Life Cycle Perspective

Problem Shifting

Problem Shifting

Problem Shifting

Problem Shifting


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Goal Definition

Scope Definition

Goal Definition


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.12

EDIP project

EDIP project

Environmental Design of Industrial Products

Ecotoxicity assessment


LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products

LCA of Nanomaterials

LCA of Drinking Water Supply

LCA of Wastewater Treatment

LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems

LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation

LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.13


USEtox

USEtox

Ecotoxicity Assessment

Assessment of Toxic Impacts

ILCD


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.14


USEtox

IMPACT 2002+

Impact World+

LC-Impact

USEtox

ILCD


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.15


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.16


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.17


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.18


hauschild:Editors and Contributors, p.19


ISO 14040/14044

ILCD

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Decision Support

Problem Shifting


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

LCA methodology


ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook

International Reference Life Cycle Data System

ILCD Handbook

methodological guidance for Life Cycle Assessment


ISO standards

EDIP method

Ecoinvent methodologies

Consequential LCA

IMPACT World+

LC-Impact

ILCD life cycle impact assessment methods


ILCD method

LCA methodology

LCA methodology

LCA methodology

life cycle costing

social life cycle assessment

organizational LCA

ecodesign

environmental labels and declarations

Cradle to cradle


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

Cookbook


ISO 14044

ILCD Handbook

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Goal and Scope Definition

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Interpretation


ILCD Handbook


ILCD Guideline

Cookbook

LCA


Part II

LCA case study

Part V

reporting template

example LCA report

Part III

Cookbook


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

Environmental Assessment of Products

System boundaries and input data in a consequential life cycle inventory analysis

Characterization modeling in life cycle impact assessment


ISO 14044


M.Z. Hauschild

UNEP/SETAC working groups on LCIA methodology

M.Z. Hauschild

M.Z. Hauschild

M.Z. Hauschild


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.9


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Biofuels


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.10

biofuels

transport sector

LCA


Transportation

Biofuels

Biofuels

Fossil Fuels


Michael Z. Hauschild

Michael Z. Hauschild

Michael Z. Hauschild

Ralph K. Rosenbaum

Ralph K. Rosenbaum

Ralph K. Rosenbaum

Ralph K. Rosenbaum

Stig Irving Olsen

Stig Irving Olsen


Biofuels

Biofuels

Fossil fuels

CO2 from biofuels

CO2 from fossil fuels

Life Cycle Assessment


biofuels

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

use stage

biofuel

fossil fuels


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.11

biofuel

biofuel production

land conversion

natural biomass carbon release

soil carbon release

biofuel crop expansion

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

European Commission biofuels legislation

life cycle emissions of greenhouse gases

biofuels production

transportation sector

biofuels


Fertilizer use

Pesticide use

Nutrients

Synthetic chemicals

Biofuel cultivation

Biofuel cultivation

Land use

Water use

LCA

LCA


Biofuels Life Cycle

Biofuels Life Cycle

Biofuels Life Cycle

Biofuels Life Cycle

Raw Materials

Biorefinery

Distribution


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.12

biofuels

Use Stage

Harvest and Extraction Stage

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


biofuel

harvest and extraction stage

use stage

harvest and extraction stage

biofuel substitution


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Resource Extraction

Production

Use

Recycling

Reuse


Climate Change

Freshwater Use

Land Occupation and Transformation

Aquatic Eutrophication

Toxic Impacts on Human Health

Depletion of Non-Renewable Resources

Eco-Toxic Effects from Metals and Synthetic Organic Chemicals

Burden Shifting

Life Cycle Perspective


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.13

LCA

LCA

calculating potential environmental impacts

mapping emissions and resource uses

environmental impact classification

Flows


Biofuels

Biofuels

Biofuels

Quantitative LCA

Product System


LCA

LCA

LCA

modelling choices based on practitioner values

modelling choices


Flows

emission

resource consumption

nitrogen oxides

atmospheric ground level ozone formation

volatile organic compounds

phosphorous concentration

LCA

science based quantification of potential impacts


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.14

LCA

LCA

LCA

product systems

LCA

impact potentials

impact potentials


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


comparative assessments

LCA models

based on average performance of processes

LCA

does not support consideration of rare catastrophic events

nuclear power


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.15

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:2 Main Characteristics of LCA, p.16

EU biofuels and bioliquids sustainability scheme

Land clearing

Land-use change

croplands for biofuels

greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Biodiesel

Normalisation


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

early LCA studies

early LCA studies

early LCA studies


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis

Ecobalances

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Resource Uses and Emissions

Resource Uses and Emissions

Resource Uses and Emissions

Solid Waste Generation


Life Cycle Assessment

CML92

Environmental Theme-Oriented Impact Assessment

LCI databases


Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of Nine Beverage Container Alternatives

Life Cycle Assessment

GaBi

SimaPro

Environmentally extended input/output analysis


LCA

LCA methodology

international scientific consensus building

LCA

methodological development


Swiss Ecopoint method

Swiss Ecopoint method

CML92

emissions

energy use


CML92

CML92

Institute of Environmental Sciences at Leiden University

EPS method

EPS method

Eco-indicator 99

life cycle inventory databases


SETAC Code of Practice

SETAC Code of Practice

SETAC Code of Practice

ISO 14040

ISO 14041

Eco-indicator 99

ISO 14042

ISO 14043

ISO 14040

ILCD handbook

PEF and OEF guidelines


ecoinvent database

life cycle inventory databases

process-based LCA


Consequential perspective

Consequential perspective


Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis

Attributional Perspective

Attributional Perspective

Product Life Cycle


moulded pulp trays

plastic bottles

LCA


milk packaging

LCA studies

packaging systems


Water Use

Land Use

Hybrid LCA

Hybrid LCA

Social LCA

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment


LCA

LCA methodology development

LCA


Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan

Life Cycle Assessment

The Sustainability Consortium


Nordic Ecolabel

European Flower

Blaue Engel

European Integrated Product Policy

Environmental product declarations

Green public purchase

Ecolabels


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Life Cycle Assessment

International Harmonisation and Standardisation

LCA-based reporting systems


Leiden workshop

Sandestin Florida workshop

Wintergreen workshop

Code of Practice workshop


SimaPro

GaBi

Impact assessment methods

EDIP2003

EDIP2003

EDIP2003

spatially differentiated impact assessment


SETAC

inventory modelling

life cycle impact assessment

SETAC working groups

SETAC working groups

Nordic LCA Guideline project


UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

Dutch LCA Handbook

EDIP project


UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

SETAC code of practice for LCA

International Organization of Standardization standardisation process

global standard for LCA


ISO 14040

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044


UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

International Life Cycle Data System

Life Cycle Inventory Data

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


ISO 14040

ILCD Guideline

ILCD Guideline

ILCD Guideline

Life Cycle Assessment


ISO 14040

ISO 14000

ISO 14062

ISO 14006

ISO 14020

ISO 14063

communication of environmental performance

ISO 14064

ILCD LCA methodology

UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative


The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

Academic journals


ISO 14040

ILCD guidelines

Life Cycle Assessment


ILCD Guidelines

ILCD Guidelines

ILCD Impact Assessment Method

ILCD Impact Assessment Method

ILCD Guidelines

Product Environmental Footprint Guidelines

ILCD Guidelines

Organisational Environmental Footprint Guidelines

Chapter 37


LCA

young discipline with 50 years of history

LCA

less than 30 years of intense development and application

LCA methodology

LCA methodology


LCA-related academic articles

LCA-related academic articles


LCA

LCA

LCA


ILCD Handbook—General guide for Life Cycle Assessment—Detailed guidance

Life Cycle Assessment


Nordic Guidelines on Life-Cycle Assessment

Product Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental repercussions and economic structure


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Product Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Methodology

Environmental Assessment of Milk Packaging


Eco-indicator 99

Goedkoop, M.J., Spriensma, R.: Eco-indicator 99, a damage oriented method for lifecycle impact assessment, methodology report

Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards

EDIP 2003

Spatial Differentiation in LCA Impact Assessment

Environmental assessment of products


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


ISO standards

ILCD methodological guidelines

chemical impacts

spatial differentiation

science-based boundaries


Life Cycle Initiative

European Platform of Life Cycle Assessment


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

Life Cycle Initiative

UNEP

SETAC


Environmental Product Declarations

Greenhouse Gas Accounting

LCA Methodology Development


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Management


CALCAS


Life Cycle Assessment

Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis of Nine Beverage Container Alternatives

Environmental Assessment of Products

Environmental Assessment of Products

Environmental Assessment of Products


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Integrated Product Policy

Integrated Product Policy

Eco-design Directive for Energy-related Products


EU Ordinance on the avoidance and recovery of packaging wastes

EU Waste oil directive

Waste framework directive

Thematic strategy on prevention and recycling of waste

LCA


LCA study

LCA study

waste glass packaging


Environmental technologies action plan

Integrated product policy

Directive on the eco-design of energy using products

Strategy for the sustainable use of natural resources

Sustainable production and consumption action plan

Eco-labelling

Environmental product declarations

Strategic environmental assessment directive

Public procurement

Construction products directive

Ordinance on the avoidance and recovery of packaging wastes

Waste management

Thematic strategy on prevention and recycling


Life Cycle Thinking

Manufacturing Processes

Product Use

Life Cycle Inventory Modelling

Product Environmental Footprint

Organization Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Organization Environmental Footprint


LCA

LCA

life cycle thinking

LCA

LCA

product life cycle


Life Cycle Assessment

used lubricating and industrial oil management process

Life Cycle Assessment

decision support in product and process development

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


waste incineration tax

waste incineration tax

waste incineration tax

LCA

recycling

California Oil Recycling Enhancement Act

refining

reuse

distillation

combustion with energy recovery


Product Development

LCA

Product Environmental Performance

Product Environmental Performance

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


Product Level

Product Level

Product Level

LCA

LCA


LCA

LCA

LCA

environmental performance

Ecolabels

environmental product declarations


carbon footprint

blue water footprint

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Organization Environmental Footprint

