hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.898

Climate Change

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Acidification

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Eutrophication

Aquatic Ecotoxicity

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Human Toxicity

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.899

Inventory Modelling

Inventory Modelling

Inventory Modelling

primary data

literature data

generic data

waste LCA


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.900

waste deposition

Primary data

Databases

SimaPro

EASEWASTE

GaBi


waste landfilling

long-term emissions

metal emissions leaching from landfills

waste LCA

SimaPro


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.901

LCI phase

toxicity-related impact categories

system expansion

ISO standards


System expansion

System expansion

Allocation

Energy crediting

Material crediting

Marginal data

Average data

Energy


Energy

Energy

Material crediting

Material crediting

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems


System Expansion

System Expansion

Allocation

Mass

Heat Value

Exergy

Economic Value

Marginal Data

Average Data


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.902

recycling

co-production

energy recovery

attributional LCA

consequential LCA

secondary material production

substitution ratio


LCA databases

Inventory data compilation

waste-customised LCA tools

waste-customised LCA tools

ISO 14044:2006


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

CML

EDIP

Ecoindicator 99

recycling

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.903

LCIA phase

normalisation

weighting

characterisation

Ecoindicator 99

Ecoindicator 99

impact categories


ReCiPe

CML

EDIP

EI99/EI95

IMPACT

EPS

TRACI

IPCC (2007)


Biogenic carbon

Long-term emissions

Impact assessment method

Time differentiation


Interpretation

Interpretation

toxicity

time differentiation on long-term emissions

waste LCA


landfilling

long-term emissions from landfills

LCIA

weighting

biogenic carbon

waste material


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.904

Sensitivity analysis

Uncertainty analysis

Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis

Solid waste management systems


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.905

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis


collection and transport

sensitivity analyses

system boundaries

zero-burden convention

capital goods


Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis

Scenario analysis

Scenario analysis

Recycling

Recycling

Landfilling

Thermal treatment

Composting

Anaerobic digestion


Waste LCA

Waste LCA

Waste LCA

Waste LCA

Waste LCA

Collection

Transport

Energy recovery

Landfilling

Material substitution


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.906

Goal

Scope

Functional unit

Reference flow

System boundaries

Capital goods

Waste transportation

Impact categories

Solid waste management systems

ISO recommendations


Impact Category

Allocation

Data Types

Key Choices and Assumptions

Scope Elements

Scope


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.907

Waste generation

Waste generation

LCIA


Waste LCA

Waste LCA

Waste Hierarchy

Waste LCA

Nanomaterials

Composite Plastics


LCI

LCI modelling

LCI modelling

geographical data representativeness

foreground data

long-term emissions


Normalisation

Weighting

Interpretation

Characterisation

Normalisation

Sensitivity analysis

Disposal stage


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.908

Waste LCA

Waste LCA

Waste LCA

Waste LCA


Disposal Stage

Negative Impacts

Goal and System Boundaries Selection

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems


US EPA waste software

US EPA waste software

Modelling SWMS

Gentil et al. (2010)

ecoinvent inventories


Solid Waste Management Systems

EU-JRC (2011)

Cleary (2009)

Christensen (2011)

WRATE

US EPA WARM

US EPA WARM


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.910

Bientinesi and Petarca (2009)

Bientinesi and Petarca (2009)

Bigum et al. (2012)

Birgisdottir et al. (2007)

Bjorklund and Finnveden (2007)

Blenghini et al. (2012)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.911

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Human Toxicity

Ozone Depletion

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Abiotic Depletion Potential

Ecotoxicity Potential

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.909

PE/PET containers

Residual waste

Biodegradable waste

Industrial waste

Market waste

MSW

Municipal, commercial and special waste

OFMSW

Food waste

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential


Non-hazardous MSW

Non-hazardous MSW

Non-hazardous MSW

Non-hazardous MSW

MSW

MSW

Residual waste

Residual waste

Construction and Demolition Waste

Construction and Demolition Waste

Construction and Demolition Waste

Organic food and market waste

Organic kitchen waste

Organic kitchen waste


Boldrin et al. (2011)

Boldrin et al. (2011)

Boughton et al. (2006)

Boughton et al. (2006)

Bovea et al. (2010)

Bovea and Powell (2006)

Bovea and Powell (2006)

Brambilla-Pisoni et al. (2009)

Brambilla-Pisoni et al. (2009)

Brambilla-Pisoni et al. (2009)

Brambilla-Pisoni et al. (2009)

Briffaerts et al. (2009)

Briffaerts et al. (2009)

Buttol et al. (2007)

Buttol et al. (2007)

Buttol et al. (2007)

Buttol et al. (2007)

Cabaraban et al. (2008)

Cabaraban et al. (2008)

Cabaraban et al. (2008)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.912

Chen and Christensen (2010)

Chen and Christensen (2010)

Chen and Christensen (2010)

Chen and Christensen (2010)

Cherubini et al. (2008)

Cherubini et al. (2008)

Chevalier et al. (2003)

Chevalier et al. (2003)

Ciacci et al. (2010)

Ciroth et al. (2002a, b)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.913

Craighill and Powell (1996)

Craighill and Powell (1996)

Dahlbo et al. (2007)

Dahlbo et al. (2007)

Dahlbo et al. (2007)

Dahlbo et al. (2007)

Damgaard et al. (2011)

Damgaard et al. (2010)

DEFRA (2006)

Del Borghi et al. (2007)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.914

Fallaha et al. (2009)

Fallaha et al. (2009)

Finnvelden et al. (2000)

Finnvelden et al. (2000)

Fruergaard and Astrup (2011)

Fruergaard et al. (2010)

Gamberini et al. (2010)

Gentil et al. (2010)

Global Warming Potential

Ozone Depletion


Tyres

Tyres

Tyres

Tyres

Tyres

Tyres

C&DW

C&DW

C&DW

OFMSW

OFMSW

OFMSW

Residual MSW

Residual MSW

Unused pharmaceuticals

Unused pharmaceuticals

Unused pharmaceuticals

Unused pharmaceuticals

CML 2001

TRACI


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.915

TRACI

TRACI

TRACI

IPCC

CML2001

Ecoindicator 99

CML

CML

CML

CML

CML

IMPACT 2002+

IMPACT 2002+


IMPACT 2002+

IMPACT 2002+

IMPACT 2002+

IMPACT 2002+

CML 2000

CML 2000

CML 2000


Urban waste

Urban waste

Urban waste

Urban waste

Urban waste

Urban waste

Urban waste

Urban waste

Plastics

Plastics

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

Food waste

Plastic wastes from discarded TV

Plastic wastes from discarded TV

Plastic wastes from discarded TV

Int plastic packaging

Int plastic packaging

Int plastic packaging

Int plastic packaging

Int plastic packaging

MSW

MSW

MSW

Di Maria and Fantozzi (2004)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.916

Jenseit et al. (2003)

Jenseit et al. (2003)

Jenseit et al. (2003)

Johansson and Björklund (2009)

Khoo et al. (2009)

Khoo (2009)

Khoo and Tan (2010)

Kiatkittipong et al. (2009)

Kim et al. (2009)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.917

IMPACT 2002+

IMPACT 2002+

EDIP2003

Ecoindicator

CML

EDIP 1997


Bagasse waste

Bagasse waste

Bagasse waste

Bagasse waste

Waste home appliances

Waste home appliances

Waste home appliances

Household waste

Household waste

Household waste

Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste

Mixed municipal waste

Mixed municipal waste

Mixed municipal waste

Mixed municipal waste


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.919

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

CML 2001

CML 2001

CML 2001

PET bottles

Plastic wastes

Computer monitors

Construction waste


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.918

Lundie and Peters (2005)

Lundie and Peters (2005)

Lundie and Peters (2005)

Manfredi and Christensen (2009a)

Manfredi and Christensen (2009a)

Manfredi and Christensen (2009a)

Manfredi et al. (2010)

Manfredi et al. (2010)

Manfredi et al. (2010)

Manfredi et al. (2011)

Manfredi et al. (2011)

Manfredi et al. (2011)

Marinkovic et al. (2010)

Marinkovic et al. (2010)

EDIP 1997

CML 2001


Concrete wastes

Concrete wastes

Concrete wastes

OFMSW

OFMSW

MSW

MSW

C&DW

Household glass

Household plastics

Household paper

Plastic fraction in MSW

Plastic fraction in MSW

CML 2001

EDIP 1997


Morris (2005)

Morris (2005)

Morris (2005)

Morris (2005)

Morris (2005)

Morris (2005)

Morselli et al. (2005)

Morselli et al. (2005)

Morselli et al. (2005)

Morselli et al. (2008)

Morselli et al. (2008)

Morselli et al. (2008)

Morselli et al. (2007)

Muller (2011)

Munoz et al. (2004)

Munoz et al. (2004)

Munoz and Navia (2011)

Munoz and Navia (2011)

Møller et al. (2011)

Møller et al. (2011)

Møller et al. (2011)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.920

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

Packaging waste

Municipal biowaste

Wood waste

Wood waste

Residual MSW

Plastics

CML

IPCC


Passarini et al. (2012)

Automotive shredder residue

Automotive shredder residue

Perugini et al. (2005)

Plastic packaging

Pires et al. (2011)

MSW

Pires and Martinho (2012)

Waste lubricant oil

Pisoni (2009)

Riber et al. (2008)

Rieradevall et al. (1997)

Rigamonti et al. (2009a)

Rigamonti et al. (2010)

Packaging waste


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.921

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Human Toxicity

Abiotic Depletion

Ozone Depletion

Global Warming Potential

Empty fruit bunches

Municipal Solid Waste

Wood ash

Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Abiotic Depletion

Human Toxicity


Cable waste (PVC)

Cable waste (PVC)

Cable waste (PVC)

Cable waste (PVC)

Household waste

Household waste

Household waste

Household waste

Residual household waste

Bumper skin (car equipment)

Bumper skin (car equipment)

Bumper skin (car equipment)

