guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.356


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.357


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.358


emission pulse of radionuclide

activity

radionuclide emission to air

radionuclide in environmental medium

discharge to medium

population exposure


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.360


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.359

Casualties

Interventions

Climate change


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.361


ammonia

benzo[a]anthracene

benzo[a]pyrene

benzo[ghi]perylene

benzo[k]fluoranthrene

chrysene

dust (PM10)

fluoranthrene

hydrogen chloride

hydrogen sulphide

indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

nitrogen dioxide

phenanthrene

sulphur dioxide


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.362


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.363


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.364


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.365


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.366


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.367


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.368


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.369


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.370


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.371


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.372


pesticide

fresh water

aromatic

nonaromatic (alkene)

nonaromatic (ester)

PAH

nonaromatic (aldehyde)

radioactive

halogenated nonaromatic

halogenated aromatic

inorganic

metal


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.373


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.374


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.375


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.376


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.377


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.378


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.379


pesticide

pesticide

aromatic pesticide

haloginated pesticide

nonaromatic pesticide


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.380


pesticide

pesticide

haloginated aromatic

haloginated nonaromatic


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.381


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.382


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.383


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.384

Characterisation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.1

Depletion of Abiotic Resources

Effects of Land Use

Climate Change

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Human Toxicity

Ecotoxicity

Photo-oxidant Formation

Acidification

Eutrophication


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.388

Weighting

Grouping

Interventions for which characterisation factors are lacking

Economic flows not followed to system boundary


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.1995

normalisation factor

characterisation factor

indicator result

emission

resource extraction

land use


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.389

Option A

Option B

Option A

Option B

Option A


Consistency check

ISO 14043

data sources

data accuracy

technical level

temporal differences

data age


Contribution analysis

Perturbation analysis


characterisation factor

characterisation factor

normalisation factor

indicator result

normalised indicator result

intervention

intervention

intervention


Depletion of abiotic resources

Effects of land use

Land competition

Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Human toxicity

Ecotoxicity

Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity

Marine ecotoxicity

Terrestrial ecotoxicity

Photo-oxidant formation

Acidification

Eutrophication


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.390

product system specification

allocation rules

characterisation method

weighting method

cut-off criteria

boundary setting

system definition

normalisation data


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.391


Sensitivity analysis

Uncertainty analysis

Product system specification

Economic flows

Product system specification


USES-LCA

USES-LCA

multi-media fate, exposure and effect model


ExternE

Life Cycle Assessment

Ökoinventare für Energiesysteme

Human health damages due to ionising radiation

Eco-indicator 99


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.392

RAINS-LCA

RAINS-LCA

USES-LCA

Life cycle Impact assessment

Life cycle Impact assessment


contribution analysis

perturbation analysis

sensitivity analysis

allocation

characterisation method

weighting method

product system specification


Priority assessment of toxic substances

Life cycle Interpretation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.393


SIMAPRO 4.0

Life cycle inventories for packagings

Environmental life cycle assessment of the nuclear fuel cycle

Ozone depletion potentials

EPS-Default Valuation of Environmental Impacts from Emission and Use of Resources

Input-output model


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.395


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.485


ISO 14043

Life cycle Interpretation

Photochemical ozone creation potentials

Species-pool Effect Potentials

Biodiversity and life support indicators


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.645


Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Theoretical Modeling Aspects

Practical Modeling Aspects

Spatial Differentiation

Average and Marginal Processes


Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment


Goal definition

Scope definition

Function, functional unit, alternatives and reference flows

Inventory analysis

Flow diagram

Economy - environment system boundary

Format and data categories


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.401


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.675


Characterisation

Normalisation

Grouping

Weighting

Interpretation

Consistency check

Completeness check

Contribution analysis

Perturbation analysis

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis


Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Interpretation

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

allocation

partitioning economic inputs and outputs to product systems


Appendix B

Appendix C

partitioning economic inputs and outputs to product systems


Data collection and relating data to unit processes

Data validation

Cut-off and data estimation

Multifunctionality and allocation

Calculation method

Selection of impact categories

Selection of characterisation methods: category indicators, characterisation models and factors

Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Grouping

Weighting

Impact assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.403

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

product system

product system

unit process

economic process

economic activity


elementary flow

environmental interventions

environmental interventions

land use

environmental flows


Economic process

Unit process

Process

Process

Product system

Product system

Product system

Elementary flow

Environmental intervention

Life Cycle Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.404

ISO Standards

Life Cycle Assessment

Best Available Practice


ISO 14040 series

ISO 14040 series

ISO 14040 series

ISO 14040 series

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment


ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043

ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Product System

Resource Use

Land Use

Emissions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.405

ISO Standards

LCA Guide

LCA methodology


Simplified LCA

Simplified LCA

In-depth analysis

Simplified LCA guidelines


Part 1

Part 2a

Part 2a

detailed LCA

well-defined set of assumptions or simplifications

simplified LCA


Simplified LCA

Simplified LCA

allocation procedure

Detailed LCA

market mechanisms

substitution

market mechanisms


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.406

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Part 2b

Part 2a

Part 3

LCA


ISO standard

Impact assessment

LCA

stakeholder participation


Trip rates of returnable bottles

Quantitative safety factors for toxic mechanisms

LCA results validation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.407

LCA

LCA

LCA

Plastic


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA Purpose

LCA Questions

LCA Methodology

LCA Purpose

Structural Questions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.408

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


LCA

LCA

scope restriction

LCA purpose


Descriptive LCA

Descriptive LCA

Descriptive LCA

Change-oriented LCA

Change-oriented LCA


Life Cycle of Function

Life Cycle of Function

Product System

Product System

Goal and Scope Definition


purpose

plastic

paper

alkyd paint

acrylic paint

beer

glass

paper

pen

envelope

stamp

desk

lamp


writing and sending a letter

writing and sending a letter

writing and sending a letter

writing and sending a letter

writing and sending a letter

writing and sending a letter

Beer

Beer

Beer

Beer production

beer production comparative analysis


Inventory Phase

Occasional Choices

Structural Choices

Strategic Choices


mode of travel

beverage containers

waste management

discarded paper


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.409


occasional choices

occasional choices

occasional choices

mode of travel

mode of travel

beverage containers

beverage containers

occasional choices

occasional choices


capital investments

aircraft replacement

occasional choices

waste treatment plant operations


Structural choices

High speed train

Lunchroom kitchens

Rail infrastructure

Recycling effects

Structural choices

Structural choices


mode of travel

beverage containers

waste management

waste separation

waste processing

recycling


Structural choices

Structural choices

Strategic choices

Occasional choices


LCA

LCA

scenario analysis

partial equilibrium modeling

general equilibrium modeling


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.410

descriptive LCA

descriptive LCA

descriptive LCA


Product function

Product function

Observed change


process technology

multi-media fate models

dose-response functions

change-oriented LCA

multi-criteria analysis

multi-objective decision-making

decision theory

descriptive LCA


100% rule in allocation

descriptive mode

LCA methodologies

LCA methodologies


descriptive mode of LCA

change-oriented mode of LCA

change-oriented mode of LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.411

short-term effects

long-term consequences

dynamic model

change-oriented LCA


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

environmental consequences prediction


Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Inventory analysis


change-oriented LCA

model

simplified representation of real mechanisms and phenomena

modeling choices

assumptions and simplifications


Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

reference alternative

upstream and downstream impacts


change-oriented analysis

change-oriented analysis

change-oriented analysis

time pattern

autonomous pattern


Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.412


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

point in time analysis

time interval integration


product design

packaging material

mode of transport

choice implementation


coffee consumption decision

coffee consumption decision

toilet use

toilet use

wastewater treatment

coffee machine refilling

coffee machine refilling

coffee production

milk production

cup production

waste treatment facilities


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.413

Aircraft noise

Chemical emissions

Temporal domain modeling

Spatial domain modeling

Geographical differentiation (longitude, latitude, elevation)


Life Cycle Assessment

acidifying compounds

volatile organic solvents

spatial differentiation


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA model


LCA model

system boundaries

allocation procedure

input-output tables

environmental interventions

environmental impacts


environmental interventions

environmental interventions

LCA

LCA

spatially differentiated LCA

dynamic LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.414

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


spatially differentiated LCA

dynamic LCA

spatial integration

temporal integration

linearisation of process characteristics

aggregation of individual companies along sectoral lines


LCA

incorporation of non-linear relationships

LCA

LCA model simplifications

LCA model simplifications

LCA model

LCA model

LCA model


Detailed LCA

Simplified LCA

Temporal Detail

Spatial Detail


Time Series Modeling

Volatile Compounds

Aircraft Noise

Chemical Emissions


Temporal Discount Rate

Temporal Discount Rate

Temporal Discount Rate


temporal detail

spatial detail

time series modeling

integration

linear models

time-integrated emission difference


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.415

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life-cycle-related emissions


