

use stage

disposal

nanomaterials

nanomaterials

nanomaterials


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.820

Particle Number

Surface Area

LCA

LCA

Risk Assessment

LCA


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.821

Manufacture of Nanomaterials

Manufacture of Nanomaterials

LCA

Energy Consumption


Risk Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

ISO 2006


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.819

Appliances

Automotive

Electronics and computers

Food and beverages

Health and fitness

Home and garden

Carbon

Titanium dioxide

Silicon dioxide

Silver

Zinc oxide

Gold

Silicon

Magnesium


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

Risk assessment


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.822

Use Stage

Clay-Polypropylene ENMs

Disposal Stage

Disposal Stage

Disposal Stage

Disposal Stage


Use Stage

Disposal Stage

Clay-Propylene Nanocomposites

Clay-Propylene Nanocomposites

Goal and Scope Definition

System Boundaries

System Boundaries


cradle-to-gate

Use and disposal stages

Functional unit

LCI data

ENM release

ENM release

cradle-to-gate LCA

ENM products


Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Use

Cradle-to-gate

Energy consumption

ENMs/ENPs

Nanoproducts


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.823

functional unit

mass-based functional unit

functional unit

ENM production

use stage


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Polypropylene nanocomposite

Inventory modelling

Inventory modelling

foreground process

foreground process


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Engineered Nanomaterials


Geranio et al. (2009)

release of Ag ENPs during textile washing

Künniger et al. (2010)

release of nano-Ag from facades due to weathering

Köhler et al. (2008)

Künninger et al. (2010)

Som et al. (2011)

estimates of direct release of nanoparticles

Suppen et al. (2005)

Durucan et al. (2006)

Gutowski et al. (2010)


