Life Cycle Assessment

sustainable consumption and production action plans

Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodologies

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.472

Life Cycle Inventory

plastic manufacturers

plastic bag product chain


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.473

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

LCA

focused on environmental problems as defined by industrialised countries

LCA

one-sided in ignoring costing and social issues

life cycle indicators


life cycle approaches

modernisation of industry

developing countries

higher environmental burdens per functional unit


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.474

LCA methods

LCA methods

LCA methods

LCA methods

climate mitigation


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Indicators

Biofuel


Simplified LCA

Product Family Approach

Life Cycle Check

Screening Process

Life Cycle Check


green technologies

green technologies

life cycle assessment


LCA

LCA

national LCA initiative

national LCA initiative

Reference Framework for Electrical and Electronic Products

manufacturers

retailers

consumers


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.475


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.476


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.478


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.477

LCA methodology

LCA methodology

impact assessment

impact assessment


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA methodologies

LCA methodologies

programmes of action for LCA


Building Stronger Universities

Building Stronger Universities

Building Stronger Universities

Life cycle inventory database

LCA


LCA

LCA

LCA

inventory

impact assessment


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.479


hauschild:19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA, p.480


product LCA

organisational LCA

objective and utility for an organisation


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

scope phase

inventory phase


Life Cycle Approach

Product LCA

Environmental Management System

Organisational LCA


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Environmental impact reduction


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

tracking environmental performance over time

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

informing corporate sustainability reporting

ISO/TS 14072

Guidance on organizational LCA


PEF

EPDs

ISO 14044

ISO 14001

EMAS

ISO 14064

ISO 14069

Product carbon footprint

GRI

IO & LCA


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

value chain


Environmental Management Systems

Environmental Management Systems

Carbon footprinting

Carbon footprinting

GHG Protocol Initiative

Product Environmental Footprint

Environmental Product Declarations

Product Life Cycle Assessment

Product Environmental Footprint

Environmental Product Declarations

Environmental Management Systems


Product LCA

PEF

EPDs

EMS

EMS

EMS

EMS

Product carbon footprint

LCA

GHG Protocol

ISO 14064

ISO 14069

input-output analysis


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

upstream activities

downstream activities

GHG emissions


Life Cycle Perspective

Life Cycle Perspective

Life Cycle Perspective

Emissions

Product LCA

Organisational LCA


Organisational LCA

Product LCA

comparability between different products

Organisational LCA

not designed for comparison between organisations


ISO 14040/44

ISO 14040/44

ISO 14040/44

ISO 14040/44

ISO 14040/44

Product LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Product LCA

Product LCA


Organizational LCA

Scope phase

Scope phase

Organizational LCA


Performance tracking

Performance tracking

organisational LCA

ISO 14040/44

ISO 14040/44

scoping

scoping

scoping


ISO/TS 14072

organisational LCA

product LCA

product LCA

product LCA

system boundary

reporting organisation

reporting flow

performance tracking


Product LCA

Organisational LCA

Product LCA


Reference flow

Reference flow

Reporting flow

Reporting flow


System boundary

System boundary

System boundary

Organisational LCA


Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Reporting Organisation

Reporting Organisation

Reporting Organisation


ISO 14001

ISO 14001

Product LCA

Organisational LCA


organisational LCA

organisational LCA

organisational LCA

organisational LCA

business travel

heating

cleaning services


LCA of organisations

LCA of organisations

LCA of organisations

ISO 14001

ISO 14001


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

environmental targets

Organisational LCA


organisational LCA

environmental or sustainability methodologies

organisational LCA

interdepartmental work on environmental issues

communication channels with suppliers


Environmental Communication

Environmental Awareness

Environmental Pressure Reduction

Value Chain

Environmentally Friendly Practices

Environmentally Friendly Practices


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

ISO/TS 14072


ISO/TS 14072

Guidance on Organizational Life Cycle Assessment

Organisation Environmental Footprint Guide


Organisation Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Organisation Environmental Footprint

implementation of LCA into European environmental policy

Product Environmental Footprint

Organisation Environmental Footprint


Organisational LCA

single-indicator assessment

GHG Protocol

ISO 14064


organisational LCA

organisational LCA

UNEP Guidance


ISO/TS 14072

UNEP Guidance

Organisation Environmental Footprint

European Commission

OEF Guide

OEF Guide


Environmental Management System

on-site assessment

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Product-level LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

scoping phase


Scoping phase

OEF initiative

OEF initiative

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA


Reporting flow

System boundary

Manufacturing

Use phase

End of Life

Upstream activities

Downstream activities


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

manufacturing

manufacturing

manufacturing

use

End of Life


Organisational LCA

Goal and Scope Phase

Impact Assessment

Interpretation

Reporting Unit

Boundaries

Data Collection


Portfolio

Portfolio quantification

Portfolio quantification

Reporting flow

Reporting flow

Reporting organisation


Consolidation method

Financial/operational control approaches

Equity share approach


Reporting Unit

Reporting Unit

Reporting Unit

Reporting Organisation

Reporting Flow

Reporting Organisation

Reporting Flow

System Boundary

Scope

Scope

Scope


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Reference Period


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Bottom-up Approach

Bottom-up Approach


System Boundary

Direct Activities

Indirect Activities

Direct Activities

Direct Activities

Direct Activities

System Boundary

System Boundary


cradle-to-gate models

gate-to-grave models

top-down approach

top-down approach

organisational LCA

organisational LCA

organisational LCA


Indirect emissions

Indirect emissions

purchased electricity

employee commuting

use of sold products

organisational LCA

organisational LCA

organisational LCA

use phase


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Environmental Management System


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Environmental Management System

ISO 14001


direct activities

indirect activities

direct activities

indirect activities

higher use of assumptions, extrapolations and generic data

Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA


Specific Data

Specific Data

Generic Data

Generic Data

LCA


ISO/TS 14072

ISO 14001:2015

Input-output analysis


Organisational LCA

Organisational LCA

Social LCA

Social LCA

Organisational behaviour


Social Organizational LCA

Life Cycle Assessment of Organizations

Scoping


Social Organisational LCA

Social Organisational LCA

Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions

Product Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint


Life Cycle Assessment of Organizations

The Encyclopedia of Life Cycle Assessment

Organizational Life Cycle Assessment

Overall Business Impact Assessment

UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative


prospective LCA

LCA of future technologies

foresight


Future-Oriented LCA

Future-Oriented LCA

traditional life cycle assessment methodology

Future-Oriented LCA

Future-Oriented LCA

scenarios

future technological and economic developments

Future-Oriented LCA


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA

environmental interventions

scaling issues


Prospective LCA

Attributional LCA

Change-oriented LCA

Process-based LCA

Process-based LCA

Process-based LCA

Process-based LCA


prospective elements

learning/decision elements

prospective elements

prospective elements

prospective elements

Life Cycle Assessment


Scenario analysis

Foresight

Scenario analysis


product system

product system

product system

societal conditions

societal conditions

future changes

future changes

future changes

future changes


Prospective LCA

Prospective LCA

Prospective LCA

Future-oriented LCA

Prospective LCA

SETAC working group

Scenario development


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

technology foresight


Life cycle perspective

Products or services with the same functionality

Technical functionality of technologies and systems

Delimitation of analysis

Analysis object


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Technology foresight

Technology foresight

deals with uncertain aspects of future developments

Life Cycle Assessment

Technology foresight

Life Cycle Assessment

Technology foresight

synthesis reflection interpretation elucidation


literature reviews

expert panels

scenarios

futures workshops

Delphi surveys

technology foresight

systematic methods of analysing expected futures


S-Curves

S-Curves

Diffusion Modelling

S-Curves

Infant Phase

Growth Phase

Market Maturing Phase


Experience Curve

Experience Curve

cost reductions with accumulated production

Learning Curve

Experience Curve


Prospective Methods

Prospective technology analyses

Quantitative methods

S-curve analyses

Experience curves

Time series extrapolations

Quantitative methods

Qualitative methods

Expert panels

Scenarios

Delphi surveys

Futures workshops


Scenarios

Technology Roadmaps


Experience Curve

Experience Curve

Learning Curves

Learning Curves


emission coefficients

learning factors

operational-scale technologies

laboratory-scale equipment

pilot-scale equipment

LCA

LCA

technology readiness level


Development

Working prototype

Commercial application

Market growth

Fast market increase

Market maturing

Ascent phase

Market diffusion


technology roadmapping

technology roadmapping

technology roadmapping

technology roadmapping


What-if scenarios

Cornerstone scenarios

Future-oriented technology assessment


Future orientation

Future orientation

Future orientation

Future orientation

very long-term (more than 50 or 100 years)