Life Cycle Assessment

Time integration

Time horizon restriction

Time horizon restriction

Persistent chemicals

Heavy metals


electricity production

steel production

Inventory analysis


Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Economic Mechanisms

Market Mechanisms


temporal integration

spatial integration

spatial integration

spatial integration

baseline LCA model


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.416

economic substitution

allocation procedure

behavioural mechanisms


transport

electricity production

emissions

environmental media

environmental media

environmental media

environmental media

environmental media

storage


transport

transport

storage

storage

transport

storage

Global Warming Potential


allocation

steel rolling

paper bleaching


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.417

Potential Impacts Assessment

Potential Impacts Assessment

Generic Conditions


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

full space and time integration

mercury

sulphur dioxide


potential impacts

potential impacts

actual impacts

actual impacts


Impact Assessment

potential impacts

Impact Assessment


mercury

sulphur dioxide

life cycle loadings


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


substance x

substance x

substance y

substance y

release of substance x

release of substance y


simplified LCA model

detailed LCA model

modeled impacts

measured impacts


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.418

spatial differentiation

temporal differentiation

spatial differentiation

temporal differentiation


LCA

allocation based on the substitution method

socio-economic, technological and other mechanisms

choices of product alternatives

functional unit


materials-product chain

unit processes

micro-economic production functions

Leontief-type model

inventory problem

spatial differentiation

non-linearities


Goal Definition

Fluorescent Lamps

Economic Optimisation

Behavioural Mechanisms

Empirical Usage Data


Temporal differentiation

Spatial differentiation

Emission rates

Duration of exposure

Frequency of exposure

Seasonal influences

Time of day

NOx releases

VOC releases


elasticities of supply and demand

realistic default values


substitution method

substitution method

substitution method


potential impacts

potential impacts

below-threshold emissions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.419

Spatial differentiation

Spatial differentiation

Location-specific data

Spatial differentiation


Acidification

Human Toxicity

Spatial differentiation

Spatially specific equivalency factors

Spatial differentiation


Impact Assessment

Characterisation

Characterisation

Characterisation

Emission

Emission

Emission

Spatial Differentiation


Impact Assessment

emissions

discrete emission pulses

concentration pulses

continuous concentrations

spatial integration


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.420

Fate Factor

Fate Factor

Exposure Factor

Exposure Factor

Exposure

Emission


unit world

emission compartments

transport compartments

air

soil

water

sediment

spatial differentiation


Fate Models

Fate Models

Degradation

Immobilisation

Multimedia Transport

Multimedia Fate Models

Temperature

Rainfall

Soil Composition


Multimedia fate models

Multimedia fate models

Spatial differentiation

Space and time integration

Time-integrated environmental amounts


Exposure

Exposure

Emissions

Exposure Modeling

Fate Modeling

Fate Modeling


water medium

soil medium

exposure assessment

exposure assessment

human exposure

human exposure

human exposure

human exposure


Drinking Water

Drinking Water

Drinking Water

Consumption Patterns

Population Exposure


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.421

sensitivity

NOEC

NOAEL

dose-response curve slope

dose-response relationship


Fate modeling

Media compartmentalization

Effect factor

Sensitivity

Effect factor


Inhalation

Skin Intake

Ingestion

Air Route Exposure

Drinking Water

Food Consumption

Bioconcentration

Biomagnification

Water Purification

Soil


Soil

Inhaled dust particles from asbestos-reinforced roads

Foodstuffs

Bioconcentration

Biomagnification

Plants

Meat and dairy

Soil route

Consumption patterns

Drinking water


Toxicity

Carcinogenic Organics

Radioactive Particles

Substances Lacking No-Effect Levels

Non-Toxicity Impact Categories

Dose-Response Curve

Dose-Response Curve


dose-response curve

inventory modeling

fate modeling

marginal processes

average processes


Critical Load

Critical Load

Human Toxicity

Ecosystem Toxicity Model

Dose-Response Relationship


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.422

incremental change

unit process

unit process

electricity production

electricity production

change in demand for electricity


no-effect level

no-effect level

dose-effect curve

no-effect levels

no-effect levels

ecosystem sensitivity

presence and abundance of sensitive species

critical load concepts

critical load concepts


marginal change

marginal data

average data

marginal factor

linear approximation


MF

MF

MF

obtained through small change around typical working point


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.423

Marginal Factor

Marginal Factor

Average Factor

Average Factor

Average Factor


Electricity use

Passenger allocation


long-term marginal

short-term marginal

dynamic model

dynamic model

long-term average

marginal data


marginal data

average

average power consumption

marginal change in power consumption

distributed power consumption


closed working point

boiler

proportional allocation

installed capacity

operating point


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.424

burned fuel

generated electricity

extra petrol

extra passenger

extra passenger

scheduled flights


Aircraft production

Long-term marginal costs

Long-term marginal costs

Long-term marginal costs

Bauxite mining

Cargo shipping


marginal process

marginal process data

marginal process data

marginal process data

marginal process data

change-oriented LCA

marginal process

marginal process


change-oriented LCA

incremental changes

incremental changes

long-term modeling

marginal effects

marginal process

LCA


FSC-certified tropical hardwood

tropical hardwood window frames


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


quantitative analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.425


Flow

Flow

lead atmospheric release

hardwood

quantifiable entity

quantity

quantity


unit processes

Système International des Unités

emission

temperature


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Energy


Système International des Unités

Système International des Unités

LCA

Global Warming Potential

Variable

Variable

Variable


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

methane

characterisation

normalisation

characterisation

weighting


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.426

LCA Reporting

LCA Reporting

LCA Reporting

LCA Results

LCA Results


Unit Process

Unit Process

Inventory Table

Impact Assessment

Qualitative Information

Quantitative Data


ISO 14040

LCA reporting

Scope phase

LCA results

LCA results

LCA results

third-party report


Third-party report

Third-party report

Third-party report

Third-party report

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Third-party report


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.427

Third-party Goal and scope report

Third-party Final report

Final report

LCA reporting


ISO 14040 series

LCA study

LCA phase

LCA step

reporting guidelines


variable

variable

variable

LCA model

emission

emission


Scope Phase

Scope Phase

LCA Study

Results

Data

Methods

Assumptions

Limitations


Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report

Critical Review

Goal and Scope Report


critical review

critical review

critical review

critical review

critical review

critical review

ISO 14040


Goal and Scope Report

Final Report

Inventory Assessment

Impact Assessment

Goal and Scope Phase

Inventory Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.428

LCA

LCA

LCA

spreadsheet software

unit processes

unit processes


Goal and Scope Definition

Simplified LCA

Simplified LCA


Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Interpretation

Simplified LCA


ISO 14040

LCA

LCA


LCA

sensitivity and uncertainty analyses

commercial software


LCA

LCA

LCA results

LCA results

LCA results


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.429

ISO standards

ISO standards

ISO standards

ISO standards

LCA results


LCA program

price range from free to thousands of euros

LCA program

Commercial LCA program

Commercial LCA program

LCA program

LCA program


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.430

stakeholder involvement

stakeholders


LCA project

LCA process

LCA process

LCA process

LCA process

LCA-based decision-making


LCA

process approach

requires structured involvement of principal parties

process design

fair process

robust result


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.431

LCA process

process design

process manager


Critical Review

Comparative Assertions

Critical Review

LCA Study

LCA Project


LCA results

LCA results

LCA results

research results

research quality


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.432


process design

LCA methodology

process approach

LCA


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA scope

LCA motives


Environmental Impact Assessment

Dutch Voluntary Agreement on Packaging

Eco-label


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.433


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.434


Overall process management

Clarity of purpose

Relation between LCA findings and process conclusions

Relation between process conclusions and implementation

Balance between content and process

Balance between speed and thoroughness

Outside influences

Honouring input


LCA practitioner

LCA practitioner

LCA practitioner

LCA process

environmental profile


Overall process management

Role and duties of the process manager

Role and duties of the LCA practitioner

Role and duties of the reviewer(s)

