Life Cycle Inventory modelling

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Allocation approach

System expansion

Substitution approach

Life Cycle Inventory modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.71

Attributional life cycle model

Attributional life cycle model

Attributional life cycle model

Consequential life cycle model

Scope definition


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.70

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

recycling

end-of-life treatment

allocation

LCI modelling framework


attributional modelling

allocation

allocation

LCI modelling

LCI modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.67


Attributional modelling

Specific electricity imports and exports

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.72

Consequential life cycle model

Consequential life cycle model

Consequential life cycle model

Supply contracts

Policy measures


Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling


Consequential modelling

marginal processes

supply-chain

green taxes

material bans

decision

decision

decision


Consequential Method

Consequential Method

LCI Modelling Framework

Allocation

Multifunctionality


Multifunctional Process

Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solution

Waste Incineration


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.73

Scope definition

Life Cycle Inventory

Multifunctional process

Multifunctional process

Multifunctional process

Multifunctional process

Multifunctional process

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


Incineration

Incineration

Incineration

Waste Treatment

Co-products

Allocation


attributional modelling

background processes

background data

electricity

Austrian consumption mix

Austrian consumption mix

Austrian consumption mix

Austrian consumption mix

Austrian consumption mix


multifunctional product

multifunctional product

multifunctional process

co-function substitution

LCI data set


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.74

Scope definition

LCI/LCA studies

product life cycle

product life cycle

product life cycle

product life cycle


ISO 14044:2006

Allocation

ISO hierarchy for solving multifunctionality

ILCD guidance

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


Allocation

Black-box unit processes

Allocation of black-box unit processes


Subdivision of multifunctional processes

multifunctional black box unit processes

ISO hierarchy


Scope Phase

Scope Phase

Inventory Phase

Multifunctionality

Multifunctionality


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.75

Subdivision

Subdivision

Subdivision

black box unit process

single operation unit process

Scope definition


subdivision

allocation

partial subdivision

virtual subdivision


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.76

System expansion

System expansion

Substitution

System expansion


Subdivision

Subdivision

Unit process

Mono-functional unit processes

Allocation

Black box unit process


subdivision

subdivision

virtual subdivision

substitution

allocation

subdivision


foreground-system internal interrelations

synergies

allocation of synergies

steam consuming process

unit process

unit process


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.77

Blast furnace slag

Blast furnace slag

Blast furnace slag

Blast furnace slag

Blast furnace slag

Steelmaking


System expansion

System expansion

Substitution

System expansion

System expansion

Multifunctionality

Blast furnace slag


System Expansion

System Expansion

Multifunctional Systems

Life Cycle Inventory

Missing Functions


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.78

Scope definition

Co-function

Avoided impact

Negative emissions

Reporting of results


System expansion

Substitution

Substitution

Substitution

BOF slag

Recycling operations


Production scaling

Co-function production

LCA study assumptions

Modelling approach


system expansion

substitution

system expansion

rice grains


Sodium chloride electrolysis


BOF slag

BOF slag

substitution


rice grains

rice straw

rice grains

rice grains

Sodium hydroxide


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.79

Scope definition

System expansion

Allocation

Allocation

Substitution


ISO 14044:2006

allocation

allocation

allocation

ISO 14044:2006


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.80

Allocation

Allocation

Subdivision

Energy content

Allocation


Product A

Product B

Input products (goods and services)

Resources

Process

Process


Allocation

Inventory Flows

Physical Causality

Market Price

Allocation Criteria


market price

co-products

internal processing

refinery gas

lower calorific value

allocation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.81

price based allocation

price based allocation

emission abatement technologies

market price

emission reduction technologies

environmental impact data


Multifunctionality

Allocation

Substitution

LCI modelling provisions

LCI modelling provisions

LCI modelling provisions

ILCD provisions

LCI modelling principles


Situation A

Situation A

LCI modelling principles

LCI modelling principles

LCI modelling principles

LCI modelling principles

LCI modelling principles

LCI modelling principles

Situation A


product-related questions

product-related questions

analysed changes

analysed changes

product production

product use

product end-of-life


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.82

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

subdivision

virtual subdivision


polypropylene production

polypropylene-based ball pens

small-scale decision


attributional modelling

system expansion approach

system expansion approach

subdivision

allocation

value-correction

Scope definition


Multifunctionality

Subdivision

Virtual subdivision

System expansion

Substitution of short-term marginal

System-system relationship


multifunctionality

not required co-function

heating and cooling systems


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.83

Scope definition

Consequential modelling

Market mix

Situation A studies


Multifunctionality

System-System Relationship

Secondary Function

Coffee Machine

Heat

Superseded Process


two-step allocation procedure

two-step allocation procedure

simplification

allocation


alternative processes / systems

alternative processes / systems

substitution modelling

Situation B type study

large-scale consequences on other systems


BOF slag

BOF slag

waste and end-of-life treatment

recyclability substitution


allocation

lack of accuracy

Substitution of determining co-function(s)

determining co-function(s)

