FUNCTION: Associates with EBI3 to form the IL-27 interleukin, a heterodimeric cytokine which functions in innate immunity. IL-27 has pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, that can regulate T-helper cell development, suppress T-cell proliferation, stimulate cytotoxic T-cell activity, induce isotype switching in B-cells, and that has diverse effects on innate immune cells. Among its target cells are CD4 T-helper cells which can differentiate in type 1 effector cells (TH1), type 2 effector cells (TH2) and IL17 producing helper T-cells (TH17). It drives rapid clonal expansion of naive but not memory CD4 T-cells. It also strongly synergizes with IL-12 to trigger interferon-gamma/IFN- gamma production of naive CD4 T-cells, binds to the cytokine receptor WSX-1/TCCR which appears to be required but not sufficient for IL-27- mediated signal transduction. IL-27 potentiate the early phase of TH1 response and suppress TH2 and TH17 differentiation. It induces the differentiation of TH1 cells via two distinct pathways, p38 MAPK/TBX21- and ICAM1/ITGAL/ERK-dependent pathways. It also induces STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 phosphorylation and activates TBX21/T-Bet via STAT1 with resulting IL12RB2 up-regulation, an event crucial to TH1 cell commitment. It suppresses the expression of GATA3, the inhibitor TH1 cells development. In CD8 T-cells, it activates STATs as well as GZMB. IL-27 reveals to be a potent inhibitor of TH17 cell development and of IL-17 production. Indeed IL27 alone is also able to inhibit the production of IL17 by CD4 and CD8 T-cells. While IL-27 suppressed the development of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells via STAT1, it inhibits the development of anti-inflammatory inducible regulatory T-cells, iTreg, independently of STAT1. IL-27 has also an effect on cytokine production, it suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production such as IL2, IL4, IL5 and IL6 and activates suppressors of cytokine signaling such as SOCS1 and SOCS3. Apart from suppression of cytokine production, IL-27 also antagonizes the effects of some cytokines such as IL6 through direct effects on T-cells. Another important role of IL-27 is its antitumor activity as well as its antiangiogenic activity with activation of production of antiangiogenic chemokines such as IP- 10/CXCL10 and MIG/CXCL9. In vein endothelial cells, it induces IRF1/interferon regulatory factor 1 and increase the expression of MHC class II transactivator/CIITA with resulting up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II. IL-27 also demonstrates antiviral activity with inhibitory properties on HIV-1 replication. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Note=Does not seem to be secreted without coexpression of EBI3. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the IL-6 superfamily.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the interconversion of L-alanine and D-alanine. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the alanine racemase family.


FUNCTION: Ring cyclization and eight-electron oxidation of 3a-(2-amino- 2-carboxyethyl)-4,5-dioxo-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydroquinoline-7,9- dicarboxylic-acid to PQQ. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PqqC family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.


FUNCTION: Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of talaronoid C, a fusicoccane diterpenoid with an unprecedented tricyclic 5/8/6 ring system (PubMed:36126322). The first step in the pathway is performed by the fusicoccadiene synthase tndC that possesses both prenyl transferase and terpene cyclase activity, converting isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate into geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) and further converting GGDP into talarodiene, a precursor for talaronoid C (PubMed:36126322). The remaining enzymes from the cluster include the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase tndB, the aldehyde reductase tndE and the alcohol dehydrogenase tndF that are involved in the conversion of talarodiene into talaronoid C (PubMed:36126322). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.


FUNCTION: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. They oxidize a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Microsome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) to form pyruvate and N-acetylmannosamine via a Schiff base intermediate. It prevents sialic acids from being recycled and returning to the cell surface. Involved in the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) degradation pathway. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DapA family. NanA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Has a role in chromosome segregation. May provide a dynamic connection between kinetochore microtubules and kinetochore chromatin. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Note=Associated with chromatin. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SAPS family.


FUNCTION: Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity (PubMed:18594507). In dorsal pons neurons, involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Early endosome Note=Colocalizes with RAPGEF2 at the plasma membrane. Found in the Golgi upon GOPC overexpression (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRB1 sub-subfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in cell wall composition and integrity and response to osmotic stress. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: Probable methyltransferase. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.


FUNCTION: Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes sodium in exchange for external protons. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NhaA Na(+)/H(+) (TC 2.A.33) antiporter family.


FUNCTION: Mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by replacing a protein's C-terminal GPI attachment signal peptide with a pre-assembled GPI. During this transamidation reaction, the GPI transamidase forms a carbonyl intermediate with the substrate protein (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase C13 family.


FUNCTION: Synthetic Defb38 kills both Gram-negative (E.coli and P.aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (E.faecium) bacteria. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the beta-defensin family.


FUNCTION: Required for the proteolytic cleavage of the transcription factor RIM101 in response to alkaline ambient pH. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the palI/RIM9 family.


FUNCTION: O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.


FUNCTION: Probable serine protease inhibitor. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the serpin family.


FUNCTION: Part of a membrane-bound complex that couples electron transfer with translocation of ions across the membrane. Required to maintain the reduced state of SoxR. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NqrB/RnfD family.


FUNCTION: May interact with single-stranded DNA from the far-upstream element (FUSE). May activate gene expression. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. Mitochondrion. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phage and mitochondrial RNA polymerase family.


FUNCTION: Essential for thiamine biosynthesis. The kinase activity is involved in the salvage synthesis of TH-P from the thiazole. FUNCTION: Condenses 4-methyl-5-(beta-hydroxyethyl)thiazole monophosphate (THZ-P) and 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl pyrimidine pyrophosphate (HMP-PP) to form thiamine monophosphate (TMP). SIMILARITY: In the N-terminal section; belongs to the thiamine- phosphate synthase family. SIMILARITY: In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Thz kinase family.


FUNCTION: Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP- dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant HZT1 leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling. Involved in chromosome stability (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Minor protein of the capsid that localizes along the inner surface of the virion, within the central cavities beneath the L1 pentamers. Plays a role in capsid stabilization through interaction with the major capsid protein L1. Once the virion enters the host cell, L2 escorts the genomic DNA into the nucleus by promoting escape from the endosomal compartments and traffic through the host Golgi network. Mechanistically, the C-terminus of L2 possesses a cell-penetrating peptide that protudes from the host endosome, interacts with host cytoplasmic retromer cargo and thereby mediates the capsid delivery to the host trans-Golgi network. Plays a role through its interaction with host dynein in the intracellular microtubule-dependent transport of viral capsid toward the nucleus. Mediates the viral genome import into the nucleus through binding to host importins. Once within the nucleus, L2 localizes viral genomes to host PML bodies in order to activate early gene expression for establishment of infection. Later on, promotes late gene expression by interacting with the viral E2 protein and by inhibiting its transcriptional activation functions. During virion assembly, encapsidates the genome by direct interaction with the viral DNA. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion Host nucleus Host early endosome Host Golgi apparatus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the papillomaviridae L2 protein family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DapA family.


FUNCTION: High affinity receptor for activated thrombin coupled to G proteins that stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.


FUNCTION: Joins adenosylcobinamide-GDP and alpha-ribazole to generate adenosylcobalamin (Ado-cobalamin). Also synthesizes adenosylcobalamin 5'-phosphate from adenosylcobinamide-GDP and alpha-ribazole 5'- phosphate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CobS family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the maturation of specific proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. May be required for maturation and transport of active lipoprotein lipase (LPL) through the secretory pathway (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the lipase maturation factor family.


FUNCTION: Mediates resistance to pathogens which are sensitive to stilbenes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family.