Selection of process participants

Structures and interests to be respected

Participation

Commitment

Balance between content and process

Balance between speed and thoroughness

Outside influences

Honouring input


LCA

LCA

sensitivity analysis


LCA practitioner

LCA practitioner

product systems

service life

resource consumption

transport and cleaning processes


Role and duties of the reviewer(s)

critical review

critical review

critical review

critical review

LCA practitioner


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

LCA review


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.435

Goal and Scope Definition

LCA Process

Goal and Scope Definition


Critical Review

Panel Review

Critical Review

Panel Review


LCA process

political accountability to representational bodies

LCA process

LCA process


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.436


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.437


LCA-based decision-making

Process drives out content

Content drives out process


LCA process

participants' knowledge and understanding

LCA process


LCA process

LCA process

LCA process

LCA process


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.438

LCA project

LCA project

product system


LCA result

process conclusion

process result


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.439

LCA

environmental profiles

environmental profiles

LCA findings

LCA-based decision-making


LCA result

process conclusion

process result

goal

LCA study goal


LCA process

LCA process

conclusion phase

margins of error in environmental scores

conclusion phase

conclusion phase

sensitivity analyses


LCA-based decision-making

LCA-based decision-making

LCA-based decision-making

LCA-based decision-making

LCA process

interpretative step


LCA study

LCA study

LCA study

goal formulation

product system definition

sensitivity analyses


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.440

Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition


Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment

Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment

Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment

Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment

Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment


LCA process

conclusions may be too binding with respect to subsequent measures

LCA process

insufficient transparency

binding conclusions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.441

Function, functional unit and reference flow

Inventory analysis

Procedures


Goal definition

Scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

Procedures

Procedures


Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition

Goal of the study

Scope of the study

Functional unit

Reference flow

System boundaries

Data quality requirements

Critical review


Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment


Scope Definition

Interpretation Phase

Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Scope Definition

Scope Definition


ISO Scope definition

ISO Scope definition

ISO Scope definition

temporal coverage

temporal coverage

temporal coverage


ISO 14040

ISO 14041

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

ISO 14040


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.442

Goal and scope definition

Mode of analysis

Mode of analysis

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Mode of analysis

Mode of analysis

Mode of analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.443

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Preparing for data collection

Data collection

Validation of data

Relating data to unit process

Relating data to functional unit

Allocation and recycling

Data aggregation

Refining the system boundaries


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.444

Flow diagram

Preparing for data collection

LCA phases

Unit processes

Data collection and relating data to unit processes


Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Scope of the study

Scope of the study

Scope of the study

Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report


Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Interpretation

Change-oriented Analysis


Relating data to unit processes

Format and data categories

Definition of the economy-environment system boundary

Calculation method

Calculation method


Calculation method

Calculation method

Cut-off and data estimation

data collection

input-output analysis

Interpretation, reporting and procedures


Interpretation

Reporting

Procedures

Goal and Scope Definition

Limitation of LCI

Study Report

ISO 14041


Inventory analysis

Economy-environment system boundary

Flow diagram

Preparing for data collection

Format and data categories

Data quality

Data validation

Cut-off and data estimation

Multifunctionality and allocation

Calculation method

Inventory analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.446

Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterisation models

Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Weighting

Climate change


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.445


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.447


Impact Category Identification

Climate Change

Classification

Classification

Characterisation

Characterisation

Environmental Profile

Indicator Result


Normalisation

Grouping of indicator results

Weighting

Data quality analysis

Normalisation

Grouping of indicator results

Weighting

Data quality analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.448

Normalisation

Data quality assessment

Interpretation

ISO 14042 (2000E)


Interpretation

Reporting

Critical Review

Impact Category Selection

Category Indicator Selection


Selection of impact categories

Selection of characterisation methods

Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Grouping

Weighting

Impact assessment phase

Limitations of LCIA

Limitations of LCIA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.449


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.450

Evaluation

Identification of significant issues

Evaluation

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis

Contribution analysis

Perturbation analysis

Interpretation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.451

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation


Interpretation

Identification of significant issues

Evaluation

Conclusions, recommendations and reporting

Identification of significant issues

Identification of significant issues

Evaluation of results

Analysis of results

Consistency check

Completeness check

Contribution analysis

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis


Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Life Cycle Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.452