jointly contribute more than 50 % to combined market value

two-step allocation procedure

substituted amounts

functionality between substituted and superseded function

BOF slag


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.84

construction wood waste

sorting

transport

chipping

secondary wood chips

electricity from end-of-life product incineration

market mix substitution


open loop - different primary route

waste / end-of-life treatment

recycled material

recovered energy

closed-loop

Situation B type study


allocation

comparative studies

comparative studies

reasonably best and worst cases


closed-loop cases

secondary good

substitution systems

allocation

waste / end-of-life treatment multifunctionality

allocation

allocation

allocation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.85

Scope definition

Scope definition

reasonably best and worst case scenarios

Situation A

system expansion

LCA-based decision support


recycled wood

recycled wood

particleboard production

market value correction

functionality


LCI modelling

Situation B

marginal processes

Comparative studies

Comparative studies


Situation A

analysed systems

large-scale changes

affected processes

reasonably best cases

reasonably worst cases

uncertainty calculation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.86

Comparative studies

Assumption scenarios

Assumption scenarios

Recycling rates

Use intensity

Life times


Situation C

Situation C

Situation C1

Situation C2

recycling credits


Assumption scenarios

Scenario analysis

Monte-Carlo Simulation

Reasonable worst case scenarios

Reasonable best case scenarios

Assumption scenarios


Situation C1

existing benefits outside the analysed system

Situation C

Situation B

external review

external review


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.87

Scope definition

Co-product

Co-product crediting

Additional co-product


consequential modelling

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

LCI data set

Accounting

life cycle model


Situation B

Situation B

Situation B

system expansion

meso/macro-level decision support

meso/macro-level decision support

meso/macro-level decision support


Situation C1

Situation C1

Situation C1

attributional model

attributional model

attributional model

subdivision

virtual subdivision


material recycling

end-of-life product and waste management

energy recovery

part reuse

product further use

LCI modelling provisions for Situations A, B, and C

LCI modelling and method approaches


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.88

Situation A

Situation A

Attributional model

Situation A

LCI modelling provisions

Life cycle model


LCI modelling and method approaches

scope definition

unit process inventory

essentially identical across Situations A, B, and C

system boundary definition

multifunctionality handling

consequential modelling


Subdivision

Virtual subdivision

Black box unit processes

System expansion

System expansion


System boundary identification

Multifunctionality

Substitution of market mix of specific alternatives

Heat generated by office equipment


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.89

Scope definition

LCI modelling

Substitution of market mix


wheat grain study

straw

Miscanthus grass

wood for heating


co-function

secondary function

end-of-life product

end-of-life product

end-of-life product

waste

waste

waste


subdivision

virtual subdivision

system expansion

substitution

allocation

allocation

material recycling

energy recovery


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.90

Scope definition

LCI modelling

Allocation

Quality Function Deployment

Market price allocation

Substitution of main function

Multifunctional products


Recyclability substitution approach

average primary route market consumption mix

open loop - different primary route

market consumption mix of alternative goods

Recyclability substitution approach


waste and end-of-life treatment

system expansion

recyclability substitution approach

avoided primary production

avoided primary production

avoided primary production


determining cofunction

jointly contribute more than 50% to combined market value

two-step allocation procedure

functional differences

market value corrected amount


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.91

Situation B type study

two-step allocation procedure

Allocation

Allocation

functional differences


Situation B

Situation B

secondary goods with downcycled properties

Situation B

reused part

functionally equivalent alternative processes

recycled material

recovered energy

Situation B


closed loop

open loop - same primary route

open loop - different primary route

system expansion

uncertainty calculation

market value correction


Assumption Scenarios

Uncertainty Calculation

Sensitivity Check

Best and Worst Case Scenarios

Best and Worst Case Scenarios


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.92

Situation B

Situation B

LCI data sets

Processes

Processes

expected mix of long-term marginal processes


Scope definition

LCI modelling

assumption scenarios

uncertainty calculations

LCI data sets

best case scenarios

worst case scenarios


uncertainty calculation

scenarios


Situation C

Situation C

Situation C

Situation C1

System expansion

Situation C1


Comparative studies

Situation B

Situation B

assumption scenarios

ISO 14040

ISO 14044

Situation C

Situation C


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.93

attributional LCI modelling

consequential LCI modelling

LCI modelling

attributional LCI modelling

consequential LCI modelling


elementary flows

technosphere

agricultural systems


Situation B

Allocation

Allocation

Situation A


System Boundaries

System Boundaries

Consequential LCI Modelling

Attributional LCI Modelling

System Boundaries

System Boundaries


Situation C2

Situation C2

Two-step allocation procedure

Waste and end-of-life treatment

Situation C1

Comparative studies

LCI modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.94

Technosphere

Ecosphere

Elementary flows

Elementary flows

System boundary


tailings

fertiliser

land-filled end-of-life products

LCIA

LCIA

sulphuric acid leaching

metal leaching

Emissions to water


Emissions to water

sulphuric acid

specific metals from tailings

land-filled waste

Elementary flow

System boundary definition


Cut-off Criteria

Maximum Permissible Uncertainty

Technical Representativeness

Geographical Representativeness

Time-related Representativeness

Method Consistency

VOC

COD

Single Substances


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.95

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Use stage

Use stage


Use-phase

Use-phase

accidents

workplace exposure

indoor-emissions

life cycle inventory

interactions between technosphere and ecosphere

attributional modelling


extraction and direct processing

investment goods

administration activities

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

ISO/TR 14049

consequential modelling


indoor-exposure in private households

indoor-exposure in private households

indoor-exposure in private households


Accidents and accident-type leakages and spills

Fugitive emissions through sealings and engineered losses

Life Cycle Accident Assessment

Life Cycle Working Environment approach

Work-place exposure


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.96

Scope definition

Life Cycle Inventory

Scope definition

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


Cradle to grave

Cradle to gate

Gate to gate

Foreground system

Background system

elementary flows


Scope Phase

LCI Phase

Unit Process

Unit Process Data Set

LCI Result Data Set

LCIA Result Data Set

LCA Study


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.97

foreground system

foreground system

specificity perspective

accuracy, precision and completeness of data

management perspective

foreground system


foreground system

producer facilities processes

tier-one suppliers

upstream suppliers with specific relations

background system

generic data

market average supply data


Extraction

Material and part production

Assembly

Retail

Use

Cradle to gate

Cradle to gate

Cradle to grave

Cradle to grave

Cradle to grave

Cradle to grave

Cradle to grave

Cradle to grave

Gate to gate


consequential modelling

background system

decision

Process


Use stage

End-of-life stage

Use stage processes

End-of-life management processes

Specific use scenarios

Specific end-of-life treatment technologies

foreground system


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.98

Scope definition

Foreground system

Foreground system

Foreground system

Background system

Background system

Use phase

End-of-life management


End-of-Life Management

Product Use

Waste Management Selection

Upgradability

Reusability

Recyclability

Tier-Two Supplier Processes

Background System


Foreground system

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Background system

Background system


Foreground System

Background System

External Waste Management Services


attributional modelling

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

steel production

electricity production

tier-one supplier processes

consequential modelling

foreground system


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.99

Foreground system

Background system

Foreground system

Background system

Scope definition

Quantitatively irrelevant flows


cut-off

non-reference product flows

waste flows

elementary flows

cut-off

Completeness


Foreground processes

In-house processes

Supplier processes for made-to-order goods and services

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Foreground / background definitions


Goal and Scope

Foreground System

Foreground System

Background System

Background System

Elementary Flow

Product or Waste Flow


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.100

System Boundaries Definition

Qualitative Definition of System Boundaries

System Boundaries Definition

Cradle-to-Gate Model


Scope definition

System boundaries

System boundaries

System boundaries

System boundaries

Functional unit

Cut-off rules

LCI/LCA study


System boundary

System boundary

Producer/operator

System boundary diagram


Goal and Scope

Goal and Scope

Foreground System

Background System

Process Chain

Supply Chain

Use Stage

Consequential Modelling

Foreground System Processes


PET bottles

glass bottles

transport to consumer

end-of-life management

cradle-to-gate

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

attributional modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.101

Part-system relationships

Part-system relationships

System boundary definition

Technical interaction

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling


Scope definition

System boundary diagram

Technical flow chart

Foreground system

System boundary


attributional modelling

consequential modelling

part-system relationships

transport

infrastructure

services

administration


LCI/LCA study

LCI/LCA study

LCI/LCA study

LCI/LCA study

Melting furnace

Glass forming

Annealing

Inspection & Testing

Cullet crushing

Packing


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.102

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria


Scope definition

mining

processing

manufacturing

use

repair and maintenance

transport

waste treatment

cut-off criteria


Carbon Capture and Storage

Offsetting Measures

System Boundaries

Processes and Flows

Elementary Flows

Additional Environmental Information


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.103

Scope Definition

Cut-off

Cut-off

Cut-off

Life Cycle Inventory


Cut-off

Cut-off

Cut-off

Cut-off

Cut-off Criteria

Cut-off

LCI Data Sets


Data Quality

Data Quality

Data Quality

Data Quality

Cut-off Criteria

Completeness


LCI data sets

stochastic methods

minimum required degree of completeness cut-off

data accuracy

data precision

completeness


cut-off criteria

cut-off criteria

comparative assertion study

foreground system

completeness

accuracy

precision


attributional modelling

consequential modelling

activities and processes

off-set emissions

off-set emissions


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.104

Scope definition

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Impact categories

Climate Change Potential

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

LCIA methods


normalisation

weighting

cut-off

normalised and weighted overall environmental impact

impact categories

Carbon footprints


Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Processes and flows

Cut-off criteria


cut-off criteria

cut-off criteria

cut-off criteria

cut-off criteria

elementary flows

LCA results


Life Cycle Inventory

LCIA Results Calculation

Interpretation

Life Cycle Inventory

LCIA Method

LCIA Method


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.105

Scope definition

LCI phase

Scope definition

System boundaries and cut-off criteria

Cut-off criteria

Data collection and modelling


System boundary

System boundary

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

System boundary


reference flow

elementary flows

waste flows

deviation or omission from flow requirements


LCI phase

LCA study

LCA study

LCA study

Technosphere-Ecosphere interventions

normal operation

abnormal operation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.106

part-system relationship

cut-off criteria

goal and scope of the study

System-external off-setting


System boundary diagram

System boundary diagram

Single operation unit processes

Black box unit processes

LCI results

LCIA results

Non-comparative LCA studies


part-system relationships

analysed product


Life Cycle Stages

Process Steps

Foreground System

Exclusions List

Elementary Flows

Waste Flows

Comparative LCA Studies


System-external off-setting

Off-set emissions

Off-set emissions

System-external off-setting

Multifunctional processes

Sensitivity analysis


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.107

Scope Definition

System Boundaries

Cut-off Criteria

Overall Environmental Impact

Cut-off Criteria

Quantitative Cut-off Criteria

ILCD Handbook


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.108

Scope definition

LCI data collection and modelling

System boundaries and cut-off criteria

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

allocation

system expansion

substitution

cut-off criteria

Carbon footprint


cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value

precision

accuracy


cut-off

LCIA methods

normalised and weighted overall environmental impact

cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value

cut-off value


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.109

Carbon footprint studies

LCIA methodology

life cycle inventory data collection

life cycle inventory modelling


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Normalisation

Weighting

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

LCIA Methods

Cut-off Rules


Scope Definition

Impact Category Selection

Life Cycle Inventory

Impact Category Selection

Normalisation and Weighting

Impact Categories

Life Cycle Assessment


Midpoint level impact assessment

Endpoint level impact assessment

Integrated LCIA methodologies

Integrated LCIA methodologies

LCIA

Life cycle inventory data collection


Human Health

Natural Environment

Natural Resources

LCIA Methods

LCIA Methods

LCIA Methods


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.110

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

characterisation factors

Scope definition


Category Indicators

Category Indicators


Climate change

Ozone layer

Acidification

Summer smog

Carcinogens

Land-use

Ecotoxicity (freshwater, marine, terrestrial)