FUNCTION: Multicopper oxidase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin, a bluish-green pigment and a structural component of the conidial wall (PubMed:10515939, PubMed:14970241, PubMed:19156203). The first step of the pathway is the production of the heptaketide naphtopyrone YWA1 by the polyketide synthase alb1 though condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA (PubMed:10515939). The naphtopyrone YWA1 is then converted to the pentaketide 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) by the heptaketide hydrolyase ayg1 though chain-length shortening (PubMed:10515939). 1,3,6,8-THN is substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield scytalone (PubMed:10515939). The scytalone dehydratase arp1 then reduces scytalone to 1,3,8-THN (PubMed:10515939). 1,3,8-THN is also substrate of the hydroxynaphthalene reductase arp2 to yield vermelone (PubMed:10515939). Vermelone is further converted by the multicopper oxidase abr1 to 1,8-DHN (PubMed:10515939). Finally the laccase abr2 transforms 1,8-DHN to DHN-melanin (PubMed:10515939). DHN- melanin biosynthesis appears to be initiated in endosomes where early enzymes (abl1, ayg1, arp1 and arp2) localize, with exocytosis leading to melanin deposition on the cell surface where late enzymes (abr1 and abr2) localize (PubMed:26972005). DHN-melanin is an important structural component of the outer cell wall and is required for the presence of conidial surface hydrophobins (PubMed:19703288). DHN- melanin also plays a crucial role in fungal virulence, including a protective role against the host's immune defenses (PubMed:19156203, PubMed:20145078, PubMed:21747802, PubMed:21573171, PubMed:24818666). DHN-melanin protects also conidia against amoeba predation (PubMed:25684622). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Cell surface Note=Localized at the surface of stalks and conidiophores, but not in young hyphae (PubMed:24123270). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.


FUNCTION: Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts (By similarity). Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step (By similarity). Also involved in actin dynamics and cell cycle progression, mRNA decay and probably in a pathway involved in stress response and maintenance of cell wall integrity (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Note=Hypusine modification promotes the nuclear export and cytoplasmic localization and there was a dynamic shift in the localization from predominantly cytoplasmic to primarily nuclear under apoptotic inducing conditions. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the eIF-5A family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase C56 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0342 family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0342 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.


FUNCTION: GTPase that plays important roles in innate immunity against S.typhimurium pathogens by mediating formation of an inflammasome in neutrophils (PubMed:27363812). Neutrophils are recruited to the infection site, and then mediate bacterial clearance through the Gbp4 inflammasome-dependent biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2 (PubMed:27363812). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Inflammasome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family. GB1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: May participate in eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA replication. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion matrix, kinetoplast. Note=Associated with kinetoplast DNA in the mitochondrion, in the region where kdna replication occurs. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FAM223 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FAM47 family.


FUNCTION: Specifically catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 2- phosphoglycolate (2P-Gly). Is involved in the dissimilation of the intracellular 2-phosphoglycolate formed during the DNA repair of 3'- phosphoglycolate ends, a major class of DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. CbbY/CbbZ/Gph/YieH family.


FUNCTION: The B subunit is responsible for the binding of the holotoxin to specific receptors on the target cell surface, such as globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in human intestinal microvilli. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the stxB family.


FUNCTION: Transporter for ammonium to use as a nitrogen source. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi- pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family.


FUNCTION: May act as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.1) family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the isomerization of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate. FUNCTION: Catalyzes the isomerization of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SIS family. GmhA subfamily. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SIS family. GmhA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase with relaxed tRNA specificity since it is able to aspartylate not only its cognate tRNA(Asp) but also tRNA(Asn). Reaction proceeds in two steps: L-aspartate is first activated by ATP to form Asp-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Asp/Asn). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus speckle Nucleus, nucleoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin L subfamily.


FUNCTION: Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene- specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, having a compact conformation in its free form, is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. The Mediator complex unfolds to an extended conformation and partially surrounds RNA polymerase II, specifically interacting with the unphosphorylated form of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. The Mediator complex dissociates from the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and stays at the promoter when transcriptional elongation begins. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the mediator complex subunit 2 family.


FUNCTION: Serine protease that shows proteolytic activity against a non-specific substrate beta-casein. Promotes or induces cell death either by direct binding to and inhibition of BIRC proteins (also called inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, IAPs), leading to an increase in caspase activity, or by a BIRC inhibition-independent, caspase- independent and serine protease activity-dependent mechanism. Cleaves THAP5 and promotes its degradation during apoptosis. Isoform 2 seems to be proteolytically inactive. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform 1]: Endoplasmic reticulum. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion intermembrane space. Mitochondrion membrane; Single-pass membrane protein Note=Predominantly present in the intermembrane space. Released into the cytosol following apoptotic stimuli, such as UV treatment, and stimulation of mitochondria with caspase-8 truncated BID/tBID. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S1C family.


FUNCTION: Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.


FUNCTION: Splits internally a 1,3-beta-glucan molecule and transfers the newly generated reducing end (the donor) to the non-reducing end of another 1,3-beta-glucan molecule (the acceptor) forming a 1,3-beta linkage, resulting in the elongation of 1,3-beta-glucan chains in the cell wall. Involved in cell wall biosynthesis and morphogenesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor Secreted, cell wall Note=Identified as GPI-anchored plasma membrane protein (GPI-PMP) as well as covalently-linked GPI-modified cell wall protein (GPI-CWP) in the outer cell wall layer. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 72 family.


FUNCTION: Contributes to methyllysine-dependent p53/TP53 stabilization and up-regulation after DNA damage (By similarity). Methyllysine- binding protein, component of the MOF histone acetyltransferase protein complex. Not required for maintaining the global histone H4 'Lys-16' acetylation (H4K16ac) levels or locus specific histone acetylation, but instead works downstream in transcriptional regulation of MOF target genes. As part of the NSL complex it may be involved in acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 on several lysine residues. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: [Protein hedgehog N-product]: The dually lipidated hedgehog protein N-product is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. Establishes the anterior- posterior axis of the embryonic segments and patterns the larval imaginal disks. Binds to the patched (ptc) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (smo), to activate the transcription of target genes wingless (wg), decapentaplegic (dpp) and ptc. In the absence of hh, ptc represses the constitutive signaling activity of smo through fused (fu). Essential component of a signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut immune response to bacterial uracil; required to activate Cad99C-dependent endosome formation, norpA- dependent Ca2+ mobilization and p38 MAPK, which are essential steps in the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection. During photoreceptor differentiation, it up-regulates transcription of Ubr3, which in turn promotes the hh-signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of cos. FUNCTION: [Protein hedgehog]: The C-terminal part of the hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis activity that results in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (N-product and C-product) (By similarity). In addition, the C-terminal part displays a cholesterol transferase activity that results by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product (By similarity). Once cleaved, the C-product has no signaling activity and diffuses from the cell (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Note=Nuclear up to embryonic stage 10 and then at stage 11 shifts to the cytoplasm. Also secreted in either cleaved or uncleaved form to mediate signaling to other cells. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Protein hedgehog N-product]: Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor Note=The N-terminal peptide remains associated with the cell surface. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix play an essential role in diffusion. Lipophorin is required for diffusion, probably by acting as vehicle for its movement, explaining how it can spread over long distances despite its lipidation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the hedgehog family.


FUNCTION: ATPase which is responsible for recognizing, binding, unfolding and translocation of pupylated proteins into the bacterial 20S proteasome core particle. May be essential for opening the gate of the 20S proteasome via an interaction with its C-terminus, thereby allowing substrate entry and access to the site of proteolysis. Thus, the C-termini of the proteasomal ATPase may function like a 'key in a lock' to induce gate opening and therefore regulate proteolysis. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AAA ATPase family.


FUNCTION: Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine decarboxylase (GDC) or glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha- ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. LPD1 is probably the protein most often associated with the glycine decarboxylase complex while LPD2 is probably incorporated into alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion matrix. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Golgi apparatus membrane; Multi- pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ADIPOR family.


FUNCTION: Essential regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (uniplex), a complex that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria (PubMed:27001609). Required to bridge the calcium- sensing proteins MICU1 and MICU2 with the calcium-conducting subunit MCU. Plays a central role in regulating the uniplex complex response to intracellular calcium signaling. Acts by mediating activation of MCU and retention of MICU1 to the MCU pore, in order to ensure tight regulation of the uniplex complex and appropriate responses to intracellular calcium signaling (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane; Single-pass membrane protein Note=MAIP1 is required to assist sorting of EMRE/SMDT1 into mitochondrion by protecting EMRE/SMDT1 against protein degradation by YME1L1, thereby ensuring SMDT1/EMRE maturation by the mitochondrial processing peptidase (PMPCA and PMPCB). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SMDT1/EMRE family.