ISO standards

LCA standardisation


detailed LCA

simplified LCA

detailed LCA

sensitivity analyses


ISO standards

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Inventory analysis

This Guide

This Guide


detailed LCA

detailed LCA

sensitivity analysis

detailed LCA

detailed LCA


Interpretation

Procedures

Procedures


simplified LCA

detailed LCA

LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.453

LCA

LCA

baseline proposal


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.454


detailed LCA

simplified LCA

extensions

Flow diagram

Selection of impact categories

impact categories


LCA

Procedures step


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.455

Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition


Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Functional Unit

Environmental Profile


Goal and Scope Phase

Goal Definition

Goal Definition

Goal Definition


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.456

Goal definition

Goal and scope definition

Goal definition

Goal definition


Goal and scope definition

Goal definition

Scope definition

Function, functional unit, alternatives and reference flow

Goal and scope definition

Goal and scope definition


Comparative Assertion

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Goal Definition

Environmental Goals

Economic Goals

Social Goals

Comparative Assertion

Comparative Studies

Non-comparative Studies


Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

ISO 14041


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.457

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Goal Definition

LCA Report

LCA Report

Life Cycle Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.458

ISO 14041

Goal and Scope definition

LCI study

Goal of the study


Goal Definition

Significance Determination

Product Comparison


LCA

LCA

Mode of analysis

decision situation

global exploration of options

company-internal innovation

sector-driven innovation

strategic planning

comparison

comparative assertion disclosed to the public


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Risk Assessment


Initial Inclusion of Inputs and Outputs

Initial Inclusion of Inputs and Outputs

Initial Inclusion of Inputs and Outputs

Initial Inclusion of Inputs and Outputs

Initial Inclusion of Inputs and Outputs

Initial Inclusion of Inputs and Outputs

Data Quality Requirements


Goal and Scope

Goal and Scope

Goal and Scope

Goal and Scope

Goal and Scope

Goal and Scope

SETAC-Europe Case studies Working Group


Goal and Scope Definition

Functional Unit

System Boundaries

Data Categories

Functional Unit

System Boundaries

Life Cycle Stages

Unit Processes

Allocation

Energy Inputs and Outputs

Fugitive Emissions

Electricity Production

Combustion Heat


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.459

ISO 14041

Goal definition step

comparison of product alternatives


Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition


Goal definition

Goal definition

assumptions

value judgements

LCA applications


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.460

Scope Definition

Detailed LCA

Simplified LCA

Simplified LCA


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Interpretation


simplifications

spatial dimension

temporal dimension

spatial representativeness

spatial representativeness

spatial representativeness

spatial representativeness


Spatial representativeness

Temporal representativeness

Spatial representativeness

Temporal representativeness


ISO 14041

LCA Study Scope

LCA study

LCA study


temporal representativeness

spatial representativeness

ceteris paribus principle

functional unit

functional unit

emissions

linear models


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.461

ISO 14040

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Life Cycle Assessment


Goal and Scope Report

Function, functional unit, alternatives and reference flow

Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report

Goal and Scope Report

Temporal coverage


ISO 14041

ISO 14041

data quality requirements

geographical coverage

water hardness

regional differences


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.462

Inventory Analysis

technology coverage

technology coverage

Inventory Analysis

prototype technology


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition


Technology coverage

Technology coverage

Inventory analysis

Inventory analysis

Technology coverage

Technology coverage


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

product system

environmental interventions


temporal coverage

geographical coverage


Capital goods

Cradle-to-gate analysis

Cradle-to-gate analysis

Gate-to-gate analysis

System boundaries


Product System

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Stages

LCA Study Scope

Goal Definition

ISO 14041


Comparative LCA

Filling Process

Comparative LCA


Cradle-to-grave analysis

Cradle-to-grave analysis

Gate-to-gate analysis

Polyethylene granulate

Partial LCA studies

Difference analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.463

refrigeration during filling and distribution

food packaging

packaging characteristics


change-oriented analysis

descriptive analysis

structural decisions

packaging materials

means of transport


SETAC-Europe Working Group on Impact assessment

focusing on specific environmental impacts

narrowing the coverage of environmental interventions

establishing criteria as showstoppers or knockouts

energy analysis


Environmental interventions

Impact categories

Environmental interventions

Impact categories with practical methods

Impact categories lacking practical methods

Environmental interventions lacking factors


change-oriented analysis

descriptive analysis

packaging materials

waste management


ISO 14040

selection of inputs and outputs

ISO 14041

environmental interventions

ISO 14042

impact categories

impact categories

LCA

LCA


waste management

upstream waste management processes

prospective LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.464

Scope definition

Scope definition

indication of relevant mismatches and effects

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Scope definition

change-oriented, structural LCA

Scope definition

must justify structural decisions as reasonable

Scope definition

must indicate relevant mismatches affecting accuracy


LCA

framework for systematic and comprehensive environmental assessment

LCA

SETAC-Europe LCA Screening and Streamlining Working Group

SETAC North America Streamlined LCA Workgroup


Simplified LCA

Simplification

Screening

Simplification

Simplification

Simplification


Process flow threshold filtering

Surrogate data

Input-output analysis

Screening

Key environmental inputs and outputs identification

Screening

Life cycle stage significance assessment

Screening


Simplification

Simplified LCA

Simplification

Simplified LCA

Assessing reliability

Qualitative data

Quantitative data

Surrogate data

Process flow threshold


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.465

foreground processes

Impact assessment

critical review

reporting


Screening LCA

Screening LCA

determines whether additional study is needed

Streamlined LCA

Streamlined LCA

identifies LCA elements that can be omitted or use generic data


foreground processes

background processes

foreground processes

background processes

IOA models

foreground processes


detailed LCA

extended LCA

sensitivity analyses

new impact categories

characterisation and normalisation methods

partial uncertainty analyses

simplified LCA


Simplified LCA

Detailed LCA with extensions

Qualitative scanning LCA

LCA


qualitative scanning LCA

simplified LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.466

Scope definition

decision situation

decision situation

Scope definition

crucial step with technical and procedural consequences


Detailed LCA

Simplified LCA

Detailed LCA

Simplified LCA

does not fully comply with ISO standards

Simplified LCA

Options for extension


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Decision Type

Decision Type

Scope Definition


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

spatial information

Life Cycle Assessment phases


Scope Phase

Scope Phase

Scope Phase

Scope Phase

Scope Phase

Data Quality Goals


Goal and Scope definition

simplified LCA approach

system boundaries

temporal boundaries

impact categories

allocation

data quality requirements


coverage of economic processes

justifiable omission of phases or subsystems

coverage of economic processes

impact categories

environmental interventions

impact categories

environmental interventions

LCA sophistication level

deviation from recommended level of sophistication


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.467

Methodology

Assumptions

Value judgements

Descriptive analysis

Retrospective analysis

Scope of the study


Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Goal and Scope Report


environmental interventions

impact categories

change-oriented analysis

level of sophistication

level of sophistication


temporal coverage

geographical coverage

technology coverage

environmental interventions

impact categories

cradle-to-gate

gate-to-gate


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.468

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Reference Flow


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Functional Unit


Defining the subject of the study

Functional unit

Reference flow

Process tree

Functional unit

Functional unit


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.469

paint

Beverage bottles

Beverage bottles

Hand drying systems

Hand drying systems


Functional Unit Definition

Identification of Functions

Selection of Relevant Functions

Functional Unit Definition

Functional Unit Definition

Reference Flow Determination

System Boundary Definition


monofunctional approach

multifunctional approach

product system

monofunctional approach


Identification of functions

Identification of functions

product system

packaging

transport


Product

Product

Product

Functional Unit

Function Selection

Comparative Study


Hand drying systems

Hand drying systems

Paper towels

ISO/TR 14049


mono-functional approach

multifunctional approach

functional unit


ISO/TR 14049

Heat generation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.470

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit


Functional Unit

Multi-functionality

Product System

Function Neglection

Function Addition

Allocation


Inventory Analysis

Allocation

Allocation

Combined Heat and Power

Primary Function


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.471

Wall colouring

Wall colouring

wall covering insulation material

wall covering insulation material

agricultural LCAs


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Interpretation


wheat cultivation

kg of harvested wheat

ha.yr wheat cultivation

LCA

functional unit


Product Life Span

Product Durability

Function Duration

Multifunctional Unit


Functional Unit

wall covering insulation material

wall covering insulation material

product equivalence


Food LCA

Multifunctionality

Foodstuffs

Foodstuffs

Real Substitution

Abstract Multifunction Definition


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.472

ISO standards

ISO standards

ISO standards

ISO standards

comparative studies


reference product

reference product


Standard performance

Recommended performance

Actual performance

Actual performance


Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Functional Unit

System Performance


Reference Flow

Functional Unit

Consumer Dosage

Reference Flow


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.473

refrigerator lifetime

internal volume

external volume

insulation thickness

user behaviour


hand-drier

hand-drier

reference function

paper stock measurement


Paint

Reference flow

Paint

Functional unit

Functional unit

Paper towels

Electrical hand drier

Paper towels

Paper towels

Paper towels


User behaviour

Shopping frequency

Refrigerator storage

Insulation thickness

Internal volume

External volume

Functional Unit Definition


Functional Unit Definition

One-way Bottles

ISO/TR 14049


incandescent lamp

fluorescent lamp

lighting a standard room for 1 year with a certain flux of light


Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Comparative LCA

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

ISO/TR 14049


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.474


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.475

Functional unit

Reference flow

Reference flow

Functional unit


Reference flow

Reference flow

Data collection and relating data to unit processes

Function, functional unit, alternatives and reference flows

Functional unit


reference flow

reference flow

process data

incandescent lamp

fluorescent lamp


Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Reference Flow

Functional Unit

Incandescent Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp


Functional Unit Definition

Primary Function

Additional Functions

Function Allocation

Study Goal


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.476

Functional unit

Reference flow

Determining equivalent alternative product systems

Defining the functional unit

Comparative assertions

Non-comparative studies


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.477

Inventory Analysis

Product System

Product System

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Resource Extraction

Emissions of Hazardous Substances


Reference Flow

Multifunctional Unit

Allocation

System Expansion


Inventory Analysis

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis


Functional Unit Definition

Functional Unit Definition

Product System Description

Identification of Functions

ISO/TR 14049


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.478

SETAC Working Group on Inventory enhancement

ISO proposals


Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

process quantification

functional unit

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis


Flow Diagram

Flow Diagram

Product System

Unit Process

Landfill

Agricultural Production

Process Modeling


Goal and Scope Definition

Reference Flow

Unit Process

Product System

Upstream Processes

Downstream Processes

Use-related Process

Flow Diagram


multiple process

allocation step

mass and energy balances


Inventory Analysis

Economy-Environment System Boundary

Flow Diagram

Data Quality

Data Collection

Data Validation

Cut-off

Allocation

Calculation of Inventory Results

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.479

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

inventory model

Flow

Flow

Flow


Environmental interventions

Natural resources

Land use

Environmental interventions

Product system

System boundaries


Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Initial System boundaries

Refining the system boundaries


LCA Inventory Analysis

Product system boundary

Process relevance boundary

Allocation boundary

Cut-off and data estimation

Multifunctionality and allocation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.480