Eutrophication

Resource depletion

Respiratory inorganics

Radiation

Damage to human health

Damage to ecosystem diversity

Resource scarcity

Human Health

Natural environment

Natural resources

Human toxicity

CO2

CH4

NOx

Midpoints

Environmental mechanism (impact pathway)

Endpoints


Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Midpoint

Endpoint

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


LCIA Method Selection

LCIA Results Calculation

LCIA Method Development

Environmental Impact Assessment Methods

Framework and Requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment Methods, Models and Indicators for Life Cycle Assessment

Midpoints

Endpoints


Characterisation Model

Characterisation Model

Based on Distinct Identifiable Environmental Mechanism

Characterisation Factors

Category Indicators

Results Interpretation

Double Counting


Impact Category

LCIA Method

LCIA Method

LCIA Method

Elementary Flow


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.111

Carbon footprint

Primary energy consumption

Carbon footprint

Scope definition

Goal and scope definition


non-generic LCIA methods

default impact categories

cutoff rules

impact category exclusion

impact category exclusion

impact category exclusion


LCIA Methods

Characterisation Factors

Elementary Flows

Scope Definition

LCI Data Collection

Impact Assessment


Acidification Potential

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows


Carbon Footprint

LCI Study

LCA Study

Additional Impact Categories

Additional LCIA Methods

Additional LCIA Methods


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.112

characterisation factor

characterisation factor

cut-off rules

missing characterisation factor


Spatial and temporal differentiation

Spatial differentiation

Non-generic LCIA methods

Non-generic LCIA methods

Spatially differentiated LCIA methods


Characterisation

LCIA results

Non-generic LCIA methods

LCIA results

LCIA methods


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.113

Scope definition

Scope definition

LCIA methods

LCIA results

LCIA results

interpretation phase


Acetic acid

Acetic acid

Formic acid

Eutrophication Potential

urea

urea

nitrate

Scope definition


characterisation factor

elementary flow

LCIA method developer


additional impact category

additional LCIA method

characterisation factor

elementary flow

LCI data collection

impact assessment


Grouping


Normalisation

Endpoint Modelling

Normalisation

Weighting

LCIA Methods

LCIA Methods

Monetary Methods


Normalisation

Normalisation

Weighting factors

Normalisation factors

geographical reference


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.114

Normalisation basis

Normalisation basis

Midpoint level results

Endpoint level results

Life Cycle Inventory


Normalisation

Normalisation

Elementary Flow Inventory Per Capita

Scope Definition

LCI/LCA Study

LCI/LCA Study


Elementary Flows

Normalisation Basis

Normalisation Basis

Normalisation Basis

Weighting Factors

Weighting Factors

Indicator Results


Normalisation

Weighting

Normalisation

Weighting

Normalisation

Weighting

Normalisation

Weighting


Normalisation

Normalisation

Normalisation

Country population size


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.115

LCIA method

LCIA method

normalisation factors

weighting factors

non-default impact category


Scope definition

weighting factors

weighting factors

identification of weighting factors

weighting factors

weighting factors


impact categories

elementary flows

impact categories

elementary flows

LCIA methods

impact categories


LCIA method selection

evaluation level

normalisation and weighting

LCI work

midpoint

endpoint

impact categories


Acidification Potential

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

weighting sets

weighting sets

weighting sets

normalisation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.116

Impact categories

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

Carbon footprint studies


Impact Category

LCIA Results

LCI Data Collection

Carbon Footprint


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.117

Impact Assessment

Elementary Flows

Interventions between technosphere and ecosphere

Characterisation Factors

Impact Assessment

Freedom from value choices and assumptions


Carbon Footprint

ILCD

LCIA Methods

Characterisation Factors


LCIA methods

LCIA methods

characterisation factors on midpoint level

LCIA methods


Product Category Rule

detailed complete studies


Human health

Natural environment

Natural resources

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

LCIA methodologies

Product Category Rule


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.118

Scope definition

Impact assessment

LCIA methods

Impacts

Goal and scope


Scope definition

Impact assessment

Impact assessment

Impact categories

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook


Life Cycle Inventory

Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory

Impact Assessment

Interpretation


Characterisation factor

Elementary flow

Fate and exposure modelling


Climate change

Stratospheric Ozone depletion

Human toxicity

Respiratory inorganics

Ionising radiation

Photochemical ozone formation

Acidification

Eutrophication

Ecotoxicity

Land use

Resource depletion

Damage to human health

Damage to ecosystem

Depletion of natural resources

Damage to human health

Damage to ecosystem

Depletion of natural resources


characterisation factor

elementary flow

LCI data collection and modelling

impact assessment


LCA frame

three areas of protection

interventions between Technosphere and Ecosphere

normal operation

abnormal operation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.119

Scope definition

Impact assessment category selection

Characterisation factor

Elementary flow

Data quality


ISO 14044

Development of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) models, methods and factors

LCA frame

potential impacts on three areas of protection

Technosphere and Ecosphere interventions

Noise

Desiccation / Salination

Littering of land and sea


Location and time non-generic LCIA methods

location-generic and time-generic LCIA methods

spatially or otherwise further differentiated or modified

LCI data collection and modelling

impact assessment

meet applicable requirements for selected LCIA methods


Normalisation and weighting

Normalisation and weighting

Normalisation and weighting

Normalisation and weighting

Consistency between cut-off and interpretation


non-generic methods

LCI data collection and modelling

impact assessment

generic LCIA methods

non-generic LCIA methods

Normalisation and weighting


normalisation

weighting set

normalisation

weighting set

ISO 14044


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.120

Normalisation basis

Weighting set

Annual total environmental inventory

Scope definition

Normalisation basis


weighting set

weighting set

weighting set

weighting set

normalisation and weighting data


Normalisation basis

Normalisation basis

LCIA methods

Weighting set

LCIA methods


Weighting set

Weighting set

Weighting set

Weighting set

Normalisation basis


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.121

Scope definition

Impact assessment

LCIA methods

Normalisation

Weighting

Midpoint level

Endpoint level


non-generic LCIA methods

non-generic LCIA methods

non-generic LCIA methods

characterisation factors


LCIA Methods

LCIA Methods

normalisation

weighting

impact categories

non-generic LCIA methods


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.122

representativeness

technological representativeness

geographical representativeness

time-related representativeness

completeness

precision and uncertainty

methodological appropriateness and consistency

Scope definition

representativeness and appropriateness of LCI data


Data quality

representativeness

LCA

LCA

inventory data

inventory data

representativeness


Representativeness

Representativeness

Representativeness

unit process data set inventory

LCI result inventory


representativeness

representativeness

representativeness

representativeness

appropriateness

appropriateness

appropriateness

appropriateness

system model

system model


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.123

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

data quality


Technological representativeness

Technological representativeness

Technological representativeness

Technological representativeness

Technological representativeness

inventory data


Functional Unit

Product Specification

Technical Quality Silicon

Purity


raw material basis

route of synthesis

abatement techniques

waste treatment

transport

internal recovery rates


Process

Technology

Process

Process inputs

Process outputs

Energy consumption

Material consumption

Process-specific emissions

Different technologies


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.124

foreground system

background system

technological representativeness

consequential modelling

attributional modelling


Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

material composition

material composition

material composition

material composition

product representativeness


market production mix data set

producing technologies

consumption mix data

crude oil mix


foreground system

secondary data

primary data

suppliers' data

suppliers' technology-specific data

marginal technological mixes

LCI work


marginal technological mixes

long-term marginal technological mixes

technology mix of marginal processes

technology mix of marginal processes

short-term and long-term mixes


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.125

hydropower production

market mix of technologies

specific supplier technology

attributional processes


Scope definition

Scope definition

Goal definition

Attributional modelling

Technological representativeness


hydropower

hydropower

consequential demand for electricity


hydropower

hydropower

nature protection

legislative restrictions

marginal technologies mix

electricity procurement


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.126

Inventory Data

Technological Representativeness

Technological Representativeness

Inventory Data

Inventory Data

Inventory Data

Process Mode of Operation


Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Foreground system

Background system

Technology-specific primary data

Secondary data


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.127

Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling

Foreground system

Background system

Background system

long-term technology mix


Scope definition

Technological representativeness

LCI phase

LCI results

LCIA results

LCA studies


representativeness

comparative LCA studies

conclusions and recommendations

technological representativeness


Non-scalable supplies

Non-scalable supplies

Market consumption mix


LCI data

LCIA data

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

LCI

LCIA results

marginal processes

marginal processes


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.128

Geographical representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Process location