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.824

Impact Assessment

Interpretation

direct emissions of nanoparticles

nanoparticles

physical and chemical characteristics

toxic effects

uncertainty assessment

sensitivity analysis


ENM release

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Sensitivity analysis

Silver ENMs

Titanium dioxide ENMs

Cradle to grave assessment

Cradle to grave assessment


ENM release

ENM fate

ENM potential effects

freshwater compartment

ENM fate prediction


Energy Requirements

Nonrenewable Resource Depletion

Global Warming

Acidification

Airborne Inorganics Impacts

Use Stage

ENM Products


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.825

Ionic strength

pH

Divalent cations

Hydrophobicity

Chemical bonding

Ionic composition


Aggregation/agglomeration

Sedimentation

Dissolution

Sorption

Hydrophobicity

Ionic strength

Resuspension


Engineered Nanoparticles

Engineered Nanoparticles

Engineered Nanoparticles

Particle Appearance

Engineered Nanomaterials

Engineered Nanomaterials

Transformation

Transformation

Transformation


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.827

ENM C60 fullerene

ionic strength

pH

sedimentation


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.828

TiO2

anatase crystal structure

rutile crystal structure

size

oxidative dissolution

ions


Chemical composition

Particle number and concentration

Surface area concentration

Size distribution

Specific surface area

Surface charge/zeta potential

Solubility

Crystal structure


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.826

Manufacturing

Landfills

Wastewater effluent

Tyre wear

Sunscreen

Brake pad wear

ENMs/NMs

ENMs/NMs

ENMs/NMs

Aggregation/agglomeration

Biodegradation

Photolysis

Hydrolysis

Sedimentation

Dissolution

Inhalation

Ingestion

Dermal exposure

Plant uptake

Bioaccumulation


aggregation

agglomeration

dissolution

size

surface structure

crystal structure

dissolution

aggregation

agglomeration

size


LCA of ENMs

ENM fate and toxicity

ENM fate and toxicity

single-chemical impact models

LCA of ENMs

eco- and human toxicity characterisation factors

LCA of ENMs

LCA of ENMs


Toxicity

Intrinsic Toxicity Potential

Intrinsic Toxicity Potential

Oxidative Dissolution

Ag Ions

Complexing Ligands

Toxicological Effects

Surface Structure

Surface Structure

Surface Structure

Hydrophobic Surfaces

Hydrophilic Surfaces

Exposure


Goal and scope

Life Cycle Assessment

functional unit

functional unit

accounts for differences in functionality with engineered nanomaterials

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.829

Extraction of raw materials

Manufacturing

Use

LCIA

ENM/ENP

ENM/ENP

end-of-life treatment of ENM products


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.830

Mining life cycle modelling

cradle-to-gate approach


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

holistic environmental impact assessment

Engineered Nanomaterials


life cycle thinking

Manufactured Nanomaterials

fullerene nanoparticles

Aggregation and deposition characteristics

Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.831

Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials

Toxicity evaluation

Direct growth of carbon nanotubes

Humic acid adsorption


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Production

Carbon Nanotubes Manufacturing


Single-walled carbon nanotube production

Nanomaterials

ZnO

CuO

TiO2


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO/TS 27687:2008

Environmental assessment of SWNT production


Life cycle energy analysis

Environmental life cycle assessment

carbon nanofibers production

nanotechnology


Cradle-to-gate

Cradle-to-grave

Resources

Waste

CO2

CH4

NOx

SO2

NH3

N2O

NMVOC

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Ozone Depletion

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Human Toxicity

Ecosystem Toxicity

Resource Depletion

Engineered Nanoparticle Release


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.832

Polymer Nanocomposites

Carbon Nanotubes

Nanomaterials

Environmental Behavior, Fate, Bioavailability, and Effects


carbon nanotubes

nano-sized biocides

coated wooden façades

carbon nanoparticle production

nanocomposites


nanocomposites

nanotechnology

platinum-group metal particles

nanomaterial transport

nanomaterial transformation

Life Cycle Assessment

high yield pulp


hauschild:32 LCA of Nanomaterials, p.833

Life Cycle Assessment


Nanomaterials

Carbon Fibers

TiO2 Nanoparticle Aggregates


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental and Health Effects

CNT Composite Materials

Life Cycle Approaches

Life Cycle Risk Management


LCA

LCIA methodology

human toxicity impacts

TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates

TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.836

Water Consumption and Water Treatment Technologies

Water supply systems

Water supply systems

Water supply systems

Water supply systems

Water supply systems

Water supply systems


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.835

Desalination of Brackish Water

Desalination of Seawater

Drinking Water Quality

Wastewater Reuse

Wastewater Reuse

LCA

Drinking Water Supply


Life Cycle Inventory

Water supply systems

Water use

Water supply

Standard life cycle inventory databases


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.837

groundwater abstraction

low-intensive treatment

distribution

wastewater collection

central treatment plants


Desalination

Water Reuse

Water Production

Water Abstraction

Water Treatment

Water Transmission

Water Distribution


water supply mix

water supply mix

water losses

water losses

water treatment technologies

water production pathways

multiple water resources


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.838

wastewater reclamation