Predictive approaches

Predictive approaches

Forecasts

What-if scenarios


Future-Oriented LCA

Weidema 2003


future-oriented LCA

Time Horizons

Time Horizons

future-oriented LCA


back-casting

future-oriented LCA

future-oriented LCA

future-oriented LCA

future-oriented LCA

future-oriented LCA

future-oriented LCA

what-if scenarios

time horizon


Epistemic uncertainty

Variability uncertainty

technology development

transition processes to new technological systems


Statistical uncertainty

decision support through analysis and modelling

Scenario uncertainty

Recognised ignorance


future-oriented LCA studies

uncertainty

uncertainty

qualitative analysis

stochastic uncertainties

systemic uncertainties

methodological uncertainties


technology foresight

wind energy

present-time LCA

simplified LCA scanning


Prospective LCA

Prospective LCA

LCA scanning

Scenario development

Forecasting methods


experience curves

dimensional analysis

consequential LCA

uncertainty bounding analyses

life cycle inventories

life cycle inventories


LCA

future-oriented LCA

future-oriented LCA

LCA


technology foresight-LCA

LCA scanning of future wind power systems

Expert panel brainstorm on environmental aspects of decommissioning

Delphi survey on future wind technology

Scenarios of future wind power systems

Reporting

Mapping current trends of wind power technologies


Extrapolation methods

Dynamic modelling

Participatory methods

Dynamic modelling

Exploratory methods

Normative methods

Cornerstone scenarios methods


what-if scenarios

cornerstone scenarios

prospective methods

extrapolation

technology roadmaps


off-shore wind farms

material research

nanotechnology

biotechnology

biochemistry

information and communication technology


Drivers for technology change

Changes resulting from drivers

Technical and technological issues

Science and knowledge developments

Energy systems—infrastructures

Public regulation and public support

Environmental challenges and possible risks


Scaling relationships


Design

Main sub-technologies

Main parts

Production processes


emission restrictions

environmental challenges and risks

Technology change

technology

Production processes

material use


carbon nanotubes

titanium dioxide nanoparticle production

scale

technology maturity


Installation

Operating and maintenance

Dismantling and waste handling

Production processes

Installation

Operating and maintenance

Dismantling and waste handling

Material use

Resource consumptions


Life Cycle Assessment

Scenarios in Life-Cycle Assessment


Scenarios in Life-Cycle Assessment

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Future-Oriented LCA


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.519

Life Cycle Management


Anticipatory life-cycle assessment

Anticipatory life-cycle assessment

Prospective time-resolved LCA

Market Information in Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.520

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Costing

Life Cycle Design

Design for Recycling

SWOT analysis


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.521

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment


Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

LCA

LCC

SLCA


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

material selection

supplier selection

logistics selection

factory design


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment

Social Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.522

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Product development and improvement


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment

Material

Material

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Screening

LCA

LCA Result Quality

Material Selection


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.523

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

activities in life cycle stages


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.524

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Environmental Management


Goal definition

Scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

Goal definition

Scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

LCA framework

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Supply Chain Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.525

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Product Life Cycle Management

Product Life Cycle Management

Product Life Cycle Management


ISO 14001

ISO 14001

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.526

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Costing


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Asset Management

Asset Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.527

UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

World Business Council for Sustainable Development

Life Cycle Management

organisational capability and maturity development

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.528

Life Cycle Management

Plan Do Check Act

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

target-setting for sustainability matters


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

ISO 14001

ISO 14001

ISO 9001


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.529

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management


Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Total Life Cycle Management

Ecological Life Cycle Evaluation


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Setting targets

Executing the plan

Tracking execution and performance

PDCA

PDCA

PDCA

PDCA

PDCA


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

organisation decisions

processes


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.530

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.531


Product Management

Production Management

After-sales Management

End-of-life Management

Information/Knowledge Management

Social Evaluation

Economic Evaluation

Process Management

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment


ISO standard

ISO standard

Competitors

Supply chain


Customer feedback

Authorities

Product-type-specific regulation

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.532

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.533

Life Cycle Management

internal stakeholders of industrial companies


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Production

Purchase


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.534

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.535

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

performance indicators

performance indicators


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

establishes cause-effect chains quantitatively

Life Cycle Assessment

impact categories

midpoints and endpoints

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment


energy requirement

energy requirement

energy requirement

energy requirement

Transport and logistics activities

Transport and logistics activities


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.536


Transport activities

Transport activities

Road transport

Air transport

Rail transport

Ship transport


Intensity-based KPIs

Intensity-based KPIs

environmental sustainability-related KPIs


Key Performance Indicators

Key Performance Indicators

Life Cycle Management

environmental sustainability


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.537

Science-Based Targets initiative

Science-Based Targets initiative

Absolute-target-based KPIs


Product-level KPIs

Company-wide KPIs

Company-wide KPIs

Misleading if outsourced activities not accounted

Product-level KPIs

Total impact may increase with sales increase

KPIs

Do not indicate sustainable impact levels


absolute indicators

LCA methodology

absolute indicators


Global Warming Potential

Two-degree-target

absolute KPIs

absolute KPIs


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.538

Terrestrial Acidification

KPI development


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

LCM toolbox


Life Cycle Management

material alternatives assessment


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.539

Legal Requirements

Market Requirements

Environmental Labels

Certifications


Global Warming Potential

Material Selection

Windows

Design Engineering

Sustainability Strategy


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


ecodesign

ecodesign

easy disassembly

insulation optimization


insulation capabilities

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.540

Circular Economy

end-of-life

take-back

composite materials


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

knowledge about organisation's processes

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.541

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Assessment


Materials Stage

Transportation Stage

Manufacturing Stage

Material Composition

Raw Materials

Semi-manufactured Goods

Manufacturability

Environmental Labels


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.542


Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management

Stage/Gate process


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.543

Life Cycle Management

Life Cycle Management


Life Cycle Management

Environmental Management Systems


Life Cycle Assessment

Materials Chemistry

Reuse and Recycling


hauschild:22 Life Cycle Management, p.544


Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Multi-criteria Decision Analysis