Process location

Operating conditions

Operating conditions


Geographical Scope

Geographical Scope

Consequential Modelling

Attributional Modelling

Consequential Modelling

Process Data

Emission Limits


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.129

market production mix

market supply mix

market consumption mix

Scope definition

market consumption mix

LCI data


Market

Market

Market

Niche Market

Market

Legislation

Technical Standards

Material Bans

Product Safety

Taxes

Subsidies


electricity market consumption mix

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

electrolytic raw copper

European average consumption market data set


Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling

Average European consumption market data set

Growing demand

Inventory data

Environmental impacts


foreground system

foreground system

background system

average technology market consumption mix data

market production mix data

production share of producing technologies

background system


waste water treatment process

waste water treatment process

raw material route

waste treatment

abatement technologies

applied technologies


electric toothbrush

fridge

electric storage heater

time-related representativeness


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.130

Scope definition

LCI data

LCI result data

process parameter settings

recycling rates

unit process


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Energy Mix

Energy Conversion Technologies

Abatement Technologies

Representative Data

Data Quality


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.131

Scope definition

elementary flows

spatial information

time-specific models

spatial differentiation


Impact Assessment Methods

Resource Depletion

Characterisation Factors

Impact Assessment Models

Impact Assessment Models


Elementary Flows

Impact Assessment

Water

Construction Materials

Sulphur Dioxide

Particle Emissions

Carbon Dioxide

Global Distribution Independent of Location

Characterisation Factors

ILCD Reference Elementary Flows


LCI phase

nongeneric impact assessment

geographical representativeness

inventory data

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Foreground system

Background system

Foreground system


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.132

Foreground system

Background system

Foreground system

Foreground system

Background system

Generic data


marginal processes

marginal processes

chapter 7.2.4

detailed provisions for marginal processes

chapter 6.5.4

simplified provisions for Situation A, B or C

attributional modelling

not fully geographically representative data

consequential modelling

LCI data sets

geographical representativeness


Temporal Representativeness

Temporal Representativeness

Temporal Representativeness


Comparative LCA studies

Time-related representativeness

Technology changes

Best available technology

IT sector

Solar-electric systems sector

Basic materials sector

Power plants sector


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.133

Scope definition

unit process data sets

LCI results

system data set

unit process


Geographical representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

Geographical scope


time representativeness

time representativeness

LCI results

unit process

secondary data source

LCI data sets


Procurement

Ecolabel criteria

Ecodesign

Product life-time


Data Sets

Time-representativeness

Time-representativeness

Inventory Data

Inventory Data

Time-representativeness


ecodesign of long-living products

use / operation stage

end-of-life stage

use / operation stage

end-of-life stage


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.134

Processes operated within 5 years into the future or past

Processes operated more than 5 years into the future or past

attributional modelling


Best Available Technologies

time-representativeness

time-representativeness

comparative studies

process


Best Available Technology mix

incineration with energy recovery

closed-loop material recycling

Best Available Technology mix


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.135

Life Cycle Inventory Phase

time-related representativeness

time-related representativeness

Scope definition


Scope definition

Time-representativeness

Life cycles of long-living products

landfill interventions


Time-related representativeness of future processes

Use stage

End-of-life stage

Best Available Technology mix data

Best Available Technology mix data

Best Available Technology mix data

Seasonal or diurnal representativeness


LCI

LCI

Types, quality and sources of required data and information

scope definition

identification of main types and sources of data


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.136

Scope definition

Inventory data collection

Impact assessment

LCIA methods

LCIA methods

Normalisation data

Weighting factors


accuracy

precision

uncertainty

completeness

representativeness

methodological appropriateness

consistency

Data quality


Data Quality

Completeness / Cut-off Criteria

Representativeness

Precision

Methodological Appropriateness

Consistency

Normalisation Data

Weighting Factors

Goal


representativeness

methodological appropriateness

consistency

completeness

Life Cycle Inventory

economic allocation

marginal processes

stochastic uncertainty


LCI data sets

LCIA data sets

non-comparative LCI/LCA studies

comparative LCA studies

LCIA results


Time-related representativeness

Time-related representativeness

Time-related representativeness

Future interventions

Carbon storage and delayed emissions

Landfill emissions


Data Quality

Inventory Data Values

Unit Processes

LCIA Results

Goal and Scope Definition

Data Set Quality


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.137

CO2

CO2

emissions

Life Cycle Assessment


primary data sets

secondary background LCI data sets

comparative LCA studies

non-comparative LCA studies


attributional modelling

consequential modelling

primary data

LCI

third party data sets


foreground system

background system

inventory data

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

ISO 14044:2006


Scope definition

Life Cycle Inventory

Elementary flows

Characterisation factors

Climate change

Process

Methane

CO2

CO2


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.138

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook

LCI

LCI

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

ISO 14044:2006


market mix data

recycling rates

import/export statistics

recycled contents

market prices

user behaviour data

policy scenarios

learning curves


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.139

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

raw inventory data for foreground processes

Life Cycle Inventory

generic or average background LCI data sets

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


Scope definition

Planning data collection

Scope definition

Types, quality and sources of required data and information

ILCD Handbook: General guide for Life Cycle Assessment


foreground system

background system

LCI data

LCI data

primary data suppliers

secondary data providers

ILCD Data Network

ILCD Handbook

ILCD Handbook


Impact assessment models and factors

normalisation basis

weighting set

LCIA methods

normalisation data

weighting sets


Data collection

Well-documented data

Well-documented data

Data documentation


Data Quality

Representativeness

Completeness

Precision

Method Appropriateness

Consistency

ILCD-consistent Elementary Flows

Documentation

External Review


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.140

comparative study

comparative study

comparative study


comparisons

pre-verified data

pre-verified data

critical review

mandatory for different types of deliverables

ILCD Data Network

ILCD Data Network


ISO 14040

ISO 14044:2006

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public

Comparison

LCA-based comparison of overall environmental impact


Comparative assertion

Comparative assertion

superiority, inferiority or equality of alternatives

Comparative study

assertive and non-assertive studies that compare alternatives

EPDs

ecodesign tools


Scope definition

LCIA methods

Comparisons between systems

ILCD Handbook


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.141

comparative assertions disclosed to the public

product comparisons disclosed to the public

contribution analysis

weak point analysis


ISO 14044:2006

ISO 14044:2006

stricter requirements for system comparison studies

multi-system type study

multi-system type study


Impact Indicators

Comparative Assertions Disclosed to the Public

Product Comparisons Disclosed to the Public

ISO Requirements

ISO Requirements


Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

contribution analysis

contribution analysis

contribution analysis


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.142

Scope definition

Functional unit

Considered alternatives

Comparative LCA

Scope definition


comparative assertion

selection of compared alternatives

interpretation

application context


attributional approach

attributional approach

Situation C

Situation C

functional equivalence


functional unit equivalence

comparative LCAs

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


Functional Unit

Comparative Assertion

System Expansion

Attributional Allocation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.143