Food waste

Food waste

Food waste

Waste glass packaging

Waste glass packaging

Waste glass packaging

Tyres

MSW

MSW

MSW

CML

EDIP 1997


Saft (2007)

Saft (2007)

Saft (2007)

Saft (2007)

Salhofer et al. (2007)

Salhofer et al. (2007)

Salhofer et al. (2007)

Santos Vieira and Horvath (2008)

Santos Vieira and Horvath (2008)

Scharnhorst et al. (2006)

Scharnhorst et al. (2006)

Scipioni et al. (2009)

Scipioni et al. (2009)

Scipioni et al. (2009)

Shen et al. (2010)

Shen et al. (2010)

Shen et al. (2010)

Shen et al. (2010)

Sonesson et al. (1997)

Sonesson et al. (1997)

Sonesson et al. (1997)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.922

Turconi et al. (2011)

Turconi et al. (2011)

Turconi et al. (2011)

Turconi et al. (2011)

Turconi et al. (2011)

Turconi et al. (2011)

Van-Haaren et al. (2010)

Welsh Assembly Gvt (2003)

Welsh Assembly Gvt (2003)

Welsh Assembly Gvt (2003)

Wenisch et al. (2004)

Wenisch et al. (2004)

Werner et al. (2007)

Werner et al. (2007)

Werner et al. (2007)

Winkler et al. (2007)

WRAP (2008)

WRAP (2008)

WRAP (2008)


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.924

Life Cycle Thinking

Life Cycle Assessment

LCIA models and indicators


Long-term emissions

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impacts

Long-Term Metal Emissions

Carbon dioxide emissions

Waste management systems


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Management Treatment Services

ILCD Handbook

International Reference Life Cycle Data System

Life cycle assessments

municipal solid waste management systems


Eco-indicator 99

The Eco-indicator 99; a damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment—Methodology Report

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.925

ISO 14044

Ecoinvent Report No. 3, v2.2


ReCiPe 2008

ReCiPe 2008

End-of-life material recovery

Waste life cycle assessment

Waste Prevention


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.923

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

EDIP 1997

CML 1999

CML 1999

CML 1999

CML 1999

CML 1999

CML 1999

CML 1999

Solid Waste Management Systems


Laurent, A., Clavreul, J., Bernstad, A., Bakas, I., Niero, M., Gentil, E., Christensen, T.H., Hauschild, M.Z.

Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems—part II: methodological guidance for a better practice

Niero, M., Negrelli, A.J., Boas, S.H., Olsen, S.I., Birkved, M.

Cradle-to-Cradle certification levels

Schrijvers, D.L., Loubet, P., Sonnemann, G.

landfilling

soil emissions

integrated waste systems' evaluation


hauschild:35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems, p.926

LCIA methodology

LCIA methodology

Chemical impacts

Spatial differentiation

Science-based boundaries

Life cycle assessment


LCA

LCI modelling

Life Cycle Management

Packaging

Agri-food


Landfilling

Soil emissions

Waste management systems

LCIA methods

Energy systems

EU environmental footprint methodology

Biorefinery processes

Biomaterials


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.927

Primary Impacts

Secondary Impacts

Tertiary Impacts

Life Cycle Assessment

Remediation Technologies


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

remediation

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.928

Remediation

Life Cycle Assessment


Functional Unit Definition

Primary Impacts Assessment

Impact Weighting

No Action Scenario Comparison

Primary Impacts

Secondary Impacts

Tertiary Impacts

Remediation

Remediation


In situ remediation

In situ remediation

In situ remediation

In situ remediation

In situ remediation

Thermal remediation

Soil vapour extraction

Ex situ remediation

Ex situ remediation

Ex situ remediation


Remediation Technologies

In situ remediation

Ex situ remediation

Soil remediation

Groundwater remediation

Sediment remediation

Sludge remediation


Ex situ remediation

Ex situ remediation

Ex situ remediation

Containment methods

Surface capping

Barrier installations

Secured landfill placement


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.929

in situ remediation

pump-and-treat

solidification/stabilisation

incineration

thermal desorption

bioremediation


Mixed plastic waste packaging

Mixed plastic waste packaging

Mixed plastic waste packaging

Mixed waste plastic

Mixed waste plastic

Mixed waste plastic

Mixed waste plastic

Mixed waste plastic

WEEE

WEEE

WEEE

WEEE

WEEE

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

MSW

CML 2002

CML 2002


remediation activities

emissions

consequential LCA approach

tertiary impacts

fate of a brownfield site after treatment

LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation


Primary impacts

Primary impacts

Secondary impacts

Excavation

Drilling

Polymers

Steel

Concrete

Activated carbon

Electricity

Transportation of soil, equipment and personnel

Site remediation activities

Site remediation activities


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.930

horizontal directional drilling

horizontal directional drilling


greenfield development

LCA studies

LCA studies

LCA studies


Soil Vapour Extraction

Bioremediation

Bioremediation

Air Sparging

Chemical Treatment

Primary Impacts

Primary Impacts

On-site Contamination


ex situ remediation

ex situ remediation

ex situ remediation

in situ remediation

in situ remediation

LCIA models

LCA


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.931

metals

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

polychlorinated biphenyls

chlorinated hydrocarbons

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Soil remediation

Excavation combined with treatment and/or disposal

Bioremediation

Groundwater remediation

Pump-and-treat

Permeable reactive barriers

Bioremediation


characterisation factors

Impact Assessment Methods

remediation processes

primary impacts

remediation technologies

contaminants


Life Cycle Inventory

Impact Assessment

Heavy Metals

Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Chlorinated Solvents

Characterisation Factors


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.932

primary impacts

secondary impacts

EDIP97

TRACI

IMPACT2002+

ReCiPe

USEtox


ReCiPe

USEtox

net energy balance ratio

biogas production

compost production

benefit-cost ratio

in situ thermal treatment

soil excavation and off-site treatment


Hybrid LCA

UK 123 sector national input-output table

remediation

land use occupation

land use


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.933

Hybrid LCA

Hybrid LCA

Process-based LCA

SiteWise method

SiteWise method

SiteWise method

SiteWise method


excavation

excavation

chemical oxidation

chemical oxidation

chemical oxidation

bioremediation


bioremediation technologies

enhanced bioremediation

enhanced bioremediation

chlorinated intermediates

site-specific fate and exposure models

LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation


ISO 2006a

ISO 2006b

ILCD 2010

on-site electricity/energy use

thermal remediation

steel use

on-site installations

transportation processes

excavation and transport

land use impacts


BATNEEC analysis

Life Cycle Costing

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

LCA

Global Warming Potential


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.934

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit


Goal and Scope Definition

Comparative Assessment

Remediation

Remediation

Monitored Natural Attenuation

Functional Unit

Functional Unit


Phytoremediation

energy recovery combustion of biomass

biomass-derived activated carbon

sediment capping

methanol

anaerobic dechlorination

reduced electron donor concentration


enhanced reductive dechlorination

substrate demand

LCA

LCA

comparative assessments

remediation alternatives


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.935

remediation performance models

primary impacts

remediation efficiency


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

ecoinvent

US LCI databases


attributional LCA

attributional LCA

production of activated carbon

chemical analyses

production of specific remedial soil amendments

technology-specific processes

ILCD requirements


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.936

consequential LCA

attributional approach

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

LCIA models

person car transport


primary impacts

secondary impacts

primary impacts

tertiary impacts

impact assessment methods

impact assessment methods


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Remediation Efficiency

Time Frame


Attributional LCA

Attributional LCA

Attributional LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Remediation projects

Remediation projects


primary impacts

primary impacts

toxicity models

toxicity models

groundwater compartment

groundwater contamination


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.937

EDIP97

EDIP97

USES-LCA

TRACI

IMPACT2002+

EDIP2003

USEtox


EDIP2003

USEtox

net energy balance ratio

benefit–cost ratio

IMPACT2002+

risk reduction

environmental merit

costs


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.939

Life Cycle Inventory

metabolites

metabolites

LCIA toxicity models

midpoint characterisation models

endpoint characterisation


Endpoint characterisation

Midpoint characterisation

Global Warming Potential

Energy use

REC tool

REC tool

REC tool

SiteWise tool


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.938

IMPACT 2002+

IMPACT 2002+

IPCC

Ecoindicator 99

TRACI

ReCiPe

ReCiPe

EPD

CML2001

Global Warming Potential

EDIP2003

USEtox


SiteWise

SiteWise

SiteWise

SiteWise

LCIA methodology

LCIA methodology


life cycle impact categories

secondary impacts

remediation option


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.940

tertiary impacts

tertiary impacts

tertiary impacts

remediation project


Life Cycle Assessment

secondary environmental impacts of remediation

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


tertiary impact

primary impacts

secondary impacts

tertiary impacts

Life Cycle Assessment

remediation


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.941

Excavation and disposal

Soil washing

Soil vapour extraction

In situ bioremediation

Encapsulation

Contaminated site remediation LCA

Contaminated site remediation LCA

Contaminated site remediation LCA


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.942

Excavation

External biological treatment

Biosparging

Bioventilation

Permeable reactive barrier

Biological barrier

Excavation

Excavation

Biosparging

Biosparging

Bioventilation

Bioventilation


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.943

Excavation and incineration

Excavation and treatment

Excavation with on-site biopiles

Excavation and secured disposal

Diesel oil

soil


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.944

Pump-and-treat

steel

Funnel-and-gate

Pump-and-treat

Permeable barrier

Pump-and-treat

Pump-and-treat


Containment Covering with 30 cm of clean soil

Contaminated Land Cleanup and Brownfield rehabilitation


Pump-and-treat (on-site vacuum steam stripping)

Pump-and-treat (on-site activated carbon treatment)

Excavation and thermal treatment

Aerobic bioremediation

Anaerobic bioremediation

Cap and contain

Thermal treatment

Bioslurry

Soil washing

Energy consumption

Transportation of material


Pump-and-treat

Excavation with on-site biopiles

In situ Natural attenuation

Bioventing

Chemical oxidation

Biosparging

Bioslurping

Excavation and off-site disposal

Diesel oil

Metals

PAHs

Hydrocarbons


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.945

Pump-and-treat (PTS)