decentralized wastewater handling

distribution of multiple water qualities

Life Cycle Assessment

membrane filtration


Urban water systems

Urban water systems

Aarhus Vand

HOFOR


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.839

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Desalination

Groundwater Treatment

Aeration

Simple Filtration


aeration

flocculation

activated carbon filtration

sand filtration

chlorine disinfection

membrane filtration

advanced oxidation methods

water treatment

water treatment

water treatment

water treatment


Groundwater Abstraction

Production of Potable Water

Transmission

Distribution

Consumption

Sewage collection

Wastewater treatment

Treated wastewater

Water Leakage

Wastewater Leakage

Sewage sludge

Grey Water Recycling

Desalination

Storm water


Membrane-based treatment technologies

Membrane-based treatment technologies

Life Cycle Assessment

Advanced water treatment


water production

water production

Global Warming Potential


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

water supply systems

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

carbon footprint

water footprint


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.840

water distribution subsystem

water abstraction and transport subsystem

pumping electricity consumption

water boiling

water distribution subsystem

desalination


Desalination

Water Transfer

Freshwater Treatment

Distribution Infrastructure

Distribution Infrastructure


Water Supply Systems

Water Abstraction

Water Treatment

Desalination

Water Pumping

Activated Carbon-Based Filter

Water Softening Treatment

Water Supply Systems


Desalination

Thermal Desalination

Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Freshwater Technologies

Energy Production

Treatment Chemicals Production

Materials for Decentralized Water Supply Systems

Pumping

Landfilling Sludge


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.841

Infrastructure construction

Infrastructure construction

Infrastructure construction

Installation stage

Pipe production

Water transport and distribution network


Tertiary treatment

Tertiary treatment

Desalination

Reclaimed wastewater

Reclaimed wastewater

Wastewater reclamation

Water transfer


HDPE pipe production

pipe diameter

trench optimization

installation process optimization

pipe material selection

urban rainwater capture

rainwater harvesting

rain tank

electricity consumption

infrastructure


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.842

brackish groundwater desalination

seawater desalination

brackish groundwater desalination

seawater desalination

Life Cycle Assessment


Wastewater reclamation

Water transfer

Desalination

Desalination

Freshwater withdrawal impact

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Water reuse


secondary treatment

tertiary treatment

wastewater reuse

heavy metals

pharmaceuticals

personal care products

wastewater pollutants

Life Cycle Assessment


electricity consumption

life cycle thinking

life cycle thinking

LCA

LCA

water supply and wastewater systems


Bottled water production

Water intake

Production of bottle

Transport

Centralized drinking water supply

Centralized drinking water supply


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.843

Bottled water in non-returnable bottle

Centralized groundwater based drinking water supply

Centralized drinking water supply, desalination of seawater

Drinking water production and distribution


European Water Framework Directive

European Water Framework Directive

River Basin Management Plans

aeration

sand filtration


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.844

LCA

LCA

GaBi 4.4

drinking water


Centralized water supply

Bottled water

Tap water

Desalination

Groundwater abstraction


Life Cycle Assessment

water supply system environmental evaluation

Life Cycle Assessment

water supply system

water quality

wastewater transport

rainwater

wastewater

system boundaries


water supply system

rain- and stormwater harvesting

compensating actions

new well fields

desalination

LCA

Replacing 1 m3 of potable drinking water


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.845

Water abstraction

Water treatment

Water distribution

Aeration

Sand filtration

Aeration

Aeration

Drinking water supply

Wastewater treatment

Drinking water


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.846

suspended solids

heavy metals

PAHs

CaCO3 particles

dual filtration

groundwater transfer

wetland reestablishment


Drinking Water Supply

Wastewater Transportation

Wastewater Treatment Plants

Wastewater Treatment Plants

Groundwater Abstraction

Rain and Stormwater Harvesting

Water Transfer

Well Fields

Seawater Desalination


Rain- and Stormwater Harvesting

Rain- and Stormwater Harvesting

Rainwater Collection

Stormwater Collection

Clarifier

Clarifier

Dual Porosity Filter

Dual Porosity Filter

Dual Porosity Filter

Dual Porosity Filter

Harvested Water


Water Filtration

Coagulation

pH Adjustment

Water Filtration

Coagulation

Ultra-filtration

Ultra-filtration


A3 New Well Fields

A3 New Well Fields

pipeline transport

pumping of abstracted groundwater

A4 Desalination


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.848

Lower water hardness

Desalination of seawater


Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment

Photochemical ozone formation

Ecotoxicity water chronic

Human toxicity soil

Human toxicity water

Chromium

Copper

Hard coal

Natural gas


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.849

Combined Sewers

Rainwater Harvesting

Decoupling Rain and Stormwater from Sewers

Rainwater Harvesting in Combined Sewers

Sewage Water Treatment


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.847

Central water softening

Prolonged service life of household equipment

Central water softening