Life Cycle Assessment


Environmental Management System

ISO 14001

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme


Environmental Management Systems

Life Cycle Assessment

identification of overall environmental aspects

Life Cycle Assessment

identification of activities with largest environmental burdens

Life Cycle Assessment

comparison of alternative manufacturing routes


Environmental Management System

Environmental Management System

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Management System

continual improvement in environmental performance


LCA

LCA

environmental assessment tools

environmental assessment tools


Small-sized enterprises

Medium-sized enterprises

LCA cost

LCA methodology complexity

Shortage of qualified personnel


LCA

LCA implementation by SMEs

lack of awareness of sustainability issues

LCA implementation by SMEs

LCA implementation by SMEs

LCA implementation by SMEs

LCA implementation by SMEs


Customer demand

SME adoption of environmental assessment tools

Legislation pressure

Bio-based plastic

LCA


LCA

LCA

private consumption of goods and services

LCA


ecolabels

consumer information

Consumer decisions

private consumption


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


recycling

landfilling

incineration

meat consumption

car driving


LCA

LCA

globalization and mainstreaming of LCA


Directive 2008/98/EC

LCA Applications


ISO 14040

ISO 14040


Life Cycle Assessment

Life cycle thinking

Environmental assessment of products


Anders Bjørn

Anders Bjørn

Anders Bjørn

Alexis Laurent

Alexis Laurent

Alexis Laurent

Christine Molin

Christine Molin


LCA

absolute sustainability assessments

environmental assessment

environmental assessment


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.43

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Protection


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.44

Our Common Future

United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development

Sustainable Development


sustainable development

sustainable development


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.45

sustainable development

sustainable development

sustainable development

Our Common Future


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainability

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.46

Environmental Protection

Environmental Protection

Natural Resources

Environmental Services


Critical Loads

Carrying Capacity

Acidifying Compounds

Planetary Boundaries


Environmental Protection

Environmental Protection

Intra-generational Equity

Air Pollution


Sustainability

Sustainability

Sustainability

Interspecies Equity

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

environmental protection

Social LCA


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.48

IPAT equation

environmental impact per material affluence

IPAT equation

IPAT equation


Planetary Boundaries

Planetary Boundaries

Planetary Boundaries

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Protection


Population

Per capita affluence

Environmental pressure

Environmental impacts

Population

Per capita affluence

GDP

Transportation

Paper production


IPAT equation

population

per capita affluence

technology factor

LCA


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.47

Planetary Boundaries

Planetary Boundaries

Planetary Boundaries

Mankind


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.49

eco-efficiency

LCA


eco-efficiency

eco-efficiency

reducing environmental impacts throughout the entire life cycle

eco-efficiency

reducing resource intensity throughout the entire life cycle


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.50

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.51

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Environmental Protection


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

carrying capacity

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Costing

Social Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Costing

Social Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Sustainability

Triple bottom line


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.52

IPAT equation

population growth

average affluence

eco-efficiency of technologies

planetary boundaries


Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Costing

intra-generational equity

Social Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


eco-efficiency

rebound effects

car engine eco-efficiency


energy consumption during use

material consumption during production

Montreal Protocol


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.53

fuel economy

lighting technologies

energy efficiency

eco-efficiency


LCA

LCA

LCA

Eco-efficiency


LCA

environmental carrying capacities

environmental carrying capacities

LCA

absolute evaluation

relative perspective


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.54


Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Methodologies

Eco-efficiency


hauschild:5 LCA and Sustainability, p.55

LCA

Absolute Sustainability Assessments

Integration of Sustainability Targets in LCA


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.59

LCA

iterative nature of LCA

helping LCA practitioner focus on what matters most

LCA methodological principles


ISO 14040

LCA methodology

sensitivity analysis

LCA process

feedback loops


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.60

ISO 14040

CML

EDIP97

ILCD guidelines

LCA methodology


European ILCD guidelines for LCA

European ILCD guidelines for LCA


Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Interpretation

LCA


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.61

LCA

Framework of LCA


Goal and Scope Definition

Goal Definition

Scope Definition

Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Product System

Assessment Parameters


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.62

Goal Definition

Scope Definition

Goal Definition

Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

reference flow


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory

Impact Assessment

Elementary Flows

Impact Category


Scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

Goal definition

Scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment


Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory

Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.63

elementary flows

characterised impact scores

aggregated indicator scores

Normalisation


Normalisation

Normalisation

Grouping

Weighting

Grouping

Weighting Factors

Quantitative Weighting


Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Social LCA

Life Cycle Costing

Interpretation


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.64

Impact Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis


LCA

iterative approach

LCA results

environmental product declaration

impact scores


Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Characterisation

Normalisation

Weighting

Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis


Goal and Scope Definition

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

screening LCA

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Impact Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment Results

Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Characterisation Factors

Characterisation Factors


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.65

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ILCD Handbook

LCA framework

iteration


sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis

goal and scope definition


Goal Definition

Goal Definition

ILCD Handbook


Goal Definition

Goal and Scope Definition


hauschild:6 Introduction to LCA Methodology, p.66


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

Environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and framework

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

Environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines


Goal Definition

Goal Definition

Inventory Analysis

Goal Definition

Goal Definition


Intended Applications of the Results

Comparing environmental impacts of specific goods or services

Hot spot identification

Product system


climate change

life cycle stages

comparative study

environmental superiority claims


Hot spot identification

Eco-design

Environmental product declarations

Eco-label

Intended application

Intended application

Intended application


Goal Definition

Goal and Scope Phases

Inventory Phase

Impact Assessment Phase

Goal and Scope Phases

Inventory Phase

Decision Context

Goal Definition


Production

Use Stage

Production

Use Stage

Disposal Stage

Site-generic LCIA approach

Fuel Consumption


Structural changes

Product system

Production capacity change

Equipment lifetime


Intended application

Reasons for carrying out the study

Intended application

Reasons for carrying out the study

Reasons for carrying out the study

study results


Goal Definition

Decision Context Classification

Inventory Modelling

Micro-level Decision Support


Comparative assertion of the overall environmental impacts associated with nation-wide recycling or incineration of all used office paper in Australia

Support decision on governmental recommendations for environmentally preferred future handling of paper waste from commercial and governmental offices in Australia

Reasons for carrying out the study


environmental product declaration

LCA study

decision support

electricity production

diesel derived from oil

biodiesel substitution


Situation C

Situation C1

Situation C2

Product System Model

Allocation

Energy from Waste Incineration


Goal definition

Target audience

Target audience

Target audience


decision context identification

decision context identification

structural changes in interacting systems

decision context identification

Micro-level decision support

eco-label

goal definition


Goal Definition

Decision Context Identification

Situation C1

Situation C2

System Model

Background System


Comparative Studies

Public Disclosure

ISO Standard

ISO Standard

External Review Process

LCA Background Information


ILCD Handbook

ISO 14040

ISO 14044


Goal Definition

Goal Definition

Goal Definition

Conflict of Interest

Conflict of Interest


ISO requirements

ISO requirements


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

LCIA


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Goal Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition


Unit Process

Unit Process

smallest element in life cycle inventory

Flow

Input and Output Data

Physical Flows


Representativeness of LCI data

Preparation of the basis for the impact assessment

Special requirements for system comparisons

Needs for critical review

Planning reporting of results

Data quality requirements

Data quality requirements


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Functional Unit

Attributional Modelling

Consequential Modelling


Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Stig Irving Olsen

Stig Irving Olsen

Stig Irving Olsen


Materials

Energy

Resources

Products

Waste to treatment

Emissions

Steel sheet rolling


output flows

product or waste to treatment categories

input flows

unit processes

elementary flows

elementary flows

elementary flows

substance entering system from ecosphere without previous human transformation

elementary flows

substance leaving system to ecosphere without subsequent human transformation


Unit process

Steel sheet rolling

Steel sheet rolling

Steel sheet rolling

Steel sheet rolling

Steel sheet rolling

Steel sheet rolling

Elementary flows


solar influx

photovoltaic panels

solar influx

unalloyed steel

electricity

coal-fired power plant

emission flows


Al(OH)3

VOCs

resource flows

drawn from the ecosphere without previous human transformation

water

steel sheet rolling

unalloyed steel

steel sheet rolling


emission flow

released into ecosphere without subsequent human transformation

emission flow

emissions

particulates

mineral oil

technosphere

unit processes

technosphere


Unit Process

Ecosphere

Ecosystems

Human Health

Resource Availability

Technosphere


Foreground System

Background System

Unit Processes

Elementary Flows

Technosphere

Agricultural Systems


Elementary flows

Elementary flows

product systems

Areas of Protection


Foreground system

Background system

Foreground system

Tier-one suppliers

Tier-two suppliers

Tier-three suppliers


background system

electricity supply

metallic copper production

waste management systems

background system


Foreground system

Background system

Unit process

Unit process

Elementary flow

Product flow

Waste flow


foreground processes

background system

upstream background system

foreground system

black arrows

black arrows

black arrows

black arrows

blue arrows

elementary flows

elementary flows


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory Model

inventory analysis

interpretation of LCA results

foreground system


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Weighting

Weighting


Impact Category Selection

Classification

Characterisation

Impact Category Selection

Classification

Elementary Flows

Classification

Impact Categories


Weighting

Weighting

Weighting

Weighting


elementary flow

elementary flow

elementary flow

elementary flow

Characterisation

LCI results

Normalisation

Normalisation

Characterisation


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Classification

Characterisation

Normalisation

Weighting


Life Cycle Inventory

unit process databases

LCI results


Functional Unit

Functional Unit


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Life Cycle Assessment


Impact Assessment Phase

Scoping Phase

Impact Categories

Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory

Impact Assessment

LCI Results

LCIA Results


LCIA results

characterised results

normalisation

weighting

unit process

product system

LCA

LCI model


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

LCA study

product systems

electricity delivery


outdoor paints

Complete coverage of 1 m2 primed outdoor wall for 10 years in Germany in a uniform colour at 99.9% opacity

functional unit

colour

sheen

area of wall coverage

duration of coverage


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Quantitative Aspects

Quantitative Aspects

Quantitative Aspects


Functional Unit

Complete coverage of 1 m2 primed outdoor wall

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Obligatory Properties

Positioning Properties


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Window Frame

Functional Unit

Typical Use by Person, Family or Community


Use Phase

Use Intensity

Use Intensity

Clothes


water-based paint A

needs two applications and a re-paint every 2.5 years

water-based paint B

low content of water, only needs one application and lasts 5 years until re-paint is required