Durability

Scope Definition

Functional Unit


functional unit

functional unit

product replacement

technical life-time


Functional Unit

Methodological Assumptions and Data Consistency

LCA Study


Functional Unit

Reference Flow

System Boundaries

LCI Data

LCI Data

LCI Data

LCIA Method


functional unit

functional unit

scenario analysis

scenario analysis

scenario analysis

scenario analysis

cost of reuse vs. replace considerations

product alternative comparison

product replacement


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.144

Life Cycle Assessment

Aluminium alloy

Product component inventory

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


cut-off criteria

cut-off criteria

comparative assertions

ISO 14044:2006

system boundaries

ecodesign

procurement


Scope definition

Data quality requirements

Data quality requirements

Inventory and impact assessment

Cut-off criteria

Comparative assertions


significant aspects

significant aspects

part-system relationships

changes in specific parts of a product


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.145

Scope definition

comparative meso/macro-level decision support studies

consequential scenarios


Scenarios in support of comparisons

Reasonably best case scenario

Most likely case scenario

Reasonably worst case scenario

Inventory data values

Flow properties

System properties

Allocation

Substitution

Results interpretation


Carbon footprint studies

Carbon footprint studies

scenarios

uncertainty calculations


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.146

cut-off %

cut-off %

cut-off %

cut-off %

uncertainty calculations

reasonably best and worst case scenarios


Comparative LCA Studies

Comparative LCA Studies

Comparative LCA Studies

LCI Studies

Attributional Modelling

Consequential Modelling


Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Carbon footprint

comparative studies


Scope definition

System boundaries

LCI modelling principles

Method approaches

Data quality

Data quality

Data quality

Uncertainty and accuracy calculations


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.147


consequential modelling

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

system expansion


Scope definition

Comparisons between systems

Comparisons between systems

Comparisons between systems

functional equivalence


LCI

LCIA

Interpretation

Scope Definition

LCI

LCIA

ISO 14044:2006


Comparisons

Comparisons

Comparisons


Climate Change

Life Cycle Assessment


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.148

Scope definition

Uncertainty calculation

Reasonably best case scenarios


Comparative micro-level studies

assumption scenarios

reasonably best and reasonably worst cases

Modelling replacements over time

replacement modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.149

Critical Review

Stakeholder Involvement

Assumption Scenarios


Critical Review

Critical Review

Critical Review

Review schemes for LCA

Independent Internal Review

Independent External Review

Panel Review


Scope definition

Scope definition

Scope definition

Critical Review

LCI/LCA Study

LCI/LCA Study

LCI/LCA Study


ILCD Handbook

ILCD review

ILCD review

ILCD review

Environmental Product Declarations

Type I Ecolabel schemes

Reviewer qualification

Reviewer qualification

Reviewer qualification


Situation B

Situation B

Assumption scenarios and uncertainty calculation

Situation A

Assumption scenarios

ISO 14040

ISO 14044


Critical Review

Review Type Selection

Reviewer Qualification

Review Schemes for Life Cycle Assessment


Reporting

Reporting

Review


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.150


Scope definition

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment

Environmental Product Declarations

Environmental Management reports


Environmental Product Declarations

detailed project report

detailed project report


Process data set

Process data set

LCIA method data set

data set

data set

Executive Summary report


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.151

Scope definition

ILCD Handbook

ILCD reference format

LCI/LCA study


ILCD LCA report template

LCA reporting

LCA reporting


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.152

Scope definition

third-party report

report on comparisons

Scope definition


Planning reporting

Planning reporting

Planning reporting

form of reporting

detailed report

data set


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.153

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


ILCD reference elementary flows

scope definition

market mix data

process characteristics


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Scope Definition

Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment


Scope Phase

Life Cycle Inventory Phase

Elementary Flows

Product Flows

Waste Flows

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows

Waste Flows

Product Flows


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.154

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


attributional modelling

consequential modelling

system boundaries

attributional modelling


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory calculation

Life Cycle Inventory calculation

Process identification

Process identification

system boundaries


Interim quality control

Missing inventory data handling

Generic LCI data development

Obtaining complementary background data

Averaging LCI data

System modelling

Multifunctionality solving

Attributional modelling

Consequential modelling

LCI results calculation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.155

part-system relationship

subsystem


Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Mining

Processing

Manufacturing

Use

Repair and Maintenance

Transport

Waste Treatment

Decommissioning

System Boundary Setting

Attributional Modelling

Consequential Modelling


cleaning and legal services

marketing

production and decommissioning of capital goods

operation of premises

staff commuting

business travel

attributional modelling

part-system and system-system relationships

consequential modelling


part-system relationship

part-system relationship

car starter battery weight

car starter battery weight

total car weight


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.156

maintenance and repair processes

aggressive cleaning agents

use stage


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

servicing process

servicing process

servicing process

cleaning agents

cleaning agents

maintenance and repair processes

motor oil


car starter battery

battery variants

battery variants

battery weight

analysed system

Part-system relationships


Analysed System

Analysed System

Analysed System

System-System Relationships

Waste Heat


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.157

analysed system

analysed system

context system

heat

analysed system


consequential modelling

attributional modelling

co-function allocation

waste heat treatment


secondary functions

secondary functions

analysed system operation

heat production

building heating and cooling equipment capacity

attributional modelling

context system modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.158

electricity using product

electricity using product

heat

heat

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


consequential modelling

consequential modelling

secondary consequences

System-system relationships

secondary functions

waste

emissions


Use Stage

Use Stage

Water-saving Shower Head

Functional Unit

Engine Size

System Boundaries


Use

Production

Waste Management

Production

Use

Manufacturer

Tier-1 Supplier

Tier-2 Supplier

Waste Service Provider


Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

Attributional modelling

LCI modelling

LCI modelling

Supply chain model

Production

Use

Waste management


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.159

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

attribution

attributional modelling

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


Production of goods and provision of services

Waste and end-of-life treatment

Use stage

Functional unit

Foreground system

Supply chain

Product and waste flows

Process identification


attributional modelling

attributional modelling

attributional modelling

system boundaries

Process

ISO 14044:2006


background system

upstream life cycle

downstream life cycle

LCI data set


foreground system

technical process flow diagrams

foreground system

system boundary

flow-chart type diagram

interim quality control


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.160

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Central Process

Central Process

Central Process


use-phase


Process

Product System

Human Work


LPPE polymer

N-P-K fertiliser

stainless steel parts

benzene

chlorine

processes

cut-off rules


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.161

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

chlorinated benzenes


LPPE polymer

N-P-K fertiliser

injection moulding

Level 1 – physical embodiment in the good

goods that physically end up in the analysed good


detergents

hot water

solvents

administration

guarding

marketing

legal services

Glass cleaning

Window glass

window frame


Window

Window glass

Level 1 processes

Level 2 processes

Level 3 processes


form oil

diesel

grease

pesticides

electricity

lamp-holder

fixings

light bulb packaging

fuels

light

heat

hall

packaging materials

packaging materials

catalysts

detergents

hot water

solvents


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.162

Production

Maintenance

Repair

Fertiliser Distribution

Pesticide Distribution

R&D

Staff Commuting

Business Trips


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

foreground system

level 0 process


construction and demolishing

plant production and maintenance

plant production and maintenance

cut-off criteria

cut-off criteria


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.163

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Identifying processes in attributional modelling