Central water softening

Central water softening

Reduced consumption of laundry detergent

Water hardness

Effect on household equipment service life

Water hardness effects

LCA of Drinking Water Supply

LCA of Drinking Water Supply


wastewater treatment

electricity consumption

wastewater system

rain- and stormwater harvesting

lowest total aggregated environmental impact

groundwater abstraction


Reverse osmosis membrane

UV treatment

Central softening

Central softening

Chemical precipitation of CaCO3

Water hardness reduction


wastewater treatment

combined sewers

rain- and stormwater harvesting

system boundaries

functional unit

LCA preparation


Groundwater abstraction

Desalination

Electricity demand

Global Warming Potential

Water treatment

Wastewater transport

Wastewater treatment

Combined sewers

Water production


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.850

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

Water Supply

Global Warming Potential


Rain- and stormwater harvesting

Groundwater abstraction

Desalination

Rain- and stormwater harvesting

Water hardness reduction


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.851

Water Supply System

Water Supply System

LCA of Water Supply

Water Supply System Descriptors

Water Supply System Descriptors

Water Supply System Descriptors

Water Supply System Descriptors


water supply systems

one m3 of potable water at the consumer tap

reverse osmosis membranes

pipes

water produced

annual consumption of water at the end user


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.852

Water Supply Systems

Wastewater Collection and Treatment

Secondary Effluent

Water Distribution

Electricity Consumption


Functional Unit

water quantity and quality indicators

water quantity and quality indicators

environmental management and reporting systems

source water quality

product water quality

service life of components


System Boundaries

Water Hardness

Global Warming Potential


rainwater harvesting tanks

LCA modelling

LCA modelling

LCI databases

GaBi

Ecoinvent

water supply system


Water Supply Systems

Water Supply Systems

Water Supply Systems

Water Supply Systems

Material Production

Material Transportation

Equipment Use

Energy Production

Raw Wastewater Treatment

Secondary Effluent


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.853

freshwater consumption

freshwater consumption

Available WAter REmaining

Available WAter REmaining

freshwater consumption


Global Warming Potential-100

Human Toxicity

Marine Ecotoxicity

Water Depletion

Water Foot-printing


CML 2000

CML 2001

CML-IA

ReCiPe

Eco-indicator 95

Eco-indicator 99

IPCC GWP 2007a

IMPACT 2002+

USES-LCA

USEtox

EPD 2013


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.854

ReCiPe (H) V1.12/World

ReCiPe (H) V1.12/World

ReCiPe (H) V1.12/World

ReCiPe (H) V1.12/World

ReCiPe (H) V1.12/World

ReCiPe (H) V1.12/World

Water Supply Systems

Danish Electricity Mix


Water Supply Systems

Desalination

Freshwater Scarcity

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis


Water supply systems

Water supply systems

LCI databases

Site-specific LCAs

Products consuming large amounts of water


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.855

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

system boundaries

functional unit

hot spot analysis

water supply system processes

freshwater use


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

three-dimensional sustainability approach


Water Deprivation

Water Supply Systems

Water Supply Systems

Water Use


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.856

Environmental assessment of urban water cycle

Environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting infrastructures

Domestic water use

Water services system

Drinking water production

Rainwater harvesting infrastructures


Water Supply Systems

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis

Life Cycle Assessment

Non-Potable Water Supply

Stormwater Management

Well Field and Waterworks Location


water consumption

stress-based indicator

water use impact assessment

water use impact assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

drinking water production

drinking water production

water treatment plants

drinking water consumption


Life Cycle Analysis

Urban Water System of Alexandria City

EU Water Framework Directive


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

drinking water

wastewater treatment

urban water system


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.857

Life Cycle Assessment

Carbon footprint analysis

Life cycle assessment

freshwater withdrawal impact assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Central Softening

Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Freshwater Withdrawal Impact Assessment


Reverse osmosis desalination

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Water Footprint Assessment Manual

Freshwater consumption impacts

Water sources


LCA

multi-criteria decision aid

integrated sustainability assessment


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.858


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Double Porous Filter


Life Cycle Assessment

freshwater consumption impacts

water treatment


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment


Water use impact assessment

Life cycle impact assessment

Urban wastewater reclamation and reuse

Centralized rainwater harvesting for non-potable purposes


reverse osmosis desalination

ozonation

urban wastewater reuse

Life cycle assessment

waste prevention activities

environmental labelling

water use impact assessment


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.859

Water Production

Water Treatment

Water Reclamation

Water Disposal

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Multi-Stage Flash Desalination