Functional Unit Definition

Functional Unit Definition

Interpretation Phase

Functional Unit Definition


Functional unit

Allow daylight into a building through a physical barrier

Functional unit

visible light transmittance of at least 0.7

Functional unit

Functional unit

Reference flow

Reference flow

Reference flow

Paint for maintaining surface of window pane

Protection from outdoor climate

Allow ventilation between indoor and outdoor

Protection against breaking into the building

Provide aesthetic functionality to the building


Functional Unit

Interpretation Phase

Functional Unit

Physical Quantity

Mass


glass

PET


Euro 6 standard

diesel passenger car

functional unit

NOX emissions

driving pattern

LCI


Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Functional Unit

Reference Flow


reference flow

reference flow

reference flow


functional unit

reference flow

functional unit


Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Elementary Flows


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Legal Requirements

Technical Standards

Technical Standards

User Perception


primary functions

primary functions

primary functions

secondary functions


Secondary functions

Multifunctional process

Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry


Functional unit

Reference flows

LCI modelling framework

Multifunctional processes

LCI modelling framework

LCI modelling framework

Secondary functions


hide production

waste incineration

waste incineration

waste incineration

heat production

electricity production


ISO 14044

ISO 14044 Hierarchy

Scope Definition

ISO 14044 Hierarchy


Multifunctional processes

ISO 14044

By-product

Environmental impacts

Multifunctionality


ISO hierarchy for solving multifunctionality

allocation


Subdivision

Subdivision

Subdivision

Partition Environmental Flows

Physical Causality

Secondary Function


System Expansion

System Expansion

District Heating

Crediting for Avoided Production


Power Plant 1

Power Plant 1

Power Plant 2

System Expansion

System Expansion

Secondary Function Credit


Unit Process

Subdivision

Subdivision

Product


Subdivision

System Expansion

System Expansion

Subdivision


Crediting for avoided production

Crediting for avoided production

Incineration

Incineration

Incineration

System expansion

Modelling resolution increase


System Expansion

Milk Production

Dairy Cow Meat

Value Correction Factor

System Expansion

Allocation


System Expansion

Allocation

Allocation

System Expansion

Allocation


Cattle raising

Cattle raising

Combined heat and power plant 1

Combined heat and power plant 1

Power plant 2

System expansion

Crediting


petrochemical refinery

system expansion

alternative route


Cadmium

Batteries

Plastic

Physical Allocation

Physical Allocation


wheat

economic allocation

economic allocation

economic allocation

process inputs and outputs


ISO standard

allocation

exergy content

heat

electricity

wheat

straw


economic allocation

economic allocation

co-product

economic allocation


Attributional LCA

Consequential LCA

LCI Modelling Framework


ILCD guidelines

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

LCI modelling framework


product system

multifunctional processes

product system


ILCD

allocation

subdivision

system expansion

system expansion

attributional LCA

average processes

market mix


Consequential LCI modelling

Consequential LCI modelling

Consequential LCI modelling

milk production

milk production capacity


milk production

milk production

system expansion

milk production


Attributional LCI modelling

Attributional LCI modelling

represents product system in isolation from technosphere

Attributional LCA

Attributional LCA

Attributional LCA

Attributional LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA


Consequential LCI modelling

Consequential LCI modelling

global aluminium market

electricity market

coal combustion

natural gas combustion

wind power

solar power

nuclear power


Consequential LCA

Attributional LCA

marginal processes

combustion process

solar process

wind process


Natural Gas

Coal

Wind

Oil

Wood chips

Waste

Natural Gas

short-term marginal electricity generation

Natural Gas combustion


short-term marginal processes

long-term marginal processes

long-term marginal processes

changes in installed production capacity

natural gas

marginal processes


beef production

fish production

chicken production

chicken production

consequential modelling

LCA


Consequential modelling

Long-term marginal electricity technology

Attributional modelling

Wind turbines

Coal-fired power plants

Hydropower plants

Rooftop photovoltaic panels

Waste incineration


Situation A

ILCD

goal definition

ILCD recommendations

Table 8.4


Situation A

marginal process

system expansion

system expansion

ILCD

average market consumption mix


Situation C1

Situation C1

Situation C1

Situation C2

Situation C2

Situation C2


consequential LCA

consequential LCA

foreground system

foreground system

background system

background system

multifunctional processes

long-term marginal electricity processes


Attributional modelling

System expansion

Situation A

Situation A

Situation A

Situation B

Mix of attributional and consequential modelling

Situation B

Marginal processes


marginal processes

average processes

ILCD

electricity supply

Situation A studies

Situation B


Situation B

ILCD

ILCD

background processes

long-term marginal processes

structural changes

Situation B


Situation B

long-term marginal processes

LCI

electricity mix

consequential approach

ILCD recommendations


steel sheet

life cycle of steel sheet

system boundaries diagram


System Boundaries

System Boundaries

System Boundaries

demarcate studied product system from technosphere and ecosphere

Completeness Requirements

System Boundaries

determines unit processes for environmental impact quantification

System Boundaries


Extraction of iron ore

Pig iron production

Crude steel production

Steel rolling

Use on road

Collection for recycling

Extraction of iron ore

Pig iron production

Crude steel production

Steel rolling

Landfilling


System Boundaries

System Boundaries

System Boundaries

System Expansion

Elementary Flows

Unit Processes

Unit Processes

Waste Treatment


Situation C1

Situation C1

system expansion

Situation C2

Situation C2

allocation

Situation A

ISO hierarchy

ISO hierarchy


full life cycle perspective

extraction and production of raw materials

full life cycle perspective

full life cycle perspective

full life cycle perspective

cradle-to-gate study

manufacturing

use stage


Unit process

Reference flow

Elementary flow

Technosphere

Ecosphere

Technosphere

Technosphere


Product flow

Functional unit

Goal definition

Comparative studies

Elementary flow

Waste flow

Cradle-to-gate assessment


cradle-to-gate assessment

system boundaries

reference flow

elementary flows

elementary flows

reference flow


Scope Definition

hot spot screening

environmental product declaration


Unit Process

System Boundaries

Unit Process

Reference Flow


window cleaning

omitted processes

hotspot analysis

unit process

unit process

LCI model


System Scoping

Unit Processes

Product System

Inventory Modelling

Iterative Approach

Completeness Requirements

Product Flows


Completeness requirement

Completeness requirement

process cut-off decision

process inclusion


system boundaries

system boundaries

system boundaries

multifunctional processes

excluded product flows

excluded waste flows


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Radioactive Waste

Transportation

System Boundaries


mass-based cut-off criterion

cut-off approach

low mass share flows

gold mining

elementary flow

reference flow


Scope Definition

Completeness Requirements

LCI Analysis

LCA Practitioner

Representativeness of LCI Data


Completeness Requirements

Inventory Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Impact Assessment

Process Omission

Infrastructure Production

Infrastructure Maintenance

Case-specific Assessment


LCA

unit processes

attributional LCA

consequential LCA

foreground system

elementary flows

primary data


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

LCI Data Representativeness

LCI Data Representativeness

LCI Data Representativeness

Geographical Representativeness


Primary Data

Foreground System

Background System

Scope Definition


Denmark

Sweden

hydropower

scope definition

foreground system


Foreground system

Upstream processes

Downstream processes

Geographical scope

Geographical scope

Geographical scope

Geographical scope


Geographical Representativeness

Geographical Representativeness

Geographical Representativeness

Geographical Representativeness

Geographical Representativeness

Unit Processes

Unit Processes

Market Mix

Marginal Processes Mix


wastewater treatment process

geographical representativeness

geographical representativeness

time-related representativeness


Technological innovation

Efficient processes

Efficient processes

Efficient processes

Efficient processes

Time-related representativeness


Life Cycle Stages

Unit Processes

Inventory Analysis

Window Frames

Climate

Regulation

Electricity Consumption Mix


Foreground System

Prospective LCAs

Technological Foresight

Electricity Mix


Manufacturing Stage

Use Stage

Incineration Plant Operation

Goal Definition

Inventory Model


Materials

Manufacturing

Assembly

Use

Disposal

Materials

Manufacturing

Assembly

Use


Life Cycle Assessment

Scope Definition

Geographical Scope

Time Frame Definition

Product Lifetime

Waste Treatment

Recycling


Disposal

Use

Manufacturing

Product development

Scope Definition

Prospective LCAs


Time-related representativeness

Comparative studies

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

Temporal differentiation


stainless steel

basic grade steel

scope definition

scope definition

background system

background system

background system

scope definition


Inventory Analysis

Electric Arc Furnace

Basic Oxygen Furnace

Technological Representativeness

Technological Representativeness


Technological representativeness

Technological representativeness

Electricity production

Unit processes

Unit process output


LCIA

Impact Category Selection

Impact Category Selection

Carbon Footprinting

Water Footprinting

Chapter 10


Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment Planning

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Impact Categories

LCIA Methods

LCIA Methods


Impact Category

Normalisation and Weighting

Indicator Scores

Scope Definition

Comparative LCA


ILCD

LCIA Methods

Completeness of scope

Environmental relevance

impact pathway

indicator

characterisation model


landfilling processes

landfilling processes

climate change indicators

temporary carbon storage

intra-annual inventory data

intra-day inventory data

night-time electricity base-load data


LCIA Method

LCIA Method


LCIA Method

LCIA Method

Characterisation factors

Impact Category

LCIA Method


Environmental relevance

impact pathway

Scientific robustness and Certainty

Scientific robustness and Certainty

Documentation, Transparency and Reproducibility

Applicability

characterisation factors

elementary flows


LCIA Method

LCA Practitioner

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Elementary Flow

Scope Definition


Critical review

Inputs and outputs

Environmental performance


Normalisation

Weighting

Normalisation

Weighting

Weighting

LCIA method

LCIA method


ILCD guideline

ILCD guideline

uncertainty evaluation

carbon footprint

single indicator comparison


normalisation

weighting

ISO 14044

functional unit

system boundary

data quality

allocation procedures


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Elementary Flow

Spatial Differentiation

Spatial Differentiation

Spatially Differentiated LCIA Method

