Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion

Resource extraction to recoverable reserves ratio

Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.542


Abiotic depletion

Abiotic depletion

Abiotic resources

Depleted resources

Competitively used resources


Abiotic Resource Depletion

Abiotic Resource Depletion

Aggregation of natural resource extractions on a mass basis

Abiotic Resource Depletion

Aggregation and assessment based on ultimate reserves

quantity of resource ultimately available


Abiotic Resource Depletion

Abiotic Resource Depletion

Abiotic Resource Depletion

Abiotic Resources

Abiotic Resources

Abiotic Resources

Deposits

Deposits

Funds

Funds

Flows

Flows


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.543

Characterisation

Normalisation

Resource Depletion

Fraction of known per capita economic reserves in 1990

Abiotic Depletion


Exergy

Exergy Content

Exergy Consumed

Ore Extraction

Lower-grade Deposits Mining

Resource Extraction Process

Exergy-based Assessment Method

Exergy-based Assessment Method


abiotic depletion

abiotic depletion

decreasing reserves of useful energy/exergy

abiotic depletion

contribution of current extraction processes to other impact categories

resource extraction


Eco-indicator 95

Eco-indicator 99

Abiotic resource depletion characterisation method

Eco-indicator 99

Metal ore extraction

Energy resources


Heijungs et al. (1992)

Guinée & Heijungs (1995)

resource extraction rates relative to reserves

Ekvall et al. (1997)

Goedkoop (1995)

Hauschild & Wenzel (1998)

Pedersen (1991)

Steen (1995)

Finnveden (1996b)

Ayres et al. (1996)

Ayres (1998)


characterisation phase

abiotic resources

aggregation

weighting

normalisation


extraction processes

environmental impact

environmental impact

environmental impact

material recovery from scrap

lower-grade ore extraction


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.544

Goal and Scope

Inventory Analysis

Abiotic Depletion

Inventory Analysis

environmental impacts


Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential

ultimate reserves

Abiotic Depletion Potential

Inventory analysis

Abiotic Depletion Potential for resources


Resource Depletion Assessment

Resource Extraction

Ultimate Reserves

Extraction Rate

Economic Reserves

Reserves in Primary Media


Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential

resources

Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential

resources

fossil energy


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.545

sensitivity analysis


Abiotic Resource Depletion

Abiotic Resource Depletion

Resource Depletion


energy resources

fossil energy consumption

fossil fuels

biofuels

solar energy

wind energy

nuclear resources


Abiotic Depletion Potential

Guinée & Heijungs method

ultimate reserves

extraction rates


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.546

Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential

cannot aggregate flows with deposits and funds

flows

deposits

chemical elements

minerals


Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential

extended Life Cycle Assessment


Abiotic Depletion Potential

characterisation factor based on extraction rates and economic reserves

Abiotic Depletion Potential

characterisation factor based on ultimate or economic reserves

Abiotic Depletion Potential

exergy content factors

extended Life Cycle Assessment

Abiotic Depletion Potential for minerals

Abiotic Depletion Potential

calculated for mineral compositions rather than chemical elements


Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential

Abiotic Depletion Potential


competitive use of flows

Methods based on reserves

Methods based on total availability of reserves

Methods based on changes in future environmental impact

Biotic resources


Depletion of biotic resources

Biotic resources

Depletion of biotic resources

areas of protection: natural resources, human health, natural and man-made environment

Biotic Depletion Factor

deaccumulation rate

deaccumulation rate


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.547

Biotic Depletion

Forest Stewardship Council Certificate

Marine Stewardship Certificate

Sustainability Assessment

Sustainability Assessment


Biodiversity impacts

Species extinction risk by harvesting

Species extinction risk by ecosystem disruption

Life support functions decrease

Ecosystem disruption

Biomass extraction


Resource Depletion

Resource Depletion

Resource Depletion

Resource Depletion

Aggregation Based on Reserves and Deaccumulation Rates

Resource Depletion

Production Rates Divided by Regeneration Rates

Resource Depletion

Resource Depletion


Heijungs et al. (1992)

Sas et al. (1997)

Loss of biodiversity and life support functions

Sas et al. (1997)

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

Sas et al. (1997)