Multi-Effect Distillation

Reverse Osmosis


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

drinking water transport and distribution network

Environmental assessment

Environmental assessment


Life cycle energy assessment

Life cycle assessment

Environmental impact assessment

groundwater treatment with nanofiltration

Life cycle assessment

drinking and wastewater treatment systems


hauschild:33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply, p.860

AWARE

WULCA consensus characterization model for water scarcity footprints

Water Scarcity Footprints


LCA

LCA

proxy methodology

desalination

LCA


WULCA consensus characterization model

AWARE

water consumption

life cycle impact assessment methods


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.861

Global Warming Potential

Eutrophication

Toxicity

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Eutrophication

Ecotoxicity

Disposal of Infrastructure


Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Treatment

Nutrient emissions

Organic matter emissions

Pathogen spreading

LCA of Wastewater Treatment

LCA of Wastewater Treatment

Global Warming Potential

Eutrophication


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.862

Wastewater Treatment

Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Sedimentation

Activated Sludge Treatment

Activated Sludge Treatment

Activated Sludge Treatment


toxicity-related impact categories

Life Cycle Assessment

wastewater treatment technologies

wastewater treatment technologies

Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling

sedimentation

Treatment systems for removal of organic matter

activated sludge


Tertiary Treatment

Phosphorus Removal

Ozonation

Activated Carbon Treatment

Anaerobic Digestion

Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Treatment

Global Warming Potential

Eutrophication

Toxicity


sedimentation

activated sludge

nitrification/denitrification

P-precipitation

ozonation

activated carbon


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.863

Wastewater Treatment

Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant

Biogas Production

Phosphorus Recovery

Mercury

Pharmaceuticals


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.864

Larsen et al. (2007)

Larsen et al. (2007)

Corominas et al. (2013)

Zang et al. (2015)

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment


Microbial Fuel Cells

Advanced Oxidation Processes

Manganese Oxidation

Source Separation

Sludge Treatment

Dewatering

Digestion

Incineration

Heating

Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic Digestion


anaerobic digestion

anaerobic digestion

sludge inertisation

sludge inertisation

phosphorus

wastewater treatment

nutrient emissions

organic matter emissions

pathogen spreading

organic micro-pollutants

pharmaceuticals

metals

mercury


Material and Construction Stage

Operation Stage

Construction Stage

Operation Stage

Construction Stage

Infrastructure

Constructed Wetlands

Sand Filters


infrastructure

infrastructure

capital goods

ozonation

sludge inertisation

constructed wet lands


wastewater treatment

material stage

use stage

transport stage

disposal stage

material stage

use stage

LCA impact categories

micro-pollutants

pathogens


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.865

Transport

Sludge Disposal

Aerobic Digested Sludge

Anaerobic Digested Sludge

Reed Bed Transport

Sludge Agricultural Application


Use Stage

Use Stage

Use Stage

Use Stage

Transport

Biosolids

Aerobic Digested Sludge

Anaerobic Digested Sludge


sludge disposal for agricultural application

metal content of sludge

methane production from anaerobic digestion

methane utilisation

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

impact categories

impact categories


wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

fossil fuel combustion

fossil fuel combustion

fossil fuel combustion

energy consumption


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.866

Energy consumption

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Ionising Radiation

Particulate Matter Formation

Ecotoxicity

Human Toxicity


Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic Digestion

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Human Toxicity

Human Toxicity

Agricultural Application


Aquatic Ecotoxicity

Eutrophication

Metals

Mercury

Cadmium

Organic Micro-pollutants

Endocrine Disruptors

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Metals

Anaerobic Digestion


Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption

MBR

Ozonation

Water Cleaning

Resource Consumption

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Land Use

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Waste Generation


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.867

N2O

N2O

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Photochemical Ozone Formation