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Critical Review

Scope Definition

Critical Review


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ILCD Handbook


Scope Definition

Scope Definition

Critical Review


ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

Scope Definition


LCA reporting levels

Internal use by the commissioner of study

LCA reporting levels

LCA reporting levels

Comparative studies disclosed to the public


Goal and Scope Definition

Impact Assessment

Interpretation

LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

Reporting


Attributional and consequential LCA

Characterization modeling

IDF guide to standard life cycle assessment methodology for the dairy sector

Carbon footprint

Life cycle inventories of electricity generation and power supply

Electricity generation


ecoinvent database

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

normalisation


ISO standards

ILCD methodological guidelines

LCIA methodology

LCIA methodology

life cycle engineering

eco-design


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.117

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Elementary Flows

LCI Model

LCI Results


Life Cycle Inventory

unit process

attributional approach

consequential approach

uncertainty analysis

sensitivity analysis


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.118

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Elementary Flows

Life Cycle Inventory Result


LCI analysis

LCI analysis

LCIA phase

inventory data

completeness requirements


Process-based approach

Process-based approach

Environmentally extended input-output analysis

Process-based approach


LCI Analysis

LCI Analysis

LCI Analysis

LCI Analysis

Constructing and quality checking unit processes

LCI Analysis

Constructing LCI model and calculating LCI results

LCI Analysis

Preparing the basis for uncertainty management and sensitivity analysis

LCI Analysis

Process-based approach

ILCD guideline


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.119

Foreground System

Background System

Level 0 Process

Unit Process

LCI Database Processes


level 1 processes

level 2 processes

level 3 processes

production of glass

window frame production

electricity supply

transportation

administration

marketing


EEIO approach

Process-based approach

comprehensive coverage of elementary flows

EEIO approach

IO-LCA

EEIO

Identifying Processes for the LCI Model

System boundaries


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.120


Window assembly

Heat

Cleaning

Transportation

Waste management

Furnace for glass recycling

Incineration plant for frame

Electricity supply

Use

Foreground system


Window assembly

Window glass

Window frame

Electricity supply

Assembly machine

Assembly machine production and maintenance

Sand

Limestone

Natural gas

Furnace

Furnace for glass recycling

Incineration plant for frame


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.121

Use Stage

Waste Management Stage

Foreground System

LCI Model

Data Collection

Multifunctional Processes


data collection

plastic component

plastic component

inventory analysis

process-based approach

omitted processes

inventory analysis


foreground system

background system

multifunctionality

multifunctionality

LCI databases

waste treatment processes

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


Inventory Analysis

Process-based LCA

IO-LCA

Multifunctionality

Subdivision

System Expansion

Allocation


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.122

Subdivision

Unit processes

Recycled materials

Electricity

Solid waste management systems


Process subdivision

Process subdivision

Room lighting

Room heating

Administration

Allocation procedures


Unit process

Unit process

Unit process

Unit process

Subdivision

Data availability


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.123

System Expansion

System Expansion

System Expansion

market mix

market mix


Consequential modelling

Allocation

causal physical relationship

common representative physical parameter

economic value


Electric Arc Furnace

Basic Oxygen Furnace

EAF Steel

BOF Steel

Recycled Steel

System Expansion


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.124

Electricity consumption

Product x

Product y

Allocation

Heat consumption

NOx emissions


allocation factor

exergy values

bunker oil

bitumen


causal physical relationship approach

causal physical relationship approach

electricity consumption


allocation according to causal physical relationship

representative physical parameter approach

fractional distillation process of crude oil

diesel

petrol

kerosene

propane

bunker oil

exergy


allocation

allocation

sensitivity analysis

physical parameter

mass

nutritional value


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.125

System Expansion

Economic Allocation

Physical Parameter Allocation

Economic Allocation


Economic Value Approach

Economic Value Approach

Shadow Price

Wheat Production

Straw

Baling


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.126

plastic cup

oil production

plastic cup production


economic allocation

CML Guideline

ecoinvent

consequential LCI

attributional LCI


plastic cup production

oil

Consequential LCI

plastic cup production


attributional LCI

attributional LCI

consequential LCI

consequential LCI

plastic cup production

nuclear power plants


Consequential LCI

Attributional LCI

Natural Gas Power Plant

Consequential LCI


crude oil extraction

plastic production

transport to retail

consumer use

transport to incineration

crude oil extraction

plastic production

transport to retail

incineration

consequential LCI


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.127

Product demand change

Production technology selection

Product substitution

Constrained product supply

Co-product


consequential LCI

consequential LCI

system expansion

subdivision


Consequential LCA

Environmental consequences of production changes

Consequential LCA

Plastic cup production


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

consequential modelling

plastic cup production


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.128

consequential LCI

change in demand or supply

consequential LCI

change in demand

change in supply


Attributional LCI

Attributional LCI

Attributional LCI

Consequential LCI

Consequential LCI

Consequential LCI


Change in demand or supply

Change in demand or supply

Identify constraints in the market

Identify production technology affected by change in demand

co-product from a multi-output process

4-Step approach for identifying affected process in a full consequential LCA


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.129


straw

straw

recycled metals

waste


Recycled Metal

Recycled Metal

Demand Increase


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.130

co-product

waste

biodiesel production

slaughterhouse waste


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

product substitution

recycled metal

virgin metal demand


Consequential LCA

Product substitution

Market constraints analysis


Slaughterhouse waste

Meat production

Commercial fish catch

Wood production


crude oil

crude oil

supply changes


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.131

Consequential LCI

Product Substitution

Product Substitution


constrained production

waste handling

reduced waste handling

increased waste handling

low value by-product


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.132

sensitivity and uncertainty analysis

market analysis

scenario development


Product substitution

Product substitution

Low-value by-product

Low-value by-product

Regulatory constraint

Physical constraint


Product Functionality

Consequential LCI

Product Substitutes


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.134

electricity

wind turbines

coal fired power plants

production technology


Coal power plants

Electricity generation from coal

Electricity generation from gas turbines

Demand increase


Product substitution

Additional treatment

Demand change

Supply


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.133

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

product substitution identification

product substitution identification

product substitution identification


biodiesel production

glycerol

product substitution

product substitution

product substitution


coal power plants

gas power plants

electricity consumption


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.135

long-term marginal

short-term marginal

immediately affected production technology

long-term marginal

short-term marginal

wind turbines

coal power


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.136

electricity generation

electricity generation

market demand decrease

increasing market trend


Production technology

Production plants

Market trend

implementation of new production technology

Rapidly decreasing market trend

Rapidly decreasing market trend

early decommissioning of production plants


demand change

small demand changes

structural change in production capacity

Situation A and B studies

size of changes in LCA

market trend


wind turbines

coal power plants

gas power plants

least competitive technology

market replacement rate


Long-term marginal technology

Long-term marginal technology

Implementation of new production technology

Short-term marginal technology

Short-term marginal technology

Marginal technology

Decreasing market trend

Decommissioning of least competitive technology


Decrease in demand

Decreasing market trend

Decrease in demand


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.137

Marginal Technology

Marginal Technology

Sensitivity Scenarios

ecoinvent database

Inventory Data


Increase in demand

Decreasing market trend

Decision

Increasing market trend

Decrease in demand


ecoinvent database

market

market

market

supply changes


secondary consequences


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.138

secondary consequences

scenario analysis


consequential LCA

consequential LCA


Yield increase

Yield increase

Yield increase

Time savings from washing machine

Household appliances


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.139

Planning and Collection of Data

Planning and Collection of Data

Scope Definition

System Boundaries


Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

addresses consequences of potential decisions

Consequential LCA

Attributional LCA

Attributional LCA

Attributional LCA


LCIA

data collection

LCIA results

LCIA phase


consequential LCA

ILCD


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

scope definition

Unit process

Product life cycle stages

ecoinvent


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.140

Temperature of clothes washing

Driving pattern of car

Sector statistics

Infrastructure data

Supplier data

Flow data on internal processes


Data Quality

Data Specificity

Data Specificity

Data Specificity

Very High Data Specificity

Measured directly at specific process site

High Data Specificity

Derived from measurements at specific process site via modelling

Medium Data Specificity


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.141

unit processes

elementary flows

elementary flows

CO2 emission

CO2 emission


Complete unit process

All flows scaled to 1 unit of reference flow

Complete unit process

Individual flow to/from process

Technical or geographic parameters

Technical or geographic parameters

Technical or geographic parameters

Generic LCI database process

Site-specific data


CO2 emission

CO2 emission

Flow

electricity produced


Reference flow

LCI databases

LCI databases

LCI models


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.143

Wastewater

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Emission of copper

Product Y


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.142