FUNCTION: S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase responsible for the addition of the methyl group in the formation of N6-methyl-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine at position 37 (m(6)t(6)A37) of the tRNA anticodon loop of tRNA(Thr)(GGU) that read codons starting with adenosine (PubMed:9537379, PubMed:25063302). The methyl group of m(6)t(6)A37 appears to slightly improve the efficiency of the tRNA decoding ability (PubMed:9537379, PubMed:25063302). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the tRNA methyltransferase O family.


FUNCTION: May play a role in regulated exocytosis. Modulates the localization of synaptophysin/SYP into synaptic-like microvesicles and may therefore play a role in synaptic-like microvesicle formation and/or maturation (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of short- term and long-term synaptic plasticity (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Melanosome Note=Identified by mass spectrometry in melanosome fractions from stage I to stage IV. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the synaptogyrin family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the somatotropin/prolactin family.


FUNCTION: Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium axoneme. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the dynein light chain family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase subfamily.


FUNCTION: Isocyanide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of isocyanides (or isonitriles), a class of microbial secondary metabolites. The presence of an isonitrile moiety within a compound imparts unique biological (cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal) and chemical (transition metal coordination) properties and enables synthetic and biochemical applications. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the isocyanide synthase family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the asfivirus C62L family.


FUNCTION: Required for mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Acts as an adapter that uses the DDX39B/UAP56-NFX1 pathway to ensure efficient mRNA export and delivering to the nuclear pore. Associates with spliced and unspliced mRNAs simultaneously with ALYREF/THOC4. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus, nucleoplasm Nucleus speckle. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UIF family.


FUNCTION: Cell surface proteoglycan that may bear heparan sulfate. May have a role in the organization of cell shape by affecting the actin cytoskeleton, possibly by transferring signals from the cell surface in a sugar-dependent mechanism (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the syndecan proteoglycan family.


FUNCTION: Endo-1,4-mannanase, a crucial enzyme for depolymerization of seed galactomannans and wood galactoglucomannans. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 5 (cellulase A) family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the thymidine kinase family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L- lysine intermediate produced by deoxyhypusine synthase/DHPS on a critical lysine of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A/eIF- 5A. This is the second step of the post-translational modification of that lysine into an unusual amino acid residue named hypusine. Hypusination is unique to mature eIF-5A factor and is essential for its function. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.


FUNCTION: Complements a mutant that does not degrade PHA; might be a lipase. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.


FUNCTION: Transcriptional activator involved in the regulation of plant development and tolerance to abiotic stresses (PubMed:21069430). Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element and the cis- element CE1 (coupling element 1). Involved in the regulation of gene expression in response to abiotic stresses, possibly through the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:20193749). Involved in resistance to the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in roots. May promote callose deposition at syncytia which may interfere with nutrient import into syncytia and inhibit the development of nematodes (PubMed:23510309). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. ERF subfamily.


FUNCTION: Histone H3 and H4 specific chaperone component of the nuclear histone acetyltransferase B (HAT-B) complex. Involved in chromatin assembly and telomere silencing. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NASP family.


FUNCTION: Originally identified as neuronal protein that specifically associates with HTT/huntingtin and the binding is enhanced by an expanded polyglutamine repeat within HTT possibly affecting HAP1 interaction properties. Both HTT and HAP1 are involved in intracellular trafficking and HAP1 is proposed to link HTT to motor proteins and/or transport cargos. Seems to play a role in vesicular transport within neurons and axons such as from early endosomes to late endocytic compartments and to promote neurite outgrowth. The vesicular transport function via association with microtubule-dependent transporters can be attenuated by association with mutant HTT. Involved in the axonal transport of BDNF and its activity-dependent secretion; the function seems to involve HTT, DCTN1 and a complex with SORT1. Involved in APP trafficking and seems to facilitate APP anterograde transport and membrane insertion thereby possibly reducing processing into amyloid beta. Involved in delivery of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptors to synapses; the function is dependent on kinesin motor protein KIF5 and is disrupted by HTT with expanded polyglutamine repeat. Involved in regulation of autophagosome motility by promoting efficient retrograde axonal transport. Seems to be involved in regulation of membrane receptor recycling and degradation, and respective signal transduction, including GABA(A) receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, EGFR, IP3 receptor and androgen receptor. Among others suggested to be involved in control of feeding behavior (involving hypothalamic GABA(A) receptors), cerebellar and brainstem development (involving AHI1 and NTRK1/TrkA), postnatal neurogenesis (involving hypothalamic NTRK2/TrkB), and ITPR1/InsP3R1-mediated Ca(2+) release (involving HTT and possibly the effect of mutant HTT). Via association with DCTN1/dynactin p150-glued and HTT/huntingtin involved in cytoplasmic retention of REST in neurons. May be involved in ciliogenesis. Involved in regulation of exocytosis. Seems to be involved in formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (STBs). In case of anomalous expression of TBP, can sequester a subset of TBP into STBs; sequestration is enhanced by an expanded polyglutamine repeat within TBP. HAP1-containing STBs have been proposed to play a protective role against neurodegeneration in Huntigton disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA17). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cell projection, axon Presynapse Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Cell projection, dendritic spine Cell projection, dendrite Lysosome Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Nucleus Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome Early endosome Cell projection, growth cone Cell projection, neuron projection Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle Note=Localizes to large nonmembrane-bound cytoplasmic bodies found in various types of neurons, called stigmoid bodies (STBs). Localization to neuronal processes and neurite tips is decreased by YWHAZ. In the nucleus localizes to nuclear rods.


FUNCTION: Involved in conjugal transfer of the plasmid. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S26C family.


FUNCTION: Promotes colloidosmotic lysis by binding to the midgut epithelial cells of both dipteran and lepidopteran larvae. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the delta endotoxin family.


FUNCTION: Component of the DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which is required for the sre1 transcriptional activator proteolytic cleavage to release the soluble transcription factor from the membrane in low oxygen or sterol conditions. The complex also plays an important role in the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway and functions in a post- endoplasmic reticulum pathway for protein degradation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Golgi apparatus membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the deamination of 5-nitroanthranilate (5NAA) to 5- nitrosalicylate (5NSA), the first step in biodegradation of 5- nitroanthranilate. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase M20A family.


FUNCTION: Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the 2Fe2S plant-type ferredoxin family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GPI family.


FUNCTION: Derived from proteolytic degradation of complement C5, C5a anaphylatoxin is a mediator of local inflammatory process. Binding to the receptor C5AR1 induces a variety of responses including intracellular calcium release, contraction of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability, and histamine release from mast cells and basophilic leukocytes. C5a is also a potent chemokine which stimulates the locomotion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and directs their migration toward sites of inflammation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.


FUNCTION: Contributes to the neddylation of all cullins by transferring NEDD8 from N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme to different cullin C-terminal domain-RBX complexes and may play a role in the cell cycle progression by regulating the SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase complex, after UV damage. At the cell membrane, can promote and as well inhibit cullins neddylation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Note=After UVC treatment, the protein enters to the nucleus gradually. Cell membrane localization is essential for CUL3 neddylation.


FUNCTION: NQR complex catalyzes the reduction of ubiquinone-1 to ubiquinol by two successive reactions, coupled with the transport of Na(+) ions from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. NqrA to NqrE are probably involved in the second step, the conversion of ubisemiquinone to ubiquinol. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NqrB/RnfD family.


FUNCTION: Intermediate capsid protein that self assembles to form an icosahedral capsid with a T=13 symmetry, which consists of 230 trimers of VP6, with channels at each of its five-fold vertices (PubMed:20122940). This capsid constitutes the middle concentric layer of the viral mature particle (PubMed:20122940). The innermost VP2 capsid and the intermediate VP6 capsid remain intact following cell entry to protect the dsRNA from degradation and to prevent unfavorable antiviral responses in the host cell during all the replication cycle of the virus (By similarity). Nascent transcripts are transcribed within the structural confines of this double-layered particle (DLP) and are extruded through the channels at the five-fold axes (PubMed:20122940). VP6 is required for the transcription activity of the DLP (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion Note=Component of the intermediate capsid. Also found in spherical cytoplasmic structures, called virus factories, that appear early after infection and are the site of viral replication and packaging. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the rotavirus VP6 family.