reserves


Biotic Depletion

Biotic Depletion

Environmental impacts of resource extraction processes

Method group 2

Method groups 1 and 3

Method groups 1 and 3

Method groups 1 and 3

Land Use


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.548

Assessment based on reserves and/or current deaccumulation rates

deaccumulation rate

biotic resources


Biotic Depletion Potential

Biotic Depletion Potential

Biotic Depletion Potential

Guinée & Heijungs method

Sas et al. method


Biotic Resource Depletion

Guinée (1995) method

Sas et al. (1997) method

Sas et al. (1997) method

Guinée (1995) method


Biotic Depletion

Characterisation Factors

Category Indicator

Category Indicator


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.549

Impacts of land use

Impacts of land use

land occupation

land transformation

Impacts of land use

Impacts of land use

Impacts of land use


Land Occupation

Land Transformation

Competition

Depletion


Land use

Land use

Land use

Transformation

Transformation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.550

Land Transformation

Land Transformation

Land Transformation

Flora

Fauna

Soil

Net Transformation Impact

Difference Between Initial and Final Land Quality


SETAC WIA-2

Land Use

Land Use

Land Use


Occupation impact

Occupation impact

Land use interventions

Land use interventions

Transformation

Occupation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.551

time

areaxtime

areaxtime

change of state

transformation

occupation

unit process

unit process

state


land use

natural forest

silvicultural plantation

pasture

arable land

roadway

built-up area

transformation impact

occupation impact

occupation impact


Land Transformation

Land Occupation

Land Transformation


transformation impact

occupation impact

transformation impact

occupation impact

data availability

data uncertainty


Land Occupation Impact

Land Occupation Impact

Land Occupation Impact

Land Transformation Impact

Land Occupation Impact

Recovery Potential

Land Use Impact Modeling


Transformation Impact

permanent or irreversible changes in land quality

Transformation Impact

Occupation Impact

Occupation Impact

Occupation Impact

Occupation


Land Use Change

Land Type

Agricultural Land


Land Occupation

Land Transformation

Land Transformation

Road Traffic

Silviculture

Agriculture


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.552

Land Use Impact Assessment

Use Phase

Land Transformation

Environmental Impact Assessment


transportation capacity

Life Cycle Assessment


Land Transformation

Road Construction

Forest Conversion

Land Transformation

Land Occupation

Mining

Transportation Capacity


Land Transformation

Land Occupation

Land Occupation

Land Transformation


ETH database

ETH database

metals extraction

land transformation

resource extractions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.553

occupation impact

organic agriculture

afforestation

afforestation


Land Occupation

Land Transformation

Land Occupation

Land Occupation

Abiotic Resources


Land Occupation

Land Occupation

Land Occupation

Albedo Effect

Evaporation Rates


land occupation

land transformation

land transformation

natural environment


Land Transformation

Land Transformation

Land Transformation

Biodiversity

Life Support Functions

Habitat Destruction

Habitat Destruction


net transformation

occupation

occupation

net transformation


Land Competition

Land Competition

Land Competition

Land Competition


Net Transformation

Net Transformation

Rehabilitation

Land-Occupying Activities


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.555

Impact Assessment

state scale

quality scale


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.554

Inventory Analysis

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Pesticides

Crops


Land transformation

Depletion

Land competition

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of life support functions

Biodiversity

Life support functions


Land Occupation

Land Transformation

Environmental Interventions

Unit Processes


Land occupation

Net transformations

Land occupation impacts

Land use


competition

loss of life support functions

loss of biodiversity

land


occupation

transformation

transformation

occupation

occupation

SET AC framework


occupation type of intervention

SETAC framework

SETAC framework

recovery potential

characterisation factors

interventions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.556

occupation

transformation

depletion

depletion

land use related intervention types

characterisation factors


occupation

transformation

transformation

competition

loss of life support functions

loss of biodiversity


Toxicity

Acidification

Land use impacts

Fate modeling

Chemical emissions pathway

ISO standards


Land use

Land use

SETAC framework

Human activity

Crop cultivation


land occupation

land transformation

change-oriented LCA

land use

transformation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.557

Land competition

Land competition

Land competition

Land use

Occupation of land


Land Resource

Total area of land potentially available to man

Land Resource

Total area of land currently used by man

Land Resource


Functional Unit

Land Occupation

Land Transformation

Unit Process

Environmental Interventions

Environmental Interventions

Competition

Loss of Life Support Functions

Loss of Biodiversity


Hemerobie-stufen

Land use qualities

Ecosystem types I, II, III

Ecosystem types IV, V

Transformation indicators

Occupation indicators

Biodiversity loss indicators

Life support functions indicators


land competition

land competition

land competition

land competition

land competition

quality reduction relationships


Transformation

Transformation

Land Use

Land Use

Land Use

Natural Systems

Modified Systems

Cultivated Systems

Built Systems

Degraded Systems

Five Types of Ecosystems


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.558

land use

baseline characterisation method for land competition


Composite notation A×t

Area A

Time t


characterisation method

baseline alternative additional variant characterisation model

unweighted aggregation

land occupation

competitive use of flows


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.559

Land Use

Land Use

Harvesting of Biotic Resources

Harvesting of Biotic Resources

Loss of Biodiversity

Loss of Life Support Functions


Ecosystem classes

Ecosystem classes

Biodiversity and life support function indicators

weighting methods

monetary weighting method


Abiotic Depletion

Abiotic Depletion

Loss of Biodiversity

Land Competition

Land Competition


Net Primary Production

Biodiversity and life support function indicators

free Net Primary Production

species density

biodiversity indicator

impacts on the region surrounding the assessed area

characterisation factors

quality of an area before, during and after an intervention

characterisation factors

ecosystem and human life support functions

biotic resources


Land Use

Characterisation Factors

Land Use

Land Use

Forestry Sector

Land Use Indicators


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.560

Biodiversity and Life Support Functions

Biodiversity and Life Support Functions

Biodiversity and Life Support Functions

Biodiversity and Life Support Functions


Group 3 methods

Group 2 methods

Group 2 methods

Anonymous approach

Anonymous approach


Loss of Biodiversity and Life Support Functions

Group 1 Methods

Group 1 Methods

Species Density

NPP

Group 3 Methods


Sas et al.

Lindeijer et al.

Köllner

plant species density

Net Primary Production

Eco-Indicator 99

Eco-Indicator 99

land use methods


Biodiversity

Biodiversity

Biodiversity

Loss of Species

Loss of Ecosystem Types

Reduction of Species Density


free Net Primary Production

free Net Primary Production

total NPP minus agricultural or silvicultural product removal

agriculture

silviculture

agriculture

silviculture


loss of biodiversity

life support functions

Net Primary Production

net increase in dry weight of plant matter

high biomass production

high biomass production

agriculture

silviculture


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.561

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

ecosystem occupation

net ecosystem transformation


Lindeijer et al.

Lindeijer et al.

Sas et al.

Sas et al.

Köllner

Köllner

plant species density

Net Primary Production

Net Primary Production

free Net Primary Production


Land Use Impact Assessment

Characterisation Factors

SPEP

Lindeijer et al.

Sas et al.

Köllner


Net Primary Production

species density

area-species relationship

land change assessment method

biodiversity mapping data


Land Change Assessment Method

Land Change Assessment Method

Land Change Assessment Method


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.562

transformation

occupation

plant species density

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

SETAC WIA-2


occupation method

transformation method

plant species density

plant species density

occupancy impact


ecosystem occupation

ecosystem transformation

ecosystem transformation

ecosystem occupation

tropical forest

boreal forest

intensive agricultural land

natural ecosystem


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.563

species density

loss of biodiversity


Biodiversity

reference situation

physiotope

ecosystem

maximum biodiversity of the region

maximum biodiversity in recent history


biodiversity

land use change

characterisation factors

characterisation factors

characterisation factors


Land Use

Characterisation Factors

Reference Situations

Maps and Tables

Seven Types of Land Use


Land Occupation

Land Occupation

Land Transformation

Lindeijer Method

Lindeijer Method


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.564

Sas et al. method

Sas et al. method

Sas et al. method

Net Primary Production

recovery time to original biodiversity or biomass

Net Primary Production

initial species diversity for a fixed area

commercial forestry

silviculture


fNPP

NPP

recovery time

Köllner method

Köllner method

Köllner method

Köllner method

SPEP


SPEP

SPEP

SPEP

SPEP


Species-Pool Effect Potential

SPEP

land use type

SPEP

local occupation

characterisation factor


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.565

SPEP

land use transformation

species richness

SPEP


Regional effect factor

Regional effect factor

Land use intensity

Arrhenius formula

Arrhenius formula

Arrhenius formula


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.566

Species-pool Effect Potential

LI

proportion of low-intensity land use in the region

high-intensity land use

high-intensity land use in surrounding region


Köllner's method

Köllner's method

Köllner's method

SETAC-WIA

SETAC-WIA

Köllner's method

marginal nature of impacts on biodiversity

land use type


Land Occupation Impact

Land Transformation Impact

Land Use Activity

Land Occupation

Species Pool Effect

Species Pool Effect


Köllner's method

Köllner's method

SETAC WIA-2


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.567

Regionalisation

Regionalisation

category indicators

land use transformations

natural variability


Land use transformation

local effect factor

Species-Pool Effect Potential

local effect factor

regional effect factor

Land use occupation

Land use transformation

natural forests transformation


Köllner's method

Lindeijer et al. method

Sas method

Lindeijer et al. method

Lindeijer et al. method


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.568

ETH database

transformation data

SETAC WIA-2

plant density change


IVAM ER database

land occupation data

land occupation data

land use types

IVAM ER database


land use

mining

agriculture

silviculture

Lindeijer et al. method

IVAM ER database


plant species density

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

plant species density

plant species density


plant density change

spatial differentiation

spatial differentiation

land use

reference state

initial area quality


free Net Primary Production

organic matter content

physical properties

soil properties

biodiversity


Lindeijer et al. (1998)

transformation assessment

land use

land use

characterisation factors


land use

land use

characterisation model

interaction between local area and region

occupation

transformation


plant species density

free Net Primary Production

land occupation

land transformation

land occupation

land transformation

Lindeijer et al. (1998)


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.569

Plant Species Richness

Vertebrate Richness

Species Richness

Land Occupation

Land Use


landscape degeneration

desiccation

loss of biodiversity

loss of life support functions

desiccation

desiccation

Vascular plant species richness


Lindeijer et al. (1998)

Lindeijer et al. (1998)

plant species density

fNPP

Köllner's method

SETAC-WIA framework


Land use transformation

Land use occupation

Endpoint impacts

Regionalisation

Regionalisation

Land use intervention data

Land use types


landscape degradation

landscape diversity


Species richness

Biodiversity changes

Biomass indicator

Soil quality

Functional approach

Biodiversity

Irreversibility of transformations


biodiversity

biodiversity

forestry

agriculture

landscape degradation

landscape degradation

landscape degradation

land use


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.570

loss of biodiversity

Lindeijer method

Köllner method

SETAC conceptual scheme

land use impacts


Loss of life support functions

Land use

Land use

occupation impacts

transformation impacts

agricultural management systems

silvicultural management systems


Desiccation

Desiccation

Desiccation

Desiccation

Desiccation

Desiccation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.571

Water use

Desiccation

Desiccation

Desiccation


occupation

transformation

transformation

land use changes

regionalised data

reference state indicators

area of land use

desiccation

intersection


Climate change

Climate change

Climate change

Climate change

human emissions

greenhouse effect


human health

natural environment

man-made environment

Global Warming Potential

greenhouse gas emissions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.572

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Characterisation

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Global Warming Potential


Global Warming Potential

radiative forcing per unit concentration increase

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

greenhouse gas concentration


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

ozone-depleting gases

ozone-depleting gases

stratospheric ozone loss

Global Warming Potential


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

greenhouse gas emissions

Global Warming Potential

background atmospheric concentration dependency

methane

carbon monoxide

nitrogen oxides


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.573

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

GWP for 100 years

net GWPs for ozone-depleting gases

GWP for 500 years

growing uncertainties with increasing time span


Global Warming Potential

Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone

CFCs

Halons

Impact Assessment Modeling

Impact Assessment Modeling


Climate Change

Baseline Characterisation Method

Baseline Characterisation Method


Global Warming Potential

radiative forcing

climate change

climate change

climate change

Global Warming Potential


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.574

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

stratospheric ozone depletion


Stratospheric ozone depletion

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Stratospheric ozone depletion

anthropogenic emissions

Ozone Depletion Potential


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

ozone-depleting gases

net GWP


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

sensitivity analyses

Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

ozone-depleting gases


Ozone Depletion Potential

steady-state ODP

time-dependent ODP

EDIP methodology


Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Global Warming Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