Risk Assessment

Ecodesign

Greenhouse Gas Emissions


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.545

ecodesign implementation

ecodesign implementation

ecodesign implementation


Ecodesign

Ecodesign

LCA

Environmental Performance Improvement

Simplified LCA Tools


Life Cycle Assessment

ecodesign implementation

ecodesign

seven-step approach


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.546

Ecodesign

Ecodesign

Product Development


Raw Material Extraction

Production

Use

Raw Material Extraction

Production

Use

Waste Management and Disposal


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.547

ecodesign implementation

environmental thinking

environmental considerations

product lifetime


Product Development

Product Development

Material Selection

Technology Selection

Product Lifetime Definition

Environmental Considerations Integration


Ecodesign

Ecodesign

Materials

Processes

Logistics

Recyclability

Environmental Performance

Environmental Impacts During Product Lifetime


Ecodesign

Strategic Level

Tactical Level

Operational Level

Operational Level

Strategic Approaches

Strategic Approaches


Ecodesign Implementation

Operational Ecodesign Implementation

Operational Ecodesign Implementation

LCA


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.548

Ecodesign Methods and Tools

Ecodesign Methods and Tools

Ecodesign Methods and Tools


Strategic ecodesign

Strategic decision-making and business processes

Strategic ecodesign implementation

Environmental targets for product portfolio

Strategic ecodesign implementation

Strategic ecodesign implementation

Communication strategy to customers and stakeholders

Strategic ecodesign implementation

Strategic ecodesign implementation

Tactical ecodesign

Tactical ecodesign


early phases of product development


Environmental Hotspots

Environmental Aspects

Life Cycle Stages

Environmental Performance

Ecodesign Guidelines

Product Development Process


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.549

Ecodesign Methods and Tools

Ecodesign Methods and Tools

Ecodesign Methods and Tools

Prescriptive Methods

Comparative Methods

Analytical Methods


LCA

Ecodesign

Ecodesign

LCA


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.550

Eco-QFD

Eco-QFD

STRETCH

STRETCH

STRETCH


eco-roadmap

eco-roadmap

eco-roadmap

environmentally compliant product design

EcoBenchmarking

EcoBenchmarking


Eco-roadmap

Eco-roadmap

Eco-roadmap

Environmental challenges

Environmental improvements


Eco-function matrix

Eco-function matrix

Environmental Profile

Functional Profile


Ecodesign

Eco-QFD

Eco-roadmap

EcoBenchmarking

Eco-function matrix

LiDs wheel

Environmental effect analysis

DfE matrix

MECO matrix

EcoValue

Eco communication matrix


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.551

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Effect Analysis


EcoStrategy wheel

EcoStrategy wheel

EcoStrategy wheel

EcoStrategy wheel

EcoStrategy wheel

EcoStrategy wheel

EcoStrategy wheel

optimisation of treatment of end of life

EcoStrategy wheel

Ten golden rules


DfE matrix

DfE matrix

product development


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.552

MECO matrix

MECO matrix

MECO matrix

MECO matrix

MECO matrix

EcoDesign pilot

EcoDesign pilot

EcoDesign pilot

EcoDesign pilot

EcoDesign pilot


EcoValue

ratio between price and environmental load over life cycle

EcoValue

Environmental load

Eco communication matrix

Eco communication matrix

Eco communication matrix


benchmarking

energy consumption

materials

packaging

transportation

substances

durability/recyclability

manufacturing

life cycle perspective


pre-manufacturing

manufacturing

packaging and distribution

use and maintenance

end-of-life

environmental impacts

environmental product attributes

Ecodesign Implementation


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.553

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

End-of-Life

Recycling


ISO 14040

ISO 14044

LCA methodological framework

environmental aspects and potential impacts

LCA

product life cycle


Product Development Process

LCA

LCA


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.554

LCA

ecodesign

bridging tools

LCA specialists


LCA

LCA

LCA

LCA


Early product development phase

Early product development phase

Early product development phase

Large window of opportunity for ecodesign improvements

Early product development phase

LCA


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Ecodesign

Life Cycle Assessment

environmental health and safety function

Life Cycle Assessment


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.555

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

improvement assessment phase

improvement assessment phase


LCA studies

LCA studies

goals and scope

LCA results


Improvement Assessment

Improvement Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


screening LCA


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.556

Simplified LCA

Streamlined LCA

Simplified LCA


LCA Results

LCA Results

Global Warming Potential

Air Pollution

Solid Waste

Ecodesign


Simplified LCA

Simplified LCA

Simplified LCA

Simplified LCA

Full-scale LCA

Full-scale LCA

environmental impacts


Simplified-LCA

Simplified-LCA

quantitative LCA

complete LCA

Simplified-LCA


Social Life Cycle Assessment

Social Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

improvements in existing product systems

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.557

Streamlined approaches

Design checklists

Design matrices

Streamlined approaches

LCA

Simplified LCA methods

Environmental information


Design abacus

Design abacus

Design abacus

Simplified LCA methods

STRETCH

MECO matrix


Ecodesign Implementation

Ecodesign Implementation

Ecodesign Implementation

Ecodesign Implementation

Usability of product

product


Eco-compass technique

Eco-compass technique

Eco-compass technique

Eco-compass technique

Eco-compass technique

Eco-compass technique

Eco-compass technique

ECODESIGN checklist method


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.558

Ecodesign method

Ecodesign method

Ecodesign method

Ecodesign method

Ecodesign web

Ecodesign web

Ecodesign web

Ecodesign web

Environmental design strategy matrix


Reusability

Material Variety

Recycled Content

Chemical Usage

Material Identification

Internal Joints


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.559

Environmental Performance Indicators

Environmental Performance Indicators

Measurable Goals

Environmental Performance Indicators


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.560

Ecodesign

Ecodesign


MET matrix

MET matrix

MET matrix

ERPA

ERPA


Ecodesign Implementation and LCA

Ecodesign Implementation and LCA

Ecodesign Implementation and LCA

Materials choice

energy use

solid residues

liquid residues

gaseous residues


Environmental Aspects


Life cycle length

Energy consumption

Resource consumption

Material requirement

Disposal route

Number of materials

Recycled content

Recyclability

Toxicity

Energy use

Time for disassembly

Disposal cost


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.561

Environmental Improvement Through Product Development: A Seven-Step Approach

Ecodesign


Environmental Improvement through Product Development: A Guide


Ecodesign Implementation

Product Alternatives

Redundant Product Attributes


seven-step approach

Step 1: Describe the use context

Steps 1-6

Steps 1-6

Step 7

Step 7


eco-redesign process

seven steps

Gaining an overview of environmental problems

seven steps

seven steps

Creating environmental improvement solutions

seven steps

eco-redesign process


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.562

Product Functionality Description

Use Context Description

Product Functionality Description

Use Context Description

Use Context Description

Use Context Description


Product Life Cycle

Functional Unit

Environmental Impacts

Seven-step Approach to Ecodesign


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.563

Disposal

Use

Transport

Reuse/Recycling

Incineration

Landfill

Installation

Maintenance

Transport


Step 2

Step 2

Step 2

Step 3

Environmental impacts

Environmental profile


Materials

Materials

Manufacture

Manufacture

Transport

Transport

Use

Use

Use

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.564

MECO matrix

Transport and use-related energy consumption

MECO matrix

MECO matrix

MECO matrix

MECO matrix

Chemical-related emissions


Materials

Energy

Chemicals

Other

Materials

Materials

Energy

Recycled Raw Materials


Step 2

Step 2

product life résumé

life cycle stage


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.565

product-technology approach

product-technology approach

environmental impacts

environmental impacts

product development activity


Life Cycle Performance

MECO categories

Environmental impacts

Product


Quantification of Environmental Impacts

Quantification of Environmental Impacts

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Impacts

Full LCA


LCA tools

full LCA

simplified LCA

LCA tools


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.566

Life Cycle Assessment

LCA Method

LCA Method

LCA Method


screening LCA

screening LCA


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.567

Create environmental concepts

Create environmental concepts

Brainstorming

Brainwriting

Sketching

Future scenarios

Back-casting


seven-step ecodesign guide

product development process


stakeholder-network

manufacturing company

component supplier

external designer

freight forwarder

disposal company

stakeholder-network

material flows


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.568

Use Stage

Standby Functions

Low-Energy Features

Duplex Features

Product Durability


Indirect material requirements

Energy consumption

Fossil fuels

Energy intensity

Harmful substances

Brominated flame retardants


Recycling

Recycled Materials

Product Durability

Product Durability

Use Stage


Reduce the material intensity of the product or service

Raw material extraction


Ecodesign

Life Cycle

Material Intensity Reduction

Product Durability

Life Cycle Design


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.569

Product durability

Material selection

Product design


ecodesign workshop

environmental strategy


Ecodesign Implementation

Step 7

improvement proposals


Recyclability

Material Origins

Material Origins

Alternative Materials

Product Performance

Product Durability

Product Efficiency


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.570


ecodesign process

ecodesign considerations


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.571


LCA

ecodesign

LCA

ecodesign


ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign


Ecodesign

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Decisions

Cradle to Cradle


ecodesign

ecodesign

Life Cycle Engineering and Management


ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign

ecodesign


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.572

LCA

EcoDesign

Ecodesign tools


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.573


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

EcoDesign

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.574


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

EcoDesign

Environmental attributes


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

environmental aspects in product development

Life Cycle Assessment

eco-design


Life Cycle Assessment

Ecodesign


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.575


Cradle to Cradle Design

Cradle to Cradle Design

TRIZ-based Eco-design

Environmental Priorities


Ecodesign Implementation

Environmental Product Declarations


hauschild:23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA, p.576


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.577


Type III labels

Environmental Product Declarations

Environmental Product Declarations

European Commission's programme for product environmental footprints

ecolabels


Type I Labels

Type I Labels

Type I Labels

Environmental Labels and Declarations

Type I Labels


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.578

Environmental labels and declarations

Environmental labels and declarations

Environmental labels and declarations

Blue Angel


ISO 14000 family

ISO 14000 family

standardisation initiatives


Consumer Information Tools

Environmental Labelling

Environmental Labelling


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.579

Ecolabel Index

Ecolabel Index

forest management label

organic cotton labels

window energy rating schemes

dolphin-safe label

EU ecolabel

Nordic ecolabel


Environmental Labels and Declarations

Environmental Labels and Declarations


Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics

wildlife protection labels

fair trade labels

fair labour labels

EU Energy label

EU Energy label

EU Energy label


EU ecolabel

EU ecolabel

EU ecolabel

Nordic ecolabel

electronic ecolabel

ecotourism label

organic food label

sustainability labels

sustainability labels


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.581

ISO 14021

Self-declared Environmental Claims


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.580

Ecolabel

Type I ecolabel


Type III Environmental Declarations

Type III Environmental Declarations

Type III Environmental Declarations


ISO 14024

Type I Environmental Label

Type III Environmental Label


green marketing

green claims

product labelling


ISO 14024

European Flower

Nordic Swan

Blue Angel

China Environmental Labelling

Ecomark

Austrian ecolabel

EcoMark Japan

Good Environmental Choice Australia

ECOLOGO


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.582

Life Cycle Perspective

Multi-criteria Assessment

Environmental Criteria

Based on Sound Scientific and Engineering Principles

Environmental Criteria

Functional Requirements

Environmental Criteria

Transparency in Operations and Development


Global Ecolabelling Network

Type I ecolabelling

Type I ecolabelling

Type I ecolabelling


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.583

Nordic Ecolabel

Nordic Ecolabel

Type I Ecolabels

Type I Ecolabels

Type I Ecolabel Criteria


Nordic Ecolabel

Nordic Ecolabel

EU ecolabel

German ecolabel

Chinese ecolabel

Indian ecolabel

North American ecolabel

Brazilian ecolabel

Australian ecolabel


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.584

Nordic Ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

raw material label

Type I ecolabel


Type I Ecolabel

Type I Ecolabel

Type I Ecolabel

Design for Disassembly and Recycling


Type I ecolabelling

Multiple Environmental Impact Categories

Single focus on one environmental impact category

Climate


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.585

European ecolabel for hand dishwashing detergents

European ecolabel for paints and varnishes

ecolabelling schemes


natureplus

EU ecolabel

Critical Dilution Volume


EU

GECA

GECA

EU regulation

Australian government standards


Raw material label

Raw material label

Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

Pulp manufacturing

Paper production

Printing

Printing

Disposal/recycling


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.586

MECO-matrix

LCA knowledge

literature studies

RPS

criteria development

criteria adoption

criteria evaluation


European Ecolabel

European Ecolabel

European Ecolabel

European Ecolabel

preparatory work

life cycle assessment

criteria drafting

European Commission approval


Criteria Development

Feasibility Study

Criteria Evaluation

Criteria Revision

Nordic Ecolabel


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.587


Relevance

Potential

Steerability

Product group selection

Ecolabelling requirements

Ecolabelling


Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel

Type I ecolabel certification


Ecolabel

Ecolabel

Steerability

Ecolabel Criteria

Ecolabelled Products


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.588

ecolabelling body

licence holder

manufacturing process

EU ecolabel


Nordic Ecolabelling

Nordic Ecolabelling

ISO 17065


EU ecolabel

Competent Body

GECA

third party conformity assessment bodies

product certification

product certification


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.589

Ecolabels

Ecolabels


Nordic Ecolabelling

Certification process

Documentation compliance check

Inspection visit

Licence award


Certification and Accreditation Bodies

State Environmental Protection Agency

ISO 17025

Monitoring of continued compliance

Product testing

Factory inspections

Sampling


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.590

Ecolabelling

Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns

Ecolabelling

Environmental Claims


Guidance from the Danish Consumer Ombudsman on the use of environmental and ethical claims in marketing


