# Literature source verification

Checked November 13, 2026. This is a focused literature selection, not an exhaustive systematic review or independent replication. Bibliographic metadata was checked on arXiv abstract records and compared with the associated HTML/PDF text. The section locations below identify support for the bounded summaries in the reports. Peer-review status is not inferred from arXiv hosting.

## R1. Activation Addition: Steering Language Models Without Optimization

Authors: Alex Turner; Lisa Thiergart; David Udell; Gavin Leech; Ulisse Mini; Monte MacDiarmid.

Record: [2308.10248v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.10248v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2308.10248v1). Version date: 2023-08-20.

Verification notes: Methods; natural-language control of sentiment, topic, style.

## R2. Steering Llama 2 via Contrastive Activation Addition

Authors: Nina Panickssery; Nick Gabrieli; Julian Schulz; Meg Tong; Evan Hubinger; Alexander Matt Turner.

Record: [2312.06681v4](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06681v4). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2312.06681v4). Version date: 2024-07-05.

Verification notes: Section 3 and Figure 1; sections 4-7; first submitted 2023.

## R3. AI shares emotion with humans across languages and cultures

Authors: Xiuwen Wu; Hao Wang; Zhiang Yan; Xiaohan Tang; Pengfei Xu; Wai-Ting Siok; Ping Li; Jia-Hong Gao; Bingjiang Lyu; Lang Qin.

Record: [2506.13978v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.13978v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.13978v1). Version date: 2025-06-11.

Verification notes: PDF abstract and introduction; emotion-space alignment and steering; no arXiv HTML.

## R4. The Effectiveness of Style Vectors for Steering Large Language Models: A Human Evaluation

Authors: Diaoulé Diallo; Katharina Dworatzyk; Sophie Jentzsch; Peer Schütt; Sabine Theis; Tobias Hecking.

Record: [2601.21505v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21505v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2601.21505v1). Version date: 2026-01-29.

Verification notes: Sections V-VII; arXiv record also lists IEEE Access 13 (2025), 191443-191457, DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3628500.

## R5. How Emotion Shapes the Behavior of LLMs and Agents: A Mechanistic Study

Authors: Moran Sun; Tianlin Li; Yuwei Zheng; Zhenhong Zhou; Aishan Liu; Xianglong Liu; Yang Liu.

Record: [2604.00005v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.00005v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2604.00005v1). Version date: 2026-03-09.

Verification notes: Sections 3-5; VAD-based E-STEER; date follows submission history rather than ID prefix.

## R6. Extracting and Steering Emotion Representations in Small Language Models: A Methodological Comparison

Authors: Jihoon Jeong.

Record: [2604.04064v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.04064v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2604.04064v1). Version date: 2026-04-05.

Verification notes: Sections 3 and 5-8; exploratory model-dependent regimes; no independent replication claimed.

## R7. Why Are Some Emotions Harder for LLMs? Uncovering the Causal Mechanisms of Emotion Inference via Sparse Autoencoders

Authors: Bangzhao Shu; Arinjay Singh; Mai ElSherief.

Record: [2604.25866v3](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25866v3). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2604.25866v3). Version date: 2026-10-24.

Verification notes: Sections 4-6; current v3 title differs from v1 From Syntax to Emotion.

## R8. Read-Best Is Not Steer-Best: A Probing--Steering Layer Dissociation in Omni-Modal Large Language Models

Authors: Yibo Wang; Jisheng Dang; Bimei Wang; Yitao Wu; Wencan Zhang; Hong Peng; Jizhao Liu; Bin Hu; Qi Tian; Tat-Seng Chua.

Record: [2609.22135v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22135v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2609.22135v1). Version date: 2026-08-24.

Verification notes: Sections III-V and VIII; date follows submission history rather than ID prefix.

## R9. Empathy Is Steerable but Multi-Axial: Mechanism Geometry and Persona Effects in LLMs

Authors: JuHeon Ha; Byounghan Lee; Yunseo Choi; Kyung-Ah Sohn.

Record: [2609.15654v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.15654v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2609.15654v1). Version date: 2026-09-14.

Verification notes: Sections 3-4 and 7; EPITOME proxy outcomes; arXiv comments report acceptance to EMNLP 2026 main conference.

## R10. Painless Activation Steering: An Automated, Lightweight Approach for Post-Training Large Language Models

Authors: Sasha Cui; Zhongren Chen.

Record: [2509.22739v3](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22739v3). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2509.22739v3). Version date: 2026-05-15.

Verification notes: Sections 2-3 and 5; first submitted 2025; v3 checked.

## R11. Dynamically Scaled Activation Steering

Authors: Alex Ferrando; Xavier Suau; Jordi Gonzàlez; Pau Rodriguez.

Record: [2512.03661v2](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.03661v2). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2512.03661v2). Version date: 2026-07-30.

Verification notes: Sections 3-5; first submitted 2025; v2 checked; author names follow arXiv metadata.

## R12. Does Steering Break Your Model? A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation Suite for LLM Steering Methods

Authors: Haotian Yang; Huikang Jiang; Yucheng Wu; Wen-Jie Jiang; Chenpeng Wang; Yibin Lou; Liangming Pan.

Record: [2610.07722v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07722v1). Paper: [version-specific text](https://arxiv.org/html/2610.07722v1). Version date: 2026-10-06.

Verification notes: Sections 3-5; efficacy and side effects under matched evaluation.