Product system

Economic processes

Treatment steps after environmental release

Landfilling of waste

Agriculture

Livestock management

Forestry


Elementary Flow

Product System

Elementary Flow

Material Input

Energy Input

Material Output

Energy Output


Controlled landfills

Household wastes

200 year time horizon for emission coverage

Landfill emissions

Leaching


organic chemicals

inorganic chemicals

heavy metals

inorganic chemicals

steady-state modeling


Technosphere

Product system

Technical activity

Natural biomass production

Landfill emissions

Landfill emissions

End-of-life processes


Landfill sites

Landfill sites

Controlled landfills

Uncontrolled landfills

Landfill emissions

Controlled landfills


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.481

harvested portion of crop

remaining portion of crop

pesticides

soil

Horticultural production

soil quality


Application of LCA to Agricultural Products

agricultural soil


multifunctionality

multifunctionality

soil

LCA


agriculture

forestry

agricultural soils

forestry soils

harvested crop

non-harvested crop portion

pollutant transfer


short carbon cycles

short carbon cycles

carbon fixation during tree growth

CO2

characterisation factor for global warming

CH4

long carbon cycles

geochemical carbon fixation in fossil fuels

long carbon cycles

atmospheric release of carbon during fuel combustion

fossil fuel combustion

fossil fuel combustion


sediment removal from surface waters

uptake by production forests

distribution of sediment on surrounding soil

positive emission to terrestrial environment

Carbon dioxide

short carbon cycle

long carbon cycle

Reforestry

tree growth

wood landfilling

wood incineration

wood natural decay


waste water treatment

treated waste water

WWTP

waste water treatment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.482

ISO 14040

ISO 14041

Inventory analysis

Economy-environment boundary definition

LCI study reporting


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

time of impacts

Inventory Analysis


system boundaries

geographical boundaries

life-cycle boundaries

technosphere-biosphere boundaries

product system life cycle

product system life cycle

third-party report


agricultural production

forestry

natural forests growth

wild fish, game, fruits, herbs growth

dredging

agriculture


carbon fixation

agricultural LCAs

agricultural LCAs

system boundaries

system boundaries

waste water treatment plants

releases to sewage system

treated waste water


Dredging

Dredging

Biomass Sequestration

Waste Processing

Controlled Landfills

Controlled Landfills

Uncontrolled Landfills


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.483

Waste Water Treatment Plants

Treated Waste Water

Mining Wastes

Mining Tips

Sensitivity Analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.484

flow diagram

flow diagram

flow diagram

flow diagram

economic flows

unit processes


flow diagram

flow diagram

long carbon cycles

landfill systems

temporal aspects

system boundaries

system boundaries

system boundaries


Regulated waste material use on soil

Controlled landfill sites

Non-regulated landfill sites

Partially controlled landfill sites

Short carbon cycles

carbon fixation during tree growth subtracted from emissions

Long carbon cycles

emissions recorded without balancing against prior fixation

Wood waste treatment


resource extraction

product manufacture

transport

partial flow diagrams

process flow diagram

specific process flow diagrams

specific process flow diagrams


Life Cycle

Resource extraction

Production of materials and components

Product manufacture

Product use

Waste processing

Transport

Electricity generation

Economic processes

Economic processes


Flow Diagram

Unit Process

Economic Flow

Economic Flow

Economic Flow


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.485

Inventory phase

process data

data categories

data exchange format


flow diagram

aggregated processes

unit processes

economic flows

environmental flows


process flow diagrams

process flow diagrams

process flow diagrams

process flow diagrams

process flow diagrams

process flow diagrams

process flow diagrams

process flow diagrams


production of sulphuric acid

flow diagram

unit process

flow diagram


ISO 14041

Data Sheet for a Unit Process

Data Sheet for a Unit Process

Data Sheet for a Unit Process

Data Sheet for a Unit Process

Data Sheet for a Unit Process

Data Sheet for a Unit Process

Data Sheet for a Unit Process

Data Sheet for a Unit Process


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.487

case study

production method


energy inputs

raw material inputs

ancillary inputs

other physical inputs

emissions to air

emissions to water

emissions to land

data categories


noise

vibration

land use

radiation

odour

waste heat

ISO 14041

data exchange


relational database

relational database

data storage

process data


case study

process data

relational database


SPOLD

SPOLD

relational database

relational database

process interlinkages

Classification/Characterisation

Evaluation


SPOLD

SPINE

SPOLD

SPINE

LCA databases


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.488

SPINE

Nordic project on Environmentally sound Product development

SPINE

SPINE report

SPINE

IVL

Chalmers University of Technology


SPINE

SPINE

Process

Impact Assessment


SPINE

SPOLD

SPOLD

SPOLD Status Report

common format for Life-Cycle Inventory Data

SPOLD Status Report

SPOLD Status Report


SPINE

SPINE

activity

activity

SPINE

SPINE


SPOLD format

SPOLD format

SPOLD format

SPOLD format

partial system


unallocated unit process data

allocated unit process data

partial system data retraceable to unit process data

partial system data irreversibly aggregated


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.489

SPOLD

SPOLD

SPOLD

Inputs from technosphere

Inputs from environment

Outputs to technosphere

Outputs to environment


EDIP

Environmental Design of Industrial Products

EDIP

transport data

process verification


Identification of data set

System model

unit process

cut-off criteria

coproduction

energy model

transport model

waste model

geographical representativeness

temporal representativeness

technological representativeness


SPOLD

simplified SPOLD format

simplified SPOLD format

SPOLD format

SPOLD format

DALCA


DALCA

DALCA

DALCA

DALCA

process identification

process identification

process identification


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.490

MRPI

MRPI

MRPI

Environmental Life Cycle Analysis

MRPI

Process Data


Wenzel et al. 1997 format

Wenzel et al. 1997 format

Wenzel et al. 1997 format

Boguski 1996 Chapter 2 format

Boguski 1996 Chapter 2 format

Boguski 1996 Chapter 2 format


Spine

SPOLD

SPOLD

second-generation SPOLD

data format


Data Quality

Representativeness

Allocation Methods

Cut-off Criteria

Data Error Margins

Transport

Economic and Environmental Inputs and Outputs

Energy

Materials


SPOLD

SPOLD

SPOLD

ISO/TR 14048

ISO/TR 14048

relational database


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.491

Data quality

Representativeness of processes

Quality of process data

Overall assessment of process data

Data quality

Data quality


Data quality

Data quality

Data quality

Representativeness

Inventory analysis


Data quality

Data quality

Data quality

temporal coverage

temporal coverage

geographical coverage

technology coverage

Data quality

Data quality


SPINE

SPINE

SPINE

SPINE


SPOLD

ISO/TR 14048

ISO/TR 14048

relational databases

LCA database


Data Quality

Data Quality

Data Quality

Data Quality

Completeness

Representativeness

Representativeness

Representativeness


Data Quality Requirements

Sensitivity Analysis

Unit Processes with Environmentally Relevant Emissions

Unit Processes Contributing Majority of Mass and Energy Flows

Require Site-Specific or Representative Average Data

Precision


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.492


Data Quality Requirements

Comparative Assertion Studies

Process Characterisation


Data characterisation

Data characterisation

Description of operations included and excluded

Data characterisation

Specification of co-products and allocation method

Data characterisation

Data characterisation

Data characterisation

Assessment of statistical variation coefficients

Data characterisation

Data characterisation

Description of technological development

Data characterisation


Data Pedigree Matrix

Data Quality Parameters

Data Pedigree Matrix


data collection

economic flows

environmental inputs and outputs

screening product LCAs

data quality

data quality

level of technology

age of data

site specific vs. average data


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.493

pedigree matrix

pedigree matrix

pedigree matrix

pedigree matrix


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.494

LCA study

model and data

error propagation analysis

quality aspects framework


data quality assessment

data quality assessment

data quality assessment

LCA database quality

LCA database quality

LCA database quality

LCA database quality

LCA database quality

LCA database quality

LCA database quality

LCA database quality

data pedigree matrix


Risk of accident

Data quality

Data quality

Data quality


Data Quality

Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty

Accuracy

Precision


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.495

Inventory Phase

data quality assessment

inventory model

environmental effect models

process data


ISO 14041

pedigree matrix

Contribution analysis

Perturbation analysis

sensitivity analysis


Data collection

Inventory analysis

reference flow

unit processes

unit processes

unit processes

unit processes

unit processes


Process Data

Relating Data to Unit Processes


ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

preparing for data collection

data collection


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.496

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition


process flow diagrams

unit process description

measurement units specification

data collection techniques

calculation techniques

documentation of special cases

data collection


ISO 14041

ISO 14041

unit process

unit process

unit process

unit process

unit process


Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Data Collection

Data Collection

Data Collection


reference flow

reference flow


Data collection

Entering the process data

Entering the process data

Data format and data categories

Marginal process data


unit process

unit process

raw materials extraction

materials production

product manufacturing

disposal processes

transport processes

energy systems

ISO 14041


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.497

Inventory analysis

chemical impacts

impacts of noise

impacts of monotonous repetitive work

risk of accident

Inventory analysis


agricultural production

production processes

LCA results

Goal and scope

environmental impacts


foreground system

foreground system

background system

other processes interacting with foreground system

foreground processes

background processes


foreground processes

background processes

foreground processes

background processes


primary data

secondary data

waste management processes

agricultural LCAs

normative data

individual operational farms


foreground systems

background systems

use secondary data from databases, public references or estimated data

foreground processes

background processes


Unit process data

Allocation procedures

Database selection


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.498

unit processes

land occupation

land transformation

data collection


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA calculations


reference flow

time-related data

unallocated databases

scaling factor

corporate environmental plans and reports

emission registration systems

statistical information systems


Volatile Organic Compounds

sulphur compounds

absorbable organic halogens

hydrocarbons

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential


Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

hydrocarbons

organic compounds

AOX


Inventory Analysis

PAHs

CFCs

characterisation factors

anthracene

chrysene

CFC-11

CFC-12


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.499

foreground systems or processes

background systems or processes

LCA study

unit process data

unit process data


reference flow

Scope definition

data collection

reference processes

Data validation

LCA software


Data validation

Mass balance

Energy balance

Emission factors

Process data


ISO 14041

ISO 14041

data validation

data validation


data validation

data validation

data validation

comparative analysis of emission factors

data validation

ISO 14041

data quality requirements


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.500

Cut-off

Data estimation

Mass balances

Energy balances

Emission factors

Cut-off


Cutoff

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Cutoff problem


cut-off

cut-off

scope definition


ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

primary data

secondary data


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.501

ISO 14041

cut-off

process boundary

relative contribution to environmental effects


ISO 14041

ISO 14041

System Boundaries

Product System

Product System

Cut-off

Cut-off


System Boundaries

Unit Processes

Inputs and Outputs

Releases to the Environment

Life Cycle Stages


System Boundaries

System Boundaries

System Boundaries

Life Cycle Stages

Processes

Inputs and Outputs

Releases to the Environment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.502