FUNCTION: Part of the ABC transporter FtsEX involved in cellular division. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ABC-4 integral membrane protein family. FtsX subfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Probable component of kinase complex containing nonC and recruited to stalled ribosomes (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SMG8 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction, i.e. the insertion of an oxygen atom into a carbon-carbon bond adjacent to a carbonyl, which converts ketones to esters or lactones using NADPH and/or NADH as an electron donor. Thus, can convert bicyclo[3.2.0]hept- 2-en-6-one into the oxidative lactone products 2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct- 6-en-3-one and 3-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-6-en-2-one. Is also able to catalyze the sulfoxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide (thioanisole). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FAD-binding monooxygenase family.


FUNCTION: Probably plays a role in facilitating the assembly of multimeric protein complexes inside the ER. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum lumen. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.


FUNCTION: Moderately activates human somatostatin receptors (SSTR) with a specific activation of SSTR1 (EC(50)=2.9 uM) and SSTR4 (EC(50)=5.1 uM). In vivo, does not cause behavioral changes in mice within a few minutes of intracranial injection, but causes a progressive loss of movement thereafter. Four to five hours after injection, mice recover, even with the highest dose tested (5.4 mg/kg). Shows antinociception and antihyperalgesia activities in two mouse models of acute pain, most probably by acting outside the central nervous system. FUNCTION: Moderately activates human somatostatin receptors (SSTR) with a preferential activation of SSTR1 and SSTR4. In vivo, does not cause behavioral changes in mice within a few minutes of intracranial injection, but causes a progressive loss of movement thereafter. Four to five hours after injection, mice recover, even with the highest dose tested. Shows antinociception and antihyperalgesia activities in two mouse models of acute pain, most probably by acting outside the central nervous system. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the conotoxin C superfamily. Consomatin family.


FUNCTION: Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. FUNCTION: Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the actin family.


FUNCTION: Receptor for R-spondins that potentiates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and is involved in the formation of various organs. Upon binding to R-spondins (RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3 or RSPO4), associates with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. In contrast to classical G-protein coupled receptors, does not activate heterotrimeric G-proteins to transduce the signal. Its function as activator of the Wnt signaling pathway is required for the development of various organs, including liver, kidney, intestine, bone, reproductive tract and eye. May also act as a receptor for norrin (NDP), such results however require additional confirmation in vivo. Required during spermatogenesis to activate the Wnt signaling pathway in peritubular myoid cells. Required for the maintenance of intestinal stem cells and Paneth cell differentiation in postnatal intestinal crypts. Acts as a regulator of bone formation and remodeling. Involved in kidney development; required for maintaining the ureteric bud in an undifferentiated state. Involved in the development of the anterior segment of the eye. Required during erythropoiesis. Also acts as a negative regulator of innate immunity by inhibiting TLR2/TLR4 associated pattern-recognition and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Plays an important role in regulating the circadian rhythms of plasma lipids, partially through regulating the rhythmic expression of MTTP (PubMed:24353284). Required for proper development of GnRH neurons (gonadotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons) that control the release of reproductive hormones from the pituitary gland (PubMed:32493844). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.


FUNCTION: Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes. Forms tetrameric potassium- selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane (PubMed:19912772, PubMed:8495559). Can form functional homotetrameric channels and heterotetrameric channels that contain variable proportions of KCNA1, KCNA2, KCNA4, KCNA5, and possibly other family members as well; channel properties depend on the type of alpha subunits that are part of the channel (PubMed:8495559). Channel properties are modulated by cytoplasmic beta subunits that regulate the subcellular location of the alpha subunits and promote rapid inactivation. In vivo, membranes probably contain a mixture of heteromeric potassium channel complexes, making it difficult to assign currents observed in intact tissues to any particular potassium channel family member. Homotetrameric KCNA4 forms a potassium channel that opens in response to membrane depolarization, followed by rapid spontaneous channel closure (PubMed:19912772, PubMed:8495559). Likewise, a heterotetrameric channel formed by KCNA1 and KCNA4 shows rapid inactivation (PubMed:17156368). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Cell projection, axon. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv1.4/KCNA4 sub-subfamily.


FUNCTION: Ligand for the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT. Plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis. KITLG/SCF binding can activate several signaling pathways. Promotes phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and subsequent activation of the kinase AKT1. KITLG/SCF and KIT also transmit signals via GRB2 and activation of RAS, RAF1 and the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. KITLG/SCF and KIT promote activation of STAT family members STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5. KITLG/SCF and KIT promote activation of PLCG1, leading to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. KITLG/SCF acts synergistically with other cytokines, probably interleukins. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform 1]: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform 2]: Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Cell projection, lamellipodium Cell projection, filopodium. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Soluble KIT ligand]: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SCF family.


FUNCTION: Member of the two-component regulatory system CusS/CusR involved in response to copper and silver. Acts as a copper/silver ion sensor. Activates CusR by phosphorylation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.


FUNCTION: Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic sesquiterpenes natural products (Ref.2). Sesquiterpene synthase converting (2E,6E)- farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to (E)-beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene (PubMed:20419468, Ref.2). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the terpene synthase family.


FUNCTION: Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.


FUNCTION: May be involved in the biogenesis/assembly of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TorD/DmsD family.


FUNCTION: Plays a role in acrosome compaction and sperm morphogenesis. Is implicated in sperm-oocyte interaction during fertilization. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, acrosome Secreted Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, acrosome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein Note=First localized in acrosome granule, later migrates to the inner and outer acrosomal membrane. Released after the acrosomal reaction. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the zona pellucida-binding protein Sp38 family.


FUNCTION: Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity and mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of cytoplasmic target proteins such PTGS2/COX2. As component of the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex involved in the selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S- nitrosylation of GAPDH implicated in regulation of the GAIT complex activity and probably multiple targets including ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM. Involved in inflammation, enhances the synthesis of pro- inflammatory mediators such as IL6 and IL8. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol Note=Localizes as discrete foci scattered throughout the cytosol and in the presence of SPSB1 and SPSB4, exhibits a more diffuse cytosolic localization. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NOS family.


FUNCTION: The UvrABC repair system catalyzes the recognition and processing of DNA lesions. UvrA is an ATPase and a DNA-binding protein. A damage recognition complex composed of 2 UvrA and 2 UvrB subunits scans DNA for abnormalities. When the presence of a lesion has been verified by UvrB, the UvrA molecules dissociate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. UvrA family.


FUNCTION: Stimulates the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The composition of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex determines the substrate preference (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SPTSS family. SPTSSA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene- specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.


FUNCTION: Adapter protein that provides a critical link between cell surface growth factor receptors and the Ras signaling pathway (By similarity). Promotes meiotic reinitiation during oocyte maturation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Endosome Golgi apparatus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GRB2/sem-5/DRK family.


FUNCTION: Part of the carboxysome shell, a polyhedral inclusion where RuBisCO (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, cbbL-cbbS) is sequestered. It may control transport of RuBisCO reactants in and out of the carboxysome (By similarity). In an E.coli expression system not absolutely necessary, its presence leads to fewer defective carboxysomes, suggesting this subunit may play a role in assembly (PubMed:22184212). FUNCTION: Unlike beta-carboxysomes, alpha-carboxysomes (Cb) can form without cargo protein. CsoS2 is essential for Cb formation and is also capable of targeting foreign proteins to the Cb. The Cb shell assembles with the aid of CsoS2; CsoS1A, CsoS1B and CsoS1C form the majority of the shell while CsoS4A and CsoS4B form vertices. CsoS1D forms pseudohexamers that probably control metabolite flux into and out of the shell. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Carboxysome Note=This bacterium makes alpha-type carboxysomes. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the EutL/PduB family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the OSBP family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the MnmA/TRMU family.


FUNCTION: NDH-1 shuttles electrons from NADH, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be a menaquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation (for every two electrons transferred, four hydrogen ions are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane), and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.


FUNCTION: Maintains epithelial barrier function by recruiting MARVELD2/tricellulin to tricellular tight junctions (tTJs). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Cell junction, tight junction. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. LISCH7 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the condensation of iminoaspartate with dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form quinolinate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the quinolinate synthase family. Type 2 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Bifunctional enzyme with both catalase and broad-spectrum peroxidase activity. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peroxidase family. Peroxidase/catalase subfamily.