Pump-and-treat (PTS)

Permeable reactive barrier with zero-valent iron (PRB)

Pump-and-treat (PTS)

Excavation, off-site aeration and disposal

Soil vapor extraction


Excavation and off-site landfilling

Excavation and on-site containment

Excavation and liming stabilization

Excavation and bio-leaching

Excavation and off-site landfilling

No action

Spent potlining landfill


Ex situ Excavation and disposal

Ex situ Excavation and disposal

Ex situ Excavation and on-site secured disposal

Excavation and decontamination

Excavation and decontamination

Excavation and decontamination

Surface sealing with asphalt

LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.946

Hydrilla verticillata

In situ Nutrient remediation

In situ Nutrient remediation

In situ Nutrient remediation

In situ Nutrient remediation

In situ Nutrient remediation

In situ Nutrient remediation


Soil vapor extraction

In situ thermal desorption

Excavation, off-site treatment and disposal

Natural attenuation

Enhanced reductive dechlorination

In situ thermal desorption

Enhanced reductive dechlorination

In situ thermal desorption

Steel production


Ex situ Excavation, bioremediation on-site (biopiles) and disposal in an unlined landfill

Excavation, mechanical mixing off-site, and disposal in an unlined landfill

On-site ex situ bioremediation in a temporary facility, followed by disposal in an unlined landfill

Off-site treatment

Paving with asphalt and bioventing

Diesel oil


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.947

Excavation and off-site cleaning

Remediation based on thermal conduction

Excavation and off-site cleaning

Excavation and off-site cleaning

Remediation based on thermal conduction

Exxsol, an aliphatic hydrocarbon


Ex situ High Temperature Incineration

Base catalysed decomposition

Ex situ High Temperature Incineration

Base catalysed decomposition

Energy consumption


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.949

Capping using biomass-based active carbon

Capping using clay

Capping using crushed limestone

Capping using fossil anthracite coal-based active carbon

In situ natural recovery

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.948

Landfarming

Landfarming

Energy consumption

CO2 emission

Global Warming Potential

Respiratory Inorganics

Respiratory Organics

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Terrestrial Acidification/Eutrophication

Dieldrin


Phytoremediation using willow

Ex situ Excavation

Phytoremediation using willow

ReCiPe impact assessment method

Phytoremediation using willow


Risk–Cost

Risk–Energy Consumption

Risk–CO2 Emission

High Temperature Thermal Desorption

Excavation and Biopile

Permeable Reactive Barrier

Chromium VI

Arsenic V

Trench-based Construction Method


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.950

Bioremediation with mechanical aeration

Bioremediation with electric aeration

Incineration with natural gas

Bioremediation with mechanical aeration

Polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated soil

Bioremediation with electric aeration

Incineration with natural gas

Bioremediation with electric aeration


Electric aeration

Electric aeration

Bioremediation

Lower environmental impact than incineration

Biodechlorination

Pentachloroaniline dechlorination

Amended electron donors

PCA bioremediation environmental burden reduction


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.952

Enhanced reductive dechlorination

In situ chemical oxidation

Permanganate

Long-term monitoring

Enhanced reductive dechlorination


Phytoremediation using silage maize

Phytoremediation using silage maize

Phytoremediation using rapeseed

Phytoremediation using rapeseed

digestion of silage maize with combustion


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.951

Horizontal Directional Drilling

Auger Drilling

Horizontal Directional Drilling

Auger Drilling

Horizontal Directional Drilling

Biodechlorination under Acidogenic/Methanogenic Conditions


Phytoremediation using willow

Phytoremediation using willow

Phytoremediation using willow

digestion and combustion

LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.953

Pump-and-treat

Permeable Reactive Barrier

Encapsulation In-situ Barrier

In-situ Chemical Oxidation

site-specific parameters

plume dimension parameters

hydrogeological parameters


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.954

In situ Multiphase Extraction

Excavation

In situ Multiphase Extraction

Excavation and ex situ treatment of soil

In situ Multiphase Extraction


Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation

Biogas production

Synthetic natural gas


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.955

phytoremediation

biomass valorization

biomass landfill

metal-rich biomass management


soil washing

soil washing

hybrid LCA

process-based LCA

contaminated sediment

dredging

ex situ

ex situ


Enhanced in situ bioremediation

Permeable reactive barrier

In situ chemical reduction

Enhanced in situ bioremediation

In situ chemical reduction

Permeable reactive barrier

Source zone treatment technologies

Containment technologies


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.956

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Soil remediation


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Ecoinvent Report No. 1


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

thermal soil remediation

light non-aqueous phase liquid contaminated sites

Life Cycle Assessment

polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated soil remediation


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.957

permeable reactive barrier

pump-and-treat remediation

bioremediation

remediation


EDIP97

EDIP97

CML2001

Life-cycle framework for assessment of site remediation options


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ILCD Handbook

Life Cycle Assessment

soil and groundwater remediation technologies


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.958

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

LCI Database Project


Lemming et al. 2010c

Remediation of trichloroethene-contaminated site

Remediation alternatives

Brownfield rehabilitation

Risk reduction


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

remediation

remediation secondary life cycle impact

sediment remediation

remediation technologies

remediation technologies

remediation technologies

economic input-output life cycle assessment


Permeable reactive barriers

Construction methods

Reactive materials

Groundwater constituents

LCA application


Life Cycle Assessment

ex situ bioremediation


phytoremediation

landfilling

anaerobic co-digestion

contaminated sites remediation


ISO 14044

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook


hauschild:36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation, p.959

Phytoremediation

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Sustainability assessment of technologies

LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation

Phytoremediation


LCA cookbook

LCA cookbook

LCA cookbook

ILCD Handbook

ISO 14044


ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook

transparency and reproducibility of LCA studies

LCA study


ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook


LCA

LCA

LCA Framework


Goal Definition

Goal Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Goal Definition


LCA Methodology

ILCD Handbook

LCA Study


Interpretation Phase

LCI Data Quality

Interpretation Phase


Interpretation Phase

Goal Definition

Goal Definition


Goal Definition

Intended Applications

Limitations of Study

Impact Coverage Limitations

Methodological Limitations

Assumption Limitations

Goal Definition

Interpretation Phase

Carbon Footprint Calculations


Goal and Scope Definition

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Interpretation

Life Cycle Inventory

Goal and Scope Definition


Decision Context

Decision Context

Decision Context

Decision Context

Goal Situation

Intended Applications

Specific Decisions to be Supported


Meso/macro-level decision support

Meso/macro-level decision support

structural changes of installed capacity

Meso/macro-level decision support


Situation A

Identification of Key Environmental Performance Indicators

Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

Situation B

Situation C

Decision context

Decision context

kind of consequences in background system


Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

Small-scale background system consequences

Situation A

Insufficient to trigger structural capacity changes

intended applications

specific decisions to be supported


background system

Situation A

processes with smaller contribution to overall results


KEPI-type LCA/Ecodesign study

Comparison of specific goods or services

Benchmarking of specific products

Green Public or Private Procurement

life cycle-based Type I Ecolabel criteria

Product Category Rules

Type III environmental declaration

Carbon footprint

Primary energy consumption

Clean Development Mechanism

unit process or LCI results data sets


Situation B

Situation B

Situation B

Policy development

Forecasting and analysis of environmental impact

Policy information

Product groups with environmental improvement potential

Situation B

Situation B


Situation C

Situation C

Situation C1

Situation C2

Situation C1

accounts for interactions with other systems

Situation C2

recycling


Situation C1

Monitoring environmental impacts of a nation

Situation C1

Monitoring environmental impacts of an industry sector

Situation C1

Monitoring environmental impacts of a product group

Situation C1

Situation C1

Situation C1

Accounting with interactions


Situation C2

Situation C2

Unit process data sets

LCI results data sets

Situation C2

Situation C2

Situation A


Situation A

Situation B

Large-scale consequences

Situation C1

LCI/LCA study

LCI/LCA study


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Goal Definition

Scope Definition


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition


Product improvement

Key Environmental Performance Indicators

Ecodesign

Design-for-recycling

Green Public or Private Procurement

Product comparisons

Benchmarking


Environmental Product Declaration

Carbon footprint

Primary energy consumption

Environmental Management Systems

Supply chain

Environmental Technology Verification


Development of specific, average or generic unit process

LCI results data sets

Clean Development Mechanism

Joint Implementation

Policy development

Forecasting & analysis of environmental impact


ISO 14015

ISO 14024

Type I Ecolabel

ISO 14024

ISO 14025

Type III Environmental Declaration


Planning reporting of results

Items 2–6

Aspects 1, 7, 8 and 9

reporting and communicating an LCA study

Deliverables

intended application of the results of the LCA study

Types of LCA deliverables and intended applications


Green Procurement

Green Procurement

KEPIs-based tool

Environmental Product Declaration

Life cycle-based Type I Ecolabel

LCA studies

LCA studies


Life Cycle Inventory results

Life Cycle Impact Assessment results

Non-comparative Life Cycle Assessment study

Non-assertive comparative LCA study

Comparative assertion LCA study

Detailed LCI model of the analysed system


Life Cycle Inventory study

Life Cycle Impact Assessment results

Unit process study

Single operation unit process

Black box unit process

Partly terminated system data set

Life Cycle Inventory results

LCA deliverables


Basket-of-products type of studies

Identifying product groups with the largest environmental improvement potential

Identifying product groups with the largest environmental impact

Corporate or site environmental reporting

Monitoring environmental impacts of a nation, industry sector, product group or product

Unit process data set

LCI results data set

LCIA results data set

LCA study, non-comparative

Comparative LCA study

Detailed LCI model of system

ISO 14015 (2001)

ISO 14031 (2013)