Nordic Ecolabel

European Union Ecolabel

Nordic Ecolabel

European Union Ecolabel


Ecolabel Criteria

Ecolabel Criteria

Ecolabel Criteria


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.591

green public procurement

green public procurement

reduced environmental impact throughout life cycle

ecolabels


Nordic Ecolabelling

Nordic Ecolabelling

Nordic Ecolabelling

recertification process

Ecolabels

Ecolabels


Ecolabels

Public Procurement

Private Company Procurement

Consumer Demand

Sustainable Products and Services


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.592

Ecolabelling Denmark

procurement network

ecolabelled products

ecolabelled cleaning services


ecolabels

ecolabels

EU directive

public sector procurement

private sector companies


Purchasing Policy

Purchasing Policy

Procurement

Ecolabels


Ecolabelling

Ecolabelling Criteria

Ecolabelling


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.593

Ecolabelling

Ecolabelling Criteria

Environmental Requirements in Legislation

Ecolabelled Products

Ecolabelling Requirements


ecolabelling requirements

ecolabelling requirements

ecolabelling requirements

laundry detergents


ecolabelled hotel services

Industrial laundry

Chemical supplier

Hotel


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.594

Nordic Ecolabelling

Nordic Ecolabelling

Nordic Ecolabelling


Nordic Ecolabel

Nordic Ecolabel

Nordic Ecolabel

Nordic Ecolabel

Environmental Product Declarations


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.595

Type III declaration schemes

Environmental Product Declarations

Environmental Product Declarations

impact of construction works on the environment

EU regulation from 2011


EPD

ECO Platform

ECO Platform


EPD programme operators

ECO Platform

ISO 14025

EN 15804

EN 15804

LEED certification


LEED

LEED

LEED

LEED

EPD

EPD

ECO Platform


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.596

Danish pilot EPD scheme

consequential approach

consequential approach


Product Category Rules

Product Category Rules

Product Category Rules

Product Category Rules

Product Category Rules

Product Category Rules

Type III environmental declaration

Product Category Rules


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.597

Environmental Product Declaration

Product Category Rules

third party verification

Life Cycle Assessment

Norwegian declaration scheme


cradle-to-gate data

environmental declaration

cradle-to-gate data


Type III environmental declarations

environmental performance in the life cycle

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Type III environmental declarations


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.598

Environmental Declaration

Environmental Declaration

Type I Label

Climate Change

Product Comparison

Ecolabel


Product Category Rules for Seating

Product Category Rules for Seating

Product Category Rules for Seating

Product Category Rules for Seating

Product Category Rules for Seating

Product Category Rules for Seating

Product Category Rules for Seating

Secondary Materials

Electricity


ISO 14025

GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard

PAS 2050

ISO 14067

ISO 14067

BP X30

SMRS

TS 0100

Environmental Product Declaration


Steelcase

HÅG

Environmental Product Declaration

Norwegian EPD system

HÅG


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.599

Environmental claims

LCA

Methodological choices


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.600

Comparability

Harmonisation

Inventory data

Environmental performance


Environmental Performance

Environmental Performance

Common Methodological Reference


Environmental Product Declaration

Allocation Rule

Calculation Rule

Data Modelling Rule


EPD schemes

methodological choices

EPD schemes

environmental performance measurement


Product Environmental Footprint

Organisational Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.601

Product Environmental Footprint

Organisation Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint


Product Environmental Footprint

Organizational Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Organizational Environmental Footprint

Organizational Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Organizational Environmental Footprint