Eutrophication

Wastewater Effluent

Phosphorus Emissions

Nitrogen Emissions

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion


Photochemical Ozone Formation

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Photochemical Ozone Formation

volatile organic compounds

fossil fuel combustion

Photochemical Ozone Formation


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.868

Waste Generation

Waste Generation

Sludge Disposal

Sludge Disposal

Wastewater Treatment


Resource Depletion

Fossil Fuel Consumption

Water Consumption

Micro-Pollutants

Pathogens


freshwater ecotoxicity

human toxicity

land use

solar field construction

constructed wetlands

land area requirement 17-40 times larger than conventional plants


Constructed Wetlands

Land Use

Land Use

Resource Consumption

Wastewater Treatment


Eutrophication

Oxygen Depletion

Reduction in emission of organic matter

Eutrophication

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Toxicity-related impact categories


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.869

Normalisation

Weighting

Normalisation

Wastewater Treatment


Pathogens

Sewage sludge management

Aquatic Ecotoxicity

Eutrophication

Wastewater Treatment

Normalisation

Weighting


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.870

Normalisation and Weighting

Normalisation and Weighting

Hierarchist perspective

Willingness to pay

Restoration of impacts on areas of protection

Weighting


benzo(a)pyrene

benzo(b)fluoranthene

benzo(g,h,i)perylene

benzo(k)fluoranthene

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

pharmaceuticals/metabolites

LAS

nonylphenol

DEHP

pathogens

wastewater treatment


metals

metals

linear alkyl benzene sulphonate

diethylhexyl phthalate

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

benzo(a)pyrene

benzo(b)fluoranthene

benzo(g,h,i)perylene

benzo(k)fluoranthene

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene


Normalisation

Weighting

Weighting

Distance to Political Reduction Targets

Willingness to Pay

Areas of Protection

Sensitivity Analysis


Goal and Scope

functional unit

wastewater treatment

normalisation

wastewater composition


population equivalents

nutrient content

population equivalents

nutrient content

technology lifetime

scoping

water cycle

technical process optimisations


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.871

Goal and Scope

Inventory

Impact Assessment

Foreground Data

Background Data

ecoinvent

GaBi

Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.872

avoided against induced impacts approach

phosphorus removal

new technology

new technology

toxicity related impact categories

eutrophication potential


Pathogens

Acute Toxicity

Eutrophication

Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty Estimation

Hot Spot Identification


Sewer System

Sewer System

Sewer System

Activated Sludge Treatment

Activated Sludge Treatment

Activated Sludge Treatment

Anaerobic Digestion

ANAMMOX

Sludge Disposal to Agricultural Land

Sludge Disposal to Landfill

Sludge Treatment and Disposal

Sludge Treatment and Disposal


Eutrophication

Ecotoxicity

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.873

ozonation

wastewater treatment technologies

ozonation

LCA of Wastewater Treatment


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

ILCD recommended methods

ILCD recommended methods

ReCiPe method

ReCiPe method

Human Toxicity

Freshwater Ecotoxicity

Marine Ecotoxicity

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Particulate Matter Formation

Eutrophication

Global Warming

Acidification

Ionising Radiation

Water Use

Land Use

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion


Aquatic Ecotoxicity

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

N2O Emissions

CH4 Emissions

PLANT OPERATION

PLANT CONSTRUCTION


Environmental Product Declaration

Product Category Rules

Wastewater collection and treatment services

LCIA methodology

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Wastewater treatment

Pollutants

Endocrine disrupters


wastewater treatment

toxicity related impact categories

eutrophication potential

treatment of one cubic metre of wastewater

decommissioning and disposal of infrastructure

all life cycle stages


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.874

Sand filtration

Ozonation

Membranbioreactor

Global Warming Potential

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Material stage

Construction

Use stage

Transport

Waste treatment


MBNC

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.876

Activated sludge

FeCl3

Activated carbon

Transport

Micro-pollutants

COD


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.875

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton process


Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Heterogeneous photocatalysis