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit


functional unit

reference flow

Materials and other application-unspecific products

Multifunctional processes

Multifunctional processes

co-product


Monofunctional systems

Multifunctional systems

reference flow


Comparative studies

Comparative studies


Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Alternative Functions

System Name

Technical Specification

Variable Parameters

Variable Parameters

Mathematical Relations


Micro-level decision support

attributional model

attributional model

depicting existing supply-chain processes

subdivision

virtual subdivision

black box unit processes


Situation A

LCI modelling framework

LCI modelling framework

LCI modelling framework

LCI method approaches

LCI method approaches

LCI method approaches

LCI modelling provisions

LCI modelling provisions


system expansion

system expansion

system expansion

system expansion

secondary function

heat


multifunctionality

substitution of market mix

not required co-function

functionally equivalent alternative processes

average market consumption mix


market mix

alternative processes/systems

substitution


Functional Performance

Functional Performance

Functional Performance

Product Systems

Product Systems

Measurement Methods

Measurement Methods


Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Object of the Assessment

Object of the Assessment


co-function

co-function

superseded alternative process

analysed process


end-of-life and waste management

recycling

reuse

energy recovery

Chlorine production

NaCl electrolysis


NaOH

NaOH

KOH

Ca(OH)2

Na2CO3

straw

straw

Miscanthus grass


Quality Function Deployment

Quality Function Deployment

two-step allocation procedure

determining co-function

contributes more than 50% to combined market value

allocation


multifunctionality

system expansion

allocation procedure

recyclability substitution

avoided primary production


avoided primary production

avoided primary production

avoided primary production

recyclability

superseded processes/systems


substitution approach

Recyclability substitution

open loop—different primary route

market consumption mix of alternative goods

secondary goods with downcycled properties


two-step allocation procedure

two-step allocation procedure

allocation

Situation B type study

large-scale consequences on other systems


Allocation

Allocation

Quality Function Deployment

Quality Function Deployment

Provisions 7.9.3


allocation

allocation

functional differences

functional differences

waste and end-of-life treatment

waste and end-of-life treatment

waste and end-of-life treatment

system expansion


Comparative studies

Situation B

Situation B

Situation B

Situation B

Situation B

Situation C

Situation C

Situation C


Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

assumption scenarios

uncertainty calculations

LCI data sets

reasonably best and worst-case scenarios

Situation B

Situation B

large-scale changes

expected mix of long-term marginal processes


System Boundaries

Cut-off Criteria

System Boundaries

LCI

LCA

LCI

LCA

LCI

LCA


System boundary

Life cycle stages

Processes

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Impact categories outside LCA scope


system expansion

comparative studies

uncertainty calculation

reasonably best and worst-case scenarios

sensitivity check


System boundary

Reference flow

Functional unit

Life cycle stages

Deviations and omissions


Flow chart

Flow chart

system expansion

sensitivity analysis

part-system relationships


single operation unit processes

black box unit processes

LCI results

LCIA results

non-comparative LCA studies

comparative LCA studies

foreground system

technical flow charts on main process steps


exclusions list

exclusions list

exclusions list

exclusions list

exclusions list

final exclusion

part-system relationship

part-system relationship

offset emissions


Multifunctionality

System expansion

Substitution

ISO 14044


System-external off-setting

Off-set emissions

Clean Development Mechanism

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off % value


allocation

system expansion

substitution

co-functions

missing relevant

missing irrelevant


multifunctionality

allocation

waste and end-of-life treatment

substitution

substitution


Technosphere

Human Health

Natural Environment

Natural Resources


Technological representativeness

Technological representativeness

Technological representativeness

Inventory data

Functional unit

Reference flow


LCI Data Collection and Modelling

Cut-off

Interpretation Phase

Representativeness of LCI Data

Technological Representativeness

Geographical Representativeness

Time-related Representativeness


cut-off

LCIA methods

normalisation basis

weighting set

LCI results

LCIA results

cut-off value


cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off criteria

LCI data collection and modelling

LCI model


Foreground system

Foreground system

Background system

Technology-specific primary data

Generic data

Average technology market consumption mix data

Suppliers' technology-specific secondary data


Data representativeness

Comparative LCA studies

Comparative LCA studies


Background system

market production mix

representative mix of producing technologies

supply chain


Foreground system

Attributional modelling

Foreground system

Technology-specific primary data


Non-scalable supplies

Market consumption mix

Market consumption mix


LCI results

LCIA results

non-generic impact assessment

inventory data

attributional modelling

background system


Foreground system

Background system

Foreground system

Site or producer/provider specific data

Generic data of geographical mixes

Short-term or long-term marginal geographical mixes

Average market consumption mix data


LCI data sets

LCIA data sets

Geographical representativeness

Comparative LCA studies

Time-related representativeness

inventory data


Background system

short-term or long-term marginal geographical mixes

Background system

Background system

Background system

Background system

Marginal processes

Attributional modelling

not fully geographically representative data

Consequential modelling


LCI data

LCIA data

LCIA results

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

marginal processes


Not fully time-representative data

Not fully time-representative data

Not fully time-representative data


inventory data

time-related representativeness

LCI data

process

system

inventory data

seasonal or diurnal situation

future processes


Use and End-of-Life Stage

Time-related Representativeness

Best Available Technology Mix Data

Best Available Technology Mix Data

Time-representative Scenario Data


Impact Assessment

Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Elementary Flows


Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Foreground system

Background system

Consequential modelling

Attributional modelling


Impact Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows

Impact Categories

Impact Categories

LCIA Methods

ILCD Guidance Document


LCIA methods

exclusion

exclusion

LCIA methods

LCIA methods


Impact categories

LCIA results

LCI data collection

Carbon footprint studies


LCIA methods

elementary flows

elementary flows

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

characterisation factors


LCIA method

LCIA method

characterisation factors on midpoint level

ILCD

LCIA methods

characterisation factors

LCIA method


Human health

Natural environment

Natural resources

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

LCIA methodologies

Impact categories


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Development of Life Cycle Impact Assessment models, methods and factors

impacts outside LCA frame

impacts outside LCA frame

impacts outside LCA frame

direct application or ingestion of products to humans


System identification

System description

LCI data collection

LCI data collection

Modelling

Impact assessment

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment


characterisation factor

elementary flow

LCI data collection and modelling

impact assessment

characterisation factor


characterisation factor

elementary flow

fate and exposure modelling

characterisation factor


Climate change

Ozone depletion

Human toxicity

Respiratory inorganics

Ionising radiation

Photochemical ozone formation

Acidification

Eutrophication

Ecotoxicity

Land use

Resource depletion

Damage to human health

Damage to ecosystem

Depletion of natural resources

Damage to human health

Damage to ecosystem

Depletion of natural resources


missing characterisation factor

missing characterisation factor

elementary flow

impact assessment

LCI data collection


LCI data collection and modelling

impact assessment

non-generic LCIA methods

non-generic LCIA methods

spatially differentiated LCIA methods

non-generic LCIA methods

interpretation


Interpretation phase

Comparative LCA studies

Cut-off criteria

Normalisation and weighting

Normalisation and weighting

LCIA results

LCIA results


Normalisation

Normalisation

Weighting

Comparative Assertion

Cut-off Rules

Cut-off Rules

Results Interpretation

Results Interpretation


default impact categories

additional environmental impacts

LCIA methods

Noise

Desiccation/Salination

Littering of land and sea

ISO 14044

Development of Life Cycle Impact Assessment models, methods and factors


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalised Impacts


Normalisation

Normalisation basis

Normalisation basis

territory-based annual total environmental inventory

Normalisation basis

consumption-based annual total environmental inventory

Normalisation

Normalisation


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Weighting set

Weighting set

Weighting


weighting set

weighting set

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

impact category

impact category


impact categories

impact categories

impact categories

non-generic LCIA methods

elementary flows

characterisation factors


LCIA methods

impact level

normalisation

weighting

midpoint level

endpoint level

impact categories

scope definition


ISO 14044:2006

comparative studies

LCI studies

comparative studies

scope definition

Consistency


LCI model

system boundaries

LCI modelling principles

Methodological assumptions

data assumptions

Data quality

Uncertainty and accuracy calculations


System Comparisons

System Comparisons

System Comparisons

System Comparisons

Comparative LCA studies

Provision 6.10

Contribution analysis

Weak point analysis


cut-off %

cut-off %

cut-off %

identical parts

similar but not identical processes


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Carbon footprint


LCA studies

reference flows

functional unit

compared systems


functional unit

consequential modelling

attributional modelling

Selection of compared alternatives

environmentally better market relevant alternatives


assumption scenarios


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

System Replacement

System Replacement


accounting type studies

basket-of-product type studies

comparisons in accounting studies

comparisons in accounting studies

comparisons in accounting studies


Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis


Life Cycle Inventory


Critical Review

Review type

Review schemes for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Reviewer qualification