steady-state Ozone Depletion Potential


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.5

stratospheric ozone depletion

baseline characterisation method

ODP


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Ozone Depletion Potentials

EU Ecolabeling Programme

Ozone-Depleting Chemicals


Ozone Depletion Potential

Impact assessment modeling

Impact assessment modeling

ozone-depleting emissions


Ozone Depletion Potential

time-dependent ODPs

Ozone Depletion Potential

World Meteorological Organisation


Ozone Depletion Potential

extended LCAs


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.576

Human toxicity

impacts on human health from toxic substances

Human toxicity

workplace impacts


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion


Human Toxicity Potential

HTP formula

Human Toxicity Potential


human toxicity

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.577

Fate

Fate

Transfer

Exposure/intake

Exposure/intake

Exposure/intake

Effect

Fate

Transfer

air

water

soil


Compartment

Subcompartment

Exposure Route

Toxicity Assessment


Fate Factor

Transfer Factor

Intake Factor

Effect Factor

Fate Factor

Transfer Factor

Intake Factor

Human Toxicity Potential


Steady-state models

Steady-state models

Dynamic models

Lagrangian models

Gaussian models

Homogenous box-models

Space-integration


air

soil

freshwater

marine waters

sediment

rainfall

degradation

sedimentation

immobilisation

drinking water

crops

meat

milk

fish

bioconcentration

biomagnification

soil route


EC50

concentration at which 50% of target organisms shows an effect

NOEC

ADI

TDI

PNEC

MTC

NOAEL


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.578

Acceptable Daily Intake

Acceptable Daily Intake

human toxicity

characterisation factors

characterisation factors

characterisation factors


Human toxicological impact

Heijungs et al. (1992)

characterisation factors for emissions to air

Heijungs et al. (1992)

characterisation factors for emissions to water

Heijungs et al. (1992)

characterisation factors for emissions to soil

Acceptable Daily Intake


Human Toxicological Impact

Human Toxicological Impact

LCA models

Hauschild & Wenzel method

Hauschild & Wenzel method

Guinée et al. method

Guinée et al. method

Jolliet & Crettaz method

Jolliet & Crettaz method


Fate

Fate

Degradation


Human Toxicity

Degradation

Intermedia Transport

Organic substances

Degradation

Toxic substances

Human Toxicity


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.579

Human Toxicity Potential

characterisation factor

characterisation factor

Human Toxicity Potential

air

water

soil


Human Toxicity Potential

emission compartments

emission compartments

emission compartments

intermedia transport factor

biodegradability factor

transfer factor

transfer factor


Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

intake factor

effect factor

Equivalency Factor


Characterisation Factor

Indicator Results

Exposure Routes

Exposure Routes

Air Exposure Route

Water Exposure Route

Soil Exposure Route

Soil Exposure Route

Soil Exposure Route


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.1

Simplebox

Simplebox

Simplebox

Simplebox

Predicted Daily Intake

Predicted Daily Intake

Human Toxicity Potential


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.580

Hauschild & Wenzel (1998)

Hauschild & Wenzel (1998)

Hauschild & Wenzel (1998)

Hauschild & Wenzel (1998)

soil, plants, animals and milk exposure route

Guinée et al. (1996)

Guinée et al. (1996)

Guinée et al. (1996)

USES 1.0

Simplebox 1.0


Guinée et al. (1996)


Predicted Environmental Concentration

Predicted Environmental Concentration

Predicted Environmental Concentration

Predicted Environmental Concentration

human toxicity

human toxicity

human toxicity

human toxicity

human toxicity

human toxicity


Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Predicted Daily Intake

emission compartment

emission compartment

emission compartment

emission compartment

effect factor

1,4-dichlorobenzene


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.582

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

Hauschild & Wenzel method


USES-LCA

temperature dependence of physico-chemical properties

USES-LCA

USES-LCA

separate freshwater and seawater compartments

USES-LCA

USES-LCA

USES 1.0


USES-LCA

USES-LCA

USES-LCA

USES-LCA

USES-LCA

regional scale

continental scale

global scale


USESLCA

USES 1.0

Human Toxicity Potential

characterisation factor

Predicted Daily Intake

Acceptable Daily Intake

Human Toxicity Potential


Human Toxicity Potential

Global Warming Potential

toxicity potentials

Impact Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.583

Toxicity potentials

Global Warming Potential

Toxicity potentials

global-scale impacts

spatial horizon


Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

USES 2.0

EUSES

USES 1.0

USES 2.0


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.584

time horizon scenario analyses

heavy metals

organic chemicals

global-scale impacts

metals

volatile persistent halogenated organics


Toxicity Potentials

Global Scale

Continental Scale

Marine Aquatic Compartment

Marine Sediment Compartment

Terrestrial Compartment

Freshwater Aquatic Compartment

Freshwater Sediment Compartment

Human Toxicity


USES-LCA

USES-LCA

USES-LCA

box models

intermedia transport of metals

metals


Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

indicator result for human toxicity

substance emission

metals

USES-LCA

temporal and spatial horizon choice


Cobalt

Copper

Chromium

Manganese

Selenium

Zinc


spatially differentiated models

spatially differentiated models

slow conversion of reversibly adsorbed heavy metals

uptake by organisms

USES-LCA

beryllium


Essential Heavy Metals

Effect Factors

Effect Factors

Effect Factors


USES-LCA

Be-ions

Be-ions

incorporation into ferro-manganese nodules

USES-LCA

burial processes

steady-state concentrations


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.585

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

Hofstetter (1998) method

USES 1.0 model

Predicted Daily Intake

environmental compartments


Toxicity Equivalence Potentials

Toxicity Equivalence Potentials

CalTOX

USES-LCA

Human Toxicity Potentials

Human Toxicity Potentials

Human Toxicity Potentials

Human Toxicity Potentials


Fate factors

Disability Adjusted Life Years

Characterisation factors

damage to human health per kg substance emitted

Predicted Daily Intake

Environmental compartments

Human toxicity characterisation factors

Human toxicity characterisation factors


Guinée et al.

Huijbregts

Jolliet & Crettaz

Jolliet & Crettaz

inter-substance variation in dilution volume

Jolliet & Crettaz

empirical data for emission flow to air and ambient concentration

Guinée et al.

Huijbregts

Jolliet & Crettaz


Huijbregts (1999a) method

Huijbregts (1999a) method

Hauschild & Wenzel (1998) method

Huijbregts (1999a) method

heavy metals

Beryllium

Chromium

CalTOX

Hertwich (1999) method


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.586

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

effect factor

represents human-toxic impact of substance

effect factor

effect factor

Human Toxicity Potential

fate factor

fate factor


Impact assessment modeling

Impact assessment modeling

human toxicity


Disability Adjusted Life Years

human toxicity

assumed linearity between emissions and potential effects

human toxicity

disregard of chemical, environmental, metabolic and toxicological interactions


effect factor

human toxicity

human toxicity

human toxicity

endpoint approaches

midpoint approaches

endpoint approaches


Human Toxicity

Human Toxicity

Air Pollutants

Trace Metals

Dioxins

Radionuclide Emissions

ExternE Project


Human Toxicity

Human Toxicity

Irreversible Effects

Reversible Life-Threatening Effects

Reversible Non-Life-Threatening Effects

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.587

Human Toxicity Potential

fate-based characterisation factors

fate

chemical pollutants


Huijbregts (1999a)

Huijbregts (1999a)

USES-LCA

Hauschild & Wenzel (1998)

Jolliet & Crettaz (1997)

Huijbregts (1999a)

Hertwich (1999)


Fate

Characterisation Factor

Baseline Characterisation Method

Characterisation Factor


Huijbregts (1999a)

Huijbregts (1999a)

Huijbregts (1999a)

Hertwich (1999)

Huijbregts (1999a)

Huijbregts (1999a)

Emissions to Soil


fate

exposure/intake

effects

toxicological effects

category indicator

USES-LCA

below-threshold effects


Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

metals and volatile persistent halogenated organics


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.588

Human Toxicity Potential

extended LCA

substances


Disability Adjusted Life Years

DALY concept

DALY concept

EDIP approach

EDIP approach

characterisation factors


Huijbregts, 1999a

Huijbregts et al., 2000

Huijbregts et al., 2000

Huijbregts et al., 2000

Huijbregts et al., 2000

Hauschild & Wenzel, 1998

Guinée et al., 1996

Hertwich, 1999

Jolliet & Crettaz, 1997


Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

ecotoxicity potentials


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.589

Ecotoxicological Impact

Human Toxicological Impact

Toxic Substances

Airborne Insecticides

Intermedia Transport


Ecotoxicity Potential

contribution to ecotoxicity of unit emission

Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Potential

Fate Factor

Effect Factor

Fate Factor

Effect Factor


Heijungs et al., 1992

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

toxic emissions to water

toxic emissions to soil

Maximum Tolerable Concentrations

Maximum Tolerable Concentrations


characterisation factors for ecotoxicity

indicative until better method developed

ECA

characterisation factor for aquatic ecosystems

ECT

characterisation factor for terrestrial ecosystems


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.590

Human Toxicity

Intermedia Transport

Degradation

Characterisation Factors

Characterisation Factors


aquatic ecotoxicity

terrestrial ecotoxicity

modified EPA method

substance emitted to water

substance emitted to soil

aquatic ecotoxicity


Aquatic EcoToxicity Potential

Terrestrial EcoToxicity Potential

characterisation factors

characterisation factors

characterisation factors

intermedia transport factor


Ecotoxicity

Fate Factor

Jolliet & Crettaz (1997)