Global Warming Potential

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Human Toxicity

Ecotoxicity

Land Use

Resource Depletion

Industrial wastewater


emission to soil

emission to soil

emission to soil


Municipal wastewater

Municipal wastewater

Municipal wastewater

Municipal wastewater

Effluent as irrigation water

Effluent as irrigation water

salinisation


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.877

Ozonation + continuous microfiltration

Membrane bioreactor + reverse osmosis

Recycled wastewater

Sludge as biosolids

Eutrophication Terrestrial

Human Toxicity

Ecotoxicity Terrestrial Soil

Ecotoxicity Terrestrial Freshwater

Ecotoxicity Terrestrial Saltwater


Municipal wastewater

Constructed wetlands

UV

Sequencing batch reactor

Energy consumption

BOD

Tot-N

Tot-P

Material stage

Use stage

Transport

Waste treatment


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.878

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Constructed wetland

Constructed wetland

Constructed wetland

Constructed wetland

Constructed wetland


Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

UV Chlorination/dechlorination

Dissolved air flotation

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication Potential - aquatic

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Human Toxicity

Ecotoxicity - Freshwater

Ecotoxicity - Terrestrial

Ecotoxicity - Freshwater Sediment

Biosolids

Biosolids

Biosolids

Biosolids


Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Emission to soil

Emission to soil

Sludge

Sludge


Supercritical Water Gasification

Supercritical Water Gasification

Supercritical Water Gasification

Supercritical Water Gasification

Supercritical Water Gasification

Supercritical Water Gasification

Supercritical Water Gasification

Supercritical Water Gasification

Industrial wastewater membrane filtration


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.880

Water effluent

Gases

Wet solid effluent

Sludge from municipal wastewater plant

Sludge from municipal wastewater plant

Sludge from municipal wastewater plant

Sludge from municipal wastewater plant

Sludge from municipal wastewater plant

Agricultural land application

Incineration

Wet oxidation

Global Warming Potential


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.879

Sludge from municipal wastewater plant

Incineration

Agricultural land application

Material stage

Construction

Use stage

Transport

Waste treatment

Global Warming Potential

Human Toxicity

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Abiotic Depletion


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.881

Municipal wastewater treatment plant in Denmark

Activated sludge: nitrification/denitrification, phosphor removal, sludge incineration