Scope Definition

Cut-off Rules

Scope Definition

Inputs and Outputs Selection

Sensitivity Analysis

Unit Processes


process flow diagram

unit processes

receipt of raw materials or intermediate products

unit processes

unit processes

destination of intermediate or final products

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


System Boundaries

System Boundaries

System Boundaries

Manufacturing

Distribution and Transportation

Use and Maintenance

End of Life

Fuel Production

Electricity Production

Heat Production

Recycling

Energy Recovery

Capital Equipment


mass contribution

energy relevance

environmental relevance

mass criterion

energy criterion

environmental relevance criterion


material inputs

unit processes

mass

energy

environmental relevance

criteria


elementary flows

sensitivity analysis

product system boundaries

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

cut-off criteria


sulfur oxides

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

inputs

waste treatment processes

ISO 14041


ISO 14041

Cut-off criteria

data collection

Cut-off problem


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.503

capital goods

industrial plant and equipment

building construction

building maintenance

building decommissioning

cut-off rules

cut-off rules


transaction table

Input-Output Analysis

assumes coefficients independent of production volume


Capital goods

Cut-off

Environmentally extended input-output modeling

Economic input-output analysis


TRI 98: Missing Inventory Estimation Tool

environmentally extended input-output table

1996 US input-output table

electricity generation

mining

solvent recycling

environmental interventions


Input-Output Analysis

Input-Output Analysis

hybrid model

Input-Output Analysis

aluminium can

tin can

iron can


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.504

input intensity

emission intensity per unit output

US input-output table


Economic input-output models

Economic input-output models

environmental interventions

environmental interventions

environmental input-output database

environmental input-output database


IO-based inventory


input-output table

input-output based inventory model

excludes environmental burden of capital goods

capital goods

monetary input-output table

monetary flows represent physical flows between industries


consumer use phase

post-consumer phase

production of inorganic chemicals

ETH database


monetary input-output table

monetary input-output table

environmental IOA

consumer use phase

post-consumer phase

environmental IOA

monetary values


capital goods method

three different levels of sophistication

capital goods method

provides only a rough indication of actual environmental impact


capital goods method

Impact assessment methods

Impact assessment methods

Impact assessment methods


SAEFL database

ETH database

capital goods

buildings

Eco-Quantum software

building lifetime


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.505

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Upstream cut-offs

Cut-off at predefined upstream stage

Cut-off at predefined mass percentage

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria


greenhouse horticulture

hybrid input-output model

hybrid input-output model

input-output analysis


Environmentally extended Input-Output Analysis

use phase

waste management phase


production processes

LCA


Input-output analysis

Multifunctionality

allocation

industrial processes


Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Capital goods

Farming machinery

Farm tracks and roads

Machinery production and maintenance

Farm tracks and roads

Environmental interventions

Environmental interventions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.486

LCI Format

LCI Format

LCI Format

LCI Format

LCI Format

LCI Format


Process Data

Process Data

Process Data

Process Data

Process Data

Process Data

Process Data

Conceptual Format


Energy inputs and outputs

Feedstock energy

Process energy

Emissions to air

Emissions to water

Emissions to land

Fugitive emissions

Biochemical oxygen demand


ISO 14041

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

emissions to air

carbon dioxide

carbon monoxide

sulfur oxides

nitrogen oxides

unit process

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


emissions to air

emissions to water

emissions to soil

radiation

noise

heat

light

accidents

ecosystem fragmentation

uptake by forests and crops

conceptual format

technical format


Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Energy resource extraction

Energy resource use

Heat values

ETH database on energy transformation processes


Quantification of the inputs and outputs

Input and output categories

Inputs

Inputs

Inputs

Inputs

Inputs

Outputs

Outputs

Outputs

Outputs

Outputs

Environmental inputs

Environmental inputs

Environmental inputs

Environmental inputs

Environmental outputs

Environmental outputs

Environmental outputs

Environmental outputs

Environmental outputs

Environmental outputs

Environmental outputs

Environmental outputs


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.506

Functional Unit

Allocation

Allocation

Allocation

System Boundaries

Product System


Allocation

Allocation

Multifunctionality

Inventory Modeling

System Boundaries


Process multifunctionality

Input-output coefficients

Steady-state inventory models

Linear relationships


allocation procedure

allocation procedure

cadmium production from zinc ore

cadmium production from phosphate ore

comparative LCAs

allocation step


allocation problem

multifunctionality problem

allocation problem

allocation problem

multifunctionality problem

physical causality

allocation


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Allocation

Multifunctionality

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


ISO 14041

Heijungs et al., 1992

multifunctionality

LCA modeling

allocation

Appendix C

Appendix C


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.507

Multifunctional Process

Environmental Interventions

Allocation Procedures

Allocation Procedures

100% Rule

Materials and Energy Flows


ISO 14041

allocation

Step 2: physical relationships partitioning

allocation

system expansion


system expansion

system expansion

multifunctional processes

functional unit


product substitution

allocation based on economic relationships

system expansion


system expansion

allocation based on economic relationships

system expansion

system expansion

requires alternative systems to be known

system expansion

requires well-documented assumptions about replaced output


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.508

System Expansion

System Expansion

Subtraction

Substitution

Monofunctional Systems


Division of multifunctional processes

System expansion

Division of multifunctional processes

System expansion

System expansion

ISO procedure


Allocation

Division into monofunctional subprocesses

System expansion

Functional unit definition

System boundary definition

Sensitivity analysis

Allocation procedure


System expansion

System expansion

System expansion

System expansion

Functional unit expansion

System expansion


system expansion

system expansion

cradle-to-gate LCA

allocation procedure


Market mechanisms

Expansion

Subtraction

expanded system

subtracted system


System Expansion

Substitution

Function Subtraction

Waste Management Process

System Expansion

Function Subtraction


cradle-to-gate LCA

Allocation based on physical relationships

waste management model

partitioning on the basis of economic value

Market mechanisms


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.509

System expansion

economic substitution mechanisms

market mechanisms

economic mechanisms

inventory modeling


allocation

multifunctionality problem

open-loop recycling


allocation problem

avoiding allocation

system expansion

allocation reflecting physical relationships

allocation reflecting other relationships

multifunctionality problem

functional unit


system expansion

substitution method

soap production

avoided burden method

chlorine production


social causality

multifunctionality

system boundary definition

waste management system

waste management system


Multifunctionality

System expansion

Process

Allocation

Social causality


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.510

Partitioning

Inventory Modeling

Allocation

Allocation

LCA Modeling


Open-loop recycling

Primary production

Upgrading processes

Final waste processing

Landfill

Co-production

Combined waste processing

Open-loop recycling

Allocation rules


multifunctionality

allocation

partial equilibrium economic models

modeling complexity

multifunctionality


detailed LCA

sophisticated modeling and allocation methods

simplified LCA

input-output models with environmental extensions

multifunctionality problem


Exergy analysis

Exergy analysis

Exergy analysis

LCA inventory modeling

Multifunctionality

Input-Output models


LCA inventory analysis

LCA inventory analysis

LCA inventory analysis

inventory models


functional unit

unit processes

black box model with constant linear input-output coefficients

LCA inventory modeling

product system alternatives


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.511

Process Models

Process Models

Technological Models

Multifunctionality Problem

Process Models


LCA inventory modeling

LCA inventory modeling

LCA inventory modeling

Systems engineering models

technical relations


functional unit

joint process

allocation problem

LCA


short-term marginal systems analysis

long-term marginal systems analysis

marginal changes in installed capacities

long-term marginal analysis

specifies changes in average functioning

allocation

ISO 14041


waste processing

waste processing

waste management systems

mixed waste treatment

economic allocation


economic allocation

physical causality

allocation procedure

product-related flows

process-related flows

product-related emissions

process-related emissions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.512