FUNCTION: Acts as decoy receptor for TNFSF11/RANKL and thereby neutralizes its function in osteoclastogenesis. Inhibits the activation of osteoclasts and promotes osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. Bone homeostasis seems to depend on the local ratio between TNFSF11 and TNFRSF11B. May also play a role in preventing arterial calcification. May act as decoy receptor for TNFSF10/TRAIL and protect against apoptosis. TNFSF10/TRAIL binding blocks the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.


FUNCTION: Catalytic subunit of DNA primase, an RNA polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA polymerase during DNA replication. The small subunit contains the primase catalytic core and has DNA synthesis activity on its own. Binding to the large subunit stabilizes and modulates the activity, increasing the rate of DNA synthesis while decreasing the length of the DNA fragments, and conferring RNA synthesis capability. The DNA polymerase activity may enable DNA primase to also catalyze primer extension after primer synthesis. May also play a role in DNA repair. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.


FUNCTION: Dephosphorylates a range of proteins, and thereby regulates cellular signaling cascades (PubMed:18559503). Dephosphorylates cellular tyrosine kinases, such as ERBB2 and PTK2B/PYK2, and thereby regulates signaling via ERBB2 and PTK2B/PYK2 (PubMed:17329398, PubMed:27134172). Selectively dephosphorylates ERBB2 phosphorylated at 'Tyr-1112', 'Tyr-1196', and/or 'Tyr-1248' (PubMed:27134172). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cell junction, focal adhesion Cell projection, podosome Note=Partial translocation to focal adhesion sites may be mediated by interaction with SORBS2. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non- receptor class 4 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Part of the outer membrane protein assembly complex, which is involved in assembly and insertion of beta-barrel proteins into the outer membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell outer membrane; Lipid-anchor. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the BamD family.


FUNCTION: Subunit of a multiprotein complex essential for the initiation of rDNA transcription by RNA polymerase I. Binding to the DNA template is dependent on the initial binding of other factors. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Binds to the B.thuringiensis toxin, CryIA(A). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase M1 family.


FUNCTION: Provides the cells with the ability to utilize trehalose at high osmolarity by splitting it into glucose molecules that can subsequently be taken up by the phosphotransferase-mediated uptake system. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 37 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of S-methyl-5'- thioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. Involved in the breakdown of MTA, a major by-product of polyamine biosynthesis. Responsible for the first step in the methionine salvage pathway after MTA has been generated from S-adenosylmethionine. Has broad substrate specificity with 6-aminopurine nucleosides as preferred substrates. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family. MTAP subfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in the biosynthesis of 5-methylaminomethyl-2- thiouridine (mnm(5)s(2)U) at the wobble position (U34) in tRNA (PubMed:36762482). Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S- adenosyl-L-methionine to nm(5)s(2)U34 to form mnm(5)s(2)U34 (PubMed:36762482). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. MnmM family.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor essential for parasegmental subdivision of the embryo. It is involved in the activation of wingless (wg) in odd parasegments. It is also required for the timely activation of wg in the remaining parasegments and for the timely activation of engrailed (en) in all parasegments. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.


FUNCTION: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a regulator of the TORC1 signaling pathway. Positively regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway independently of arginine levels: acts by catalyzing 'Lys-29'- polyubiquitination and degradation of CASTOR1, releasing the GATOR2 complex from CASTOR1. Also negatively regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway in response to leucine deprivation: acts by mediating 'Lys-63'- linked polyubiquitination of SESN2, promoting SESN2-interaction with the GATOR2 complex. Also involved in protein trafficking and localization. Acts as a regulator of synaptic transmission by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of AMPAR receptor GluA2/GRIA2. Does not catalyze ubiquitination of GluA1/GRIA1. Also acts as a regulator of the recycling endosome pathway by mediating ubiquitination of VAMP3. Regulates lysosome positioning by catalyzing ubiquitination and degradation of ARL8B. Plays a role in growth regulation involved in G1/S transition by mediating, possibly by mediating ubiquitination of SLC22A18. Acts with a limited set of E2 enzymes, such as UBE2D1 and UBE2N. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Lysosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Endosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Endomembrane system; Single-pass membrane protein Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Note=Targeted to cytoplasmic membranes; mainly localizes to lysosomal membrane. A subpopulation localizes to the cell membrane of neurons. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Godzilla family.


FUNCTION: Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. Chromosome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the histone H2B family.


FUNCTION: E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy. Activates ATG12 for its conjugation with ATG5 and ATG8 for its conjugation with phosphatidylethanolamine. Both systems are needed for the ATG8 association to Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes membranes. Autophagy is essential for maintenance of amino acid levels and protein synthesis under nitrogen starvation. Required for selective autophagic degradation of the nucleus (nucleophagy) as well as for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria to a basal level to fulfill cellular energy requirements and preventing excess ROS production. Plays a role in the regulation of filamentous growth and chronological longevity. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Preautophagosomal structure. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATG7 family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the utilization of cholesterol as the sole carbon and energy source by degrading the side chain during infection. Primarily catalyzes the sequential oxidation of the terminal methyl of cholest-4-en-3-one into (25S)-26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (alcohol), (25S)-26-oxocholest-4-en-3-one (aldehyde), to finally yield the carboxylic acid (25S)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate. Also able to sequentially oxidize cholesterol itself, not only cholest-4-en-3-one. FUNCTION: Involved in the utilization of cholesterol as the sole carbon and energy source by degrading the side chain during infection. Primarily catalyzes the sequential oxidation of the terminal methyl of cholest-4-en-3-one into (25S)-26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (alcohol), (25S)-26-oxocholest-4-en-3-one (aldehyde), to finally yield the carboxylic acid (25S)-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oate. Also able to sequentially oxidize cholesterol itself, not only cholest-4-en-3-one. FUNCTION: Involved in the utilization of cholesterol as the sole carbon and energy source by degrading the side chain during infection (PubMed:20843794, PubMed:20545858). Primarily catalyzes the sequential oxidation of the terminal methyl of cholest-4-en-3-one into (25S)-26- hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (alcohol), (25S)-26-oxocholest-4-en-3-one (aldehyde), to finally yield the carboxylic acid (25S)-3-oxocholest-4- en-26-oate (PubMed:19846551, PubMed:20843794, PubMed:20545858). Also able to sequentially oxidize cholesterol itself, not only cholest-4-en- 3-one (PubMed:19846551, PubMed:20843794, PubMed:20545858). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.


FUNCTION: Glucosyltransferase acting on both abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA). Required for ABA-mediated fruit ripening, seed germination, and negative responses to drought. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.


FUNCTION: Part of a membrane-bound complex that couples electron transfer with translocation of ions across the membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NqrB/RnfD family.


FUNCTION: Acts downstream of daf-16/foxo to suppress tumors induced by disruption of gld-1. Potentially a direct target of daf-15/foxo. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein.


FUNCTION: An essential GTPase that binds both GDP and GTP, with rapid nucleotide exchange. Plays a role in 16S rRNA processing and 30S ribosomal subunit biogenesis and possibly also in cell cycle regulation and energy metabolism. FUNCTION: An essential GTPase that binds both GDP and GTP, with nucleotide exchange occurring on the order of seconds whereas hydrolysis occurs on the order of minutes. Plays a role in numerous processes, including cell cycle regulation, energy metabolism, as a chaperone for 16S rRNA processing and 30S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. One of at least 4 proteins (Era, RbfA, RimM and RsgA/YjeQ) that assist in the late assembly stage of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Its presence in the 30S subunit may prevent translation initiation. Seems to be critical for maintaining cell growth and cell divison rates; a dramatic reduction in Era protein levels temporarily arrests cell growth just before cytokinesis (at the predivisional two-cell stage) and delays cell division. Era mutant era1 suppresses some temperature-sensitive mutations that affect DNA replication and chromosome partitioning and segregation. The dominant-negative Era-de mutant which is missing residues in a putative effector region, is unable to complement the disruption mutant; upon overproduction it shows a significant decrease in cell viability and a synthetic lethal phenotype in the presence of acetate. Era function probably overlaps RbfA (PubMed:16825789). Binds to the pre-30S ribosomal subunit through several stages of protein assembly (PubMed:20188109). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cell inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Note=Binding is GDP or GTP-dependent, slightly more protein is bound in the presence of GTP than GDP. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Cell inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.