PEF

PEF

OEF

PEF

PEF

PEF

PEF

Product category and sector specific rules


Product Environmental Footprint

Organisation Environmental Footprint

15 impact categories

Product Environmental Footprint


Product Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint

Product Environmental Footprint


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.602


Environmental Product Declaration

Environmental Product Declaration

Environmental Product Declaration

Type III declaration scheme

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


PEF/OEF methodology

PEF/OEF methodology

consequential LCA

endpoint modelling

PEF/OEF methodology

BSI: PAS 2050:2011


Regulation (EU) no 305/2011

Commission Decision 2014/312/EU

EU Ecolabel

Directive 2014/24/EU


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.603

Product Environmental Footprint

Organisation Environmental Footprint

International Reference Life Cycle Data System

ISO 14000

Good Environmental Choice Australia


ISO 14040

ISO 14024:1999

ISO 14025:2006

ISO/IEC Guide 28:2004

ISO/IEC 17025:2005


Sustainable Consumption and Production

Ecolabelling

Environmental Labels and Declarations


hauschild:24 Environmental Labels and Declarations, p.604


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.605

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Life Cycle Assessment


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle certification scheme

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.606


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.607

C2C Product Innovation Institute

Cradle to Cradle Certified Product standard

Cradle to Cradle

Circular Economy

restorative or regenerative industrial system


cradle to grave

cradle to grave

cradle back to cradle

cradle back to cradle

C2C

C2C


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry

Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency


Circular Economy

EU action plan for the Circular Economy

EU action plan for the Circular Economy

EU action plan for the Circular Economy


ISO 14040

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

ISO 14044

ISO 14021:2016

ISO 14040

ISO 14044


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

cradle to grave


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.608

dismantle and reuse

physical transformation

chemical transformation

plastic remoulding

plastic depolymerisation

technical cycle


Waste

Waste

Emissions

Healthy Emissions

Industrial Processes


Biological nutrient

Technical nutrient

Emissions

Material

Material

Biological nutrient

Technical nutrient


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.609

technical nutrients

Product Service Systems

technical nutrients


Upcycling

Technical Nutrient Cycle

Biological Nutrient Cycle

Paper

Paper Recycling

Pulping


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

biological nutrients

Cradle to Cradle


Product-Service System

Product-Service System

Biological Cycle

Technical Cycle

Modular Design

Disassembly Design


Waste Equals Food

Use Current Solar Income

Celebrate Diversity

Cradle to Cradle

industrial symbiosis


Paper

Recycling

Pulping

Wood Fibres

Short Wood Fibres

Anaerobic Digestion

Composting

Incineration with Ash Spreading

Wood Fibres


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.610


Current Solar Income

Fossil Fuels

Natural Processes

Cradle to Cradle Product Life Cycle


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.611

Biodiversity

Local Energy Flows

Local Material Flows

Nutrient Cycling

Ecological Relationships


eco-efficiency

nutrient exchange with environment

green roofs

constructed wetlands


Recycled office paper

lower functionality than virgin office paper

Office paper recycling

Office paper recycling

Office paper recycling

emissions from recycling plant

photovoltaic energy

geothermal energy

wind energy

hydro energy

biomass energy


Biological Nutrient Cycle

Monstrous Hybrid Product

Recycling Process

Recycling Process

Cellulose-based Office Paper

Cellulose-based Office Paper

Cellulose-based Office Paper

Coating Agents

Dyes and Inks


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

eco-effectiveness

eco-efficiency

optimizing the means to achieving some predefined goal


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.612

Material Health

homogenous materials

substances at 100 ppm concentration

banned chemicals


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Gold level

Platinum level


Cradle Products Innovation Institute

Platinum

Certification

five levels: Basic, Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum

Certification criteria


Cradle to Cradle Certification Program

eco-effectiveness


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.613

recyclable content percentage

recycled/rapidly renewable content percentage

final manufacturing stage

final manufacturing stage

final manufacturing stage

solar energy

photovoltaic

geothermal

wind

hydro

biomass


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.614

Certified Products

Certified Products

Certified Products

Certified Products

Certified Products


Material health

Material reutilization

recyclability

Renewable energy and carbon management

water stewardship

social fairness

aluminium can


Platinum level

Bronze level

Silver level

Platinum level

facility level audit

facility level audit


Type 1 Environmental Labelling

Type 1 Environmental Labelling

Type 1 Environmental Labelling

Type 1 Environmental Labelling

Type 1 Environmental Labelling


use stage

volatile organic compounds off-gassing

process chemicals

Material Reutilization

technical nutrient

biological nutrient

nutrient reutilization score

nutrient reutilization score

recycled/rapidly renewable content percentage


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.615

Cradle to Cradle

Type 1 label

functional unit

Type 1 label

Type 1 label


Nordic Swan

EU Flower

Cradle to Cradle certification

Nordic Swan

Nordic Swan

Nordic Swan


Type 1 labels

Type 1 labels

C2C certification

C2C certification

C2C certification

C2C platinum level

C2C certification

C2C certification

Type 1 labels


renewable energy certificates

Basic level


Type 1 labels

eco-efficiency

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle certified products

Nordic Swan


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.616

Returnity

Returnity

chemical hydrolysis

nylon polymers

nylon monomers


Backhausen

take back system

nylon monomers

Trigema

Trigema clothing

designed to fit into the biological cycle

Trigema clothing


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.617

TerraSkin

TerraSkin

TerraSkin

TerraSkin

Cradle to Cradle


Running Shoes for Rent

Running Shoes for Rent

Running Shoes for Rent

shoe sole

shoe sole


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.618

Carlsberg Circular Community

Carlsberg Circular Community

Packaging Material Design

Packaging Material Design


Trigema

Trigema

Trigema

Trigema

TerraSkin

TerraSkin

TerraSkin

TerraSkin


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Eco-efficiency

Life Cycle Assessment

Green Fiber Bottle


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.619

LCIA

goal and scope definition


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Material Composition

Life Cycle Approach


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Eco-efficiency

Life Cycle Assessment

Eco-efficiency

Cradle to Cradle


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.620

Cradle to Cradle

Life Cycle Assessment

Cradle to Cradle

Qualitative aspects precede quantitative aspects

Life Cycle Assessment


green spaces

green spaces

porous paving

porous paving

phyto-remediation

absorption and neutralization of pollutants

polyaromatic hydrocarbons

photovoltaic cells


Cradle to Cradle

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory

energy efficiency improvements

scenario analysis


Cradle to Cradle Certification

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.621

Consequential LCA

renewable energy certificates

renewable energy certificates

renewable energy capacity installation

renewable energy capacity installation

marginal energy sources

energy efficiency


Cradle to Cradle

C2C certification criteria

LCA performance

LCA performance


Cradle to Cradle Certification

Cradle to Cradle Certification

Energy Use

Final Manufacturing Stage

Current Solar Income

Cradle to Cradle Certification


Cradle to Cradle Certification

Cradle to Cradle Certification

Cradle to Cradle Certification

focuses on material quality over quantity

Cradle to Cradle Certification

Material quantity

Production energy

Recycling infrastructure


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.622

Cradle to Cradle Certification

Basic Certification Level

Life Cycle Assessment

Cradle to Cradle Certification

Product Design

Technical Cycle


LCA

LCA goal and scope

future recycling system assumptions

existing recycling system modelling


pot plant

biological nutrients

biological nutrients

LCA


Cradle to Cradle

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

ecosphere

technosphere

environmental compartments

product system


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.623

LCA

quantifying negative environmental impacts

LCA

spatially resolved characterization factors

freshwater eutrophication

freshwater eutrophication


ReCiPe

Freshwater Eutrophication

ReCiPe

Freshwater Eutrophication


synthetic fertilizer

nutrient addition

nutrient addition

modern agriculture

land restoration to natural state


Cradle to Cradle

benefit

functional unit

technosphere


Land restoration

Soil extraction and transport

Site pollution treatment

Functional unit

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.624

Cradle-to-Cradle

biological nutrients

elementary flows

product flows

Life Cycle Assessment


Cradle to Cradle

product consumption increase

product consumption increase

product consumption increase

closed material loops

recycling


Construction sector

Material accumulation

Recycling

Construction sector


renewable energy infrastructure

windmills

photovoltaic cells

transmission cables

resource scarcity


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.625

eco-efficiency

Life Cycle Assessment

reduction of environmental impacts per functional unit

Life Cycle Assessment

system boundaries


Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Positive Recoupling

Circular Loops


biomaterials

biofuels

agriculture

plantations

biomaterial intake

Cradle to Cradle


Life Cycle Assessment

Cradle to Cradle

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.626

Solid waste incineration

Flue gas cleaning

Energy conversion

Solid waste incineration

Solid waste incineration


Cradle to Cradle

LCI model

background processes

electricity mix

unit processes

future-oriented LCA


future-oriented LCA

qualitative assessment

qualitative assessment

product system


recycling

recycling

renewable energy

decreasing environmental impacts per unit of energy consumption

energy consumption in recycling processes

waste incineration

attributional LCA

LCI model


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.627

recycling facility

recycling facility

multifunctionality

system expansion

allocation

substitution factors

substitution factors


recycling

recycled aluminium

LCI modelling

recycled material

material constituents

metal alloys


Impurities in Recycled Materials

Life Cycle Inventory

Functional Unit

LCA Results


Waste Incineration

Waste Incineration

Recycling

Recycling Technologies

Waste Incineration


Normalization

Normalization

LCA Results

LCA


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.628

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Cradle to Cradle

Life Cycle Assessment

interpretation stage


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.629

Functional Unit

Life Cycle Assessment

Product System


carrying capacity

carrying capacity

global consumption

product environmental impact


Cradle to Cradle

Circular Economy

Recycling

Sustainability assessment


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.630

ReCiPe2015

ReCiPe2015

ReCiPe2015

ISO 14024:1999


Cradle to Cradle

comparative LCA

Cradle to Cradle

carrying capacity

LCA


LCA

LCA

identifying gap between required and actual environmental impact reductions

gardening activity

weekend house activity


hauschild:25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA, p.631

Inland Water Eutrophication

Characterization factors for inland water eutrophication at the damage level

Incineration

Effect of incineration temperature on phosphorus availability

Bio-ash from manure

Eco-efficiency


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.633


LCA

LCA

LCA

goal and scope definition

system life cycle coverage

environmental impact assessment

environmental hotspots identification


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.634

Energy systems

Energy demand

Fossil resources

Electric transportation


Electricity and heat production

Transportation

greenhouse gas emissions

energy systems

energy systems

energy systems

electric transportation


Energy systems

Energy systems

Energy systems

Energy systems

Energy systems

Energy systems

LCA


Energy systems

Energy technologies

Power systems

Electricity systems

Heat systems

Fuels for transportation


Energy Systems

Renewable Energy Technologies

Carbon Capture and Storage

Fuel Switching

Nuclear Power

Energy Efficiency

Energy Systems

Energy Systems

Energy Systems


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.635

Electricity production systems

Heat production systems

Concentrated solar power

Photovoltaics

LCA

LCA

Chap. 27

Chap. 30


LCA of Energy Systems

LCA of Energy Systems

Goal and Scope


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.636


ISO standards

ILCD Handbook

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

LCI modelling framework


Category 1 studies

Category 2 studies

LCI databases

ecoinvent

single processes

single processes

single processes


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.637

Category 2 studies

Category 2 studies

Category 2 studies

hybrid LCA model

multi-regional input-output model

process LCIs

dynamic perspective


attributional modelling

consequential modelling

allocation

functional unit

Category 1 studies

Category 2 studies

electricity generation

electricity supply to grid

energy transport and distribution systems


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.638

electricity generation in Mexico in 2006

electricity generation in Mexico

grid electricity consumed in Estonia

Estonia electricity scenarios

Estonia electricity scenarios

Estonia electricity scenarios


Energy technology assessment

Energy technology assessment

Energy technology assessment

Energy technology assessment

Energy technology assessment

Energy technology assessment

Energy systems context perspective

Energy systems context perspective

Energy systems context perspective

Energy systems context perspective


nuclear

oil shale

natural gas

electricity consumed in Denmark

Consequential LCA

carbon capture and storage systems

renewables scenario

process LCI


Treyer and Bauer (2016)

Treyer and Bauer (2016)

electricity supply

attributional model

Smith et al. (2015)

Sevencan and Ciftcioglu (2013)


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.639

Category 2 studies

functional unit defined as supply of energy based on demand

functional unit

quantity aspect matching total energy demand

functional unit

quantity aspect normalised to consumption of one kWh

energy systems


Life Cycle Assessment

electricity supply systems

BLUE map scenario

business as usual scenario

renewable electricity

Life Cycle Coverage


electricity supply in the EU in 2050

hybrid LCA model

wind and solar power

storage

accommodation of wind and solar power variability

grid mixes for production processes


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Renewable Energy Technologies