unit process

unit process

copper emissions to untreated wastewater

output flows

mass balance


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Data access

Data access

Data access

Data access


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.144

CO2 emissions

freshwater use

elementary flows

elementary flows

input flows


mass balance

natural gas combustion

natural gas combustion

stoichiometry

copper

NOx emission

reference flow


questionnaires

physical site visit

email contact

telephone contact


pesticide emissions

evaporation

air drift

drainage pipe emissions

groundwater leaching

physical and chemical properties

crop type

soil pH

soil slope


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.145

data collection

online searching

LCA studies

industry association reports

national statistics

extrapolation from similar processes

incineration of polypropylene

incineration of polyethylene


upscaling

upscaling

upscaling

greenhouse gas emissions

synthetic chemical emissions


emission data

resource inputs

similar process

laboratory scale processes

novel technologies

flows


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.146

ecoinvent

ecoinvent

ecoinvent

ecoinvent

ELCD

ELCD

ELCD

ELCD

Agri-footprint

Agri-footprint

Agri-footprint


Unit Process

Unit Process

LCI Database

Statistical Agencies

LCI Database

LCI Database

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.147

ecoinvent

ecoinvent version 3

allocation at the point of substitution

allocation, recycled content

consequential


LCA Food Danish database

LCA Food Danish database

LCA Food Danish database

LCA Food Danish database

LCA Food Danish database

LCA Food Danish database

LCA Food Danish database

Swedish National LCA database

GaBi databases

GaBi databases

GaBi databases

GaBi databases

GaBi databases


GaBi

GaBi

GaBi

GaBi

GaBi

GaBi

LC-inventories

NEEDS Database

NEEDS Database

NEEDS Database

NREL

NREL

NREL


cut-off allocation

European Product Environmental Footprint guideline

default allocation

secondary recycled materials


co-production of electricity and heat

cut-off version

cut-off version

recycling processes

secondary recycled materials


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.148

economic allocation

multifunctionality

multifunctional processes

LCI databases

metadata


consequential version

consequential database

consequential database

allocation default database

cut-off database

economic allocation

ecoinvent 3 database


ecoinvent

consequential version

consequential version

LCA Commons

Ökobaudat

Ökobaudat

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


electricity grid mix

aggregated unit process

foreground processes

elementary flows

reference flow


Metadata

Metadata

Metadata

Metadata

Foreground processes

Sensitivity analysis

Uncertainty management

Unit process


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.149

Very Low Specificity Data

LCA studies

reasonable worst case

cut-off criteria

data quality


Manufacturing Stage

End-of-Life Stage

Unit Process

Elementary Flow

LCI Database

Unit Process


Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process data collection

Unit Process data collection

Unit Process data collection

Unit Process data collection

Unit Process data collection

Unit Process data collection

Unit Process data collection


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

unit processes

Quality Check of a Unit Process


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.150

Flow

Unit Process

LCIA

Flow Measurement Error

Flow Quantification


coal input

mass balance

mass balance

mass balance


Filters

Filters

CO2

Fossil fuels

Coal combustion

Coal


paper production process

paper production process

combustion process

Filters

unit process


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.151

Elementary Flow

Unit Process

LCIA Results

Flow Quantity Validation

Emission Quantity


Flow Names

Elementary Flow

Unit Process

Flow

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


mass balance

flow quantities

combustion

combustion

combustion

energy balance

unit process


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.152

Unit processes

LCI databases

Elementary flow

Characterisation factor

Characterisation factor

Flow nomenclature


Characterization Factor

USEtox model

Substance

Missing Flow

Waste to Treatment Flow

Process

Waste to Treatment Flow


Unit Process

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

LCI Model

Unit Process Scaling


Process 1

Process 2

Product X

Process 1

Process 2


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.153

LCI database

elementary flows

characterisation factors

aggregated process

aggregated process

disaggregated process


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.154

process-based LCI modelling

process-based LCI modelling

closed loops

matrix inversion

system expansion

avoided process


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Process 1

Process 1

Process 1

Process 1

Process 2

Process 2

Process 3

Process 3


Product X

Product X

Product X

Product X

Product W

Product W


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.155

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis


LCI Results

LCI Results

Elementary Flows

System Expansion

GaBi

SimaPro

OpenLCA


Foreground System

Quantitative Parameters

Quantitative Parameters

LCI Model

Discrete Parameters

Sensitivity Scenarios

Energy Mix

Waste Treatment Technologies


Uncertainty Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

LCI Model Parameters

Parameter Changes


sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

uncertainty analysis

Process


mass balance

stoichiometric validation

stoichiometry

stoichiometric coefficient

electrolysis of water

electrolysis of water

electrolysis of water

electrolysis of water

electrolysis of water


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.156

Inventory Analysis

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis

LCI Database

Reporting

LCI Model Documentation

Unit Process Documentation

Metadata Documentation

LCI Results Documentation

Life Cycle Stage Assumptions


Flow chart

Foreground system

Unit processes UP1 to UP8

Unit processes UP1 to UP8


LCI Model

LCI Model at System Level

foreground system

background system

uncertainty analysis

sensitivity analysis


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.157

Unit Process

Foreground system

Background system

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process

Unit Process


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.158

Foreground processes

Reference flow

Avoided product

Waste

Emissions

Unit process

Foreground processes


ecoinvent ver. 3.0

ecoinvent ver. 3.0

waste treatment processes


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Unit processes

Arrows

Arrows

Arrows

Arrows

foreground system

background system

background unit processes

dotted arrows


ecoinvent ver. 3.0

ecoinvent ver. 3.0

ecoinvent ver. 3.0

ecoinvent ver. 3.0

ecoinvent ver. 3.0

Emissions

Materials

Energy

Resources


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.159

Process Table

Background Process

Reference Flow

Process Table

Foreground System


Metadata Documentation

Data Specificity Classification

Life Cycle Stages

Unit Processes

Data Source Documentation


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.160

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

sensitivity analysis

assumptions

LCIA results


Monte Carlo analysis

statistical distributions

Pedigree approach

geometric standard deviation

sensitivity scenarios


LCI Model Construction

Data Collection

Data Modelling

Life Cycle Stage

Wastewater Treatment Process

Electricity Mix

Assumption Documentation


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

LCI Results

elementary flows

resources

emissions

unit processes

metadata


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.161

Consequential LCI

Consequential LCI

Step 1

Poultry Fat

Step 3


poultry fat biodiesel

biodiesel

biodiesel

Step 3

poultry fat biodiesel


biodiesel

biodiesel

petrochemical diesel


Biodiesel

Biodiesel

Biodiesel production

Glycerol


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.162

glycerol

glycerol

propylene glycol production

distillation and processing

avoided production of propylene glycol


poultry fat

poultry fat

palm oil

soybean oil

biodiesel production


poultry fat

methanol

sodium hydroxide

crude glycerol

propylene glycol production

biodiesel

biodiesel production


biodiesel

biodiesel

biodiesel

poultry fat

poultry fat


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.163

methanol

poultry fat biodiesel

methanol production


Methanol

Synthetic Gas

Methanol Production

Consequential LCI

Poultry Fat


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ILCD Handbook

Consequential LCI


biodiesel

biodiesel

biodiesel

Steps 2–3

Steps 2–3


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.164


ISO 14044

ISO 14044

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

PestLCI

PestLCI


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.167


hauschild:9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, p.165

Morten Birkved

Morten Birkved

Michael Z. Hauschild

LCIA methodology

LCIA methodology


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Social Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

normalisation

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

environmental impact category

environmental impact category

LCIA method


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.168

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

LCIA method

international standards for LCA


Mikołaj Owsianiak

Mikołaj Owsianiak

Soil Remediation

Toxic Impact Assessment

Biodiesel

Biochar

Hydrochar

Andrea Corona

Andrea Corona

Andrea Corona

Life Cycle Engineering

Eco-design


LCIA

LCIA

LCIA

LCIA


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.169

Elementary Flow

Methane

Carbon Dioxide

Methane

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

elementary flows

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


LCIA characterisation methods

LCIA characterisation methods

environmental intervention

emission

LCIA


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.170

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Area of Protection

Area of Protection

Area of Protection


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Normalisation

Weighting

Grouping


ISO 14040/14044

LCIA phase

Selection of impact categories

Classification

Characterisation

LCI results

Category indicator results


emissions

resource extraction

land use

Environmental mechanism

Environmental mechanism

Environmental mechanism

Environmental mechanism


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.171

Impact Category Selection

Goal and Scope Definition

Impact Category Selection

ISO 14044

Impact Category Selection


Impact Category

Impact Category

Impact Category

Category Indicator

Category Endpoint

Category Endpoint

Category Endpoint

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model


Characterisation Model

Characterisation Factor

Elementary Flow

Environmental Impact

Environmental Impact


ISO 14040/14044

ISO 14040/14044

ISO 14040/14044

Selection of Impact Categories

Impact Categories


Critical Review

LCIA method

Impact category

Impact pathway

Environmental relevance

Environmental relevance


Midpoint indicator

Impact category indicator

Potential impact

Technosphere


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.172

Impact Category Selection

Category Indicator Selection

Characterisation Model Selection

Category Indicator

Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Distinct Identifiable Environmental Mechanism