FUNCTION: A variant beta-allophycocyanin (AP) which forms a complex with ApcE, a phycobilisome terminal emitter that influences energy transfer to photosystem II. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cellular thylakoid membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phycobiliprotein family.


FUNCTION: Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia axoneme, which is required for motile cilia beating. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium axoneme. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0605 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to D- galactose to form alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.


FUNCTION: Binds and inhibits cysteine proteinases. Inhibits most strongly papain and cathepsin L, more weakly bromelain and cathepsin B while it is completely ineffective against cathepsin H. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Note=Not secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protease inhibitor I48 family.


FUNCTION: Plays a role in the transport of magnesium and cobalt ions. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0053 family.


FUNCTION: Blocks Kv3 voltage-gated potassium channels. Reduces blood pressure. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Nematocyst. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the sea anemone type 3 (BDS) potassium channel toxin family.


FUNCTION: Could be involved in septation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SpoVG family.


FUNCTION: F-box protein probably involved in ubiquitin conjugation pathway.


FUNCTION: Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The gamma chain is believed to be important in regulating ATPase activity and the flow of protons through the CF(0) complex. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cellular thylakoid membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the degradation of phospho-AI-2, thereby terminating induction of the lsr operon and closing the AI-2 signaling cycle. Catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl moiety from 3-hydroxy-5- phosphonooxypentane-2,4-dione to CoA to form glycerone phosphate and acetyl-CoA. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DeoC/FbaB aldolase family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the non-oxidative decarboxylation and detoxification of phenolic derivatives under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (PubMed:15979273, PubMed:18388975). Phenolic acid decarboxylase that catalyzes the reversible decarboxylation of 4- hydroxybenzoate and vanillate (PubMed:15979273, PubMed:18388975). Could also catalyze the decarboxylation of salicylate (Probable). Is not active on di- and tri-hydroxybenzoate derivatives (PubMed:18388975). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UbiD family. YclC subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ycf91 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 11 (cellulase G) family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.


FUNCTION: May regulate endocytosis by recruiting RSP5 ubiquitin ligase activity to specific plasma membrane proteins in response to extracellular stimuli. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ART10 family.


FUNCTION: Mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes reactions of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.


FUNCTION: Cell wall formation. Catalyzes the transfer of a GlcNAc subunit on undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-MurNAc-pentapeptide (lipid intermediate I) to form undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-MurNAc- (pentapeptide)GlcNAc (lipid intermediate II). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family. MurG subfamily.


FUNCTION: Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia axoneme, which is required for motile cilia beating. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium axoneme. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RIB43A family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.


FUNCTION: Multifunctional protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. May act in a redox sensitive manner. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference for non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA. Can bend DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters (By similarity). Proposed to be involved in the innate immune response to nucleic acids by acting as a cytoplasmic promiscuous immunogenic DNA/RNA sensor (By similarity). Negatively regulates B-cell and myeloid cell differentiation. In hematopoietic stem cells may regulate the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Involved in negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Chromosome Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HMGB family.


FUNCTION: Snake venom serine protease that may act in the hemostasis system of the prey. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Snake venom subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Uronate isomerase family.


FUNCTION: Acts as a negative regulator of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response or unfolded protein response (UPR). Represses the transcriptional activity of CREB3 during the UPR. Recruits CREB3 into nuclear foci (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Note=Colocalizes with CREB3 in nuclear foci. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bZIP family. CREBRF subfamily.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Nematocyst.


FUNCTION: Promotes the exchange of Ran(spi1)-bound GDP by GTP. Involved in the control of mitosis. Regulates a variety of nuclear events, including mitotic check-point, chromosome decondensation and mRNA processing/transport. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: This is a key enzyme of plant metabolism catalyzing the first reaction in the biosynthesis from L-phenylalanine of a wide variety of natural products based on the phenylpropane skeleton. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PAL/histidase family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the synthesis of mevalonate, the specific precursor of all isoprenoid compounds present in plants (By similarity). Component of the triterpene saponins (e.g. ginsenosides or panaxosides) and phytosterols biosynthetic pathways (PubMed:24569845, PubMed:29378087). Promotes triterpenes accumulation in roots (PubMed:24569845). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Plastid, chloroplast membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Peroxisome membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Note=Localized in intracellular vesicles. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.


FUNCTION: Probable zinc metalloprotease whose natural substrate is unknown. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase M54 family.


FUNCTION: Alpha-rhamnosidase involved in ulvan degradation (PubMed:31285597). Ulvan is the main polysaccharide component of the Ulvales (green seaweed) cell wall. It is composed of disaccharide building blocks comprising 3-sulfated rhamnose (Rha3S) linked to D- glucuronic acid (GlcA), L-iduronic acid (IduA), or D-xylose (Xyl) (Probable). Endo-acting alpha-1,4-L-rhamnosidase cleaves rhamnose sections interspersed between xylose residues within the polymer, degrading larger oligomers with consecutive Xyl-Rha3S units that are resistant to the ulvan lyases and producing dimers Xyl-Rha3S and Xyl2S- Rha3S as the smallest products (PubMed:31285597). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 39 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a direct precursor of ethylene in higher plants. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glyoxalase I family.


FUNCTION: Part of the ABC transporter complex RbsABC involved in ribose import. Responsible for energy coupling to the transport system. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. Ribose importer (TC 3.A.1.2.1) family.


FUNCTION: Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates cold-inducible transcription. CBF/DREB1 factors play a key role in freezing tolerance and cold acclimation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. ERF subfamily.


FUNCTION: Rod linker protein, associated with phycoerythrocyanin. Linker polypeptides determine the state of aggregation and the location of the disk-shaped phycobiliprotein units within the phycobilisome and modulate their spectroscopic properties in order to mediate a directed and optimal energy transfer. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cellular thylakoid membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Note=This protein occurs in the rod, it is associated with phycoerythrocyanin. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phycobilisome linker protein family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3- isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate (Probable). Functions redundantly with LEUD1 in the methionine chain elongation pathway of aliphatic glucosinolate formation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast stroma Plastid. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the LeuD family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.


FUNCTION: Potential odorant receptor. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.


FUNCTION: Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7/SCN9A inhibitor. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the neurotoxin 10 (Hwtx-1) family. 14 (Hntx-1) subfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in the early steps of selenocysteine biosynthesis and tRNA(Sec) charging to the later steps resulting in the cotranslational incorporation of selenocysteine into selenoproteins. Stabilizes the SECISBP2, EEFSEC and tRNA(Sec) complex. May be involved in the methylation of tRNA(Sec). Enhances efficiency of selenoproteins synthesis (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Note=Abundant in the nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RRM TRSPAP family.


FUNCTION: Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.


FUNCTION: Effects nucleoid occlusion by binding relatively nonspecifically to DNA and preventing the assembly of the division machinery in the vicinity of the nucleoid, especially under conditions that disturb the cell cycle. It helps to coordinate cell division and chromosome segregation by preventing the formation of the Z ring through the nucleoid, which would cause chromosome breakage. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, nucleoid. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ParB family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the herpesviridae UL24 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: To M.leprae ML1138.


FUNCTION: Involved in the transcriptional regulation of the propionate catabolism operon.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.


FUNCTION: Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.


FUNCTION: Component of the dark-operative protochlorophyllide reductase (DPOR) that uses Mg-ATP and reduced ferredoxin to reduce ring D of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to form chlorophyllide a (Chlide). This reaction is light-independent. The L component serves as a unique electron donor to the NB-component of the complex, and binds Mg-ATP. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NifH/BchL/ChlL family.


FUNCTION: Involved in urease metallocenter assembly. Binds nickel. Probably functions as a nickel donor during metallocenter assembly. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UreE family.