Guinée et al., 1996

Huijbregts, 1999a


acute aquatic ecotoxicity

chronic aquatic ecotoxicity

chronic terrestrial ecotoxicity

acute aquatic ecotoxicity

PNEC


Biodegradability factor

Effect factor

Effect factor

Effect factor

air

water

soil

water

soil


Hauschild & Wenzel's method

Hauschild & Wenzel's method

Hauschild & Wenzel's method

AETP

TETP

Guinée et al. (1996)

Guinée et al. (1996)

Hauschild & Wenzel's method

rudimentary modeling of degradation and intermedia transport


Aquatic EcoToxicity Potential

Predicted Environmental Concentration in water

Aquatic EcoToxicity Potential

Predicted No Effect Concentration for aquatic ecosystems

Terrestrial EcoToxicity Potential

Predicted Environmental Concentration in soil

Terrestrial EcoToxicity Potential

Predicted No Effect Concentration for terrestrial ecosystems

1,4-dichlorobenzene

Aquatic EcoToxicity Potential

Terrestrial EcoToxicity Potential


PNEC

effect factor

effect factor

PNEC

1,4-dichlorobenzene

PNEC


aquatic ecotoxicity

terrestrial ecotoxicity

aquatic ecotoxicity method

USES 1.0 model

Predicted No Effect Concentration

Predicted No Effect Concentration


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.592

aquatic ecotoxicity

terrestrial ecotoxicity

TETP

effect factor for toxic impact on terrestrial ecosystems

effect factor

reciprocal of PNEC for terrestrial ecosystems

AETP

AETP

TETP

TETP

1,4-dichlorobenzene


Huijbregts (1999a)

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

USES-LCA model

Huijbregts (1999a)

considers degradation and intermedia transport routes


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.593

PAFs

PAFs


Critical Surface Time

Critical Surface Time

Effect Factor

Aquatic Ecotoxicity

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity

Fate Factor

Fate Factor


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.594

PAF

PAF

comparable toxicity measure between substances

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

EUSES


Fate factors

Intermedia transfer factors

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

Effect factor

Concentration-effect curves

Eco-indicator 99

Endpoint approach


Freshwater Aquatic EcoToxicity Potential

freshwater ecotoxicity

marine aquatic ecotoxicity

aquatic ecotoxicity

substance i


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.595

Characterisation Factor

Fate

Characterisation Factor


PNEC

MTC

Ecotoxicity

PAF method

PBT chemicals


Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

EUSES

Ecotoxicological impact assessment

Ecotoxicological impact assessment

Human toxicity

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity


Huijbregts method

Huijbregts method

Human Toxicity

Huijbregts method

Huijbregts method

Ecotoxicity


USES-LCA

Huijbregts (1999a)

Huijbregts (1999a)

PBT

PBT

PBT

USES-LCA


Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

USES-LCA

Ecotoxicity Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.596


FAETP

MAETP

FSETP

MSETP

TETP

Ecotoxicity


Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity

Marine ecotoxicity

Terrestrial ecotoxicity

Freshwater sediment ecotoxicity

Marine sediment ecotoxicity


PAF approach

PAF approach

PAF approach


FAETPs

180 substances emitted to air, water and soil

MAETPs

FSETPs

MSETPs

TETPs

FAETPs

time horizons 20, 100 and 500 years at global scale

MAETPs

FSETPs

MSETPs

TETPs


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.597

Photo-oxidant formation

Photo-oxidant formation

Photo-oxidant formation

Photo-oxidant formation

formation of reactive chemical compounds

reactive chemical compounds


Winter smog

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials

VOC

Photo-oxidant formation

POCP

POCP


Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

emission-effect curve

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

marginal changes in emissions


POCP

VOC

POCP

POCP

POCP

ODP

hydrocarbon groups

methane


human health

man-made environment

natural environment

natural resources

Volatile Organic Compounds

carbon monoxide

nitrogen oxides

Ozone

peroxyacetylnitrate

winter smog


Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

marginal approach

marginal approach

Derwent & Jenkin's method

Nitrogen oxides

Nitrogen oxides

Nitrogen oxides

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.598

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials

POCP

ethylene

Derwent & Jenkin POCPs

POCP characterisation factors


Incremental Reactivity

Incremental Reactivity

summer smog


Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Volatile Organic Compounds

Nitrogen Oxides

Volatile Organic Compound emission


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.599

Incremental Reactivity

Incremental Reactivity

Incremental Reactivity calculation

base case scenario


Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Ozone Formation

Ozone Formation

Respiratory Diseases

Disability Adjusted Life Years

Characterisation Factors


Maximum Ozone Incremental Reactivity

Equal Benefit Incremental Reactivity

Incremental Reactivity


MIR scenario

MOR scenario

EBIR scenario

MIR scenario

MOR scenario

EBIR scenario

EBIR scenario


MIRs

POCPs

VOCs

non-methane VOCs

POCP


POCP

POCP

MIR

POCP

MIR

POCP

MIR


EMEP model

fate factor

NMVOC

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

VOC


Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

NMVOC

fate factor

VOCs

particles

CO

sulphur compounds

DALY


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.600

POCP

MIR

MOIR

EBIR

VOC Emission

Ozone Formation

Ozone Formation

Ozone Formation


Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Volatile Organic Compounds

Ozone

Ozone

Ozone

Ozone


POCP

MIR

MOIR

EBIR

POCP


Inventory Phase

Impact Assessment

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Ozone Formation Potential

Modified Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Human Health Damage

Ecosystem Health Damage


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.601

Photo-oxidant Formation Potential

Photo-oxidant Formation Potential

MIRs

MOIRs

EBIRs

POCPs of Andersson-Sköld et al.


photo-oxidant formation

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

high ozone concentrations

photo-oxidant formation


POCP

VOC emissions

Impact assessment

human toxicity

ecotoxicity

NOx POCP


Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

MIR

MOIR

EBIR

Acidification

Acidification

Acidification

Acidification


Acidification

Acidification

Acidification

NOx

Acidification

Acidification

Acidification

Acidification


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.602

Acidification

Acidification Potential

Acidification Potential

acidifying emissions


Inventory phase

geographical location of acidifying emissions

Weighting emissions according to local sensitivity

site factor

site factor


Acidification Potential

emission-effect curve is linear through zero

Acidification Potential

Acidification Potential

reflects maximum acidification potential

Acidification Potential

Acidification Potential

hydrogen ions


Acidification

Acidifying emissions

Acidification assessment

Regional sensitivity and fate modeling

Emission weighting according to area sensitivity


site factor

nitrogen input

acidifying emissions

Acidification


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.603

Acidification

Acidification

Soil conditions

Ecosystem management

Regional sensitivity

Acidifying substances


EMEP

RAINS

Potting et al. approach

Potting et al. approach

critical load

acidification

acidification

Potting et al. approach


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.604

Acidification

Characterisation Factor

Ecosystem Protection


RAINS

critical acidification load

critical acidification load

ecosystem-based method

acidifying emissions

deposition

critical load exceedance

critical load exceedance


Huijbregts

relative risk

RAINS-LCA

characterisation factor

deposition/critical load ratio


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.605

PROSPECTS

PROSPECTS

ExternE

Eco-indicator 99

Nature Planner

damage to human health

damage to ecosystem health


Huijbregts (1999b)

average European characterisation factors

Regional characterisation factors

characterisation factors


Acidification

AP based on RAINS-LCA


Huijbregts (1999b) factors

Heijungs et al. (1992) factors

Huijbregts (1999b) factors

account for fate and sensitivity of receiving ecosystem

ExternE method

not operational in characterisation factors

Goedkoop & Spriensma method

assumes average sensitivity of Dutch natural areas representative of other areas


Acidification Potentials

Acidification Potentials


Potting et al.