Characterisation Model


ISO 14044

Impact Category Selection

Impact Category Selection

Impact Category Selection

Impact Category Selection

Impact Category Selection

Impact Categories


ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

Impact Category

LCIA Method

Impact Category


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.173

Noise

Relevant Impact Categories

LCA results discussion and interpretation


Goal definition

Scope definition

Environmental Product Declarations

Product Environmental Footprints

Product Category Rules


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

LCIA methods


ILCD

ReCiPe

CML

TRACI

EDIP

LIME

IMPACT 2002+

category indicators

characterisation models


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.174

LCIA Method

LCIA Method

LCIA Method

LCIA Method

LCIA Method


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.175

ISO 14040/14044

European Commission

European Commission

characterisation modelling

LCI

LCIA method


ILCD method

LIME

LIME

TRACI

TRACI


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.176

Characterisation

Characterisation

Elementary Flows

LCA Software


LCIMPACT

ILCD

LIME 3.0

EcoScarcity2013

EcoScarcity2006

EDIP2003

TRACI

LUCAS

CML 2001

Jepix

LIME

ReCiPe

LIME 2.0

TRACI 2.0

EPS2000

Eco-Indicator 99

IMPACT World+

Canada, USA, Denmark, France, Switzerland

IMPACT 2002+

LIME 2.0

TRACI 2.0

EcoScarcity2006


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

LCIA method

LCIA method

LCIA method

LCIA method

LCIA method

LCIA method


elementary flows

Classification

elementary flows

CO2

water consumption

SO2

SO2

acidification

heavy metal mobilisation

heavy metal mobilisation


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.177

Characterisation Factor

elementary flow

Characterisation Factor


Characterisation

Elementary Flow

Characterisation Factor

Impact Score

Impact Score

Emission

Resource Extraction


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

characterisation

cause–effect chain

environmental intervention

emission into the environment

resource extraction from the environment


characterisation factor

characterisation factor

CO2-equivalents per unit greenhouse gas emission

characterisation factor

impact category

impact category

LCIA method


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.178

Emission

Fate

Exposure

Emission

Fate

Fate


Exposure

Effects

Exposure

Exposure

Exposure


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.179

Exposure

Exposure

Effects

Effects

lower water quality

lack of water

lack of habitat


Extraction-Related Impacts

environmental mechanism of the impact category

Extraction or use

Fate

minerals

crude oil

water

soil


Human Exposure

Cause-Effect Chain

Cause-Effect Chain

Cause-Effect Chain

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


elementary flow

LCI flow

impact category indicator

cause-effect chain

renewable biotic resources

renewable biotic resources


Land Use

Land Use

Land Use

Land Use

Land Use

Land Use

Water use

Water use

Water use

Abiotic resource use


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.180

Impact Indicator

Impact Indicator

Impact Indicator

Impact Indicator

Cause-Effect Chain


midpoint impact indicators

endpoint impact indicators

midpoint impact indicators

endpoint impact indicators


Midpoint Impact Indicators

Classification

Elementary Flows

Toxic Carcinogen

Characterisation


Climate change

Stratospheric ozone depletion

Acidification

Eutrophication

Photochemical ozone formation

Ecotoxicity

Human toxicity


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.181

Particulate matter formation

Ionising radiation

Land Use

Water use

Abiotic resource use

Biotic resource use

Noise

Pathogens

Midpoint characterisation

Characterised impact profile at midpoint level


Midpoint Indicators

Endpoint Indicators

Endpoint Indicators

Endpoint Indicators

Climate Change

Climate Change


endpoint indicators

endpoint indicators

endpoint indicators

impact categories

environmental profile

environmental profile

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.182

Normalisation

Weighting

Normalisation

Midpoint indicator results

Aggregation

Aggregation


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.183

Endpoint characterisation

Normalisation

Weighted midpoint indicators

Weighted midpoint indicators


ILCD characterisation framework

ILCD characterisation framework

ILCD characterisation framework

elementary flows

inventory results


midpoint indicator

midpoint-to-endpoint characterisation factors

midpoint characterisation factors


Midpoint Impact Indicators

Endpoint Impact Indicators

Areas of Protection

Areas of Protection

Areas of Protection

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Human Toxicity

Particulate Matter Formation

Ionising Radiation

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Acidification

Eutrophication

Ecotoxicity

Land Use

Water Use

Mineral Resource Depletion

Resource Use

Elementary Flows

Inventory Results

Midpoint Characterisation


Midpoint Assessment

Midpoint Assessment

Provides detailed impact pathway information

Endpoint Assessment

Provides condensed information with fewer indicator results

LCIA

LCIA

Aggregation from midpoint to endpoint


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Time Horizons and Temporal Variability