FUNCTION: Glucosyltransferase involved in montbretin A (MbA) biosynthesis (PubMed:29967287, PubMed:31004005). Catalyzes the glucosylation of myricetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (MR) to produce myricetin 3-O-[beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-alpha-L-rhamnoside] (MRG), a precursor of MbA (PubMed:29967287, PubMed:31004005). MbA is a potent inhibitor of human pancreatic alpha-amylase and is being developed as drug candidate to treat type-2 diabetes (PubMed:29967287, PubMed:31004005). In vitro, is able to transfer UDP-xylose with 50-fold less efficiency compared with UDP-glucose (PubMed:29967287). In vitro, can use myricetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin 3-O-glucoside as substrates, although these two flavonoids may not be physiological substrates in vivo (PubMed:29967287). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.


FUNCTION: Dioxygenase that acts as on nucleic acids, such as DNA and tRNA (PubMed:27027282, PubMed:27745969). Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron (PubMed:27027282). A number of activities have been described for this dioxygenase, but recent results suggest that it mainly acts as on tRNAs and mediates their demethylation or oxidation depending on the context and subcellular compartment (By similarity). Mainly acts as a tRNA demethylase by removing N(1)- methyladenine from various tRNAs, with a preference for N(1)- methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) present on a stem loop structure of tRNAs (PubMed:27745969). Acts as a regulator of translation initiation and elongation in response to glucose deprivation: regulates both translation initiation, by mediating demethylation of tRNA(Met), and translation elongation, N(1)-methyladenine-containing tRNAs being preferentially recruited to polysomes to promote translation elongation (By similarity). In mitochondrion, specifically interacts with mt- tRNA(Met) and mediates oxidation of mt-tRNA(Met) methylated at cytosine(34) to form 5-formylcytosine (f(5)c) at this position (By similarity). mt-tRNA(Met) containing the f(5)c modification at the wobble position enables recognition of the AUA codon in addition to the AUG codon, expanding codon recognition in mitochondrial translation (By similarity). Specifically demethylates DNA methylated on the 6th position of adenine (N(6)-methyladenosine) DNA (PubMed:27027282). N(6)- methyladenosine (m6A) DNA is present at some L1 elements in embryonic stem cells and probably promotes their silencing (PubMed:27027282). Demethylates mRNAs containing N(3)-methylcytidine modification (By similarity). Also able to repair alkylated single-stranded DNA by oxidative demethylation, but with low activity (By similarity). Also has DNA lyase activity and introduces double-stranded breaks at abasic sites: cleaves both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA at abasic sites, with the greatest activity towards double-stranded DNA with two abasic sites (By similarity). DNA lyase activity does not require alpha-ketboglutarate and iron and leads to the formation of an irreversible covalent protein-DNA adduct with the 5' DNA product (By similarity). DNA lyase activity is not required during base excision repair and class switch recombination of the immunoglobulin heavy chain during B lymphocyte activation (PubMed:23825659). May play a role in placental trophoblast lineage differentiation (PubMed:18163532). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Note=Mainly localizes in euchromatin, largely excluded from heterochromatin and nucleoli.


FUNCTION: Involved in the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine. Catalyzes the oxidation of choline to betaine aldehyde and betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine at the same rate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.


FUNCTION: CGRP induces vasodilation. It dilates a variety of vessels including the coronary, cerebral and systemic vasculature. Its abundance in the CNS also points toward a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator role (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the calcitonin family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the acetylation of L-2,4-diaminobutyrate (DABA) to gamma-N-acetyl-alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric acid (ADABA) with acetyl coenzyme A. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. EctA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Essential for the assembly of the photosystem I (PSI) complex. May act as a chaperone-like factor to guide the assembly of the PSI subunits. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Ycf3 family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the maturation of [NiFe] hydrogenases (PubMed:8661925, PubMed:12377778, PubMed:12586941). Along with HypE, it catalyzes the synthesis of the CN ligands of the active site iron of [NiFe]-hydrogenases (PubMed:12586941). HypF functions as a carbamoyl transferase using carbamoylphosphate as a substrate and transferring the carboxamido moiety in an ATP-dependent reaction to the thiolate of the C-terminal cysteine of HypE yielding a protein-S-carboxamide (PubMed:12586941, PubMed:15291820). In the absence of any other substrate, displays carbamoyl-phosphate phosphatase activity (PubMed:12377778). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the carbamoyltransferase HypF family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Nematocyst. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the sea anemone 8 toxin family.


FUNCTION: Bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities. Involved in basal defense response. Participates in abscisic acid- derived callose deposition following infection by a necrotrophic pathogen. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bifunctional nuclease family.


FUNCTION: Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ORC4 family.


FUNCTION: Purine nucleoside enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of adenosine and inosine nucleosides, yielding D-ribose 1-phosphate and the respective free bases, adenine and hypoxanthine. Also catalyzes the phosphorolysis of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine into adenine and S-methyl- 5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate. Also has adenosine deaminase activity. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the purine nucleoside phosphorylase YfiH/LACC1 family.


FUNCTION: Probable transcription repressor involved leaf development. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[GC]ATTG-3'. May act as a regulatory switch to specify provascular cell fate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class II subfamily.


FUNCTION: DNA-dependent ATPase involved in processing of recombination intermediates, plays a role in repairing DNA breaks. Stimulates the branch migration of RecA-mediated strand transfer reactions, allowing the 3' invading strand to extend heteroduplex DNA faster. Binds ssDNA in the presence of ADP but not other nucleotides, has ATPase activity that is stimulated by ssDNA and various branched DNA structures, but inhibited by SSB. Does not have RecA's homology-searching function. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RecA family. RadA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav), thereby delaying their inactivation during signal transduction. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Nematocyst. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the sea anemone short toxin (type III) family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RemA family.


FUNCTION: Binds the 3'-UTR of mitochondrial mRNAs. Involved in the processing or stability of mitochondrial mRNAs. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Matrix side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RMD9 family.


FUNCTION: The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin- coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum- Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Golgi apparatus membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Note=The coatomer is cytoplasmic or polymerized on the cytoplasmic side of the Golgi, as well as on the vesicles/buds originating from it. Shows a significant preference for ERGIC and cis-Golgi apparatus compared with trans-Golgi network. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the WEB family.


FUNCTION: Cytokine secreted predominantly by activated T-lymphocytes as well as mast cells and osteoblastic cells that controls the production and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into lineage- restricted cells. Stimulates also mature basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes to become functionally activated. In addition, plays an important role in neural cell proliferation and survival. Participates as well in bone homeostasis and inhibits osteoclast differentiation by preventing NF-kappa-B nuclear translocation and activation. Mechanistically, exerts its biological effects through a receptor composed of IL3RA subunit and a signal transducing subunit IL3RB (By similarity). Receptor stimulation results in the rapid activation of JAK2 kinase activity leading to STAT5-mediated transcriptional program (PubMed:8378315, PubMed:10376805). Alternatively, contributes to cell survival under oxidative stress in non-hematopoietic systems by activating pathways mediated by PI3K/AKT and ERK (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the IL-3 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.


FUNCTION: May play a role in the regulation of DNA replication and cell cycle control. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CMS1 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0441 family.


FUNCTION: Participates in the translocation of lipoproteins from the inner membrane to the outer membrane. Only forms a complex with a lipoprotein if the residue after the N-terminal Cys is not an aspartate (The Asp acts as a targeting signal to indicate that the lipoprotein should stay in the inner membrane). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the LolA family.


FUNCTION: Has antibacterial and antifungal activity. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family.


FUNCTION: Binds to 23S rRNA. One of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the ribosome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.


FUNCTION: May be involved in metabolism of dipeptides or may affect host defense mechanisms. Has a substrate specificity limited to the hydrolysis of X-Ala, His-Ser, and Ser-Tyr dipeptides at a neutral pH optimum (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S9C family.


FUNCTION: Also displays a weak uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity which is not physiologically significant. FUNCTION: Regulates the transcription of the pyrimidine nucleotide (pyr) operon in response to exogenous pyrimidines. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family. PyrR subfamily.