Reporting of Results

Data collection


Assumption scenarios

Assumption scenarios

Assumption scenarios

Situation B

Situation B

Situation B

modelling guidance of Situation A

critical review

critical review

ISO 14040

ISO 14044


Planning reporting

Planning reporting

detailed report

ILCD LCA report template

ILCD LCA report template

ILCD LCI data set format


Inventory Analysis

Identifying processes for the LCI model

Planning and collecting data

Constructing and quality checking unit processes

Constructing LCI model and calculating LCI results

Preparing the basis for uncertainty management and sensitivity analysis

Reporting

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Identifying processes in attributional modelling


foreground system

background system

foreground system

process exclusions


Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Central Process

Foreground System

Foreground System

Foreground System

Product Flows

Waste Flows

Foreground System


attributional modelling

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

unit process

unit process

system boundary


Cut-off criteria

Product Category Rules

Mining

Processing

Manufacturing

Transport

Waste treatment

Use

Repair and maintenance


background system

scope definition

scope definition

scope definition

impact assessment

initial list of processes


Policy scenarios

Policy scenarios

Modelled consequences

Primary market consequences

Processes


Identifying processes in consequential modelling

technology development forecasting

scenario development

market cost and market forecasting

technology cost modelling

general-equilibrium and partial-equilibrium modelling


Decreased demand for competing products

Consumer behaviour changes

Further consequences

Marginal process mix

Constraints

Constraint exclusion


Consequential modelling of direct consequences

Primary market consequences

Indirect land use effects

Solving multifunctionality by substitution

Secondary market consequences

Increased demand for co-product

Efficiency increase incentive


system boundary

functional unit

reference flow

supply chain

use


annual replacement of capacity

additional demand or supply

installed or de-installed capacity

change in demand and supply


multifunctionality

copper ore mining

egg-laying chicken

foreground system


Product flows

Waste flows

Primary market consequence

Size of effect

Small effect

Big effect

Analysed decision


Part-system and system-system relationships

Individual processes within the background system

Indirect land use changes

Representativeness requirements

Representativeness requirements

Representativeness requirements

Attributional modelling


Consequential Model

Marginal Process Mix

Marginal Process Mix

Single Marginal Process

Consequential Model

Superseded Function

Superseded Processes


ILCD

Consequential LCA

Schematic decision-consequence and flow diagrams


mining

processing

manufacturing

use

repair and maintenance

transport

waste treatment

decommissioning of capital goods

foreground system

background system


Subdivision

Virtual subdivision

Substitution

Subdivision

Virtual subdivision

Combined production

Joint production

Substitution

Consequential modelling


superseding function

functionality differences

virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision


consequential modelling of the system

joint production

fully used, dependent co-products

alternative routes

not required co-function


Recycling

Recovery

Reuse

Cut-off rules

Secondary functions


recycled aged plastics

secondary goods

distinctly different properties from primary produced goods


reuse/recycling/recovery

secondary good

NaOH

KOH

Ca(OH)2

Na2CO3

straw

Miscanthus grass

recycled aged plastics


Recyclability

percentage of end-of-life product converted to secondary goods

Recycling processing

Recycling processing

Recycling processing

Recycling processing

Recyclability


recycled materials

recovered energy

reused parts

dependent co-products

recycled metal


Recycling

Recovery

Reuse

Further use

Substitution

Substitution

Substitution

Subdivision

Virtual subdivision

Closed loop

Open loop—same primary route

Open loop—different primary route


recyclability substitution approach

recyclability substitution approach

recyclability substitution approach

recyclability substitution approach

secondary good

actual recyclability

actual recyclability

actual recyclability

actual recyclability


recycled metal

recycled metal

primary production


closed loop recycling

open loop - same primary route

secondary metal

primary metal

recyclability substitution

recycled metal supply


Subdivision

Subdivision

Virtual Subdivision

Partial Subdivision


ILCD Guidelines

multifunctional process subdivision

virtual subdivision

substitution/system expansion

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

unit process

physically distinguishable sub-process steps


subdivision

virtual subdivision

allocation

auxiliary materials


inventory analysis

consequential modelling

open loop—different primary route


secondary goods

market price ratio

application-specific uses

credited inventory

open loop—different primary route


Product Category Rules


allocation

allocation

allocation

virtual subdivision


Virtual subdivision

Unit process

Inventory data collection

Main contributors to inventory

Virtual subdivision

Flow


subdivision

virtual subdivision

substitution/system expansion

allocation

allocation


multifunctionality

allocation

allocation

allocation

determining physical causality

allocation


virtual subdivision

physical causality

goods transport

goods transport

personal transport

personal transport

allocation criteria


determining physical causal relationships

first allocation step

market price

market price


Extraction processes

Extraction processes

specific physical properties of co-products

Chemical conversion

Waste processing

Teaching/training services

Teaching/training services

R&D services

R&D services


multifunctional products

determining physical causality

physical causal relationships


Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

mechanical waste processing

capital goods

multifunctional processes


Staff business travel

Staff commuting

Retailing

Retailing

Storage and shelter

Storage and shelter

Storage and shelter

Storage and other functions

Storage and other functions

Transport and communication

Transport and communication

Transport and communication


Multifunctionality

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Allocation

Waste treatment


Quality Function Deployment

market price

Quality Function Deployment

market price


End-of-life product

True joint process

Allocation

Initial treatment processes

Sorted plastic fraction

Secondary good

Manufacturing steps


Heating/cooling of space

Heating/cooling of space

Heating/cooling of goods

Private administration services

person time or cost charged for admin services

Public administration services

Public administration services

Cleaning services

Cleaning services

Guarding services

share of product's value among guarded products

Marketing services

share of product implicitly or explicitly addressed by marketing


virtual subdivision principle

virtual subdivision principle

explicit allocation

waste and end-of-life treatment services


Market value allocation

Two-step allocation

Two-step allocation

Burden allocation


secondary good

aluminium bar

aluminium scrap from construction demolishing

open loop recycling

co-products

waste and end-of-life products

initial waste treatment processes


closed loop

open loop—same primary route

open loop—different primary route

total number of cycles

loss at each cycle


closed loop

open loop—same primary route

open loop—different primary route

metal recycling

fibre recycling

energy recovery from mixed polymer waste


recycled/recovered/reused good

joint process

market value allocation

inherent properties


waste/end-of-life product

recycling

energy recovery

waste/end-of-life management/treatment processes

waste/end-of-life product

waste/end-of-life product


waste/end-of-life product

secondary good

LDPE post-consumer plastic waste

incineration

crude oil

true joint process


100% rule

Planning Data Collection

Planning Data Collection

Unit processes

Primary data

Secondary data


allocation

system-wide consistent application of allocation

allocation criteria

100% rule

inventory allocated to co-products

waste/end-of-life product


foreground system

technical process diagrams

flow diagrams

average LCI data sets

generic LCI data sets

ISO 14044


elementary flows

characterisation factors

requirements


Product Category Rules

data collection

LCI data quality

scope definition


foreground system

background system

LCI results

unit process data sets

primary data sources

secondary data sources


Primary Production

Waste Management

Reuse/Recycling/Recovery

Recycling Rate

Recycling Rate

Average LCI per Unit

Average LCI per Unit

Average LCI per Unit

Allocation Formula

Market Value Allocation


Unit Process

Unit Process

Input flows

Input flows

Input flows

Waste flows


Input of wastes

Input of resources from nature

Emissions to air, water and soil

Other input and output side interventions with the ecosphere

elementary flows


Solid waste

Liquid waste

Gaseous waste

Output of wastes

waste management within the technosphere

Product flows

Output of valuable goods and services provided by the process

Measured data

Element composition

Energy content of product and waste flows


elementary flows

uncertainty

inaccuracy

incompleteness

LCI methods

system model assumptions

inventory data collection

secondary LCI data sets

secondary LCI data sets

secondary LCI data sets

secondary LCI data sets


SI units

SI units

Multi-annual data

preferred for processes with inter-annual variations

Generic data

Well-documented data sets

Data collection


flow property information

recipes and formulations

part lists

stoichiometric models

use stage

waste management

user behaviour surveys

Product Category Rules


measured data

operated processes

waste emissions

waste discard processes

representative average data


parameterised processes

mathematical relations

mathematical model

interim quality control

validity check

validity check


Full operational cycle

Preparation

Start

Operation

Closure

Standby

Cleaning

Maintenance

Repair

Normal operating conditions

Abnormal operating conditions

Full operational cycle

One full year data basis


unit process inventory

unit process inventory

unit process inventory

unit process inventory

unit process inventory

unit process inventory

impact assessment

impact assessment results


quality control

unit process level

data quality

sensitivity check

completeness check

consistency check

unit process inventory


Data Gap Filling

Flow Identification

Unit Process Modeling


Initially Missing Data

Initially Missing Data

Unit Process Data

Reasonable Worst Case Value

Conservative Value

Process Flows

Life Cycle Inventory


elementary flows

LCIA results

Method consistency

inventory data

unit process data set

unit process data set

unit process data set


data gap documentation

data estimates

transparency and consistency

accuracy

completeness

precision


Data gaps

Average data of similar products

Industry average data

Expert judgements

Methodologically consistent data

Data quality requirements


Data estimate

Data estimate

Data estimate

Data estimate

Data estimate

data gap filling

expert judgement


unit process data gaps

missing data

data gaps

product flow

waste flow

elementary flows


missing quantitative information

elementary flows

missing flow

flow marking


life cycle modelling

LCI results calculation

unit process data set development

unit process

background data

estimate data

generic data

average data


LCI results

unit processes

product flows

waste flows

partly terminated system


LCI data

data quality

assumptions

sensitivity analysis


Life Cycle Inventory

missing important data

missing unimportant data

Uncertainty information

standard deviation

distribution type


BOD

VOC

NMVOC

Nitrate

Nitrogen in Nitrogen compounds


Default-composition tables

Default-composition tables