unit process

single operation unit processes

product and waste flows that enter or leave

Identifying processes within the system boundary

functional unit


Foreground system

Foreground system

Supply-chain - use - end-of-life logic

Supply-chain - use - end-of-life logic

Foreground system

Background system


Identifying processes in attributional modelling

Initial description of identified processes


foreground system

product flows

waste flows

process exclusions

Product Category Rules


Product Category Rules

unit process interim quality control

cut-off criteria

mining

processing

manufacturing

use

repair and maintenance

transport

waste treatment


Mining

Processing

Manufacturing

Use

Transport

Waste Treatment

Decommissioning

Foreground System

Part-system


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.164

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

attributional modelling

foreground system

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

scope

scope

scope


Consequential LCI modelling

Consequential LCI modelling

Consequential LCI modelling

Consequential LCI modelling

Consequential LCI modelling


attributional model

suppliers of a specific product supply-chain

attributional model

forecasted consequences of decisions

processes operated as reaction to named decision

cost-effectively provide the required function


LCI work

iterative steps

unit processes

consequential modelling

process identification

consequential modelling


scope

scope

scope

initial list of processes

life cycle model

impact assessment

foreground system

background system

unit processes


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.165

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

primary consequences

foreground system

secondary consequences

secondary consequences


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.166

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling

attributional modelling

generic background data


consequential model

marginal processes

foreground system

primary consequences

secondary consequences

constraints

identification of marginal processes

identification of operated or displaced processes


Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA


short-term marginal

market consumption mix of processes / systems

long-term marginal

additional / reduced capacity affected processes / systems

LCI model of extra supply and demand


subdivision

virtual subdivision

short-term marginal processes

short-term marginal systems

allocation

System-system relationships

System-system relationships


Additional demand

Market direction change

Avoided waste treatment

Long-term marginals

LCI model of extra supply and demand


closed-loop recycling

open-loop recycling

down-cycling

waste incineration with energy recovery

avoided waste treatment

market value correction


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.167

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling of direct consequences

solving multifunctionality by substitution

ILCD Handbook


subdivision

virtual subdivision

substitution of mix of long-term marginal processes

substitution of mix of long-term marginal functions

long-term marginal processes

multifunctional processes

purification

transport


multifunctionality substitution

secondary consequences

increased demand for co-function

increased recycling rates

higher market price


district heating

co-product heat


biofuel crop productivity

biofuel market price

co-product price decrease

consumer behaviour changes

goal and scope definition


Increased general consumption by consumers due to reduced price

Reduced worker salary in supply-chain

Secondary consequences

Secondary consequences

District heating


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.168

Primary Consequences

Secondary Consequences

Production Cost


Consequential LCA

Consequential LCA

primary and secondary consequences

Consequential LCA

market dynamics


Secondary consequences

Secondary consequences

Secondary consequences

Secondary consequences

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


co-produced material X

co-produced material X

consequential modelling

market mix substitution

material X

material X


Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling

Superseded processes

Multifunctionality

Market growth or decline

Superseded process identification


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.169

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

ILCD Handbook: General guide for Life Cycle Assessment

Market imperfections


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.170

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling

primary consequence


Consequential Modelling

Consequential Modelling

Consequential Modelling

Consequential Modelling


Consequential modelling

Consequential modelling

Recycled materials

Hydropower

Joint production

Identifying the processes of the consequential model


capacity change

production capacity

production capacity

capacity replacement


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.171

secondary consequences

market constraints

market situation

cost-competitiveness

secondary consequences


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

average market consumption mix

secondary consequences


Effect Size

Small Effect

Big Effect

Secondary Consequences

Primary Market Consequence

Rebound Effect


capital equipment

average displacement rate

commodity

product

cadmium

cadmium

solar energy capturing in thin film solar panels


solder paste

additional demand or supply

affected processes


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.172

Steel production

Steel plants

Ore/scrap routes

Consequential model


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


marginal process

waste incineration with energy-recovery

attributional modelling of the main system


strongly declining market

strongly declining market

big additional demand or supply

big additional demand or supply

short-term marginal processes

market uncertainty


waste incineration with energy-recovery

avoided waste treatment

avoided waste treatment


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.173

Indirect Land Use Change

Indirect Land Use Change

Consequential Modelling

ILCD


biofuel production

indirect land use change

crop price increase

fertiliser use

yield improvement


Indirect Land Use Changes

Indirect Land Use Changes

Crop-based Biofuel Production

Crop Displacement


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

End-of-life product or waste

Recycling processes

Recycling processes

Recycling processes

Secondary good

Secondary good

Down-cycling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.174

subdivision

subdivision

virtual subdivision

consequential modelling

consequential modelling

virtual subdivision


multifunctionality

multifunctionality

subdivision

virtual subdivision

substitution

ISO 14044:2006


substitution

substitution

joint production

ISO 14044:2006


Joint production

Substitution

Substitution

System expansion

Consequential modelling

Attributional modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.175

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

multifunctionality

multifunctionality

substitution

substitution

system-system relationship

consequential modelling


virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision

substitution

combined production

combined production

joint production

multi-waste incineration

combined transport of different goods

NaOH and Cl2 production by electrolysis of NaCl

wheat grains and wheat straw production


downcycling

downcycling

downcycling

recycled polymer

recycled polymer

value correction

recycled polymer


End-of-Life Product Recycling

Waste Treatment

Conditioning

Transport

Recycled Metal Bar

Downcycling

End-of-Life Product Recycling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.176

Primary market consequences

indirect land use effects

Modelled consequences


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Identifying processes in consequential modelling

Technology development forecasting

Scenario development

Market cost and market forecasting

Technology cost modelling

General-equilibrium and partial-equilibrium modelling


Consequential modelling

Solving multifunctionality by substitution

Increased demand for co-product

Efficiency increase incentives

Decreased demand for competing products

Consumer behaviour changes


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.177

Long-term supply contracts

High transport costs

Political binding targets

Non-scalability of supply

Co-products of joint production

Monopolies


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Constraints

marginal process mix

effective marginal process

exclusion justification


product flows

product flows

unit process data


foreground system

background system model solution


foreground system

functional unit

product flows

waste flows

primary market consequence

processes


Stepwise identification of the mix of superseded processes / systems

superseded processes / systems


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.178

annual replacement of capacity

additional demand or supply

change in demand or supply


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling

short-term marginal process

long-term marginal process


multifunctionality

joint production process

copper ore mining

egg-laying chicken production

silver mine

market consequence

secondary consequences


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.179

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Market situation and cost-competitiveness


marginal process

function superseded

function superseded


capital equipment

average displacement rate

market direction change

long-term marginal processes

cost-competitiveness

short-term marginal processes

growing, stable, or slightly declining market

long-term marginal processes


short-term marginal

long-term marginal

least cost-competitive processes

consequential model

short-term marginal process

long-term marginal process


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.180

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling

attributional modelling

Part-system and system-system relationships


secondary consequences and constraints

rebound

short-term marginal

multifunctionality

dependent co-function


Consequential modelling

Representativeness requirements

Representativeness requirements

Representativeness requirements

Attributional modelling


virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.181

consequential modelling of the system

joint production

determining co-product

not required co-function

not required co-function


superseding process

substituted process

cut-off rules

market price correction


mining

processing

manufacturing

use

transport

waste treatment

decommissioning of capital goods

operation of premises

Subdivision

virtual subdivision

Subdivision


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling

physical causality

allocation

substitution

system expansion

substitution

consequential modelling


Substitution

Cut-off rules

Recycling

Recovery

Reuse

Substitution


System boundary scheme

Schematic decision-consequence diagram

cut-off criteria

mining

processing

manufacturing

use phase

waste treatment

transport


NaOH

KOH

Ca(OH)2

Na2CO3

straw

Miscanthus grass

wood for heating


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.182

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling

multifunctionality

waste and end-of-life treatment

Subdivision

virtual subdivision

substitution

reuse/recycling/recovery

interim treatment steps

secondary good


reuse/recycling/recovery

joint process of the secondary good

true joint process

recyclability substitution approach

waste management

transport

treatment

secondary metal bar


recyclability

actually achieved recyclability accounting for all losses

recyclability

recyclability

secondary metal bar

secondary good

distinctly different properties from primary produced goods


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.183

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

consequential modelling

secondary goods

market price ratio


Open loop - different primary route

Market price ratio

Functional equivalence

Credited inventory


recycled aged plastics

distinctly different properties from primary plastics

secondary goods

recycled materials

recovered energy

reused parts


recycled metal

recycled metal user

metal primary production


recycled metal

secondary metal

primary metal

recyclability substitution

recyclability substitution

secondary metal


Data collection

Scope settings

System boundaries

Co-products

Recycled metal

Scenario formation


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.184

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

data collection planning

data collection planning


foreground system

generic data

average data

producer-specific data

use stage


Data Collection Planning

Foreground System

Foreground System

Foreground System

Background Data

Background Data

Primary Data

Secondary Data

Foreground System Data


foreground processes

supply-chain

use

end-of-life

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

specific inventory data


foreground processes

foreground processes

primary data

primary data

primary data

foreground processes

secondary data

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.185

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

foreground processes

foreground system


Production Technology

Process Steam

New Production Technology


background system

generic parameterised unit process data sets


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.186

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Unit process

Background data sets

Background data sets


attributional modelling

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

transport processes

waste management processes

multi-annual average data


Single operation unit processes

Single operation unit processes

Black box unit processes

parameterised unit process data sets

transport processes

waste management processes


marginal mixes

marginal mixes

secondary consequences

average consumption mix

substitution

substitution

foreground processes

new production technology

on-site steam producers


Agricultural products

Agricultural products

Nitrogen surplus

Agricultural products

Industrial plants

Industrial plants

Specific producer data

Greater variability than market mix data

Generic data


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.187

secondary data sources

secondary data sources

LCI data

recycling rates

statistical data

data collection effort


Product Category Rules

Product Category Rules

product-group specific guidance documents

data collection

LCA work

LCA work


Primary data sources

Primary data sources

Primary data sources

Secondary data sources

Secondary data sources

Secondary data sources

LCI data

LCI analysis


data collection

data collection

PCRs


Product Category Rules

data collection

Product Category Rules

processes

flows


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.188

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

data quality

impact assessment

ILCD Handbook


LCIA results

LCIA results

LCIA results

LCI data quality

elementary flows

elementary flows

process inventories

process inventories


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.189

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

unit process

background system

background system


Planning data collection

Planning data collection

Planning data collection

Unit processes

Primary data

Secondary data

Average data

Generic data


agriculture

data collection

Product Category Rules


primary data

secondary data

data quality

SI units

SI units

multi-annual data

generic data


LCI methods

models applied in the system

assumptions made when setting up the system

product life cycle model

inventory data

unit process data

LCI results

third-party LCI data sets

third-party LCI data sets

Planning data collection

Planning data collection


Product Category Rules

data quality requirements

LCIA results

LCIA results

LCIA results

elementary flows

characterisation factors


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.190

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Collecting unit process LCI data