FUNCTION: Functions as extracellular chaperone that prevents aggregation of non native proteins. Prevents stress-induced aggregation of blood plasma proteins. Inhibits formation of amyloid fibrils by APP, APOC2, B2M, CALCA, CSN3, SNCA and aggregation-prone LYZ variants (in vitro). Does not require ATP. Maintains partially unfolded proteins in a state appropriate for subsequent refolding by other chaperones, such as HSPA8/HSC70. Does not refold proteins by itself. Binding to cell surface receptors triggers internalization of the chaperone-client complex and subsequent lysosomal or proteasomal degradation. When secreted, protects cells against apoptosis and against cytolysis by complement. Intracellular forms interact with ubiquitin and SCF (SKP1- CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes and promote the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Promotes proteasomal degradation of COMMD1 and IKBKB. Modulates NF-kappa-B transcriptional activity (By similarity). Following stress, promotes apoptosis (By similarity). Inhibits apoptosis when associated with the mitochondrial membrane by interference with BAX-dependent release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation. An intracellular form suppresses stress-induced apoptosis by stabilizing mitochondrial membrane integrity through interaction with HSPA5. Secreted form does not affect caspase or BAX-mediated intrinsic apoptosis and TNF-induced NF-kappa-B-activity (By similarity). Secreted form act as an important modulator during neuronal differentiation through interaction with STMN3 (By similarity). Plays a role in the clearance of immune complexes that arise during cell injury (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondrion membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Cytoplasm, cytosol Microsome Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Mitochondrion membrane Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule Note=Can retrotranslocate from the secretory compartments to the cytosol upon cellular stress. Detected in perinuclear foci that may be aggresomes containing misfolded, ubiquitinated proteins. Detected at the mitochondrion membrane upon induction of apoptosis. Under ER stress, a immaturely glycosylated pre-secreted form retrotranslocates from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi network to the cytoplasm to localize in the mitochondria through HSPA5 interaction. ER stress reduces secretion. Under the stress, minor amounts of non-secreted forms accumulate in cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the clusterin family.


FUNCTION: Involved in tRNA methylation. Facilitates the recognition and targeting of tRNA(Arg)(CCU) and tRNA(Arg)(UCU) substrates for N(3)- methylcytidine modification by METTL2A and METTL2B.


FUNCTION: Rab effector involved in protein trafficking from apical recycling endosomes to the apical plasma membrane. Involved in insulin granule exocytosis. May regulate V-ATPase intracellular transport in response to extracellular acidosis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Recycling endosome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Early endosome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein Golgi apparatus membrane; Peripheral membrane protein Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle membrane; Peripheral membrane protein Mitochondrion membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.


FUNCTION: NDH-1 shuttles electrons from NADH, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be a menaquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation (for every two electrons transferred, four hydrogen ions are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane), and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.


FUNCTION: Receptor for somatostatin-14 and -28. This receptor is coupled via pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. In addition it stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase and PLC via pertussis toxin insensitive as well as sensitive G proteins. Inhibits calcium entry by suppressing voltage-dependent calcium channels. Acts as the functionally dominant somatostatin receptor in pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells where it mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin-14 on hormone secretion. Inhibits cell growth through enhancement of MAPK1 and MAPK2 phosphorylation and subsequent up-regulation of CDKN1B. Stimulates neuronal migration and axon outgrowth and may participate in neuron development and maturation during brain development. Mediates negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling through PTPN6. Inactivates SSTR3 receptor function following heterodimerization (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasm Note=Located mainly at the cell surface under basal conditions. Agonist stimulation results in internalization to the cytoplasm (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.


FUNCTION: Plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) that binds to the plus-end of microtubules and regulates the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Promotes cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation and elongation. Involved in mitotic spindle positioning by stabilizing microtubules and promoting dynamic connection between astral microtubules and the cortex during mitotic chromosome segregation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle pole. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the MAPRE family.


FUNCTION: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (PubMed:14506261, PubMed:14645235, PubMed:14654780, PubMed:15064394, PubMed:16085652, PubMed:19224863, PubMed:20508617, PubMed:22483617, PubMed:9334332, PubMed:9858595, PubMed:28546513, PubMed:32430360, PubMed:33591310). E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:14506261, PubMed:14645235, PubMed:14654780, PubMed:15064394, PubMed:16085652, PubMed:19224863, PubMed:20508617, PubMed:22483617, PubMed:9334332, PubMed:9858595). Mediates E3 ubiquitin ligase activity either through direct binding to substrates or by functioning as the essential RING domain subunit of larger E3 complexes (PubMed:14506261, PubMed:14645235, PubMed:14654780, PubMed:15064394, PubMed:16085652, PubMed:19224863, PubMed:20508617, PubMed:22483617, PubMed:9334332, PubMed:9858595). Triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of many substrates, including proteins involved in transcription regulation (ELL2, MYB, POU2AF1, PML and RBBP8), a cell surface receptor (DCC), the cell-surface receptor-type tyrosine kinase FLT3, the cytoplasmic signal transduction molecules (KLF10/TIEG1 and NUMB), an antiapoptotic protein (BAG1), a microtubule motor protein (KIF22), a protein involved in synaptic vesicle function in neurons (SYP), a structural protein (CTNNB1) and SNCAIP (PubMed:10747903, PubMed:11146551, PubMed:11389839, PubMed:11389840, PubMed:11483517, PubMed:11483518, PubMed:11752454, PubMed:12072443). Confers constitutive instability to HIPK2 through proteasomal degradation (PubMed:18536714, PubMed:33591310). It is thereby involved in many cellular processes such as apoptosis, tumor suppression, cell cycle, axon guidance, transcription regulation, spermatogenesis and TNF-alpha signaling (PubMed:14506261, PubMed:14645235, PubMed:14654780, PubMed:15064394, PubMed:16085652, PubMed:19224863, PubMed:20508617, PubMed:22483617, PubMed:9334332, PubMed:9858595). Has some overlapping function with SIAH2 (PubMed:14506261, PubMed:14645235, PubMed:14654780, PubMed:15064394, PubMed:16085652, PubMed:19224863, PubMed:20508617, PubMed:22483617, PubMed:9334332, PubMed:9858595). Induces apoptosis in cooperation with PEG3 (By similarity). Upon nitric oxid (NO) generation that follows apoptotic stimulation, interacts with S-nitrosylated GAPDH, mediating the translocation of GAPDH to the nucleus (By similarity). GAPDH acts as a stabilizer of SIAH1, facilitating the degradation of nuclear proteins (By similarity). Mediates ubiquitination and degradation of EGLN2 and EGLN3 in response to the unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to their degradation and subsequent stabilization of ATF4 (By similarity). Also part of the Wnt signaling pathway in which it mediates the Wnt-induced ubiquitin- mediated proteasomal degradation of AXIN1 (PubMed:28546513, PubMed:32430360). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Note=Predominantly cytoplasmic. Partially nuclear. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.


FUNCTION: Potential calcium sensor.


FUNCTION: During virus entry, plays a role in the transport of the viral pre-integration (PIC) complex to the host nucleus. This function is crucial for viral infection of non-dividing macrophages. May act directly at the nuclear pore complex, by binding nucleoporins phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-repeat regions. FUNCTION: During virus replication, may deplete host UNG protein, and incude G2-M cell cycle arrest. Acts by targeting specific host proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome, through association with the cellular CUL4A-DDB1 E3 ligase complex by direct interaction with host VPRPB/DCAF-1. Cell cycle arrest reportedly occurs within hours of infection and is not blocked by antiviral agents, suggesting that it is initiated by the VPR carried into the virion. Additionally, VPR induces apoptosis in a cell cycle dependent manner suggesting that these two effects are mechanistically linked. Detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patient, VPR may also induce cell death to bystander cells. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion Host nucleus Host extracellular space Note=Incorporation into virion is dependent on p6 GAG sequences. Lacks a canonical nuclear localization signal, thus import into nucleus may function independently of the human importin pathway. Detected in high quantity in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patient. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HIV-1 VPR protein family.


FUNCTION: May not function as an oxygen storage or transport protein, but might act as an oxygen sensor or play a role in electron transfer, possibly to a bound oxygen molecule. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the plant globin family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Plays a role in transcription regulation by catalyzing the monoubiquitination of histone H2B to form H2BK123ub1. H2BK123ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also a prerequisite for H3K4me and H3K79me formation. Also involved in postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA, in N-end rule-dependent protein degradation and in sporulation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.