Default-composition tables

Default-composition tables


Measurement indicator and substance group elementary flows

COD

BOD

AOX

VOC

NMVOC

PAHs

PCBs

TOC

DOC

Dioxins


water-soluble ionic compounds

easily water-soluble salts

ionic compounds emissions

separately inventoried ions


Particulate matter

Particulate matter

poorly water-soluble compounds below 10 lg/l solubility

Particulate matter

Emission of particles to air


Resource elementary flows

Energy resources

Non-renewable energy resources

Crude oil

Hard coal

Resource elementary flows


biomass from fields and managed forests

Solar energy

Renewable energy resources from air

Resources

Iron— Resources from ground

Schist

Lime stone

Anhydrite


Iron

Functional/material resources

Rock salt

Inert rock

Water

Air

Granite


Nuclear ores

Lower calorific value

Peat

Biomass of primary forests

Renewable energy resources

Solar electricity

amount of electricity captured by solar cells

Solar heat

amount of usable heat captured by solar cells

Biomass from nature

Lower calorific value of water-free substance

Biomass from fields

Biomass from managed forests


Granite

Copper

Malachite

Sulphidic copper–silver ore


Land use and transformation

Land use and transformation

Emissions from land use and transformation

Carbon dioxide

Soil organic carbon changes from land use and transformation

Elementary flows


surface freshwater

renewable groundwater

fossil/deep ground water

sea water

Emission/discharge of water in liquid form

emission in form of steam

water quality changes by chemical substances

Waste and end-of-life product deposition


Land use and transformation

Virgin forests

Soil

Secondary forests

Biomass

Litter

Land management

Land transformation

Land transformation

Water use

Water use

Water use

Water use


Waste and wastewater treatment

Waste and wastewater treatment

Waste treatment steps

Landfills

Radioactive wastes

kept as specific waste flows in inventory

Underground deposits

Unmanaged landfilling

Littering

Individual interventions from discarding


Waste flows

Emissions

Individual interventions

LCIA method

Waste

Production waste

Waste flows

Secondary goods


waste treatment service

waste flow

secondary LCI data sets

secondary data sets

secondary data

primary data sets


Modelling the system

Process inventories

Product flows

Waste flows

Reference flow

System boundary


unit process data set

LCI Model construction

LCI databases

LCI results data sets

data set documentation

reference flow


Secondary data sets

Secondary data sets

Secondary data sets

Secondary data sets

Secondary data sets

Reference flow

Functional unit

Pre-verified data sets


cut-off rules

processes

reference flows

reference flows

functional unit

LCA software


Modelling

Interim Quality Control

Unit Process Quality Control

Generic Data Sets

Average Data Sets

Parameterised Process Data Sets


BOD

VOC

NMVOC

Nitrate

Ammonia

AOX

Adsorbable organic halogenated compounds

PAH

PCB

TOC

DOC


Data gap filling

Data gap filling

LCI data sets

Data estimate

Producer-specific process data


Data quality

Data gaps

Life cycle stages

elementary flows

environmental completeness

data set quality

data set quality

data set quality


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

LCIA results


Parameterised Process Data Sets

Scaling and Aggregation

Elementary Flows Aggregation

Location-Specific Impact Assessment

Environmental Sub-Compartment Differentiation


Impact Assessment

radioactive waste

underground waste deposits

non-functional product flows

non-functional waste flows


reference flow

product flow

waste flow

partly terminated systems

cut-off rules


Calculating LCI results

Calculating LCI results

Calculating LCI results

inventory data aggregation

inventory data aggregation

system boundary


Classification

Characterisation

Elementary flows

Elementary flows

Characterisation factor

LCIA method

LCIA method


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Elementary Flows

Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Weighting

Classification

Characterisation

Impact Assessment


Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Elementary flows


non-generic LCIA results

geographically differentiated characterisation factors

non-generic LCIA results

generic LCIA methods

non-LCA impacts

classification

elementary flows


Characterisation Factor

Characterisation Factor

Global Warming Potential

Elementary Flow

LCIA Result

Elementary Flow

Species Loss

Human Health Damage


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation


characterisation factor

elementary flow

LCIA results

midpoint level

endpoint level

long-term emissions

LCIA results of long-term emissions


weighting

scope definition

weighting inclusion decision


Normalisation

Weighting

Weighting

Weighting


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalised LCIA Results

Normalised LCIA Results

Scope Definition

Midpoint Level Approaches

Endpoint Level Approaches


Identification of significant issues

Completeness check

Sensitivity analysis

Consistency check

Conclusions, limitations and recommendations

Normalisation


Weighting

Normalised Indicator Results

Weighted LCIA Results

LCIA Results

Weighting Set

Midpoint Level Approaches

Category-wise Endpoint Results

Area of Protection


Interpretation

Interpretation

Weighting

LCIA results


Identification of Significant Issues

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Contribution Analysis

Contribution Analysis

Key Life Cycle Stages

Inventory Items


Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation


Goal and Scope Definition

Commissioner and Interested Parties Influence

Modelling Choices

Weighting Sets

Contribution Analysis

System Completeness Check

Sensitivity Analysis


Completeness Check

Completeness Check

Cut-off Rules

LCI Model Completeness

Process Coverage

Inventory Data


Completeness

Completeness

best approximation values


Product flows

Product flows

Product flows

Waste flows

Waste flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

Elementary flows


kind and quantity of initially missing flows

element composition and energy content of all flows

cost of all goods and services

environmental impact of yet missing background data sets

share of different quality levels of data

quantitative cut-off value

Completeness of impact


Completeness of impact

Cut-off value

Negligible flows

LCIA methods

Normalisation

Weighting


Goal and Scope Definition

Completeness Assessment

Completeness

Scope

Goal


Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Key Processes

Elementary Flows

Sensitivity Check

Sensitivity Check


LCI/LCA study

Sensitivity of LCI items

LCI items

LCI items

Sensitivity of LCIA factors

model assumptions

data gaps


Human Toxicity

Ecotoxicity

Global Warming

Acidification

LCIA

LCIA

inventory analysis

functional unit


Process coverage

Elementary flow coverage

Cut-off approximation

Elementary flow coverage

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off approximation


Goal and Scope

LCI Data Precision

Consistency Check

Consistency Check

Consistency Check

LCA Study


ISO

method provisions

method provisions

method provisions

method provisions


Consistency check

Data quality

Data quality

Data quality

LCI results

LCIA results

Methodological choices

System boundary

Allocation criteria


Method Consistency

Method Consistency

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Inconsistencies


Interpretation

Conclusions, Limitations and Recommendations

Comparative LCA Studies

Non-comparative LCA Studies


LCA studies

comparative and non-comparative LCA studies

results analysis

main system model

uncertainty calculations

Non-generic LCIA

default LCIA methods


inventory analysis

impact assessment

goal and scope

inventory analysis

completeness

completeness

key life cycle stages

LCI data


Long-term emissions

Carbon storage and delayed emissions

LCIA methods

Interpretation phase

Interpretation phase

Carbon storage

Carbon storage


LCA

impacts outside the LCA scope

accidents

direct application of products to humans

ILCD Handbook

treatment of not quantified effects outside LCA scope

data quality

methodological choices

functional unit


Functional Unit

System Boundaries

Inventory Data

LCA Results

Functional Unit


Impact Assessment

Recommendations

Conclusions

Limitations

Goal Definition

Executive Summary


Comparative studies on subjective preference alternatives

Basket-of-product studies

explicit statement of non-comparability required

Basket-of-product studies

no comparability in terms of preferability


LCA study

limitations

key message

executive summary

LCA study

comparative studies

data restrictions

uncertainties


ISO/TR 14062:2002

Integrating Environmental Aspects into Product Design and Development

Michael Z. Hauschild

Michael Z. Hauschild

Michael Z. Hauschild

Anders Bjørn


ISO 14040:2006

ISO 14044:2006

ISO 14024:1999

ISO 14025:2006

ISO 14031:2013

ISO/TR 14062:2002

Environmental Aspects Integration in Product Design


ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

Level 3 reporting

Comparative studies


Executive Summary

Executive Summary

Executive Summary

Technical Summary

Technical Summary

Technical Summary

Main Report

Goal and Scope Definition


Goal Definition

Intended Application

Method Assumptions and Impact Limitations

Reasons for Carrying Out the LCA Study and Decision Context


Target Audience

Comparative Assertions

Comparative Assertions

Scope Definition

Deliverables

LCI

LCIA


Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection


System Boundaries and Completeness Requirements

Representativeness of LCI Data

Basis for Impact Assessment

Basis for Impact Assessment

Basis for Impact Assessment

Requirements for Comparative Studies

Representativeness of LCI Data

Representativeness of LCI Data

Representativeness of LCI Data


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

LCI Model at System Level

Critical Review

System boundaries and completeness requirements


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Deliverables

Deliverables

Reference Flows

LCI Modelling Framework

LCI Modelling Framework

LCI Modelling Framework


ILCD Handbook

LCA report

LCA report

LCA report


LCI results

elementary flows

LCI results

LCI results


Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses


Raw Materials Stage

Production Stage

Use Stage

Disposal Stage

System Modelling Per Life Cycle Stage

System Modelling Per Life Cycle Stage

System Modelling Per Life Cycle Stage

System Modelling Per Life Cycle Stage

Electricity Supply Modelling


LCI Results

Calculated LCI Results

foreground system

background system

disposal stages

energy systems


Results

Results

Interpretation

Significant Issues

Significant Issues

Significant Issues

Contribution Analysis

Results

Results

Results


Characterisation

Normalisation

Weighting

LCI modelling framework

System boundaries

LCI details and results


Completeness Check

Consistency Check

Completeness Check

Completeness Check

Consistency Check

Consistency Check

Consistency Check

Consistency Check


Anders Bjørn

Anders Bjørn

Alexis Laurent

Alexis Laurent

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1059

Window Life Cycle Assessment

Window Life Cycle Assessment

Window Life Cycle Assessment

Window Life Cycle Assessment

Wood/Composite Window

Environmental Hotspot Identification

Benchmarking


Nor-win

wood/composite window

LCA study

LCA study


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1060

W/C window

PVC window

Indoor heating generation

Indoor heating generation

Indoor heating generation

Indoor heating generation

Window life cycle impacts


glass fibre-based composite

glass fibre-based composite

insulation properties

window design

frame design

additional pane


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1061

U-value

visible light transmittance


Nor-win

LCA study

LCA study

LCA study

LCA study

life cycle inventory model

life cycle impact assessment

characterisation modelling

characterisation modelling


Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Chromium Steel

Chromium (VI)

Chromium (VI)

Galvanised Steel

Zinc (II)