Huijbregts

acidification potential

acid rain

acid rain

acid rain

ExternE project


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.606

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Acidification

Acidification


Acidification Potentials

Sensitivity Analysis

Inventory Phase

Regional Characterisation Factors


Natural Environment

Natural Resources

Man-made Environment

Waste Heat


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.607

Eutrophication

Eutrophication Potential

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Chemical Oxygen Demand

Eutrophication Potential


Eutrophication

Phosphorus

Nitrogen

Eutrophication

Eutrophication


Eutrophication Potential

Eutrophication Potential

nitrogen compounds

phosphorus compounds

biomass

biomass

degradable organic matter


Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

nutrient enrichment

biomass decomposition

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Eutrophication


terrestrial ecosystems

aquatic ecosystems

emissions of P and organic matter to water

aquatic ecosystems

emissions of N and organic matter to water

aquatic ecosystems

emissions of N to air and water and organic matter to water


Chemical Oxygen Demand

Degradable Organic Matter

Phosphorus

Nitrogen

COD

Eutrophication Potential

Eutrophication Potential

Eutrophication Potential


Eutrophication

BOD

Waste Heat

Heijungs et al. (1992) approach

Ecosystem subcategories approach

Fate and site-region-dependent effect modeling

Terrestrial ecosystems

Aquatic ecosystems: smaller inland surface waters

Aquatic ecosystems: larger inland surface waters and seas


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.608

Eutrophication Potentials

Eutrophication


Eco-indicator 99

Nature Planner

Eutrophication

Air emissions

Eutrophication

damage to human health

damage to ecosystem health

Eutrophication


Huijbregts & Seppälä method

Huijbregts & Seppälä method

Huijbregts & Seppälä method

Huijbregts & Seppälä method

Heijungs et al. characterisation factors

air emissions

water emissions


terrestrial eutrophication

aquatic eutrophication

terrestrial eutrophication

fate factor

eutrophication

eutrophication

soil emissions


Goedkoop & Spriensma method

Heijungs et al. method

Heijungs et al. method

Nitrogen emissions

Phosphorus emissions

Organic matter to water

PO4-equivalents

NO3-equivalents


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.609

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Inventory phase

Huijbregts method

terrestrial ecosystems eutrophication potentials

sensitivity analysis


Eutrophication Potential

Eutrophication Potential

Eutrophication Potential

bioavailable nitrogen

bioavailable phosphorus

waste heat

waste heat


eutrophication potentials of Heijungs et al. (1992)

baseline characterisation method for eutrophication


waste heat

waste heat

waste heat

eutrophication

waste heat


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.610

Waste heat

Waste heat emissions to water

Inventory analysis

Heijungs et al. (1992)

Waste heat emissions to water

Waste heat emissions to atmosphere


aquatic ecosystems

aquatic ecosystems

aquatic ecosystems

eutrophication

eutrophication

eutrophication factors

RAINS-LCA

RAINS-LCA


heat emissions to water

baseline characterisation method

baseline characterisation method for waste heat


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.611

odour

odour

odour threshold value


sensitivity analysis

characterisation

category indicator

unweighted aggregation of energy


Ozone

Volatile organic compounds

Photochemical reactions

Odour

Odour thresholds


odour

odour

Heijungs et al. method

odorous substance emissions


Odour

Human Health Impacts

Odour Potentials

Odour Potentials


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.612

critical volumes method

critical volumes method

Odour Potential

Human Toxicity Potential

Odour Potential


Odour

Odour

depends on physical and chemical properties of substance

Odour


Odour Impact

Odour Impact

Odour Threshold Value in Air

Odour Threshold Value in Water

Ozone

Ozone


ISO-based criteria

ISO-based criteria

ISO-based criteria

fate and exposure

USES-LCA

1/OTV


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.613

Heijungs et al. (1992) method

Müller-Wenk (1999) method


USES-LCA

1/OTV

Malodorous air method

Odour Profile

Odour Profile

fate model

odour threshold values

Malodorous water method


potential noise nuisance

sound production

noise

noise

noise

sound emissions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.614

Müller-Wenk method

Müller-Wenk method


Lafleche & Sacchetto methodology

Müller-Wenk method

Müller-Wenk method

transport kilometres

Impact assessment modeling

Impact assessment modeling

Müller-Wenk method


Müller-Wenk method

road traffic noise

impacts of ionising radiation

impacts of ionising radiation

ionising radiation


Noise

Noise

Sound Production


Ionising radiation

Ionising radiation

Ionising radiation

Radioactivity

Half-life


Radioactive material

Radioactive disintegration

Radioactive disintegration

Radioactive disintegration

Radioactive disintegration

Radioactive disintegration

Radiation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.615

Absorbed Dose

Quality Factor

Dose Equivalent

Absorbed Dose

Alpha Radiation

Beta Radiation

Gamma Radiation

Neutron Radiation


Ionising Radiation

Ionising Radiation

Inventory Analysis

Characterisation of Ionising Radiation Impacts

Radioactive Substance Emissions

Dose Equivalent


critical volumes approach

emission of radioactive substances to the environment

direct emission of radiation to the environment

internal exposure to radiation

external exposure to radiation

internal exposure to radiation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.616

external exposure to emitted radiation

quality factor

absorbed dose

decay energy


International Commission on Radiological Protection

Level I

dispersion models


radioactive substance emissions

human irradiation

exposure concentration

screening factor

dose per unit intake

probability coefficient

radionuclide emission

annual risk of detrimental health effects


Internal exposure

Heijungs method

Heijungs method

Human toxicity method

Annual Limit of Intake

Critical volumes approach

External exposure

External exposure


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.617

Level II

Level II

Level III

Level II

Level III


Level II procedure

dispersion model

Level I procedure

Inventory phase

Inventory phase


Ionising Radiation

Ionisation Creating Potentials

Ionisation Creating Potentials

Critical Volumes Approach

Annual Limits of Intake

International Commission on Radiological Protection

Critical Volumes Approach


Characterisation factors

Characterisation factors

Inventory data

Solberg-Johansen method

Environmental Increment factor

Environmental Increment factor


Environmental Impact Calculation Method

Environmental Impact Calculation Method

Environmental Impact Calculation Method


Inventory phase

Inventory phase

Radioactive emissions

Radioactive solid waste storage

Radionuclides

Low Level Waste

Intermediate Level Waste

High Level Waste


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.618

Human Radiation Impacts Assessment

Human Radiation Impacts Assessment

Human Radiation Impacts Assessment

Human Radiation Impacts Assessment

Fate Modeling

Exposure Modeling

Radionuclides

Absorbed Dose


Frischknecht method

characterisation factors

characterisation factors

characterisation factors

Frischknecht method

Frischknecht method

DALY


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.619

Frischknecht et al. (2000)

Frischknecht et al. (2000)

characterisation factors without DALY age-weighting

Impact assessment modeling

Impact assessment modeling

Frischknecht et al. (2000)

Solberg-Johansen (1998)


Characterisation factors

based on common dispersion models and pathways of human exposure

Characterisation factors

Method

Method

Method

Table 4.3.1


Solberg-Johansen (1998)

Frischknecht et al. (2000)

Solberg-Johansen (1998) level I procedure

Solberg-Johansen (1998) level II procedure

exposure

fate

characterisation factors

radioactive solid waste


Frischknecht et al. (2000)

Ionising Radiation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.620

Casualties

Casualties

solid waste

liquid waste


Frischknecht et al. (2000)

Solberg-Johanson (1998) level I procedure

ionising radiation damage factors

ionising radiation damage factors


direct external exposure to radiation

assessment of direct external exposure to radiation

exposure to releases of radioactive substances

emissions of radionuclides

Solberg-Johansen method

assessment of risks of radioactive waste

Frischknecht et al. method

short-term risks

long-term risks


Schmidt & Brunn Rasmussen (1999)

human health impacts in working environment

Heijungs et al. (1992)

casualties


casualties

casualties

working environment impacts

human health impacts

casualties

working environment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.621

baseline characterisation method for casualties


extended LCAs

characterisation factors

interventions

characterisation factors


Interventions

Characterisation Factors

Environmental Profile


extended LCA

characterisation factors

acidifying substances

ionising substances

depletable resources

human health

working environment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.622

Interventions for which characterisation factors are lacking

Interventions known to be of environmental relevance

Interventions expected to be environmentally irrelevant


Economic flows not followed to the system boundary

Environmental interventions

System boundary


Characterisation Factor

Intervention

Environmental Profile


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.623

Heijungs et al. (1992)

Selection of impact categories, category indicators and models

Heijungs et al. (1992)

Heijungs et al. (1992)

Interventions

Characterisation factors

ISO 14042 (2000E)


Emissions with parallel impacts

Emissions with parallel impacts

Emissions with serial impacts

Emissions with serial impacts

Heavy metals

Emissions with indirect impacts


Classification

LCI results

LCI results

Human health

Ground level ozone formation

LCIA


Acidification

Methane

Photo-oxidant Formation

Climate Change

Ozone

VOC


Acidification

Emissions allocation

Fate and exposure model


Emissions to air

Emissions to air

Fate and exposure models

Serial impacts

Emissions


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.624

aluminium toxicity

Emissions

Characterisation

Synergistic and antagonistic impacts


Classification

Classification

Emissions

Global Warming Potential

aluminium toxicity


Impact Category

Indicator Result

Interventions

Environmental Profile


Classification

Characterisation

Characterisation

Environmental Interventions

Category Indicator Result

Characterisation Factors


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.625

Characterisation

Indicator results

Characterisation factors

Normalisation

Normalisation

calculation of the magnitude of indicator results relative to reference information