Elementary flows

Environmental impacts

Environmental impacts


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.184

methane

time horizon

LCIA

heavy metal emissions

mine tailings


Global Warming

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Acidification

Eutrophication

Toxicity

Water Impact

Land-use Impact


local impacts

local impacts

global impact categories

regional impacts

toxic emission

spatial variability


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.185

Life Cycle Inventory

Spatially Differentiated Impact Assessment

Elementary Flow

Spatial Resolution Modelling

Life Cycle Inventory Aggregation


Particulate Matter

Spatial Models

Archetypal Models

Country-based Characterisation

Site-generic Characterisation Factors


site-generic LCIA method

one characterisation factor per elementary flow and compartment

spatially differentiated characterisation method

one characterisation factor per elementary flow, compartment and spatial unit

grid-based methods

spatial variability

elementary flow

intervention/emission compartment


Characterisation Factors

midpoint impact categories

acidification

spatially differentiated characterisation

site-generic Characterisation Factors


Global Warming Potential

Life Cycle Assessment

Impact Category

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.186

Characterization Factor

Characterization Factor

Endpoint Characterization Factor

Human Health

DALY

DALY

Years of Life lived with a Disability per affected Person


Years of Life Lost

Disability Adjusted Life Years per affected Person

Years of Life with Disability

Potentially Disappeared Fraction

Potentially Disappeared Fraction

Potentially Disappeared Fraction

Potentially Disappeared Fraction


Uncertainties

LCIA Uncertainties

Human Toxicity

Human Toxicity

LCIA Uncertainties


Potentially Disappeared Fraction

Potentially Disappeared Fraction

Resource Depletion

Resource Depletion

Resource Depletion

Future Extraction Costs

Future Extraction Costs

Future Extraction Costs


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.187

Toxicity

Eutrophication

Acidification

Global Warming Potential

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Human Health Toxicity


toxicity indicators

impact potentials

elementary flows

LCI

uncertainty in LCA


Human Health Toxicity

Human Health Toxicity

Ecotoxicity

Toxicity Impact Categories

Elementary Flow

Characterisation Factors


Variability

Spatial variability

Uncertainty in LCIA

Uncertainty in LCIA

LCIA methods

Characterisation factors


LCIA methods

characterisation factors

assumptions


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.188

elementary flow

marginal impact modelling

additional impact per additional unit emission

marginal impact modelling

average impact modelling

average impact modelling

overall impact divided by overall emissions


LCIA models

LCIA models

Life Cycle Inventory

characterisation models

elementary flow


LCIA

Potential impacts

characterisation factors

marginal modelling

average modelling

inventory data

impact assessment data


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.189

Normalisation

Normalisation

product system's potential impacts

Normalisation


LCA

LCA

LCIA

conservative regulatory methodology

best estimates

avoiding bias between compared scenarios


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.190

external normalisation

internal normalisation

normalised impact scores


Mass/energy balance

Process modelling

Parsimony

Parsimony

Relativity

LCA results


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Impact Category


Internal normalisation

External normalisation

European person equivalent impact scores

normalisation factors

wooden frame window


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.191

Production-based approach

Consumption-based approach

Production-based approach

Consumption-based approach

available environmental space


Normalisation factors

Characterisation factors


environmental space

environmental space

politically determined environmental space

environmental space

carrying capacity


2 °C ceiling for climate change

science-based targets

science-based targets


Normalisation Factor

Normalisation Factor

Normalisation Factor

Life Cycle Inventory data

Life Cycle Inventory data

Normalised impact score

Normalised impact score

Normalised impact score


Normalisation

Normalisation

harmonises metrics for different impact potentials

Normalisation

Reference system selection


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.192

Normalisation

Normalisation

product system

normalised LCA results

key issues identification


Weighting

Weighting


Normalisation

Product System

Environmental Interventions

Normalisation

Impact Categories

Life Cycle

Normalised Impacts


Normalisation

Characterisation

Endpoint Characterisation

Midpoint Normalisation

Weighting


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.193

Goal and Scope Definition

Weighting Scheme

Weighting Scheme

LCA Results


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

midpoint indicators

weighting

environmental impacts

Probability of the modelled consequences

environmental impacts


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.194

Characterisation

Impact thresholds

Severity of effect

Population density

Geographical scale


Weighting

Aggregating impact scores

Comparing across impact categories

Weighting

Weighting scheme

Weighting


midpoint indicators

midpoint impact categories

EPS

LIME

Prevention costs


EPS

LIME

EDIP

Ecopoints

Swiss Ecoscarcity

Prevention costs

Distance-to-target

degree at which targeted impact level is reached


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.196

Ecological Footprint

Midpoint Impact Categories

Emission-related and Resource-related Characteristics

Midpoint Impact Categories


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.195

Grouping

Impact categories

Hierarchist perspective

Individualist perspective

Egalitarian perspective


characterisation modelling

weighting factors

archetypal views on nature

human activities


Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint

Footprint Methodologies

Footprint Methodologies

Footprint Methodologies


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.197

Single-issue assessment methods

Single-issue assessment methods

Easy to communicate about specific environmental issues

Single-issue assessment methods

Single-issue assessment methods

Wide range of assessment targets can be assessed

Single-issue assessment methods

Focus on one environmental issue does not inform about burden-shifting

Climate change


Carbon Footprint

Impact-based Footprints

LCA

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


EDIP

EDIP

ReCiPe

Hierarchist perspective

Individualist perspective

Egalitarian perspective

Hierarchist perspective

Individualist perspective

Egalitarian perspective


Ecological Footprint

CED

MIPS

Volumetric Water Footprint

Life Cycle Inventory

accounting of quantities used or emitted

Footprints

Footprints


Water footprint

Carbon footprint

Carbon footprint

footprints


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.198

Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint


Carbon Footprint

Ecological Footprint

Volumetric Water Footprint

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.199

Footprints

Footprints

Footprints

Footprints


Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint

Cumulative Energy Demand

Intensive Farming

Intensive Farming

Intensive Farming

Carbon Footprint

Carbon Footprint


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

impact categories


Carbon Footprint

Carbon Footprint

Toxic Substances Emissions

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.201

Climate Change

Anthropogenic Activities

Greenhouse Effect


Anthropogenic Activities

LCIA Methodology


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.200

Biotic resources

Noise

Pathogens

Salinization

Accidents

Impacts of Genetically Modified Organisms


Footprint

Footprint

Footprint

Footprint

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.202


LCIA methodology

Atmospheric temperature rise

Ocean temperature rise

Melting of glaciers and ice

Sea level rise

Weather-based natural disasters


Ionising Radiation

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Elementary Flows

Human Activities


Footprints

Footprints

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Footprints

Footprints


Surface Temperature Increase

Surface Temperature Increase

Emission Scenarios


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.203

Oceanic methane hydrate

Oceanic methane hydrate

Methane hydrate release

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton


Global Warming

Thermohaline Circulation

Thermohaline Circulation

Thermohaline Circulation

Greenhouse Gas Emissions


methane release from methane hydrates

Gulf stream alteration

tipping points


Global Warming

Global Warming

Global Warming

Global Warming

Global Warming

Global Warming

Global Warming

Global Warming

Global Warming

Surface Temperature Increase


phytoplankton

phytoplankton

temperature increase

temperature increase

temperature increase

LCIA models

cause-effect chains

feedback reactions


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.204

Greenhouse Gases

Infrared Radiation

Greenhouse Gases


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.205

GHG emissions

Transport, transformation and distribution of GHG in the atmosphere

Radiative forcing

Increase in global temperatures

Increase in global temperatures

Increased water vapour content of the atmosphere


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.206

Global Warming Potential

GWP100

Methane

Carbon Dioxide

GWP100


Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous oxide

Global Warming Potential


methane

CO2

nitrous oxide

methane

methane

nitrous oxide

nitrous oxide

greenhouse gases


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.207

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous oxide

Chlorofluorocarbons

Sulphur hexafluoride

Fossil fuel burning

Deforestation

Greenhouse gas emissions


Global Warming Potential

CO2

CH4

N2O

GHG emissions

Increased atmospheric concentrations

Increased radiative forcing

Increased atmospheric temperature

Increased atmospheric temperature

Melting of land ice

Extreme weather events

Extreme weather events


Solar radiation

Albedo

Greenhouse gases

Earth's surface

Earth's surface

Infrared radiation


Industry

Agriculture

Housing

Transport

Greenhouse gases

Sulphate aerosols

Sulphur oxides

Combustion processes

Nitrogen oxides

Combustion processes

Volatile Organic Compounds

Combustion processes


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

nitrous oxide

methane

CFC

SF6

short-lived radiative forcing agents

100 year time horizon

500 year time horizon


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.209

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

tropospheric ozone

stratospheric ozone

concentration of about 8 ppmv at 15-40 km altitude

tropospheric ozone


Ecoindicator99

ReCiPe

LIME

IMPACT World+

LC-IMPACT

IMPACT 2002+

endpoint characterisation factors


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.208

radiative forcing agents

climate change assessment

long-term climate change contributions

rate of temperature change

long-term climate change contributions

rate of temperature change

endpoint characterisation

magnitude of long-term temperature increase

rate of change


Ozone Depletion

Ozone Column Concentration

Ozone Depletion


Tropospheric Ozone

Tropospheric Ozone

Harmful Effects on Humans, Animals, Plants and Materials

Stratospheric Ozone

Stratospheric Ozone

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Declining Stratospheric Ozone Concentrations

Ozone Hole


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.210

UV-B

photochemical smog

tropospheric ozone


UV-C

Ozone layer

UV-B

UV-B exposure

UV-B exposure

UV-B exposure

UV-B radiation

UV-B radiation

reduced photosynthesis

UV-B radiation


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.211

Polar Stratospheric Clouds

chlorine compounds

bromine compounds


Stratospheric ozone

Stratospheric ozone

O3 destruction

O3 destruction

O3 destruction

Polar vortex

Polar vortex


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Reduced Absorption of Solar Radiation in Stratosphere

Increased UV Radiation at Planet Surface

UV Radiation

UV-C

UV-B

UV-A


Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use

Electricity and Heat Production

Other Energy

Global Warming Potential


Chlorofluorocarbons

Chlorofluorocarbons

Chlorine compounds

Bromine compounds

Chlorine radicals

Chlorofluorocarbons


CFC

chlorine

bromine

Ozone Depletion Potential


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.212

Halocarbon emissions

CFCs

HCFCs

Halons

N2O emissions

Depletion of stratospheric ozone

Increased UVB radiation intensity at Earth's surface


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.213

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

CFCs

halons

halogen compounds

CFCs

halons


CH4

N2O

Halogenated substances

Ozone Depletion Potential

Ozone depleting substances

Ozone depleting substances

Chloride or bromide release under UV radiation


bromochloromethanes

CFCs

carbon tetrachloride

hydrobromofluorocarbons

hydrochlorofluorocarbons

tetrachloromethane

1,1,1-trichloromethane

methyl bromide

methyl chloride

halons

halon

plastic foams

spray cans

methyl bromide

metered-dose inhalers

refrigeration and air-conditioning

solvent degreasing

CH4

N2O

H2O


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.214

Acidification

Acidification

Energy sector

Industry sector

Transportation sector


Ozone Depletion Potential

LCIA methods

Ozone Depletion Potential

UV radiation increase

UV radiation increase

End-of-life treatment


Ozone Depletion Potential

long-lived halocarbons

nitrous oxide

Ozone Depletion Potential


Ozone Depletion

Increased UV Radiation

Increased UV Radiation

Endpoint LCIA Methods

LIME

LIME

Acidification


End-of-Life Treatment

Refrigeration Systems

Air-Conditioning Systems

Ozone-Depleting Substances


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.215

NO

NO2

NO2

ozone


Acidification

Hydrogen ions

Air-borne emissions

Coal-fired power generation

Cation uptake by plants


Sulphur oxides

Nitrogen oxides

SO2

SO3

NOx

Deposition


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.216

Ammonia

Nitrite

Hydrochloric acid

Sulphuric acid

Acidification


Acidifying compounds

Acidifying compounds

Soil acidification

Soil pH reduction

Metal ion release

Metal ion leaching

Acidified soil water


Acidification

Acidification

Calcareous soils

Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.217

Acidification

Clay-rich soils

Sandy soils

Oceanic acidification

Atmospheric CO2 concentration

Critical Load


Acidified soil water

pH reduction

Acidification

Acidification

Soil geology

Soil nature


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.218

Ammonia

Agriculture

Animal Husbandry

Pig Farms

Chicken Farms

Manure Dispersion

Industrial Processes

Industrial Processes

Waste Incineration

Waste Incineration


CO2

Oceanic Acidification

Sulphur Dioxide

Nitrogen Oxides

Metal Smelting

Thermal Power Plants

Thermal Power Plants

Combustion Engines

Combustion Engines

Waste Incinerators

Waste Incinerators

Decentralised Furnaces

Decentralised Furnaces


SOx

SOx

SOx

SOx

NOx

NOx

NOx

NOx

SOx Emissions

NOx Emissions

Flue Gas Treatment

Catalysers

Filters

Sulphur Removal from Fuels

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.219

Acidification Potential

Acidification Potential

Sensitivity of Receiving Environment

Sensitivity of Receiving Environment

Site-Generic Characterisation Models

Newer Characterisation Models


SOx

NOx

NH3

Atmospheric fate and transport

Wet and dry deposition

Deposition on vegetation

Deposition on land

Damage to leaves and needles

Buffering and change in soil pH

Leaching of H+

Leaching of metal ions

Toxicity to roots

Acid stress and toxicity in lakes

Damage to freshwater ecosystems

Damage to terrestrial ecosystems

Damage to crops

Damage to forestry


Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Eutrophication


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.220

Nitrogen compound loading

Eutrophication

Hypoxia

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds

Nitrogen compound loading

Nitrogen compound loading


macronutrients

micronutrients

nutrients

sulphur

atmospheric deposition of sulphur


carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

potassium

magnesium

calcium

iron

manganese

copper

silicon

boron

water


Eutrophication

Eutrophication

nutrient salts

planktonic algae biomass production

Eutrophication


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.221

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Calcium

Potassium

Magnesium

Biologically Available Nitrogen

Biologically Available Phosphorus


aquatic eutrophication

primary producers

primary consumers

secondary consumers

primary producers

primary producers

primary producers


Nitrogen compounds

Phosphorus compounds

Bioavailable nitrogen

Bioavailable phosphorus

Molecular nitrogen (N2)