product-related emissions

process-related emissions

waste products

waste processing

waste processing

100% rule


allocation

physical relationships

physical relationships

input and output coefficients

technical coefficients

process outputs


product-related emissions

process-related emissions

physical-causal analysis

LCA

PVC

waste incinerator


PVC

Kitchen Wastes

Chlorine-containing Wastes

Dioxins Emissions

Marginal Contribution Analysis

Process Modeling


multifunctionality problem

capacity adjustment

long-term perspective

functional unit

combined processes


mining industry

process operators

operations research

short-term technological relationships


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.513

multifunctionality problem

short-term optimisation models

short-term optimisation models

optimisation model


allocation

Life Cycle Assessment

technology-specific multi-actor models


optimisation models

multi-actor model

long-term models

LCA

aggregated processes


co-products

joint processes

LCA

functional unit


multifunctionality problem

physical relationships

process operators aims


marginal process choice

electrical power production

hydropower

state-of-the-art processes

chlorine-free polycarbonate production

fast-breeder nuclear power generation


marginal process

hydroelectric power plant

state-of-the-art processes

modern processes

modern processes


sustainable emission level

social goal function

social goal function

social goal function

systems level optimisation


marginal process

current state-of-the-art process

state-of-the-art process

state-of-the-art process

allocation problem


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.514

System expansion

System expansion

Market relations

Market relations

Avoided burden method

System expansion


economic allocation

economic allocation

allocation factors

allocation factors

multifunctional effect

allocation


Substitution method

Market relations in LCA inventory modeling

Elasticity handling

Substitution method

Value-corrected substitution method

Value-corrected substitution method


substitution

substitution

unrealistic assumption of 100% substitution

allocation procedure

substitution

market relations


Ekvall's method

Ekvall's method

uses realistic default values for elasticities

Weidema's method

assumes one output from every multifunctional process

Weidema's method

substitution

fraction determined by ratio between secondary and primary price


Substitution procedure

Fully elastic demand


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.515

Symmetrical Substitution Method

Symmetrical Substitution Method

Allocation

Waste Processing

Allocation


Symmetrical Substitution Method

Symmetrical Substitution Method

Market Modeling

Market Relations

Market Models

Substitution Method


Applied General Equilibrium Models

Market Models

Market Models

Product Demand

Product Demand Increase

Price Rise


Weidema's method

allocation

economic allocation

Ekvall's method

market modeling


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.516

Production Functions

Production Functions

Final Demand

Market Models

Supply Functions


LCA

LCA

market modeling

economic and environmental analysis


LCA model

market model

substitution

market mechanisms


Applied General Equilibrium models

inventory models

market mechanisms


rail transport capacity expansion

air transport capacity increase

LCA

rail transport capacity expansion

rail transport capacity expansion


Life Cycle Assessment

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Life Cycle Assessment


market-based analysis

partial economic modeling

non-market inventory modeling


MARKAL model

MARKAL model

MARKAL model

MARKAL model

MARKAL model

MARKAL model


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.517

Symmetrical substitution method

Ekvall approach

Market modeling

Allocation


Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Life Cycle Assessment


industrial ecology

market mechanisms

market modeling

allocation


economic allocation at the systems level

market prices

target function


allocation at the process level

economic allocation at the systems level

ISO 14041

allocation based on mass or energy


physical relationships

allocation

allocation

multifunctionality

allocation procedures

allocation procedures


partial economic modeling

dynamic substitution

dynamic substitution

functional unit

energy analysis

energy analysis

energy analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.518

emissions

process-related emissions

process-related emissions

causal modeling

marginal modeling


multifunctionality problem

short-term analysis

optimisation methods

social cost assessment methods

allocation procedure


process-related emissions

allocation

causal mechanisms

long-term mechanisms

short-term optimisation modeling

combined processes


substitution

allocation

social cost assessment methods

optimisation models

market relations


allocation

sensitivity analysis

modeling

ISO options

ISO options

allocation based on physical causalities


Economic Value Allocation

Economic Value Allocation

Market Price Adjustment

Market Price Adjustment

Life Cycle Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.519

Allocation based on economic value

Engineering models

Engineering models

Process selection

Marginal processes


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

inventory modeling

inventory modeling

technical relations

process operators' aims

market relations


waste treatment processes

waste processing

functional unit


market modeling

MATTER/MARKAL models

allocation

substitution processes

inventory modeling

combined production process


waste processing

economic considerations

allocation problem

process operators' aims

waste management


Inventory Modeling

Allocation

Multifunctionality Problem

LCA-type Decision Situations

Market Relations


Allocation

Multifunctional unit processes

Monofunctional processes

Allocation

Reasonableness


allocation

allocation

inventory modeling

allocation procedure

100% rule

sum of allocated product flows equals total unallocated process flows


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.520

combined production

co-production

combined waste handling

recycling

multifunctional processes

Inventory modeling and allocation principles


Allocation

Joint Production

Combined Production

Recycling

Reuse

Waste Processing

Waste Processing

Allocation


Inventory modeling

allocation principles

fixed input-output coefficient process definitions

multifunctional core processes

system boundaries

environmental interventions

ISO 1a


Substitution Method

Substitution Method

Economic Allocation

Economic Allocation

Partitioning of Non-Product Inputs and Outputs by Product Share


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.521

Inventory modeling

Inventory modeling

allocation

simplified analysis

Life Cycle Assessment

Inventory analysis


Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis

Market Mechanisms

Market Mechanisms

System Modeling

Allocation

Allocation

Allocation

Economic Allocation

Economic Allocation

Substitution Method

Substitution Method


ISO 14040

ISO 14041

economic allocation

symmetrical substitution method

detailed version inventory

waste processing

monofunctional unit processes


mass

volume

energy content

inventory modeling and allocation

system expansion

linear programming model

symmetrical substitution method

recycling


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.522

Life Cycle Assessment

inventory modeling

inventory modeling

systems modeling

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Cost Benefit Analysis

system boundaries

substitution


sequential method

quantification of the environmental interventions

matrix method

matrix method

data validation

data collection


Economic allocation

Economic allocation

Single-database approach

Environmentally extended input-output data

Open-loop co-production

Quality adjustment

Waste management models

Substitution method

Substitution method

Mass

Energy content


Calculation method

Calculation method

Calculation method

ISO 14041

Calculation procedures

Calculation procedures

Calculation procedures

Calculation procedures

Calculation procedures


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.523

ISO 14041 clause 6.4.4

ISO 14041 clause 6.4.4

Unit Processes

System Inputs and Outputs

Data Aggregation

Data Aggregation


Interpretation phase

Contribution analysis

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

matrix inversion

linear programming


goal-and-scope-definition phase

aggregation rules

ISO 14041

elementary flows

production mix

combustion efficiency

conversion efficiency

transmission and distribution

combustible material

heat of combustion

higher heating value


Interpretation

inventory table

inventory table

environmental interventions

goal and scope


matrix inversion techniques

sequential calculation methods

coal

electricity

electricity production

coal extraction


LCA software

scaling of data

Sequential calculation techniques

LCA software programs


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.525

LCIA

Category indicators

LCIA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.524

matrix inversion

matrix inversion

LCA software

data scaling


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Depletion of Abiotic Resources