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation


ISO 14042

normalisation

normalisation

normalised LCIA profile


normalised environmental profile

Impact assessment phase

Impact assessment phase

Impact assessment phase

Impact assessment phase

indicator result

normalisation factor


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.626

Normalisation

Characterisation Factor

Normalised Indicator Result

Indicator Result

Reference System


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Aggregate interventions associated with consumption habits


NOx

photo-oxidant formation

baseline characterisation factor

Volume 2b

fate and exposure model


Normalisation at a single scale level

Normalisation at a single scale level

Normalisation at a single scale level

Normalisation at a single scale level

combined normalisation at the global and regional scales


Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Normalisation

Global Impact Categories

Regional Impact Categories

Normalisation


EDIP

EDIP

EDIP

EDIP

Global Impact Assessment

Normalisation

Weighting

Regional Impact Assessment


reference system selection

per capita approach

per capita approach

per capita approach

EDIP approach

EDIP approach

EDIP approach

EDIP approach


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.627

Normalisation

Weighting

Characterisation

Acidification

Terrestrial eutrophication

POCPs

Weighting


Photo-oxidant Formation

Climate Change

grouping

weighting

reference system

reference system


Acidification

Terrestrial Eutrophication

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Acidification

Terrestrial Eutrophication

Regionalised weighting factors

Grouping

Weighting


Inventory Analysis

Normalisation

Normalisation

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis


Inventory Analysis

normalisation

normalisation

normalisation

normalisation

normalisation

normalisation


Normalisation

Global reference normalisation

Average world citizen normalisation

EDIP project


normalisation

sediment removal

sediment dumping

dredging


Climate Change

Normalisation

Normalisation Factors

System Boundaries

Allocation

Cutoff


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.628

normalisation

normalisation data

method 1

method 2

characterisation methods


Grouping

Grouping

Characterisation Factors


normalisation data

normalisation data

grouping

weighting

normalisation factors

regional grouping methods

regional weighting factors


Grouping

Grouping

Sorting

Ranking

Grouping


Grouping

Ranking

Multi-criteria analysis

Grouping

Ranking


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.629

Grouping

Ranking

Grouping


Ranking

Ranking

Grouping

Weighting methods

Impact categories

Impact categories

Impact categories


Impact Category

Impact Category

Impact Category

Grouping

Grouping


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.630

Weighting

Weighting

Weighting

Weighting


Impact Category

Grouping Methods

Ranking Methods

Impact Subcategories


quantitative MCA

quantitative MCA

qualitative MCA

weighting

ISO 14042

weighting methods


weighting profile

normalisation

qualitative multi-criteria analysis

quantitative multi-criteria analysis


weighting

weighting

weighting

normalised environmental profile

Inventory results

weighting results


Weighting

Weighting

Weighting Profile

Panel Approach

Monetary Approach


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.631

Weighting methods

Methods based on monetary values

Methods based on standards or targets

Methods based on authoritative panel judgment

Willingness-to-pay methods

Individual revealed preferences


EPS method

EPS method

EPS method

Tellus method

Tellus method

ExternE method

ExternE method


ExternE

Eco-Indicator '99

ExternE

risk of underestimation from unknown damage pathways

Eco-Indicator '99


Contingent Valuation Method

Collective Revealed Preferences

Other Monetary Methods

Willingness-to-Pay

Willingness-to-Pay


EPS

contingent valuation method

market valuations

Tellus

ExternE

collective revealed preferences


distance-to-target methods

distance-to-target methods

relative importance of actual effects not defined


distance-to-target methods

distance-to-target methods

distance-to-target methods

weight inventory results or characterisation results

BUWAL, 1998

distance-to-target methods


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.632

Weighting

Impact Category

Category Indicators


Panel Methods

Eco-Indicator '99

Panel Methods


distance-to-target methods

distance-to-target methods

national and international policy targets


Weighting methods

natural science information on relationship between actual flows and actual damages

Weighting methods

Weighting methods

Weighting methods

Weighting methods


Classical weighting

Multicriteria analysis

Weighting factors

Indicator results

Multicriteria analysis


EPS method

EPS method

Tellus method

Tellus method

ExternE approach

collective revealed preferences method

collective revealed preferences method

distance-to-target methods


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.633

stratospheric ozone depletion

Eco-Indicator '99

Eco-Indicator '99

weighting factors based on characterisation methods

weighting factors

panel methods


weighting set

weighting factors

sub-impact categories


Weighting

Weighting

Weighting

Comparative Assertions

Weighting Factors


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.635

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Interpretation

Interpretation


Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

LCI

LCIA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.636

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation


Interpretation

Consistency check

Completeness check

Contribution analysis

Perturbation analysis

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis

Conclusions and recommendations

Interpretation


Interpretation

Consistency check

Completeness check

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis

Consistency check

Completeness check

Completeness check


Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis

Process data sources

Methodological choices and assumptions

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation phase reporting

Study results


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.637

Consistency check

Consistency check

Consistency check

Consistency check

Consistency check

Consistency check

Consistency check


pasteurising

refrigerated storage

packaging

emissions


LCA expert

Technical experts

Technical experts

LCA expert

Technical experts

Technical experts

Goal and scope

Goal and scope


Option A

Option B

Option A

Option B

Option A

Option B

Option A

Option B


Goal and Scope Definition

Interventions

Economic flows not followed to system boundary

Cut-off and data estimation

Contribution analysis

Sensitivity analysis

Perturbation analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.638

power consumption

power generation

emissions

contribution analysis

contribution analysis

contribution analysis


refrigerator use

power plant

tankers

fossil fuel extraction

contribution analysis

environmental intervention


Contribution Analysis

Perturbation Analysis

Contribution Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis


contribution analysis

environmental intervention

environmental intervention

process

improvement analysis

climate change score


Completeness check

sensitivity analysis

LCA expert

Goal and scope

Completeness check


Perturbation analysis

Perturbation analysis

Perturbation analysis

Perturbation analysis

Characterisation factors

Normalisation factors

Weighting factors


perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis


perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis

Goal and scope definition


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.639

Perturbation Analysis

Perturbation Analysis

Contribution Analysis

Environmental Interventions

Economic Flows


perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis

multiplication factors

Flow

Flow

emission

climate change


sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis

uncertainty analysis

calculation result

calculation result

model uncertainty

model uncertainty


Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis

Validity

Reliability


process data

models

representativeness

methodological choices


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.640

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Sensitivity Analysis

Contribution Analysis

Perturbation Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis


Variability

Validity

Reliability

Data Quality

Data Sources

Data Sources

Modeling Choices

Modeling Choices


variability

sampling error

random errors

systematic errors

model uncertainty

data uncertainty

robustness


product system specification

allocation rules

characterisation method

weighting method

sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis

product system specification


sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis

contribution analysis

perturbation analysis

allocation rules

cut-off criteria

boundary setting

characterisation method

normalisation data

weighting method


product system A

product system B

product system B

environmental score comparison

environmental score comparison


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.641

Uncertainty propagation

Monte Carlo simulation

Calculation of extreme values

LCA robustness

LCA robustness

LCA robustness


Calculation of extreme values

Uncertainty analysis

Propagation of uncertainties

Feedback loops


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.642

Monte Carlo simulation

Latin Hypercube simulation

stochastic modeling

Monte Carlo simulation


Monte Carlo simulation

Latin Hypercube simulation

segmented uncertainty distribution with non-overlapping intervals

Monte Carlo simulation

specified uncertainty distribution of each parameter

stochastic modeling

stochastic modeling


perturbation analysis

Monte Carlo simulation

fossil fuel inputs


uncertainty analysis

data collection

contribution analysis

perturbation analysis

perturbation analysis


contribution analysis

perturbation analysis

sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis

modeling choices

process data uncertainties

inventory results

indicator results

weighting results


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.643

Interpretation

Conclusions and recommendations

Conclusions and recommendations

allocation procedure

aggregated process data


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA conclusions

system boundary


System Boundary

Interpretation

Consistency and Completeness Checks

Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis


Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

Conclusions

consistency check

completeness check

sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.645


allocation models

characterisation models

Monte Carlo analysis

Monte Carlo analysis

data uncertainties

model uncertainties


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.644

Interpretation

Interpretation

peer review process


Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertain Data

Uncertain Parameters

Partial Uncertainty Analysis

Modeling Choices


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.646


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.647


Photochemical mechanism for VOC relativity assessment

Ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds

Life Cycle Assessment in Agriculture, Agro-Industry and Forestry

LCA screening and streamlining


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.648


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.649


Eco-indicator 95

Eco-indicator 97

Eco-indicator 99

Eco-indicator 99

Matrix Approaches to Abridged Life Cycle Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.650