Environmental Impacts in Production Stage

Renewable Energy Technologies

Production Stage

Use Stage

Life Cycle Perspective

Prevention of Environmental Burden-Shifting


Functional Unit

Electricity Generation

Environmental Impacts

Electricity Supply


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.640

Global Warming Potential

life cycle GHG emissions

cumulative energy demand

energy payback time

LCA studies


electricity supply

electricity consumption

electricity generation

process LCI

historical statistics on electricity production

consequential LCA

bioenergy policy


Disposal stage

Use/Operations stage

Water use impacts

Materials stage

Production stage

Disposal stage

Recycling

Recycling


raw materials extraction

use stage

disposal stage

renewable energy sources

PV modules

supporting infrastructure

wind turbine components

material recycling

energy recovery


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.641

Carbon Capture and Storage

Wind Power

Thin-film Photovoltaics

GHG Emission Accounting

Energy Demand Assessment


wind power

wind power

solar power

solar power

climate change impacts


Fossil fuels

Fossil fuels

Fossil fuels

Renewables

Renewables

GHG emissions

GHG emissions

GHG emissions


Manufacturing Stage

Operation and Maintenance

End-of-Life Stage

Use Stage

Disposal Stage

Production Stage

Raw Materials Extraction

Decommissioning

Material Recovery


GHG emission accountings

GHG emission accountings

life cycle GHG emission accountings

limited number of environmental impacts

environmental burden-shifting


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.642

Acidification

Particulate Matter

Human Toxicity - Cancer Effects

Resource Depletion

ILCD LCIA methodology

ILCD LCIA methodology

ILCD LCIA methodology

ILCD LCIA methodology

ecoinvent 3.1


wind power

solar power

wind power

solar power

heavy metals emissions

rare metals use

Climate Change

Resource Depletion

ecoinvent database


Climate Change

Freshwater Ecotoxicity

Ionising Radiation

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Nuclear Power

Nuclear Power


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.643

Heat and Electricity Generation Systems

Power Plant

Fuel

Power Plant Life Cycle

Fuel


Heat and Electricity Generation Systems

Heat and Electricity Generation Systems

Transmission and Transport Infrastructure

Equipment at Plant

Wind Power

Solar Power

Hydropower

Geothermal Power


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.644

Capital Goods

Capital Goods

Capital Goods

Capital Goods

Capital Goods

Climate Change

Capital Goods

Metal Depletion

Capital Goods

Capital Goods


Capital goods

Capital goods

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-fired power plant

Natural gas power plant

Capital goods

ecoinvent 3

Wind power

Geothermal power


Coal-Based Systems

Gas-Based Systems

Oil-Based Systems

Use Stage

Fuel Life Cycle

Power Plant Construction

Mining Infrastructure

Water Use

Land Use


Extraction of materials for power plant construction

Construction of power plant

Decommissioning and disposal of power plant

Operation of power plant

Extraction of fuels

Processing and distribution of fuels

Combustion of fuels

Disposal of slags/spent fuels

Life cycle of power plant

Life cycle of heat/electricity generation system

Life cycle of fuels


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.645

ReCiPe

ReCiPe

ReCiPe

ReCiPe

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

ILCD

energy production


freshwater eutrophication

toxicity-related impacts

fuel life cycle

use/operation stage


Raw Materials Extraction and Construction

Use/Operation Stage

Decommissioning/Disposal

Mining Operations and Resource Production

Refining and Distribution

Fuel Combustion

Slag or Spent Fuel Disposal

Use/Operation Stage

Refining and Distribution


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.646

Bio-waste

Bio-waste combustion

Fuel production

Pesticides

Farming practices

Power plant life cycle


Pesticides

Water use

Land use

Indirect land use impacts


Nuclear Power Systems

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction and processing

Uranium extraction

Mining tailings and spoils disposal

Mining tailings and spoils disposal

Heavy metals

Diesel

Electricity/heat


Mining activities

Mining activities

Mining activities

Mining activities

Mining activities

Mining activities

Fuel combustion

Fuel combustion

Fuel combustion

Fuel combustion

Fuel combustion

Disposal of heavy metals

Combustion slag

Bottom ashes


Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal

Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal

Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal

Steel Canisters

Steel Canisters

Nuclear Power Plant Operations

Water Use

Biomass Production

Biomass Production

Biomass Production

Biomass Production

Biomass Production

Biomass Production

Biofuel Combustion

Biogas Combustion


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.647

LCA of Energy Systems

LCA of Energy Systems

LCA of Energy Systems


PV modules

Wind turbines

Dams

Power plant unit production

Power plant unit production

Power plant unit production

Power plant unit production

Power plant unit production

Power plant unit production

Power plant unit production

Power plant unit production

Steel production


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.648

Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage


Steel production

Energy requirements

Sulfidic tailings and spoils

Heavy metals and phosphorous compounds

Heavy metals and phosphorous compounds

Heavy metals and phosphorous compounds

Scrap metals disposal

Scrap metals disposal

Metal extraction

Scrap metals disposal

Recycling

Water use


Wind Power Plants

Solar Power Plants

Run-of-River Hydropower Plants

Reservoir-Based Hydropower Plants

Geothermal Power Plants

Component Production

Operations

Mining Operations

Installation Sites

Distribution Network


Power plant conversion efficiency

ratio of useful energy output to energy input

Power plant conversion efficiency

differentiated impact results across technologies

Coal power plants

Natural gas power plants

Hydropower plants

Wind turbines

Solar cells

Power plant conversion efficiency

Energy recovery systems

improvement of thermal power plant efficiency


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.650

Metal Depletion

Renewable Energy Systems

Wind Power

Wind Power

Renewables

Fossil-based Systems


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.649

Renewables

Nuclear Power

Renewables

Nuclear Power

Hydropower

Hydropower

Climate Change


combined cycles

combined cycles

co-generation of heat and power

waste heat recovery

district heating


Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage

Coal Cleaning

Conversion Efficiency

Cleaning Technologies


Wind Power

Solar Power

Higher Environmental Impacts per Unit Electricity

Material Production

Energy Payback Time

Energy Return on Investment

Energy Payback Time

Energy Payback Time

Energy Payback Time


Energy Payback Time

Energy Return on Investment

Photovoltaic technologies

Cadmium telluride

Copper indium gallium diselenide

Photovoltaic technologies

Wind power technologies

Energy Payback Time of few months to 1–2 years

Wind power technologies


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.651

LCA of energy systems

Goal and Scope Definition

disposal stage

rare earth metals


Wind Power Technologies

Wind Power Technologies

Natural Gas

Oil

LCA Studies of Energy Systems


Climate Change

Particulate Matter

CCS

IGCC

NGCC

SCPC

Supercritical Pulverized Coal-fired Power Plant

CdTe

CIGS

LCA of Energy Systems

LCA of Energy Systems


Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Functional Unit

Energy Systems

Energy Systems


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.652

functional unit

functional unit

functional unit

PV module area

PV module efficiency

base-load energy technologies

wind power

PV power systems


functional unit

Table 26.3

Table 26.3


intermittent source

intermittent source

base-load electricity demand

electricity and heat systems

power plant level

meso- and large-scale assessment


Supply of electricity

whole electricity supply system

demand

Supply of electricity to match global demand


LCA of energy systems

LCA of energy systems

LCA of energy systems

LCA of energy systems

system expansion

impact pathways


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.653

Functional Unit

Grid Mix

Scenario Analysis

Electricity Supply Systems


Scenario A

Scenario B

energy policies

energy policies

smart grid

energy efficiency measures

grid mix

electricity supply system

eco-efficiency

eco-effectiveness


Category 1 studies

Category 1 studies

Provision of xx MJ of fuel energy content

Generation of 1 kWh of electricity

Supply of 1 kWh of electricity to the grid

Category 2 studies

Category 2 studies

Supply or consumption of 1 kWh of net electricity

whole electricity supply system


hydropower

geothermal power

fossil-based systems

biomass-based systems

fuel life cycle

electricity and heat generation systems

power plant life cycle


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.654

Fuel life cycle

Fossil-based electricity and heat generation systems

Fuel life cycle

Nuclear-based electricity and heat generation systems

Fuel life cycle

Biomass-based electricity and heat generation systems

Power plant construction

Power plant decommissioning

Power plant life cycle

Environmental impacts of electricity and heat supply

Production stage

Environmental impacts of renewable energy systems

Disposal stage

Power plant and equipment life cycle


Energy Systems

Power Plants

Fuels

Functional Unit

System Boundaries

System Boundaries


carbon capture and storage system

Impact Coverage

toxicity-related impact categories

resource-use-based impact categories

Climate Change

Acidification

Eutrophication

renewables-based electricity production

fossil-based electricity production


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.655

ILCD guidelines

LCI Modelling Framework

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

System expansion

Co-generation of heat and electricity

Recycling of materials

Recycling of materials

Recycling of materials


renewables-based electricity production

fossil-based electricity production

climate change

water use

metal depletion

metal depletion

land use

land use

land use

Resource use indicators


disposal stage

goal definition

consequential modelling

multifunctional processes

multifunctional processes

multifunctional processes

LCI analysis


biomass-based energy systems

waste generation

power plant life cycle

carbon capture and storage system

power plant life cycle


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.656

Future-oriented LCA

Energy systems

Electricity grid mixes

LCI processes


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory

prospective dimension

prospective dimension

prospective dimension

electricity mix


Inventory Analysis

System Modelling

allocation principles

electricity and heat co-generation processes

marginal energy technologies

LCI data availability

temporal, technological and spatial representativeness


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.657

Co-generation

Allocation based on energy content

Allocation based on energy quality

Electricity

Heat

Exergy


LCI phase

LCI Data Availability

scope definition

data representativeness

IO modelling

indirect land use change


wind power

marginal technology

time perspective

electricity demand


ecoinvent v.3

LCI processes

electricity grid mixes

electricity grid mixes

electricity grid mixes


short-term marginal technologies

long-term marginal technologies

coal-fired power plants

wind turbines


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.658

decision context situation B

mixed consequential/attributional modelling

system expansion

background system

long-term marginal processes

renewables

fossils-based energy sources


scoping and identification of key parameters

LCIA phase

identification of major modelling assumptions

marginal technologies

indirect land use change effects

sensitivity analyses

prospective dimension assessments


Sensitivity Analysis

Uncertainty Analysis

Energy Processes

Sensitivity Analysis


electricity

heat

variable exergy factor typically around 0.15–0.20

exergy factor

exergy factor

allocation based on energy quality

allocation based on energy content

marginal data

technology or process actually affected by changes

time perspective


Future-oriented assessments

Scenarios

Data inadequacy

Sensitivity analyses

Sensitivity analyses

Plant efficiencies

Infrastructure lifetime

Disposal routes

Emission factors


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.659

LCA

LCA

Foresight LCA Studies


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Indirect land use change

Marginal technologies

Climate change

Carbon capture and storage

Temporal perspective

Energy systems


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.660

flue gas cleaning system

fuel cleaning

fuel cleaning

post-combustion carbon capture and storage