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Collecting unit process LCI data


generic data sets

parameterised unit process

black box unit process

interconnected single-operation unit processes

inventory data


elementary flows

elementary flows

elementary flows

LCI methods and models

system model assumptions

inventory data quality requirements

secondary LCI data sets

secondary LCI data sets

secondary LCI data sets


foreground system

background system

Unit process data

attributional LCI modelling

consequential LCI modelling

single operation unit process

market mix of bulk goods transport

generic process data


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.191

LCI data set development

Basic data collection towards unit processes


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

unit processes

elementary flows

ILCD Handbook


Interim quality control

Dealing with finally missing inventory data


single operation unit processes

single operation unit processes

black box unit processes

black box unit processes


Unit Process Inventory

Black Box Unit Processes

Unit Process Description

Input and Output Flows Collection

Reference Flow Definition

Data Representativeness Assessment

Interim Quality Control

Missing Inventory Data Handling


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.192

black box unit process

multifunctionality

subdivided process chains

subdivided process chains

measured data


black box unit process

black box unit process

black box unit process

generic process

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


ecodesign

weak-point analysis

black box unit process

black box unit process

subdivision

subdivision

included unit processes

inventory data


Unit Process

Unit Process

Multifunctional Process

Subdivision

Virtual Subdivision

Electricity

Heating

Lighting


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.193

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Ammonia production

Carbon dioxide co-product separation and compression

Urea production


split

split

partial splitting of processes

virtual subdivision

emissions to water

inventory data collection


virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision


Manufacturing line

Electricity consumption

Nominal power uptake

Load factor

Running time

Virtual subdivision


Virtual subdivision

Chlorine

Chemical reactor

Chlorine

Partial subdivision


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.194

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

virtual subdivision

subdivision

virtual subdivision

attributional modelling

consequential modelling


Multifunctionality

Subdivision

Black box unit process

Physically distinguishable sub-process steps

Unit process

Process-chain

Inventory data


subdivision

partial subdivision

inventory data collection

virtual subdivision

unit process

main contributor unit processes


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.195

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision

quantitative inner relationships between non-functional flows and co-functions

consequential modelling

substitution


virtual subdivision

virtual subdivision

allocation


Process Identification

Process Description

Process Description

Functional Unit

Reference Flow

ISO 14044:2006


unit process

data set documentation

data set documentation

data set documentation

data set documentation

data set


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.196

unit process

unit process

waste management processes

waste flows


Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Functional Unit

Unit Process

LCI Result

LCA Study


Process inventory data

elementary flows

material and energy resources

land use

product flows

waste

emissions to air

emissions to water

emissions to soil

output side flows


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.197

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows

Elementary Flows


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

LCI study

reference flow

reference flow


solid waste

waste management within the technosphere

liquid waste

gaseous waste

waste flows

product flows

Output of valuable goods and services provided by the process

measurements directly performed on the process

tailored questionnaires

Specific data collection


process or plant level consumption data

emission measurements

composition of waste and products

waste directly discarded into the environment

waste emissions


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.198

Use Stage

Initial Waste Management

Consumer Products

Consumer Products

Production Processes


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

stoichiometric models

process engineering models

process modelling

BAT reference documents


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.199

Use Stage

Energy-using Products

Energy-related Products

Use Stage

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


Use Stage

Transportation

Fuel Consumption

Emissions

User Behaviour Data


generic data sets

technical characteristics

technical characteristics

technical characteristics

technical characteristics

technical characteristics

technical characteristics

technical characteristics

technical characteristics


Data collection sheets

Flow charts

Flow charts

Unit processes

Multifunctional processes


Measured data

Raw data types

Element composition

Energy content

Flow property information

Inventory


recipes

formulations

part lists

patents

process engineering models

stoichiometric models

process specifications

product specifications

testing reports

BAT reference documents


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.200

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Use stage

Waste management

Data collection forms

Functional unit

ILCD Handbook

ISO 14044:2006


carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide emission

attributional modelling

consequential modelling

function amount influences scale situation

market size


foreground system

background system

market size

process data set

inventory data

reference units

function of the process


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.201

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

foreground system

ILCD Handbook


Reference Flow

Reference Flow

Unit Process

Attributional Modelling

Consequential Modelling


Representativeness regarding operation conditions

Inventory data collection

Process operation

Start and closure activities

Stand-by times

Special operation conditions

ISO 14044:2006


Parameterised processes

Parameterised processes

load-dependent consumption of consumables

Parameterised processes

Parameterised processes

Parameterised processes

unit process


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.202

Legal limits

Legal limits

Legal limits


Regulated emissions

Regulated emissions

Life Cycle Inventory

Legal limits

Regulated emissions


preparation of the work

performing the service

after-service activities

ISO 14044:2006

inputs and outputs

functional output

parameterised processes


Legal Limits

Legal Limits

Japan Legal Limits

EU Legal Limits

US Legal Limits


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

operational cycle of the process

preparation

operation

maintenance and repair

measured data of operated processes


measured data of operated processes

measured data of operated processes

measured data of operated processes

parameterised processes

mathematical relations

mathematical relations

mathematical relations

process


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.203

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

unit process inventory

products produced

emissions


Data collection

Data collection

Data collection

annual account figures

electrical equipment

electrical equipment


concentration measurements

concentration measurements

concentration measurements

concentrations

mass flows

mass flows


Decimal separator errors

Unit conversion errors

Imperial system

SI


Unit conversion errors

Life Cycle Inventory data

Unit conversion errors

Documentation of calculation steps


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.204

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

unit process inventory

raw data conversion

inventory flows

inventory flows


LCI result data sets

unit process information

external review


Inventory flows

Unit process

Data treatment

Averaging/aggregation

Unit conversion

Data collection


Aggregation

LCI results data set

System data sets

Independent external review

Secondary data providers


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.205

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Data quality control

Interpretation

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


interim quality control

interim quality control

interim quality control

identifying significant issues

completeness check

sensitivity check

consistency check

unit process inventory

unit process inventory

unit process inventory

unit process inventory


Impact Assessment Results

LCIA Results

Life Cycle Model

Unit Processes


unit process

chemical element balances

energy balances

cost balances

impact assessment results

processed materials


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.206

Data set quality criteria

Data set quality criteria

Data set quality criteria

ISO 14044

unit process data


expert judgment

Lead

Arsenic

LCI results

LCIA results

contribution analysis


LCI/LCA study

unit process data set

completeness criteria

precision/uncertainty calculations

background LCI data sets


Unit Process

Consumed Goods and Services

Environmental Impacts

Data Completeness Assessment

Generic Background Data Sets

LCIA Results

Main Contributing Goods and Services


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

unit process data set

data set quality criteria

third-party report


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.207

LCI/LCA study

missing information

calculation from other known information

using information from similar processes

qualified estimates

technical understanding of process


Basic Adjustment

Systematic Case-Wise Adjustment


Incineration

Carbon content

Stoichiometric calculation


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

data gaps

LCI/LCA study quality


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.208

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

expert estimates

sensitivity analysis

ILCD Handbook


Particle emissions

PM < 0.2 μm

PM 2 to 10 μm

ore roasting

incineration

data modelling


Data Gap Filling

Data Quality

Data Quality

Data Quality

Life Cycle Inventory


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.209

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


Data quality

Data quality

Data quality

Data quality

Data quality

Data estimate

LCI data sets

quantitative impact assessment


Lead emission to air

Lead emission to air

Characterisation factor

Data gaps


Conservative assumptions

Conservative assumptions

Conservative assumptions

Conservative assumptions

Worst-case assumptions


unit process inventory item

product flow

waste flow


Lead emission to air

Uncertain emission data

Available information

Automated inventory use

Uncertainty calculation

Highly uncertain data


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Inventory

Product flows

Waste flows

Elementary flows

classification information can be missing


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.210

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

elementary flows

unclear elementary flows

unit process inventory


Unit Process Inventory

Flow

Quantitative Information

Missing Data

Uncertainty Information


LCI results

inventory items

inventory items

aggregation

unit processes

product flows

waste flows

partly terminated system


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.211

Validity check

Interim quality control

Validity check

Validity check


Flow

Uncertainty Calculation

Data Accuracy Quantitative Calculation

Unit Process

Inventory Flow Documentation


Missing important

Missing unimportant

Flow

Flow

product flows

waste flows

uncertainty calculation

data accuracy


Flow amounts

Elementary flows

Inventory results

Process data


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.212

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Flow identification and inventorying