ILCD

characterisation modelling

Normalisation

attributional principle

U-value


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1062

wood-based windows

wood-based windows

use stage

disposal stage

windows


visible light transmittance

Window W

Window W

Window W/ALU

Window W/ALU

Window PVC

Window PVC

Window W/C

Window W/C


cradle to grave

cradle to grave

manufacturing technology

window frame

window pane

Nor-win

Ecoinvent

Plastics Europe


Cradle to Grave

Cradle to Grave

Cradle to Grave

Window Manufacturing

Window Manufacturing

Impact Category Assessment


district heat

incineration of bio-waste

window disassembly

Extraction of crude oil

Extraction of bauxite

Production of aluminium

Forestry

Production of wood

Mining of silica

Mining of iron


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1063

W/C window

lowest environmental impact in all 14 impact categories

PVC window

highest impact scores for 10 impact categories

W/C window

W/C window

W/C window

chromium steel

EPDM rubber


House heating production

House heating production

House heating production

Manufacturing stage

Manufacturing stage

Manufacturing stage

Manufacturing stage

Manufacturing stage


chromium steel

galvanised steel

chromium (VI)

zinc (II)

U-value of the window

W/C window

PVC window


Steel parts

Production of glass

Extraction of argon

Window frame

Window pane

Window assembly

Use (heat loss)

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Packaging

Production of cardboard

Heat and power

Glass cullets

Steel billet

Aluminium ingot


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1064

Land use

Resource depletion (minerals, fossils)


W/C window

PVC window

worst performance in 11 out of 14 impact categories

Use stage

Heat demand

Heat losses through window

U-value

U-value

key environmental performance indicator of windows

Land use

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Human health (non-cancer)


Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Photochemical ozone formation

Terrestrial acidification

Terrestrial eutrophication

Freshwater eutrophication

Marine eutrophication


Marine eutrophication

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Particulate matter formation

Ionising radiation (human health)

Land use

Resource depletion (minerals, fossils)


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1065

timber production

paint production

injection moulding process

PVC production

steel production

glass fibre-based composite

3-layered glass

2-layered glass


Material selection

Paint selection

Paint application

PVC window


Window Design

Insulation Properties

3-layered Pane

Frame Design

Frame Material Selection

Life Cycle Assessment

Manufacturing Stage

Use Stage

End-of-Life Stage


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1066

Crystal glass windows

visible light transmittance coefficient >0.6

Photochromic windows

variable transparency in response to light intensity

Electricity for indoor lighting

Use stage

Heat mix changes

More efficient heat supply technologies


3-layered pane

PVC frame production

cleaner technology


wood/composite window

wood window

wood/aluminium window

Goal Definition


Manufacturing stage

total impacts from the window product system

Disposal stage

Use stage

Manufacturing stage

Disposal stage

Use stage


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1067

ILCD

ILCD

insulation properties

window manufacturing


ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Marine Ecotoxicity

Water Use

Characterisation Factors

Normalisation


Normalisation

Freshwater Ecotoxicity

Human Toxicity

Toxicity-related impact categories

Freshwater Ecotoxicity

Human Toxicity

Nordic Ecolabel


Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1068

comparative LCA study

eco-design principles


Nor-win

LCA

environmental and design departments


Scope Definition

comparative LCA study

life cycle inventory model

life cycle impact assessment results

unit process data


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1069

U-value

Heat Transfer


U-value

window

window

window

window


U-value

window frame material

window frame design

windowpane thickness

windowpane coating

windowpane layers

material between panes

window heat loss


Window

Visible Light Transmittance

Crystal Glass

Photochromic Window

Electrochromic Window

Indoor Lighting


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1070

Functional Unit

Window Frame

Window Pane

Reference Flow

Window Pane Replacement


Window type W

Window type W/ALU

Window type PVC

Window type W/C

Window frame

Window pane

Packaging

Paint for window frame


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1071

Nor-win window introduction

heat insulation improvements

attributional principle

situation A


ILCD Guideline

attributional principle

LCI modelling framework

system expansion

system expansion

allocation

system expansion

ILCD

use stage


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Raw Material Extraction

Primary Material Production

Secondary Material Production

Naphtha Cracking

Waste Incineration

ecoinvent v.2.1


System expansion

Recycled materials

End-of-life stage

Naphtha cracking

Waste incineration

Allocation


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1072

Landfilling

Landfilling

Landfilling

Incineration with heat recovery

Incineration with heat recovery

Incineration with heat recovery

Landfilling

Landfilling

Landfilling

Incineration with heat recovery

Incineration with heat recovery

Incineration with heat recovery

Hotspot analysis


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1073

Capital equipment

Capital equipment

Materials

surface treatment substances

surface treatment substances

Manufacturing technology

Manufacturing technology


Extraction of resources

Production of materials and semi-products

Production of window pane

Production of window frame

Assembly of window

Use of window

Dissasembly of window

Dissasembly of window

Dissasembly of window

Window packaging

Painting of window

Transportation and provision of utilities

System boundaries for the product systems of the four window alternatives

Production of heat and power

Provision of heat


window manufacturing

window manufacturing

window manufacturing

metal ore extraction

raw metal production

fossil extraction


Metal ore extraction

Crude oil extraction

Metal smelting

Window frame

Windowpane

Transportation to retailers

Maintenance painting

Window cleaning

Disassembly

Recycling

Steel

Aluminium

Glass

Landfilling

Incineration with heat recovery


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1074

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

combination of state of the art methods for LCIA


use stage

end-of-life processes

PVC

W

W/ALU

W/C

use stage

end-of-life processes


midpoint impacts

comparative assessment

Materials

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal


Manufacturing

Use stage

Manufacturing

Use stage

Disposal stage


Wood frame

Glass pane

Polyvinyl chloride

Window manufacturing


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1075

inventory uncertainties

background processes


GaBi

ILCD LCIA method

ILCD LCIA method

Life Cycle website of the European Commission

ReCiPe 2008

ReCiPe 2008

ReCiPe 2008

Normalisation references


Normalisation references

LCIA methods

comparative studies

comparative studies

window washing

functional unit


ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

Normalisation


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1076

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Extraction of crude oil

Extraction of bauxite

Refining

Production of aluminium

Extraction of bauxite

Mining of silica

Mining of iron

Forestry

Production of wood

Production of aluminium


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1077

Nor-win

Nor-win

ecoinvent

Plastics Europe databases

Materials stage

bills of materials


Steel

Production of glass

Extraction of argon

Window frame

Window assembly

Use (heat loss & maintenance)

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Heat and power

Glass cullets

Steel billet

Aluminium ingot

Packaging

Production of cardboard


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1079

Use Stage

Heat Loss Calculation

Heat Loss Calculation

Use Stage


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1078

W window

W/ALU window

PVC window

W/C window

Materials stage

Manufacturing stage

Manufacturing stage

electricity use for production

electricity requirements for assembly of W/C window frame


Production stage

Production stage

Production stage

Production stage

Production stage

Production stage

Production stage

Production of aluminium

W/C window frame assembly


Glass

Aluminium

Steel


District heating

District heat mix technologies

Heat generation from incineration of straw

Heat generation from non-renewable waste

Heat generation from biomass

Heat generation from biomass

Disposal stage

Glass

Aluminium

Steel


Extraction of crude oil

Extraction of bauxite

Refining

Production of aluminium

Forestry

Production of wood

Mining of silica

Mining of iron

Surface treatment

Production of chrom. steel

Mining of argon

Extraction of argon

Production of glass

Aluminium parts

Wooden parts

Window frame

Window pane

Steel parts

Packaging

Production of cardboard

Window assembly

Use (heat loss)

Dissassembly

Dissassembly

Dissassembly

Dissassembly

Dissassembly

Heat and power

Glass cullets

Steel billet

Aluminium ingot

Materials stage


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1080

Manufacturing Electricity for production of window frame

Electricity for production of window pane

Electricity for mounting window frame and window pane into a window

W/C window frame manufacturing

2 times higher electricity requirement than W window

W/C window mounting

1.3 times higher electricity requirement than W window


Frame materials

Frame materials

Frame materials

Pane materials

Pane materials

Pane materials

Acrylic binder

Triethylene glycol

Wood preservative

Ethylene propylene diene monomer

Packaging

Packaging

Packaging

Polyethylene

Recycled cardboard


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1081

Transport by truck 34–40 t EURO4


Extraction of crude oil

Extraction of bauxite

Mining of silica

Mining of iron

Production of aluminium

Production of chrom. steel

Production of glass

Chemicals & polymers

PCV profiles

Aluminium parts

Steel parts

Window pane

Window frame

Window assembly

Use (heat loss)

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Dissasembly

Recycling of glass

Recycling of aluminium

Recycling of steel

Recycling of PVC

Production of cardboard

Production of galv. steel

Production of zinc

Forestry

Heat and power

Product system of the polyvinyl chloride window


Electricity for operation of the manufacturing facility

Heat loss per year

Heat loss per year

Heat loss per year

Heat loss per year

temperature difference between indoor and outdoor environment

Indoor temperature

Outdoor temperature


Annual average outdoor temperature in Denmark

Maintenance of window

Painting

Paint

Transportation distances and means

Elements composing window frame and window pane

Window frame

Window pane


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1082

Window

Window

Window

Transport by truck 34–40 t, EURO4

Transport by truck 12–14 t, EURO3

Packaging


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1083

Transportation

Danish heating and electricity mixes

waste management systems

Sensitivity analyses

uncertainty and variability analyses

normalised sensitivity coefficients


Sensitivity Analysis

Parameter Importance

Parameter

Medium Sensitivity

Large Sensitivity


Transport by truck

Disassembly and disposal

Waste treatment options

Electricity

Wood

Wood/aluminium

PVC

Wood/composite


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1084

Window insulation properties

3-layered windowpane

2-layered windowpane

Manufacturing technologies


Impact Score

Wood

Aluminium

Steel

PVC

Glass

Paint

Electricity

Transportation Distance

U-value


PVC

PVC

PVC

Glass fibre/polyamide composite

Glass fibre/polyamide composite

Recycled materials

Glass cullets

Aluminium ingot

Steel billet

PVC granulate mix

Use Stage

Disposal Stage


electricity use during window assembly

transportation distance from factory to retail

manufacturing and waste management systems


Use location

Use location

Electricity mix

Electricity mix

Pane design

Pane design


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1085

Monte Carlo simulation

Monte Carlo simulation

sensitivity analysis

parameter uncertainty

U-value

normal distributions


uncertainty analysis

probability ranges

standard deviations

standard deviations

background processes

unit process database


Monte Carlo simulation

Amount of wood in the frame

Amount of steel in the frame

Amount of glass in the pane

U-value of the window


EU27 heat mix

EU27 heat mix

EU27 heat mix

EU27 heat mix

EU27 electricity mix

EU27 electricity mix

EU27 electricity mix

EU27 electricity mix

EU27 electricity mix

EU27 electricity mix

EU27 electricity mix

EU27 electricity mix

3-layered windows

3-layered windows

3-layered windows


Danish heating mix

Danish heating mix

Danish heating mix

Danish heating mix

Danish heating mix

Danish heating mix

Danish heating mix

Danish electricity mix

Danish electricity mix

Danish electricity mix

Danish electricity mix

EU27 heat mix

EU27 heat mix

EU27 heat mix

EU27 heat mix

EU27 disposal routes

lower frequency of recycling and incineration

EU27 disposal routes


wood

steel

glass

U-value

window installation

insulation


W window

W/ALU window

PVC window

W/C window


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1086

Pedigree matrix approach

Uncertainties

standard deviations

flows

probability ranges

covariation between processes

GaBi v. 4.3


characterisation factors

normalisation factors

inventory uncertainties

elementary flows

unit processes


W/C window

lowest environmental impact in all 14 impact categories

PVC window system

highest impact scores for 11 impact categories

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

W/C window

PVC window

W window

W/ALU window


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1087

Land use

Resource depletion (minerals, fossils)