USES-LCA

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Uncertainty and Variability Analysis

Parameter Uncertainty


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.651

USES-LCA

toxic substances

USES-LCA

nested multi-media fate, exposure and effects model


Critical surface-time 95

Impact assessment of human and eco-toxicity

MET-points method


Allocation in LCA

Macro-environmental policy

Radionuclide intakes

Radiological Protection recommendations

Annual limits on intake of radionuclides


ISO 14042

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO Technical Specification 14047

ISO Technical Report 14048

ISO Technical Report 14049


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.652


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Life cycle Impact assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.653


Evaluation and reporting guidelines for Life-cycle assessments case-studies

Soil recovery time

Soil recovery time


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.654


Site-Dependent Characterisation

Spatial Differentiation

Acidification

Site-dependent Life-cycle Impact Assessment

Human Toxicity from Air Emissions

Site-Dependent Life Cycle Impact Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.655


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.656

Input-output model

Environmentally extended input-output table


Environmental life cycle assessment of the nuclear fuel cycle

Ozone depletion potentials

Time-dependent ozone depletion potentials

EPS-Default Valuation of Environmental Impacts

Environmental priority strategies in product development


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.657


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Impact categories

Category indicators

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.658


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.659


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.660


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.661


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.662

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Product

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

Stressors

Sub-activities

LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.663

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Risk Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Technology Assessment

Substance Flow Analysis

Environmental Management Systems


Risk Assessment

Environmental Audit

Risk Assessment

assesses adverse effects on human safety and ecosystems


accident risk analysis

accident risk analysis

toxicological risk assessment

accident risk analysis

accident risk analysis

accident risk analysis


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.664

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Site-specific Risk Assessment

Site-specific Risk Assessment

Non-site-specific Risk Assessment


Non-site-specific risk assessment

Non-site-specific risk assessment

Substance Flow Analysis

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment


Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Technology Assessment


Technology Assessment

Technology Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

product system

sub-processes


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.665

Environmental Management System

Environmental Management System

audits

Environmental Management System


Substance Flow Analysis

Substance Flow Analysis

Substance Flow Analysis

accounting system for substances and materials


Environmental Management System

Environmental Management System

Environmental Management System

Environmental Management System

Environmental Management System


Toxicological risk assessment

Toxicological risk assessment

Site-specific risk analysis

Site-specific risk analysis

Toxicological risk assessment

Toxicological risk assessment

Toxicological risk assessment


SETAC Working Group on Conceptually Related Programmes

framework for categorising concepts and tools

clean technology

design for environment

industrial ecology

Tools

Tools


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.666

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


Life Cycle Assessment

object of study is a system of discrete coherent activities

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

product


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Comparative LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.667

Stressors

Stressors

Potential Impacts

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Function-oriented

Potential environmental effect

Burdens rather than concentrations

Substance-oriented


Functional Unit

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Impact Indicators

Stressors

Potential Environmental Impacts


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.668

Feature 2

Feature 3

Feature 4

Characterisation

Impact assessment

Time problem


LCA

LCA


paint composition

method of application

maintenance requirements

energy model

transport model

emissions

lifetime


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

occurrence of environmental impacts as a function of time

emissions

supply chain description

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

economic supply chain

economic network

economic network


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.669


Use Phase

Use Phase

Emissions

Product Standards

Emission Control

Supply Chain


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.670

LCA

indicator

individual activities


Supply Chain

Classic Issues

Chain-wide Issues

SFA

Transverse Issues

Discharge Permits

Local Optimisation

Process-integrated Measures


Activity

Environmental Criteria

Environmental Burden

Chain of Activities

Environmental Issues

Environmental Issues


eco-labeling

environmental audits


product comparison

product improvement

reduced raw materials use

process improvement

waste strategies

emissions control

local impacts

process-integrated measures

toxics control


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.671

Cascade systems

LCA

New fields of LCA application

Multifunctional systems

Collective functions

Coherent clusters of functions


cascade system

substance flow

environmental interventions

allocation problem

upgrading step

primary extraction and production


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.672


Lifestyle

Lifestyle

Lifestyle

Lifestyle

Lifestyle

Lifestyle

Shelter

Shelter

Shelter


cascade problem

allocation method

classical LCAs

classical LCAs

paper

plastics

metals

aluminium

cut-off method


food and diet

clothing

shelter

leisure activities

mobility

physical function

LCA


clothing

household management

food and diet

leisure

physical planning

physical planning

physical planning

Infrastructure and transportation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.673


Waste processing

Waste processing

residual waste

landfill


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

infrastructure projects

system definition


Supply Chain

Waste Processing

Incineration

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Digestion

Landfill

Residual Waste

Ultimate Waste


waste processing

incineration

incineration

thermal processes

waste processing


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.674

LCA

LCA

Product system

Stressors

LCA


waste processing

allocation methods

multifunctionality

Life Cycle Assessment

landfill

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

stressors

LCA

LCA


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.2

Partitioning economic inputs and outputs to product systems

Appendix C


multifunctional systems

cascades

collective functions

infrastructure

clusters of functions

lifestyles

hazardous waste incineration


waste processing

environmental impacts

multifunctionality

rail transport maintenance

rail transport infrastructure

waste incinerator

plastics waste collection


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.676

ISO 14040

allocation

system boundaries

partitioning

allocation

partitioning of economic and environmental inputs and outputs

change-oriented LCA


multi-output processes

multi-input processes

input-output processes which cross system boundaries

ISO 14041

ISO 14041


change-oriented LCA

system boundaries

partitioning

multifunctional processes

multi-output processes

multi-input processes

input-output processes


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.677

physical relationship

allocation

economic value

ISO 14041

ISO standards


ISO 14041

Allocation procedure

Step 1: Avoidance by subprocess division or system expansion

Allocation procedure

Step 2: Partitioning based on physical relationships

Subprocess division

Product system expansion

Additional functions related to co-products

Allocation partitioning

Physical relationships between inputs and outputs


allocation

allocated subsystems

sum of inputs and outputs equals unallocated system

allocation methods

open-loop allocation

uniform application to similar inputs and outputs

recycled material

material properties


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.1

waste disposal

landfilling

incineration

composting

allocation

partitioning


Closed Loop Recycling

Closed Loop Recycling

Open-Loop Recycling Allocation

Open-Loop Recycling Allocation

Open-Loop Recycling Allocation

ISO Allocation Procedure

Substitution

Division into Subprocesses


Transportation of packaged goods

Transportation of packaged goods

ISO 14041

ISO TR 14049

Secondary materials


division into subprocesses

allocation based on physical relationships

economic allocation

allocation in proportion to mass

ISO procedure

ISO procedure


ISO procedure step 2

ISO procedure step 2

incineration plant

electrical output

incineration plant

input-output allocation


System Expansion

ISO 14041 Step 1.2

System Expansion

System Boundary Expansion

Input-Output Allocation


System Expansion

Multi-Output Processes

Allocation Methods

System Expansion

Non-Physical Relationships

Recycling


input-output allocation

transport

transport of commodities

transport of packaging


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.679

waste incineration

electrical power

system expansion

system expansion

allocation


Functional Unit

Multifunctional Processes

System Expansion

Substitution

Electrical Power

Electrical Power

Waste Incineration


system expansion

system expansion

substitution method

secondary output


Substitution

Substitution

Substitution

Monofunctional Databases

Monofunctional Databases

Material Substitution


cut-off procedure

quasi-closed-loop procedure

semi-closed loop procedure

semi-closed loop flows

allocation

system expansion

sensitivity analysis


closed-loop procedure

closed-loop procedure

polycarbonate

material recovery

primary production

secondary production

cascaded system


cascaded system

product system

secondary material

avoided burden method


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.680

marginal processes

marginal processes

change-oriented LCAs


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.681

System expansion

ISO TR 14049

Kraft bleached paperboard

Cascading approach

Quality method

Estafette method

Schneider method


Cascade Approach

Cascade Approach

Cascade Approach

White Paper

Journal


50–50 method

50–50 method

50–50 method

assumes return of material of the same quality to the same system

production process

waste disposal process

upgrading process

50–50 method

compromise between rewarding use of secondary material and rewarding supply of recyclable material

secondary material

primary material


quality method

quality method

estafette method

estafette method

upgrading process

Schneider method


substitution

multifunctional processes

process UPGR

Weidema et al. (1999)