Missing data handling

Missing data handling


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Interim quality control

Unit process data

Missing data handling

ILCD Handbook: General guide for Life Cycle Assessment


Unit Process Inventory

Data Quality

Interpretation

Sensitivity Check

Completeness Check

Consistency Check

Unit Process Inventory


Method consistency

Data source completeness

Discrepancy follow-up

Quality control report

Data set quality indicators

Data set quality indicators

Data set quality indicators


Data gap filling

Data gap documentation

Data estimates

Data accuracy

Data completeness

Data precision


generic data

average data

average data of similar products

correlation with complete data


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.213

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Interim quality control

Data gaps


Life Cycle Modelling

LCI Results Calculation

Data Gap Assessment

Data Gap Assessment

Data Gap Assessment

Unit Process Data Set

Background Data


Missing qualitative information for a unit process inventory item

Dealing with remaining unit process data gaps / missing data

Product flow

Waste flow

Little specified elementary flows

Data gap documentation

ISO


Data estimate

Data estimate

Data estimate

Data estimate

Data estimate

Flow

Data set quality

Data set quality

Data set quality


unit process inventory

missing quantitative information

flow

missing important

missing unimportant

conservative estimate

interpretation of results


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.214

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

interim quality control

uncertainty information

uncertainty information

inventory items


LCI data reporting

sensitivity analysis

product comparisons

product comparisons

product comparisons

elementary flow types

LCI/LCA study


LCI/LCA study

LCI/LCA study

ILCD system

Data Network

Nomenclature and other conventions

inventory flow

classification missing important


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.215

Inventory Analysis

Flow differentiation

Elementary flows

Impact factors

Elementary flows


attributional modelling

consequential modelling

inventory modelling

inventory modelling

inventory modelling

elementary flows

LCI data


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

LCIA method development

sum indicators

elementary flows

product flows

waste flows


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.216

Volatile Organic Compounds

COD

Alcohols

Flow groups

Life Cycle Inventory analysis


LCI

elementary flows

emissions

solid fuel incineration

steel blast furnace refinery

diesel motor

ILCD System


ILCD System

Sum indicators

Sum indicators

Carbon monoxide emissions

Emission profiles


Carbon monoxide

Diesel engine off-gas

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons


Elementary flows

AOX

Chemical Oxygen Demand

heavy metals

hydrocarbons

measured elementary flows

ISO 14044:2006


Dioxins

2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents

2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents

Dioxins


LCI data

unit processes

product flows

waste flows

partly terminated system


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.217

Reminder flows

LCI data sets


BOD

VOC

NMVOC

Nitrate

Ammonia

elementary flows

elementary flows


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.218

Easily water soluble ionic compounds

Ammonium nitrate

Cadmium chloride

Easily water soluble ionic compounds

behave as separate ions when released to environment


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Emission of ionic compounds

Impact assessment

Water solubility

ILCD Handbook

ISO 14044:2006


measurement indicator

substance flow group

measured flows

measured substances

Reminder flow

Reminder flow

Reminder flow


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

measurement indicator flows

BOD

permissible measurement indicator exceptions

COD

VOC

NMVOC

Dioxins


Emission of particles to air

LCI data sets

LCIA method


easily water-soluble ionic compounds

solubility in water at 20°C above 10 μg/litre

easily water-soluble ionic compounds

Emission of ionic compounds

ionic compound emissions


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.219

NOx

NOx

Ammonium Nitrate

Elementary Flows with Additive/Serial Action Schemes


Particles (<2.5 μm)

Chromium VI

elementary flow splitting

Particles (<2.5 μm)

Chromium VI


Particulate Matter

Particle Size Classes

Particle Size

Water Insoluble Particulate Matter

Water Soluble Particulate Matter

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.220

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter

Emission of particles to air

ILCD Handbook


Particulate Matter

Particles

Particles

Elementary flows of environmentally relevant components

Metals

LCI data sets

LCIA method selection

Particulate Matter threshold requirements


NOx emissions to air

NOx emissions to air

LCIA method

LCI data sets

complementary, alternative action schemes


NOx emissions to air

Human toxicity effect (inorganic respiratory effect)

NOx emissions to air

Eutrophication effect on land and water bodies

Resource elementary flows

Energy resources

Non-renewable energy resource elementary flows


Life Cycle Inventory

elementary flows

LCIA factors

background databases

impact modelling


NO2 to air

NO2 to air

characterisation factors

elementary flows


Crude oil

Crude oil

Crude oil

Hard coal

Hard coal

Natural gas

Oil shale

Tar sand

Lignite

Peat


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.221

Biomass from fields and managed forests

Solar energy

Renewable energy resources from air

Ores for winning metals or other elemental constituents

Non-energetic resources


Life Cycle Inventory analysis

renewable energy

usable amount of energy extracted from nature

solar electricity

amount of electricity captured by solar cells

solar heat

amount of usable heat captured by solar cells

biomass from nature

Lower calorific value

biomass from fields and managed forests


Elementary Flows

Metal Ore Elementary Flows

Non-renewable Energetic Resource Elementary Flows

Lead

Zinc

Anhydrite

Ore Extraction

Functional/Material Resources


Land use

Land transformation

Land use

Land transformation

Land use

Land transformation

CO2 emission factors

Granite

Inert rock


Lead-zinc ore mining process

Lead-zinc ore mining process

Lead-zinc ore mining process

Lead-zinc ore mining process

tailings

LCI results


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.222

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Land transformation

Land transformation

Land transformation

Indirect land use

CO2 uptake and release

Methane release


Land use change

Soil

Peat

Virgin forests

Secondary forests

Plants

Carbon storage

Water use


surface freshwater

renewable groundwater

fossil / deep groundwater

sea water

Emission in liquid form

emission in form of steam

emission in form of steam

water use in hydropower stations


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.223

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Resource elementary flows

Energy resources

Non-renewable energy resources

Resource elementary flows

Water consumption


renewable energy

land use

ecosystem-connectivity

water quality changes

emissions of substances to water

emissions of heat to water


Crude oil, secondary extraction

Hard coal, underground

Energy resource flows

Lower calorific value

Peat

Biomass of primary forests

Renewable energy resources

Solar electricity

Solar heat


biomass from nature

biomass from fields and managed forests

Solar energy

Renewable energy resources from air

Resources


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.224

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Resource elementary flows

Inert rock

Water

Air

elementary flows

ILCD Handbook


Land use and transformation related CO2 emissions from biomass and litter

Carbon dioxide (fossil)

Carbon dioxide (biogenic)

Nutrient losses

Emissions from biomass burning

Soil erosion


Iron - Resources from ground

Schist

Lime stone

Anhydrite

Rock salt

Chemical element resources

Chemical element resources


Water use

Water use

Water use

Water use

Water use

Water use

ILCD reference elementary flows

LCIA methods


Land use and transformation

Land use and transformation

Elementary flows

Characterisation factor

Soil organic carbon changes

Land use and transformation

IPCC CO2 emission factors


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.225

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Resource elementary flows

Water quality changes

ILCD Handbook

ISO 14044:2006


Use Stage

End-of-Life Treatment

Long-living Bio-based Goods

Recycling


short-term emissions

long-term emissions

LCA

short-term emissions


ilcd:European Commission – JRC, ILCD Handbook: General Guide for LCA (2010), p.226

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

Life Cycle Inventory analysis

LCIA methods

landfills

Life Cycle Assessment


ISO 14044:2006

Long-term emissions inventory differentiation

Long-term emissions beyond 100 years

Landfill gas

Leaching

Landfill

Emissions to water, unspecified (long-term)

Emissions within 100 years


Emissions to water

Emissions to water, unspecified (long-term)

Emissions within first 100 years

Emissions beyond 100 years

Post closure leachate treatment


CO2 uptake from atmosphere

Fossil CO2 release

Biogenic CO2 release

Temporary CO2 removal

CO2 incorporation into long-living bio-based products

CO2 underground storage

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


landfills

greenhouse gas emissions

impact assessment

impact assessment

impact assessment

CO2 uptake by plants

Carbon dioxide release

Carbon dioxide release

biogenic CO2

fossil CO2


Global Warming Potential

Global Warming Potential

GWP 100