oxyfuel carbon capture and storage

pre-combustion carbon capture and storage

carbon capture and storage


shale gas

Combined cycle gas turbines

shale gas

shale gas


Hard coal

Lignite

Hard coal

Lignite

Flue gas cleaning

Carbon capture and storage

Combustion processes

Direct combustion

Gasification combustion

Fuel supply chain

Flue gas cleaning system


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

disposal stage

decommissioning stage

climate change

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.661

Nuclear energy production

Uranium extraction

Uranium enrichment

Nuclear energy

Nuclear fuel cycle

Nuclear waste handling


Power plant efficiency

CO2 capture process

CO2 capture

CO2 capture

Fossil fuel

Fossil fuel

Natural gas

Natural gas

Natural gas

Use stage

Fuel provision

Fugitive methane emissions

Gas extraction

Gas transportation


Shale gas extraction

Fugitive emissions

Shale gas

Recoverable resources

Differences of impacts with other energy sources


Nuclear fuel cycle

Mining of uranium

Recycling of uranium and plutonium

Manufacturing of wind turbines

Construction phase

Use phase

Climate change

Energy Payback Time


Fuel oil cycle

Fuel oil cycle

Power plant use/operations

Fuel supply chain

Flue gas cleaning system

Fuel sulphur content

Energy utilisation efficiency

Base-load power plants

Peak-load power plants

Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy


Manufacturing

Disposal

Operational/Use

Operating Lifetime

Wind Resource Quality

Conversion Efficiency

Wind Turbine Size


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.662

Manufacturing Stage

Energy Requirements

Si Production

PV Wafer Production

Climate Change

Climate Change

Balance of System Components

System Boundaries


Wind power

rotor

Wind power

tower

Wind power

nacelle

nacelle

Disposal stage

recycling

Photovoltaics technologies


glass

ethylene vinyl acetate

metals

tellurium

selenium

lead

cadmium

Recycling

Concentrated solar power technologies

Concentrated solar power technologies


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.663

toxicity-related impacts

heavy metals

geothermal power generation

geothermal power generation


inverters

insulators

supporting structure

silver

silver

Disposal stage

End-of-life

glass

ethylene vinyl acetate

metals


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.664

Energy payback time

Energy return on energy invested

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

emergy synthesis


Mirrors

Materials Manufacturing

Construction

Cement

Reinforced Steel

Construction Activities

Transportation

Methane Emissions

Methane Emissions

Evaporative Losses

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Eutrophication


Climate Change

Climate Change

Land Use

Water Use

Toxicity

Geothermal Power

Hydrothermal Resources


parabolic trough plants

solar field

manufacturing stage

steel

molten salt

synthetic oil

storage system

power plant unit

electrical efficiency


Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems

Consequential LCA

Life cycle assessments

Utility-scale wind power


Wind Power

Electricity Production

Renewable Energy

Geothermal Power Generation

High Penetration Renewable Energy Scenarios


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.665

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

low-carbon technologies


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Environmental relevance of capital goods


ReCiPe2015

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions

crystalline silicon photovoltaic electricity generation

Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.666

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of thin-film photovoltaic electricity generation

Enhanced Geothermal Systems electricity generation

Estonian electricity supply


Life cycle assessment

carbon footprint

Life cycle assessment

electricity generation


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Recycling

Life-cycle inventory


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.667

Power generation from chemically cleaned coals

Coal cleaning

Electricity generation

Wind farm

Electricity generation with carbon capture and storage


Methodology Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaic Electricity

Life Cycle Assessment

Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation options

Energy use and recovery in waste management


Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment

ecoinvent database

ecoinvent database


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Solar Thermal Power Plants

Electricity Generation


hauschild:26 LCA of Energy Systems, p.668


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.669

Transportation

Greenhouse Gas Emissions


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Wind power plants

Marginal production technologies


Nieves Espinosa

ecodesign of organic photovoltaics

Nieves Espinosa

Nieves Espinosa

Michael Z. Hauschild

Michael Z. Hauschild

Michael Z. Hauschild

chemical impacts

spatial differentiation

science-based boundaries in LCIA


Electric Vehicles

Private Transportation

Battery Production

Battery Production

Copper Extraction

Aluminium Extraction

Rare Earth Metals Extraction

Electric Motors Production

Electric Vehicles


Life Cycle Assessment

Use Stage

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Transportation


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.670

Electric Vehicles

Lithium-ion Batteries

Battery Electric Vehicles


Transportation sector

Transportation sector

individual transportation

alternative fuels

vehicle energy efficiency


drive train efficiency improvement

material substitution

modern production technologies

electric vehicles

renewable energy production

alternative powertrains


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.671

Battery Electric Vehicle

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle


Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles

tailpipe emissions

battery electric vehicles

hybrid electric vehicles

plug-in hybrid electric vehicles


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.672

PHEV

LCA

Well to Wheel

LCA


Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Internal Combustion Engine

Battery

Plug-in Electric Vehicle

Plug-in Electric Vehicle


WTT analysis

WTT analysis

WTT analysis

TTW approach


Parallel HEV

internal combustion engine

mechanical energy

electric motor

Series HEV

generator

electrical energy


Well to Wheel

Well to Tank

Tank to Wheel

Well to Tank

Fuel Combustion

Vehicle Operation

Energy Carrier Supply Chain


Battery Electric Vehicles

Lithium-ion batteries

Permanent magnet synchronous motors

Electric motor

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Series-parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.673

Tailpipe emissions

Fuel consumption reduction

Alternative drive trains

Lightweight materials

Magnesium steering wheel production

Magnesium electrolysis

Production stage


magnesium electrolysis process

magnesium Pidgeon process

steering wheel magnesium production

production stage

use stage

end-of-life

magnesium

Global Warming Potential


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.674

Battery Electric Vehicle Use Stage

Energy Consumption

Vehicle Weight

Mechanical Energy Demand

Environmental Impact


Battery pack production

Battery pack production

Battery pack production

Mining processes

Mining processes

Aluminium extraction

Copper extraction

Nickel extraction

Cobalt extraction

Lithium extraction

Electric vehicle production

Higher environmental burden than conventional vehicle production


EV production

EV use stage

EV end-of-life

EV production

EV use stage

Battery Electric Vehicle


End-of-Life

Component Reuse

Component Remanufacture

Secondary Material Production

Environmental Credits

Life Cycle Assessment


Tank-to-Wheel

Well-to-Wheel

Battery Electric Vehicle

Battery Electric Vehicle

vehicle energy consumption

powertrain inefficiencies

non-propulsion components

maintenance and service

energy source mix


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.675

LCA

Comparisons between different types of EVs and CVs

LCA

LCA

driving behaviour and local climate conditions

LCA

LCA

LCA

end-of-life scenarios

end-of-life scenarios

end-of-life scenarios


Goal and Scope Definition

LCA Methodology

Data Collection

Electric Vehicles

Electricity Grid Mix


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.676

Goal Definition

Goal Definition

Inventory Analysis

Battery

Battery

Electric Vehicle


LCA

LCA

supply chain modelling

operational level LCA


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.677

Production of components

Mining processes

Production of materials

Transportation

Battery system


EV Component Production

EV Component Assembly

EV Component Disposal

EV Component Recovery

Vehicle Weight

Energy Conversion Efficiency

System Boundaries Definition

Modelling Approach


Life Cycle Assessment

eLCAr Guidelines


Decision Context

Decision Context

Decision Context

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Situation Context A

Situation Context B

Meso-level and Macro-level Decision Support

Electric Mobility


System Boundary

Functional Unit

Reference Flow

Electric Vehicles


Drive Train Production

Battery Production

Car Body Production

Vehicle Assembly

Use Stage

Painting Processes

Material and Energy Recovery


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.678


Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle

Functional Unit

LCA Comparison

Vehicle Efficiency

Urban Transportation

Average Vehicle Use


Battery

Vehicle Mass

Battery Production

Battery Production

Battery

Battery

Battery

Use Stage


Weight

Energy Demand

Use Stage


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.679

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Functional Unit

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

battery configuration


battery

battery weight

battery weight

vehicle weight increase

vehicle weight increase

peripheral components

eLCAr guidelines

interdependency matrix


interdependency matrix

interdependency matrix

component interactions in electric vehicles

interdependency matrix

interdependency matrix

LCA of Electromobility

LCA of Electromobility


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.680

Vehicle Production Stage

Use Stage

End-of-Life Stage

Energy Consumption

Production of Components

Vehicle Assembly

Data Collection


Production

Production

Production

Component Production

Vehicle Assembly

Unit Processes

Glider

Drive Train

Battery

eLCAr Guidelines


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.681

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Production

Manufacturing and assembly stage

Use Stage

Energy Consumption


eLCAr guidelines

eLCAr guidelines

component LCA

vehicle LCA

life cycle stage analysis

driving behaviours

geographic effects


Use Stage

Energy Consumption

Mechanical Energy Demand

Tank-to-Wheel

Maintenance

Non-Exhaust Emissions


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.682

Traction force

Traction force

Traction force

Traction force

Mechanical power

Mechanical energy demand


mechanical energy demand

auxiliary devices consumption

air conditioning and heating consumption

battery energy losses

charging losses

energy demanded by an EV

mechanical energy demand

mechanical energy demand


NEDC

NEDC

WLTP

WLTP

Steady-state driving cycles


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.683

NEDC

WLTP

auxiliaries

air conditioning systems

charging inefficiencies

discharging mechanisms

energy losses


Driving Cycle

Driving Cycle

Driving Cycle

Transient Driving Cycle

Steady State Driving Cycle

New European Driving Cycle

Worldwide harmonised Light vehicles Test Procedures

New European Driving Cycle


heating system

cooling system

energy mix

photovoltaic energy

coal power plants

Well-to-Tank


NEDC driving cycle

electric passenger car transport dataset

energy consumption

regenerative braking

urban-driving condition

ecoinvent v3 dataset


GREET model

GREET model

GREET model

Vehicle-cycle model

Life Cycle Inventory

Battery

Charging and power electronic systems


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.684

End-of-Life Stage

Vehicle Disassembly

Hazardous Material Treatment

E-Motor Processing

Battery System Processing

E-Motor Remanufacturing

eLCAr Guidelines

eLCAr Guidelines


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.685

Electric Vehicles

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles


E-Motor

Remanufacturing

Metal Recycling

Permanent Magnet Recovery

Rare Earth Metal Recovery

Traction Battery End-of-Life Treatment

Battery Recycling


Hydrometallurgical processes

Pyro-metallurgical processes

Hydrometallurgical processes

Pyro-metallurgical processes

Hydrometallurgical processes

Pyro-metallurgical processes


Electric Vehicles

Life Cycle Inventory

Electric Vehicles

Driving 1 km


Global Warming Potential

Use Stage

Life Cycle Assessment


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.686

Battery system

Battery system

4.7 tonnes CO2-eq over 150000 km lifetime

Ellingsen et al. (2014)