ISO 14041

cascading approaches

Recycling

bleached kraft paper

allocation


ISO 14041

avoided burden

marginal substitution

economic allocation

economic allocation

system expansion


ISO 14041

Recycling

Recycling

functional unit

discarded material

economic value

market value

system boundaries


waste disposal

functional losses

upgrading process

primary process substitution

recycling

quality reduction

material quality


USE A

UPGR

USE A

UPGR

System boundary


Cutoff Method

Cutoff Method

ISO Step 3

Recycling

Waste Disposal


System expansion

System expansion

substitution approaches

ISO 14041

system boundary

USE A

UPGR

USE A


Recycling

Waste upgrading

Upgrading process

50-50 method

Delivering system

Receiving system


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.683

Economic allocation

Economic allocation

Partitioning

ISO allocation procedure

Goal and scope

System expansion


Allocation on the basis of physical relationships

combined process


System expansion

System expansion

Avoiding allocation

Closed-loop allocation

Marginal substitution method

Economic allocation

Marginal substitution method

Economic allocation method


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.684

System Expansion

System Expansion

Substitution

Substitution

Functional Unit

Electricity

Heat


System Expansion

Substitution Method

Recovered Material

Upgrading Process

Sensitivity Analysis


avoided burden method

closed-loop procedure

avoided burden method

closed-loop procedure

allocation


materials recycling

materials recycling

incineration

substitution method

sensitivity analysis


allocation according to shares in total proceeds

upgrading process

receiving process

ISO procedure step 1.1

market price


material quality

allocation

symmetrical substitution

marginal processes


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.685

system expansion

recycling

stone demolition waste

demolition


symmetrical substitution

symmetrical substitution

symmetrical substitution

symmetrical substitution

change in demand

market volume trend


recycling process

allocation problem

demand for product

upgrading processes


short-term marginal effects

short-term marginal effects

short-term marginal effects


recycling

recycling

waste treatment

demand for primary product

recycling


stone

recycling process

transport

crushing

washing

sorting

stone

recycling process


system expansion

upgrading process

secondary material

secondary material output

delivering system


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.686

marginal substitution

recycling

recycling

substitution

supply and demand elasticity


General substitution method

Weidema's symmetric substitution method

Substitution method

Cut-off approach

Substitution method

Recovered material


System Expansion

Substitution Approach

Marginal Substitution

Non-marginal Approaches

System Expansion


ISO 14041

Allocation according to physical relationships

ISO TR 14049

Partitioning according to physical relationships among outputs

Recycling

Partitioning new material applications at system boundaries

Waste disposal phase

Consumption of product made from recovered material


allocation

allocation

fat content

economic proceeds per kg

mass


ISO TR 14049

Physical partitioning

Physical partitioning

ISO 14041

cream production

allocation based upon physical relationships

low-fat milk production

cream production

low-fat milk production


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.687

Economic allocation

Physical allocation

Substitution

Allocation avoidance

Economic allocation


housing demolition waste

incinerator floor ashes

compulsory reuse

subsidy

LCA


Economic Allocation

Economic Allocation

Market Price


LCA

LCA

environmental interventions

environmental interventions


waste inflow to process

waste outflow from process

product inflow to process

product outflow from process

non-functional flows

functional flows


functional flow

non-functional flows

economic modeling


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.688

Housing Demolition

Housing Demolition

Pulverised Bricks

Economic Allocation


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.689


housing

materials provision

housing


housing

materials provision

demolition

discarded building

allocation

allocation


Functional Unit

Difference Analysis

Allocation

Technology Choice

Waste Flow Processing

Demolition Waste Flow

Primary Materials Supply


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.690

demolition process

demolition process

Allocation to be based on the share of each function in total proceeds

secondary uses

discarded building

processing of the discarded product


housing construction

heating

cleaning

building demolition

building demolition

construction

maintenance


Road Production

Waste Processing

Demolition Waste

Road Production

Primary Materials


System boundary definition

Transport to processor

Waste processing

Demolition

Sorting

Demolition


building construction

building maintenance

waste processing

demolition

road building

secondary products

waste processing

road building


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.691

Technology comparison

waste treatment

waste treatment

road foundation construction

milk packaging incineration

functional unit

functional unit


Road Construction

Road Discarding

Sand

Allocation

System Boundaries


Difference Analysis

Waste Management

Road Construction

Incineration

Ash Processing Technologies


road construction

environmental isolation of ashes

road discarding

ash-related waste management

road-building alternative using incinerator ash

final disposal of ash-containing waste

road construction

sand

can be reused as stable filling material


Waste Incinerator Floor Ashes

Waste Incinerator Floor Ashes

Heavy Metals

Road Construction

Road Demolition

Life Cycle Assessment


incinerator ash

fly ash

difference analysis


Economic allocation

Economic allocation

Environmental interventions

Market prices

Government-provided goods and services

Public demand


road built without floor ashes

functionally equivalent road with incinerator ash

road with incinerator ash as filling material

housing-plus-road analysis

Function system comparison


incinerator floor ash

incinerator floor ash

Life Cycle Assessment

road construction

road construction

storage

storage


guinee:Guinée et al., Handbook on LCA: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards (2002), p.692

economic allocation

economic allocation

consistent application across partitioning situations

economic allocation

recycling option

recycling markets


Economic allocation

Economic allocation

Flow values

Road waste management


demolition waste

recovered material

multi-output allocation


finkbeiner:Finkbeiner et al., The New International Standards for LCA: ISO 14040 & 14044, Int J LCA 11(2):80–85 (2006), p.11

ISO 14040

ISO 14044


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043


ISO 14040:1997

ISO 14041:1999

ISO 14042:2000

ISO 14043:2000


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044


ISO 14040

ISO Technical Committee 207

Subcommittee 5

Subcommittee 5


ISO 14040:1997

ISO 14041:1999

ISO 14042:2000

ISO 14043:2000

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044


ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043

ISO 14044


finkbeiner:Finkbeiner et al., The New International Standards for LCA: ISO 14040 & 14044, Int J LCA 11(2):80–85 (2006), p.1

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Significant Environmental Aspects Identification


ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14040

ISO 14040


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14042


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

Environmental Management − Life Cycle Assessment − Principles and Framework

Environmental management − Life cycle assessment − Requirements and Guidelines


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14040


ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043

Goal and Scope Definition

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043


finkbeiner:Finkbeiner et al., The New International Standards for LCA: ISO 14040 & 14044, Int J LCA 11(2):80–85 (2006), p.45

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044


ISO 14044

ISO 14040

allocation

comparative assertions

Life Cycle Assessment


allocation

comparative assertions

phases of LCA

LCA standards

LCA standards

LCA standards

product

process

principles for LCA


ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

CD 14040

draft WD 14044

draft WD 14040


finkbeiner:Finkbeiner et al., The New International Standards for LCA: ISO 14040 & 14044, Int J LCA 11(2):80–85 (2006), p.83

System Boundary

System Boundary

Life Cycle Perspective

Life Cycle Perspective

Life Cycle Perspective

Life Cycle Perspective

Life Cycle Perspective

System Boundary


LCA

LCI

LCIA

LCA phases


ISO 14044

ISO 14044

LCA


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

product

process

waste

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal


Goal definition

Comparative assertion

Goal definition

Unambiguous statement of comparative assertion intent


LCA

Iterative approach

Iterative approach

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Weighting

Characterization

Weighting


Characterization

Life cycle interpretation

Life cycle interpretation

Life cycle interpretation


LCA intended to be used for a comparative assertion intended to be disclosed to the public


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

Life Cycle Assessment applications

Life Cycle Assessment applications

ISO 14001

ISO 14031


Critical Review

Internal Critical Review

Critical Review

Reporting


Interpretation phase

Interpretation phase

conclusions

recommendations

Interpretation phase

Critical review


Environmental labels and declarations

Environmental labels and declarations

Environmental labels and declarations

Design for environment

Environmental communication

Quantification, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions

Life cycle approach


finkbeiner:Finkbeiner et al., The New International Standards for LCA: ISO 14040 & 14044, Int J LCA 11(2):80–85 (2006), p.4

ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14025

ISO 14021

ISO 14031

ISO 14001


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

cradle-to-gate studies

gate-to-gate studies

waste management


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14040

scope definition


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

LCIA

LCIA

goal and scope definition phase

unit process

life cycle stage


ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043

ISO 14062

ISO 14064-1

ISO 14064-2

ISO 14064-3


Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Management Systems

Life Cycle Assessment


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14040


finkbeiner:Finkbeiner et al., The New International Standards for LCA: ISO 14040 & 14044, Int J LCA 11(2):80–85 (2006), p.7


ISO 14064-3

ISO 14064-3

ISO 14064-3

ISO 14064-3

ISO Guide 64