Nitrogen or Phosphorus emissions


Eutrophication

Characterisation factor

Characterisation factor

SO2


Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions

Algae and Plant Growth

Water Column Stratification

Oxygen Depletion in Bottom Layers

Sunlight Reduction in Lower Layers

Temperature Gradient Formation


Aquatic Eutrophication

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Nutrient availability

Algae growth

Algae decomposition

Algae decomposition

Water stratification


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.222

Oxygen depletion

Decomposition of dead species

Decomposition of sedimented dead algae

Oxygen depletion

Waterborne emissions of N and P compounds

Waterborne emissions of dissolved organic compounds

Increased nutrient concentration in aquatic compartments

Increased alga growth

Airborne emissions of N-compounds

Deposition on land

Increased leaching to groundwater


terrestrial eutrophication

freshwater eutrophication

marine eutrophication

aquatic eutrophication


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.223

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Nitrate


Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Nitrogen

Nitrogenous substances

Phosphorous-containing substances

Agricultural emissions

Nitrogen


Nitrogen

Nitrogen

Increased alga growth

Oxygen depletion in bottom strata of lakes and coastal waters

Increased leaching to groundwater

Increased/critical exposure of aquatic ecosystems

Increased leaching to groundwater

Increased/critical exposure of terrestrial ecosystems

Increased alga growth

Increased alga growth


Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

nitrogen

phosphorus

characterisation factors

characterisation factors


Agriculture

Agriculture

Inorganic fertilisers

Inorganic fertilisers

Manure

Manure

Phosphorus

Nitrogen


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.224

BOD

COD

Oxygen Depletion

Nutrient Enrichment

Nutrient Enrichment

BOD

COD


Eutrophication

Potentially Disappeared Fraction of species

Eutrophication

Midpoint LCIA methods

Midpoint LCIA methods

Characterisation models

Characterisation models


Photochemical Ozone Formation

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Photochemical Ozone Formation


Ammonia

Ammonia

Nitrogen oxides

Phosphorus

Nitrates

Phosphorus

Nitrogen

Phosphates

Nitrogen oxides

Ammonia


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.225

Volatile Organic Compounds

Nitrogen Oxides

Carbon Monoxide

Ozone

Reactive Oxygen Compounds

Photochemical Ozone Formation


VOCs

CO

peroxy radicals

peroxy radicals

NOx

ozone


Photochemical Ozone Formation

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Reactive Compounds

Oxidation

VOCs

VOC Transformation Products

Troposphere

Human Toxicity


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.226

Ozone Formation Potential

RH

CO

NO2

NO

O3


NO

NO2

Volatile Organic Compounds

Ozone Formation Potential

Double bonds in VOC molecules

Triple bonds in VOC molecules


NO2

NO2

free oxygen atoms

VOCs

nitrogen oxides

VOCs

NO


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.227

Alkenes

Aromatics

Aldehydes

Formaldehyde

Ketones

Alkanes

Alcohols

Esters

Halocarbons

Photochemical Oxidants

Photochemical Oxidants

Ozone


Ozone

Ozone

Photochemical oxidants

Photochemical oxidants

Ozone

Photochemical oxidants


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.228

road traffic

organic solvents

industrial processes

combustion processes

road traffic

energy systems

waste incineration

Volatile Organic Compounds


Photochemical Ozone Formation

VOCs

CO

NOx

Non-methane VOCs

Non-methane Hydrocarbons

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.229

Photochemical Ozone Formation

Characterisation Models

VOC

Characterisation Factors


Ecotoxicity

emitted quantity

substance emission

mobility


POCP

MIR

VOCs

CO

NOx

methane

VOCs


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.230

Persistence

Exposure patterns and bioavailability

Toxicity

Toxicity

Environmental persistence

Chemical emissions

Chemical emissions

Chemical emissions


Combustion processes in transport

Combustion processes in energy systems

Waste incineration systems

Airborne emissions of NOx

Airborne emissions of VOCs

Photochemical ozone formation

Increase in tropospheric ozone concentration

Increased/critical exposure of vegetation

Increased/critical exposure of humans

Increased/critical exposure of humans

Chronic effects on vegetation

Acute effects on vegetation

Damage to ecosystems

Damage to ecosystems

Chronic effects on humans

Acute effects on humans


Exposure Model

Effect Model

Severity Model

Exposure Model

Effect Model


ecotoxicity characterisation factor

ecotoxicity characterisation factor

ecotoxicity characterisation factor

ecotoxicity characterisation factor

ecotoxicity effect factor

ecosystem severity factor

severity model


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.231

ecotoxicity

EFeco

SFeco

damage factor

CFeco

midpoint ecotoxicity characterisation factor

toxic impact assessment

characterisation factor

LCIA

integration of impact over time and space


Environmental fate

Emissions to air, water and soil

Ecotoxic effects

Ecotoxic effects

Ecotoxic effects

Environmental fate

transformation and distribution between environmental compartments

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Chemical emissions

Fate modelling

Exposure model

Fate modelling

Life cycle inventory

Ecotoxic impacts


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.232

emissions

USEtox

USEtox

USEtox

Exposure

exposure model


Bioavailability

Bioavailability

Bioavailability

Bioavailability

Bioaccessibility

Exposure model

Exposure model

Effect model


Fate Models

Fate Models

Fate Models

Multimedia Transport

Partitioning

Diffusion

Sorption

Advection

Convection

Biodegradation

Hydrolysis

Photolysis

Degradation

Burial in Sediments


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.233

Acute Toxicity

Chronic Toxicity

Chronic Toxicity

Ecotoxicity Tests

Ecotoxicity Tests


Degradation

Degradation

Degradation

Half-life

Temperature

Life Cycle Inventory

Emissions


concentration-response curves

EC50

EC50

Affected

Affected

Affected

Affected


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.234

Species Sensitivity Distribution

Species Sensitivity Distribution

represents sensitivity of entire ecosystem to a substance

characterisation factor

characterisation factor

Species Sensitivity Distribution

cold-blooded species


freshwater ecosystem

Primary producers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

algae

phytoplankton

zooplankton

invertebrates

piscivorous fish

USEtox fate model


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.235

Ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity

Toxicity categories

Photochemical ozone formation


Species Sensitivity Distribution

Hazardous Concentration at 50%

Potentially Affected Fraction of species

Ecotoxicological effect factor

Species Sensitivity Distribution


LCIA models

EDIP

REACH

CLP

chemical substance classification and labelling


Damage model

Ecotoxicity

Chemicals

Chemicals


EDIP

EDIP

Characterisation methods

Mechanistic models

Mechanistic models

Mechanistic models


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.236

Ecotoxicity

Environmental Mechanism

Environmental Processes

Ecotoxicity Characterisation Models

Ecotoxicity Endpoint Modelling


IMPACT 2002+

CML

ReCiPe

IMPACT 2002

environmental multimedia multipathway models

USES-LCA

USEtox

USEtox


UNEP

human and ecotoxicity characterisation in LCIA

SETAC

European Commission

US-EPA

mechanistic, multimedia fate, exposure and effect models

key property-based partial fate models

non-fate models

Characterisation models

Characterisation models

Characterisation models

Characterisation models


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.237

Human Toxicity

Human Toxicity

Fate model

Characterisation factor

Characterisation factor

Characterisation factor

Characterisation factor

Emitted quantity


Emission

Environmental Fate

Human Exposure

Dose-Response Assessment

Chemical Emission

Environmental Fate Model

Human Exposure Model


Chemical emissions

Chemical emissions

Chemical emissions

Human toxicity

Chemical exposure

Chemical ingredients in products

Product production

Product use

End-of-life treatment


EPS2000

ReCiPe

IMPACT 2002+

Terrestrial ecotoxicity

Marine ecotoxicity

Pesticide toxicity in pollinators

ILCD LCIA handbook


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.238


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.239

Midpoint Human Toxicity Characterisation Factor

Endpoint Human Health Characterisation Factor

Disability-Adjusted Life Years per kg Emitted

Disability-Adjusted Life Years


Human Toxicity

Human Toxicity

Ecotoxicity

Fate Model

Exposure Model

Exposure Model

Exposure Model


Exposure pathway

Exposure route

Inhalation

Ingestion

Dermal exposure

Human exposure model

Human exposure assessment


Human Health Characterisation Factor

Human Health Characterisation Factor

Human Health Characterisation Factor

Human Health Characterisation Factor

Environmental Fate

Human Exposure

Toxic Effects

Human Toxicity Effect Factor


Intake Fraction

Intake Fraction

Intake Fraction

Dioxins

Food Contamination

Inhalation

Dermal Exposure


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.240


Human Toxicity

Human Toxicity

Severity Factor

Disability-adjusted life years per disease case

Severity Factor

Severity Factor

Human Toxicity


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.241

Particulate Matter Formation

Particulate Matter Formation

Particulate Matter Formation

Particulate Matter Formation

Particulate Matter Formation

Secondary Particulate Matter


USEtox

Comparative Toxic Unit for humans

USEtox

human toxicity midpoint indicators

human toxicity midpoint indicators

USEtox

Comparative Damage Unit for human health


Particulate Matter

Secondary PM Formation

Secondary PM

Fate Model

Effect Assessment

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter


intake fraction

Dioxins

effect model

effect model

effect model

effect model

dermal uptake


Sulphate

Nitrate


Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter

Road Transport

Power Plants

Farming Activities

Nitrogen Oxides

Sulphur Oxides

Ammonia

Volatile Organic Compounds


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.242

PM2.5

Primary PM

Secondary PM Precursor Substances

Health Impacts from PM Emissions

PM10

PM2.5


Particulate Matter Exposure

Impact Pathway

Impact Pathway

Health Impacts


USEtox

Global population exposure to outdoor and indoor emissions

USEtox

Human toxicity

Occupational exposure

Direct exposure related to product use


Particulate Matter Pollution

Outdoor PM Pollution

Household PM Pollution from Solid Fuels

Occupational Exposure

Household Indoor Exposure

Urban Outdoor Exposure

Rural Outdoor Exposure


hauschild:10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment, p.243

Fate Factor

kg in air integrated over one day per kg emitted

Exposure Factor

kg PM inhaled per kg PM in air integrated over one day

Human Intake Fraction

Human Intake Fraction

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter


Particulate Matter Formation

PM Emissions

Secondary PM Precursor Substances

Particulate Matter Formation

Particulate Matter Formation

Human Health Impacts

Fate Factor

Exposure Factor

Effect Factor

Severity Factor


Intake Fraction

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter Air Concentration

Effect Factor

Disease Incidence

Disability-Adjusted Life Years

Severity Factor

Disability-Adjusted Life Years