Climate Change

Acidification

Characterisation Models


LCIA

Category Indicator

Infrared Radiative Forcing

Category Indicator

LCIA

LCIA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.526

ISO 14042

WIA-1

Impact assessment


Impact Assessment

Selection of impact categories

Selection of characterisation methods

Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Grouping

Weighting

Impact Assessment


ISO

SETAC

SETAC-Europe Working Group on Impact assessment

SETAC-US Work Group on Impact assessment


ISO 14042

SETAC-Europe Working Group on Impact Assessment

SETAC North America Work Group on Impact Assessment


Towards a methodology for Life Cycle Impact assessment

WIA-2

WIA-2

LCIA


ISO/TC 207

ISO/TC 207/SC 5

ISO/TC 207/SC 5/WG 4

ISO/TC 207/SC 5/WG 4

ISO 14042


LCIA framework

LCIA framework

LCIA framework

North American report

WIA

SETAC Part 3


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.527

North America Work Group

SETAC

SETAC

best available practice in life cycle impact assessment

WIA-2

impact categories

impact categories


ISO 14042

Life Cycle Inventory Results

Impact Categories

Category Indicators

Environmental Mechanism

Environmental Mechanism

Environmental Mechanism


environmental process

environmental mechanism

characterisation model

environmental intervention

environmental process


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.528

ISO 14042

category indicator

Impact Category

category indicator

LCI results

characterisation model

characterisation factors


impact categories

category indicators

LCIA models

impact categories

comprehensive set of environmental issues

LCI results

characterisation factors

characterisation model


Impact Categories

Indicators

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Factors

Characterisation Factors


Fate and Transport

Mass Flow

Energy Flow

Land Use

Land Use


Land Use

Category Indicator

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.529

ISO 14042

LCIA phase

WIA–2

SETAC


Impact Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment


Impact Category

Based on international agreement or approved by international body

Impact Category

Represents aggregated emissions or resource use

Impact Category

Category Indicator

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Based on distinct identifiable environmental mechanism

Characterisation Model

Based on reproducible empirical observation

Impact Category

Value-choices and assumptions


ISO 14042

Baseline Impact Categories

Study-specific Impact Categories

Other Impact Categories

Impact Category Selection


ISO 14042

LCIA Methodologies and Models

WIA-2

Impact Categories

Impact Categories

WIA-2


ISO 14042

Impact Category Framework

Impact Categories

Impact Categories

Impact Categories


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.530

Characterisation

Grouping

Weighting

Ecopoints method

Ecopoints method

Midpoint approach


Impact Categories

Impact Categories

Impact Categories

approved by competent international body

Selected Impact Categories

Selected Impact Categories

ISO

Description and Documentation of Categories


endpoint approach

Eco-indicator 99

midpoint approach


Midpoint level

Category indicator

Environmental relevance

Category indicator

Category indicator

Category indicator


Midpoint Approach

Endpoint Approach

Area of Protection

Area of Protection

Area of Protection

Area of Protection

EPS

ExternE

Eco-Indicator 99


Category Indicator

Category Indicator

Characterisation Model

Category Indicator

Category Indicator

Endpoint Level Category Indicators


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.531

Problem-oriented approach

Problem-oriented approach

Eco-indicator approach

Eco-indicator approach

Eco-indicator 95

Eco-indicator 95

Eco-indicator approach


Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator method

Impact assessment


environmental themes

Impact assessment methods

characterisation factor

indicator results

environmental profile

normalisation

problem-oriented approach


Eco-indicator

Eco-indicator

scientific calculation

valuation procedure

scientific calculation

product life cycle


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.532

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

damage to health

Disability-Adjusted Life Years

Hierarchist

Egalitarian

Individualist

Years Lived Disabled

Years of Life Lost


DALY

Years Lived Disabled

Years of Life Lost

Problem-oriented approach

Eco-indicator approach

Problem-oriented approach

Problem-oriented approach


Eco-indicator method

Eco-indicator method

Eco-indicator method

Problem-oriented approach

Problem-oriented approach

Global Warming Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential


Global Warming Potential

problem-oriented approach

problem-oriented approach

problem-oriented approach

problem-oriented approach

category indicators

defined at midpoints along the environmental mechanism

category indicators


endpoint level category indicators

midpoints

problem-oriented approach

Eco-indicator 99


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.533

Problem-oriented approach

Eco-indicator 99

Problem-oriented approach

Impact categories


Eco-indicator 99

problem-oriented approach

WIA-2 Working Group on Impact assessment

Baseline impact categories


Midpoint Approach

Endpoint Approach

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

ExternE

Environmental Priority Strategies


freshwater sediment ecotoxicity

marine sediment ecotoxicity

Other impact categories

Other impact categories


characterisation method

category indicator

characterisation model

characterisation factors


Depletion of Abiotic Resources

Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity

Marine Ecotoxicity

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Group A Impact Categories

Group A Impact Categories

Group A Impact Categories

Group A Impact Categories

Study-specific Impact Categories


Desiccation

Desiccation

Interventions for which characterisation factors are lacking

Economic flows not followed to system boundary

Environmental themes

Impact categories


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.534

Depletion of biotic resources

Desiccation

Odour malodourous water

EDIP method

Table 4.2.2


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.536

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA results


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.535


energy consumed

unit processes

energy resources


Depletion of abiotic resources

Impacts of land use

land competition

Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Human toxicity

Ecotoxicity

freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity

marine aquatic ecotoxicity

terrestrial ecotoxicity

Photo-oxidant formation

Acidification

Eutrophication

loss of life support functions

loss of biodiversity

Impacts of land use

freshwater sediment ecotoxicity

marine sediment ecotoxicity

Impacts of ionising radiation

Odour

Noise

Waste heat


ISO 14042

ISO 14042

Does not specify methodology for grouping impact categories

Impact Category Grouping

Value-choices and judgements are responsibility of study commissioner


ISO 14040

third party report

impact categories

category indicators

characterisation models

normalisation

grouping

weighting

sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis


Impact Assessment

LCIA procedures

LCIA results

LCIA results

Impact categories

Characterisation models

Characterisation factors

Normalisation

Weighting


Goal definition and Scoping

impact category

inputs and outputs

quantitative information

qualitative approach


LCIA phase

Impact assessment

Impact categories


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.537

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment


Classification

Red-flag Classification

Red-flag Classification

LCA Report

Results Reproducibility

Methodological Choices


category indicators

category indicators

category indicators

grouping

normalisation

grouping

ISO 14042


Characterisation

Characterisation

Normalisation


Classification

Characterisation

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Classification

Impact categories


problem-oriented approach

problem-oriented approach

Eco-indicator 99

impact categories


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

problem-oriented approach


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.538

Characterisation Method

Category Indicator

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Factors


ISO standards

SETAC WIA–1

baseline characterisation methods


Guide

Table 4.3.1

baseline method


Group A: Baseline impact categories

baseline characterisation method to be selected

Group A: Baseline impact categories

to be included in almost all LCA studies

Group B: Study-specific impact categories

to be included if appropriate to the topic of study

baseline and/or alternative characterisation methods available

Group C: Other impact categories

no baseline characterisation method available

characterisation models

characterisation factors

category indicator


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.540

Characterisation Factors

Independence from Environmental Intervention Magnitude

Baseline Category Indicators

Characterisation

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Functional Unit


Location-dependent characterisation

Location-dependent characterisation

LCA

Sensitive areas

emission location


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.12

baseline characterisation method

baseline characterisation method

category indicator

category indicator


Category Indicators

Environmental Interventions

Category Endpoints

Characterisation Factors

Fate and Effects Modeling

Exposure and Intake Modeling

Effects Modeling


EDIP programme

site factor

location-dependent characterisation factors

Potting et al. (1998)

Potting et al. (1998)

Huijbregts (1999b)

Huijbregts (1999b)


Category Indicators

Category Indicators

Category Indicators

LCIA Models

LCIA Models

LCIA Models

Baseline Category Indicators

Baseline Method

Operational for multiple environmental interventions


Potting et al. (1998)

Huijbregts (1999b)

location-dependent approach

Location-dependent characterisation

location-dependent factors


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.541

endpoint indicators

greater uncertainties in results than midpoint indicators

endpoint indicators

midpoint indicators


Noise

Smog

temporal differentiation

characterisation factors

cradle-to-grave analysis

impact assessment


Impact Category

Impact Category

Noise

Smog

Category Indicator

Category Indicator


SETAC-Europe Working Group on life cycle Impact assessment

baseline characterisation method


Proportional Approach

Marginal Approach

Toxicity

Acidification

Characterisation Models

Characterisation Factors

Characterisation Factors


baseline characterisation method

alternative characterisation methods

additional characterisation methods

variant characterisation methods


human toxicological impacts

ecotoxicological impacts

category indicators

damage approach

marginal category indicators

proportional category indicators


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.542

Abiotic Resource Depletion

wide variety of characterisation methods

Abiotic resources

Abiotic resources

Abiotic Resource Depletion

Abiotic Resource Depletion

Abiotic Resource Depletion


category indicators

human health

ecosystem health

toxicological impacts

smog

proportional modeling

marginal modeling

fate