Sludge incineration

Pyrolysis

Incineration in cement kilns

Landfill


Landfill

Landfill

Landfill

Supercritical water oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation

EPS2000

EPS2000

EPS2000

EPS2000

EcoIndicator99

EcoIndicator99

EcoIndicator99

Material stage

Construction

Use stage

Transport

Waste treatment

Municipal wastewater sludge

Municipal wastewater sludge


settled effluent water

membrane

activated sludge

Pre-precipitation

Flotation

Material stage

Construction + Use stage


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.882

effluent

sludge

sludge


Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Activated sludge

Activated sludge

Activated sludge

Activated sludge

Activated sludge

Municipal wastewater treatment


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.883

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment

wastewater treatment


Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

Municipal wastewater treatment

COD

BOD

N-tot

P-tot


Activated sludge

Material stage

Construction

Use stage

Transport

Waste treatment

energy production

energy production

energy production

Use stage

Use stage


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.884

Life Cycle Analysis

Life Cycle Analysis

Integrated Environmental Assessment

Integrated Environmental Assessment

Environmental Accounting


Global Warming

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Acidification

Nutrient Enrichment

Eutrophication

Depletion of Abiotic Resources

Ozone Depletion

Land Use

Energy Consumption

Human Toxicity

Chronic Human Toxicity Soil

Chronic Human Toxicity Water

Acute Human Toxicity Air

Chronic Ecotoxicity Soil

Chronic Ecotoxicity Fresh Water

Acute Ecotoxicity Fresh Water

Chronic Ecotoxicity Salt Water

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Treatment

Sludge Treatment

Water Framework Directive

Dissolved Organic Carbon


Life cycle assessment

Environmental accounting


Sludge incineration

Sludge dewatering

Sludge thickening

Landfill deposition

Landfill deposition

Landfill deposition

Landfill deposition

Landfill deposition

ORWARE

ORWARE

Gas capture and combustion

Leachate treatment in WWTP

Transport of used catalyst

Land filling of used catalyst


Life Cycle Analysis

ISO 14025:2006

Waste water collection and treatment services


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle inventory

reedbed

aerated biological filter

EcoInvent

Life cycle inventory of wastewater treatment


ReCiPe 2008

ReCiPe 2008

supercritical water gasification

sewage sludge management

pathogen risk


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.885


Life Cycle Assessment

Biological Wastewater Treatment


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

wastewater treatment technologies

advanced wastewater treatment


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

supercritical water oxidation


hauschild:34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment, p.886


Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion

Treatment of sludge from urban wastewater treatments

Thermal processes

Wastewater urban sludge treatment processes

NEPTUNE LCA methodology

NEPTUNE LCA methodology


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.887


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.888

waste generation

municipal solid waste

waste prevention


waste systems

allocation of impacts

long-term emissions

waste

waste


LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems

Waste LCA

Waste Management Systems

Allocation of Impacts

Long-term Emissions


Methane emissions

Methane emissions

Halocarbons

Recycling

Waste management

Waste management

Waste management


Recycling

Biological Treatment

Incineration

Landfilling

Integrated Waste Management Systems


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.889

waste LCAs

waste LCAs

waste treatment

solid waste

solid waste


Waste LCA

LCA

Incineration

Energy

Scrap Metal Processing

Processed Scrap Metals

Waste Sector


waste management

recycling

waste

integrated management systems

recycling


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.890

Collection and Transport

Processing and Treatment

Material Recycling

Energy Recovery

Source Separation

Collection and Transport


Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

Generation

Collection and Transport

Treatment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


source separation

treatment stage

physical treatment

mechanical and biological treatment

incineration

recycling

utilisation

landfilling

homogenous materials


Solid Waste Management Systems

Solid Waste Management Systems

Solid Waste Management Systems

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental offsets from LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems

Waste


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.891

Waste Prevention

Life Cycle Assessment

Re-use

Recycling

Waste Management

Waste Prevention


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.892

Transport

Landfilling

Waste recycling

Avoided emissions

Waste incineration

Incineration

Landfills

Waste management


Generation

Collection & Transport

Treatment

Mechanical

Biological

Thermal

Recycling

Utilisation

Landfilling

Homogenous materials

Homogenous materials


waste management

waste management

waste management

fossil fuels

metals

nitrogen

phosphorus

resource efficiency

Waste hierarchy

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems


Landfilling

Landfill gas

methane

Landfilling

leachate

Incineration

Incineration

Incineration

Bottom ash


Waste Management

Waste Management

Waste Management

Waste Management

Landfilling

Landfilling

Waste Treatment Technology Selection

Waste Hierarchy

Waste Hierarchy

Environmental Ranking of Waste Treatment Options


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.893

Laurent et al. (2014)

Laurent et al. (2014)

ILCD Handbook

Life Cycle Assessment


Incineration

Incineration

Recycling

Recycling

Solid Waste Management Systems

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA studies

LCA studies

LCA studies

LCA studies

system boundaries

system boundaries

LCA studies

Impact coverage

LCA studies

LCA studies


Impact coverage

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems

LCIA method

normalisation

sensitivity analysis

allocation


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.894

Main findings

Identified method shortcomings

Identified modelling shortcomings

Identified data uncertainties

LCA review

Methodological considerations


Goal Definition

Goal Definition

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook

Goal Definition

Goal Definition


ISO standards

Goal definition

Goal definition


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.895

Collection

Transport

Thermal Treatment

Biological Treatment

Scope Definition


Goal Definition

Goal Definition

Intended Use


decision context situation

decision context situation

decision context situation

waste management systems

impact categories


waste prevention

functional unit

functional unit

functional unit

functional unit

Solid Waste Management Systems


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.896

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Quantified Description of Primary Function

Reference Flow

Physical Flow Required for System Function


waste LCAs

end-of-life stage

capital goods

Collection and transport processes

Collection and transport processes


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.897

Secondary products

Secondary waste

Waste treatment processes

Anaerobic digestion

Incineration

Impact categories


Non-toxic impact categories

Toxicity

Land use

Water use

Resource impact categories


Solid Waste Management Systems

Functional Unit


Life Cycle Assessment

waste LCA applications

waste LCA applications

functional unit

functional unit

functional unit


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.899

waste LCAs

LCI

ecoinvent

LCA databases

LCA databases

generic database information

LCA software

LCA software