Marine eutrophication

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Particulate matter formation

Ionising radiation (human health)

Land use

Resource depletion (minerals, fossils)


Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Photochemical ozone formation

Terrestrial acidification

Terrestrial eutrophication

Freshwater eutrophication

Marine eutrophication


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1088

freshwater ecotoxicity

human toxicity (non-cancer)

stratospheric ozone depletion

land use

ionising radiation

climate change

stratospheric ozone depletion


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1089

Residential Heating Production

Residential Heating Production

Residential Heating Production

Heat Loss Through Window

Combustion of Fossil Coal

Combustion of Natural Gas

Residential Heating Production


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Freshwater Ecotoxicity

Human Toxicity

Cancer Effects

Respiratory Effects

Ionising Radiation

Land Use


Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Photochemical ozone formation

Terrestrial acidification

Terrestrial eutrophication

Freshwater eutrophication

Marine eutrophication

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Particulate matter formation

Ionising radiation (human health)

Land use

Resource depletion (mineral, fossils)


PVC window

W window system

W/ALU window system

W/C window system


fossil coal

natural gas

use stage

fossil fuels

use stage

wood

straw

bio-waste

wood

straw

bio-waste

use stage

material composition


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1090

Aluminium

Aluminium

Aluminium

Aluminium

Aluminium

Use stage


Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing


Aluminium production

Aluminium production


Wood window system

Wood/Aluminium window system

PVC window system

Wood/Composite window system

life cycle stages

life cycle stages


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1091

Aluminium recycling

W/ALU window system

Transportation

CO2 emissions

Climate change


PVC injection moulding

PVC injection moulding

Steel production

PVC injection moulding

Chromium

Manufacturing


Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Particulate matter formation

Particulate matter formation

Ionising radiation (human health)

Land use

Resource depletion (mineral, fossils)

Resource depletion (mineral, fossils)


CO2

Heat Generation

Heat Generation

Nitrogen Oxides

Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds


PVC window

PVC window

wood composite

W/C window insulation properties

flat glass production

flat glass production

flat glass production

silicone insulating material

silicone insulating material

disposal stage

material recycling

aluminium recycling


Manufacturing processes

Manufacturing processes

Manufacturing processes

Manufacturing processes

Manufacturing processes

Glue laminated timber

Alkyd paint

Alkyd paint

Alkyd paint

Alkyd paint

Aluminium


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1092

heat loss compensation parameters

heat loss compensation parameters

sensitivity analysis

hot spot identification


U-value of the window

modelled heat loss

characterisation factors

normalisation references

LCI processes


Nitrogen oxides

Nitrogen oxides

Sulphur dioxide

Sulphur dioxide

Phosphorus

Zinc (II)

Copper (II)

Use stage

Heat generation

Arsenic (V)

Zinc (II)

Chromium (VI)


PVC window

Steel production

Steel production

Steel production

PVC window

Chromium

Fossil Depletion

Mineral Depletion


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1093

U-values

heat loss

linear function of temperature difference

heat

materials and production stages

chromium steel


chromium steel

chromium (VI)

chromium (VI)

galvanised steel

zinc (II)

window manufacturing

window disassembly

window manufacturing

window disassembly


painting activity

transportation of paint

disposal

incineration

landfilling

landfilling of copper and zinc

production of heat


natural gas

oil

3-layered windowpanes

3-layered windowpanes

extra layer of glass

reduced heat loss


EU27 average heat mix

EU27 average heat mix

EU27 average heat mix

EU27 average heat mix

EU27 average heat mix

natural gas

oil

wood preservative

acrylic binder


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1095

stratospheric ozone depletion

heat generation from natural gas and oil

ozone-depleting substances

background processes


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1094

Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Photochemical ozone formation

Terrestrial acidification

Terrestrial eutrophication

Freshwater eutrophication

Marine eutrophication

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Particulate matter formation

Ionising radiation (human health)

Land use

Resource depletion (mineral, fossils)


Freshwater Ecotoxicity

High Uncertainty in Characterisation Factors

Human Toxicity

LCIA Methods

Heat Production


use stage

use stage

manufacturing

end-of-life

ILCD

characterisation factors

heating

LCIA method


W

W/ALU

PVC

W/C

inventory uncertainty


Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Freshwater Toxicity

Human Toxicity


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1096

Completeness Check

Cut-off Rules

Cut-off Rules


window options

impact scores

inventory uncertainty


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1097

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Impact scores

represent 75–85% of actual total impacts


Manufacturing

Disposal

Materials and Production Stages

Capital Equipment

Impact Category


nanomaterial production

nanomaterial production

nanomaterials

nanomaterial production

PVC recycling


Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Photochemical ozone formation

Terrestrial acidification

Terrestrial eutrophication

Freshwater eutrophication

Marine eutrophication

Human toxicity (cancer)

Human toxicity (non-cancer)

Land use

Resource depletion (mineral, fossils)


Wood/Composite window

Wood/Composite window

Wood/Composite window

Cut-off criteria

Attributional principle

Recycling credits


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1098

Use Stage

Use Stage


Manufacturing Stage

Use Stage

Disposal Stage

Crystal Glass

Indoor Lighting Electricity

Heat Supply Technologies


glass fiber based composite

glass fiber based composite

improved insulation properties

3-layered glass

3-layered glass

material impacts

crystal glass


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1099

window design

insulation properties

3-layered pane

frame material

improved insulation properties

Life Cycle Assessment

frame design


PVC window

PVC window

W window

Use stage

Heat losses

U-value

Heat generation

Timber production

Paint production

Injection moulding

Steel production


use stage

manufacturing

end-of-life

Material selection

paint

paint selection


Paint

3-layered Pane

PVC Frame Elements Production

Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1101

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Freshwater ecotoxicity

Land use

Water resource depletion

Water use related to local scarcity of water

Water resource depletion

Mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1103

metal wastes

glass wastes

paper and cardboard wastes

rubber wastes

plastic wastes

wood wastes


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1102

Heartwood

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Composite

Aluminium

Galvanised steel

Chromium steel

Acrylic binder

Triethylene glycol

Wood preservative

Glass

Argon

Synthetic rubber (EDPM)

Silicone

Polyethylene

Cardboard


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1100

Ionising radiation (human health)

Human exposure efficiency relative to U235

Ionising radiation (human health)

Ionising radiation (human health)

Human health effect model as developed by Dreicer et al. (1995), Frischknecht et al. (2000)

Photochemical ozone formation

Tropospheric ozone concentration increase

Photochemical ozone formation

Photochemical ozone formation

Acidification

Acidification

Terrestrial eutrophication

Terrestrial eutrophication

Freshwater eutrophication

Residence time of nutrients in freshwater compartment (P)

Freshwater eutrophication

Freshwater eutrophication

Marine eutrophication

Residence time of nutrients in marine compartment (N)

Marine eutrophication

Marine eutrophication


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1104


Global Warming Potential, 100 years horizon

Ozone depletion

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Steady-state ODPs 1999 as in WMO assessment

Human toxicity, cancer effects

Human toxicity, cancer effects

Human toxicity, non-cancer effects

Human toxicity, non-cancer effects

Particulate matter

Particulate matter

Particulate matter

Ionising radiation

Ionising radiation


Heartwood

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Composite

Aluminium

Steel (galvanised and chromium)

Glass

Aluminium

Synthetic rubber (EDPM)

Silicone

Polyethylene

Cardboard


Heat loss

annual average temperatures indoor and outdoor in Denmark

Straw incineration

Non-renewable waste incineration

Heat generation from biomass

Heat generation from biomass

Window assembly

Chromium steel

End of life disassembly


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1105

truck PE <u-so> technology mix, diesel driven, Euro3, cargo |>12–14 t total cap.

diesel, low-sulphur, at regional storage

ecoinvent, v. 2.2

ecoinvent, v. 2.2


hauschild:39 Illustrative Case Study: Life Cycle Assessment of Four Window Alternatives, p.1106

U-value

amount of wood in window frame

amount of steel in window frame

amount of glass in pane

Unit Processes and LCI Results

Unit Processes and LCI Results

Unit Processes and LCI Results

Unit Processes and LCI Results

Unit Processes and LCI Results


Assembly and packaging of window, U, MIOW

Production of window pane, 2-layered, U, MIOW

RER: corrugated board base paper, kraftliner, at plant


Painting activity of window frame

Paint production

Disassembly

Disassembly

PVC

PVC

Aluminium incineration

EPDM rubber landfilling

Silicone incineration

Window disassembly

Distribution stage

Same transportation distances for all windows

End of Life stage