Electric Vehicles

Conventional Vehicles

Battery Cell Production

Production Stage

Electric Vehicle Production

Conventional Vehicle Production

Coal-based Electricity


Traction Battery

Battery Cooling System

EV Production

Terrestrial Acidification Potential

Hard Coal

Lignite


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.687

lightweight materials

weight reduction

energy consumption reduction

Use Stage

environmental impact


Li-FePO4

Li-NCM

use stage

Global Warming Potential


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.688

Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle

Ambient Temperature Influence on Energy Demand

Conventional Vehicle

Minor Ambient Temperature Influence on Fuel Consumption

Lightweight Electric Vehicle Comparison

Lightweight Electric Vehicle Comparison

Lightweight Electric Vehicle Comparison

Lightweight Material

System Description


Lightweight material

Higher environmental impacts in raw material acquisition

Lightweight material

Higher environmental impacts in production stage

Lightweight material

Higher environmental impacts in end-of-life stage

Use stage

Raw material acquisition

Production stage

Electric vehicle

Conventional vehicle

Engine excess heat

Electric vehicle

Electric vehicle


Terrestrial Acidification Potential

Electric Vehicles

Natural gas electricity

Lower Terrestrial Acidification Potential

Photochemical Oxidation Formation Potential

Electric Vehicles

Conventional Vehicles

Human Toxicity Potential

Copper

Nickel

Mining activities

Fossil Resource Depletion Potential

Electric Vehicles

Coal-intensive electricity


climate change

gasoline CV

EV with lithium iron-phosphate battery

lithium iron-phosphate battery

ambient temperature

lightweight materials

break-even point


battery recycling

battery recycling

aluminium

copper

nickel

cobalt

battery dismantling

cell processing

battery dismantling


Production Stage

Use Stage

Lightweight Material

Production Stage

Environmental Impact of Lightweight Material

End-of-Life Stage

Use Stage

Environmental Savings from Lightweight Material

Lightweight Material


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.689

Lightweight Material

Electricity Mix

Energy Consumption

GHG Emission Intensity

Lightweight Material


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.690

LCA methodology

electrification of personal transportation

Electric Vehicles

LCA methodology

environmental evaluation of transportation sector


Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle

Climate Change

Lightweight Electric Vehicles


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.691

Battery System

Vehicle Production

Life Cycle Assessment


eLCAr guidelines

LCA methodology

Electric Vehicle LCA


Energy Source

Electric Vehicle

Low Impact Energy Sources

Fossil Fuel Electricity

Production Stage

Product Lifetime

Functional Equivalency


system description

modelling of interdependencies

energy mix

ambient temperature

use pattern

lightweight materials

climate change

gasoline conventional vehicle

electric vehicle

lithium iron-phosphate battery

electricity mix


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.692


part manufacturing and vehicle assembly


Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Li-Ion batteries

Nickel metal hydride batteries

Environmental impacts


hauschild:27 LCA of Electromobility, p.693


Production

Battery system

Mining

Mining

Recycling

Material recovery

Material recovery


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.695


Use Stage

Building

Infrastructure

LCA

LCA

Energy Efficiency


embodied environmental impacts

use stage

end-of-life stage

electrical mixes

LCA

LCA


eLCAr

Li-ion batteries

Electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions

recycling

ecoinvent version 3

Electric passenger car transport life cycle inventories

GREET 2.7


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.696

Buildings

Buildings

Buildings

Urban Activities

Urban Activities


Settlements

Buildings

Infrastructure

Buildings

Infrastructure

Settlements

Built Environment


urban activities

urban activities

Cities

human waste

nutrient emissions


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.698

Process-based LCA

Input-output LCA

Built environment LCA

Built environment LCA

Built environment LCA


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.697

Building LCA

Building LCA

Built environment LCA

Built environment LCA

Building LCA

Built environment LCA

Building LCA


Built Environment

Building Stock

Space Conditioning

Automobile Use

Building-Level Assessment

Energy-Inefficient Buildings

Dense City with Transit


LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment

single building

single building


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.699

building-scale LCA

neighbourhood-scale LCA

transport

building energy

multifaceted LCA approach

multifaceted LCA approach


LCA

LCA

buildings

built environment

operational energy

buildings


LCA

LCA

building sector

building sector

buildings


Building Design

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Building Materials

Building Technologies


ISO/TC 59 SC 17

CEN/TC 350

sustainability assessment of buildings and constructions

Life Cycle Assessment

building sustainability certification systems

ISO/TC 59 SC 17

building Life Cycle Assessment


Building

Building

Building

Building

Building

Built environment

Built environment

Built environment

Built environment

Built environment

Built environment

Built environment

Built environment

Built environment


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.700

Building Design

Early Design Stage

Early Design Stage

Building Envelope

LCA-based Decisions


LCA of Buildings

Building environmental impact assessment

Building LCA

Building uniqueness

Building service provision


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.701

embodied impacts

use stage impacts

embodied impacts

operational energy consumption

plug load

plug load

electricity consumption


Use Stage

Use Stage

Energy Consumption

Material Consumption

Use Stage

Use Stage


Maintenance

Repair

Replacement

Refurbishment

Use

Demolition

Waste processing

Disposal

Use

Use

Use


Pre-use

Use

After-use

Extraction of raw materials

Manufacturing

Construction site activities

Transport to manufacturing

Transport to retailer

Transport to building site

Construction worker's transport


Building Life Cycle

System Boundaries

Life Cycle Stages

Life Cycle Substages

Maintenance

Life Cycle Inventories


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.702

recycling potential calculation

second allocation method

cut-off approach

after-life stage

waste processing

recycling

allocation approaches


Goal and Scope Definition

Goal and Scope Definition

Life Cycle Stages

Material Scope

Material Scope


additional materials

transport process

installation process

cutting waste

Life Cycle Stages

LCI Input


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.703

Use Stage

After-Use Stage

Use Stage

Scenario Evaluation

Scenario Evaluation

Maintenance Frequencies

Annual Heating Demand

Electricity Production


Recycling Potential

Recycling Potential

Recycling Potential

Recycling Potential

Reuse

Recycling

Demolition


electricity production

electricity production

national mix

Nordic mix

Nordic mix

European mix

building LCA study

building service life

annual energy used


Building LCA

Energy Consumption

Building Materials

Building Sector

Building Sector

Energy Performance


building sector

building sector

use stage

embodied impacts

energy consumed

impact categories


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.704

EN 15804

EN 15804

CML methodology

CML methodology

EN 15804

EN 15804

building material EPDs


process-based LCA modelling

building scale LCA

building scale LCA

building scale LCA

building scale LCA


building LCA

dynamic modelling

input–output-based LCA

process-based LCA modelling

building LCA

building LCA

building LCA


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.705


Global Warming Potential

Acidification

Eutrophication

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential

Resource Depletion

Ionising Radiation

Toxicity

Land Transformation

Land Occupation

Primary Energy Demand


Global Warming Potential

ReCiPe

Dynamic modelling

Use stage

LCA

LCA

refurbishment

building component decisions


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.706

Urban Metabolism

Urban Metabolism

Life Cycle Assessment of Built Environment

Urban Metabolism


Urban Metabolism

Life Cycle Inventory

Urban Metabolism

Urban Metabolism

Urban Metabolism

Life Cycle Assessment


IO-LCA

process-based LCA

transport

construction activities

service sectors

LCI simplifications

life cycle stages simplifications

pre-use stage

maintenance stage

embodied impacts

operating energy


LCA

urban self-assessment

urban self-assessment

sewage system

drinking water network

reform-urbanism movement

reform-urbanism movement


Industrial Ecology

Environmental implications of socio-technical systems

Ecological Footprint

eMergy

Carbon Footprint

Material Flow Analysis


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.708

Material Flow Analysis

bottom-up approach

top-down approach

construction sector


Material Flow Analysis

Material Flow Analysis

plastics

rare earth metals

urban metabolism

Material Flow Analysis


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.707

Material and energy flows

Material Flow Analysis of built environment

Material and energy flows

Material and energy flows

Material and energy flows


Material Flow Analysis

biomass flows

biomass flows

biomass flows

Material Flow Analysis

Material Flow Analysis


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.709

End-of-Life Phase

Embodied Mass

Embodied Energy


Biomass

Fossil fuel

Electricity

Natural energy

Water

Waste emissions

Gases

Wastewater

Heat

Produced goods

Infrastructure/buildings

Drinking water

Precipitation

Construction aggregates

Metals

Plastics

Minerals


Material Flow Analysis

Material Flow Analysis

Material Flow Analysis

Material Flow Analysis

Scope 1

Scope 2

Material Flow Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory


Material Flow Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory

Use Stage

End-of-Life Phase

Fuel Combustion

Use Stage


Resource Extraction

Processing and Manufacturing

Use

Urban Metabolism

Concrete

Aggregate

Inter-stage transport

LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment


hauschild:28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment, p.710

LCA

LCA

impact potentials

per-capita normalization


Material Flow Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory

Steel

Aluminium

Wood

Material Production

Transport


Functional Unit

Assembly

Transport

Functional Unit


disposal phase

waste treatment

waste treatment

recycling

structural steel

aluminium

glass

MFA