FUNCTION: (Microbial infection) Required for optimal replication of E.chaffeensis in the immune tissues, hemocytes, and fat body. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the uridine kinase family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2A subfamily.


FUNCTION: Chaperone required for proper molybdenum cofactor insertion and final assembly of the membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NarJ/NarW family.


FUNCTION: Efflux pump driven by the proton motive force. Confers resistance to a broad spectrum of chemically unrelated drugs (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. MdfA family.


FUNCTION: Potential transcription factor. May play a role in early mesoderm formation and later in lateral mesoderm differentiation and neurogenesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Required for the proteolytic cleavage of the transcription factor RIM101 in response to alkaline ambient pH. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the arrestin family. PalF/RIM8 subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.


FUNCTION: Glucanases play a role in cell expansion during growth, in cell-cell fusion during mating, and in spore release during sporulation. This enzyme may be involved in beta-glucan degradation. Active on laminarin and lichenan (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 17 family.


FUNCTION: Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.


FUNCTION: Seems to play a role in the dimerization of PSII. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cellular thylakoid membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PsbT family.


FUNCTION: Involved in disulfide-bond formation. Acts by transferring its disulfide bond to other proteins (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the thioredoxin family. DsbA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Plays an essential role in the regulation of calcium transport at the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which is secondarily required for regular muscle contraction. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass membrane protein Note=Colocalizes with SERCA at the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the diad, a structure composed of a single t-tubule paired with a terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.


FUNCTION: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that functions as a co- chaperone for BIP1 during ER stress (PubMed:26487566). Might be specifically involved in the refolding of N-glycosylated proteins (PubMed:26487566). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.


FUNCTION: Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C is thought to confer substrate specificity and, in the presence of ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzymes, it catalyzes the formation of protein-ubiquitin conjugates that are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome. In early mitosis, the APC/C is activated by CDC20 and targets securin PDS1, the B-type cyclin CLB5, and other anaphase inhibitory proteins for proteolysis, thereby triggering the separation of sister chromatids at the metaphase-to- anaphase transition. In late mitosis and in G1, degradation of CLB5 allows activation of the APC/C by CDH1, which is needed to destroy CDC20 and the B-type cyclin CLB2 to allow exit from mitosis and creating the low CDK state necessary for cytokinesis and for reforming prereplicative complexes in G1 prior to another round of replication. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the APC3/CDC27 family.


FUNCTION: Component of the eRF1-eRF3-GTP ternary complex, a ternary complex that mediates translation termination in response to the termination codons (PubMed:7990965). The eRF1-eRF3-GTP complex binds to a stop codon in the ribosomal A-site (By similarity). ETF1/ERF1 is responsible for stop codon recognition and inducing hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA. Following GTP hydrolysis, eRF3 (GSPT1/ERF3A or GSPT2/ERF3B) dissociates, permitting ETF1/eRF1 to accommodate fully in the A-site, followed by hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0149 family.


FUNCTION: Could have a role in patterning the central nervous system during embryogenesis. Has a key role in regulating the distinct phenotypic features that distinguish two major classes of ventral interneurons, V0 and V1 neurons. Regulates the transcription factor profile, neurotransmitter phenotype, intraspinal migratory path and axonal trajectory of V0 neurons, features that differentiate them from an adjacent set of V1 neurons (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the H2.0 homeobox family.


FUNCTION: Key enzyme in methionine and folate homeostasis responsible for the reactivation of methionine synthase (MTR/MS) activity by catalyzing the reductive methylation of MTR-bound cob(II)alamin. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) forms a complex with MTR to serve as an intermediary in methyl transfer reactions that cycles between MTR-bound methylcob(III)alamin and MTR bound-cob(I)alamin forms, and occasional oxidative escape of the cob(I)alamin intermediate during the catalytic cycle leads to the inactive cob(II)alamin species. The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR and MTR which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine (By similarity). Also necessary for the utilization of methyl groups from the folate cycle, thereby affecting transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (By similarity). Also acts as a molecular chaperone for methionine synthase by stabilizing apoMTR and incorporating methylcob(III)alamin into apoMTR to form the holoenzyme. Also serves as an aquacob(III)alamin reductase by reducing aquacob(III)alamin to cob(II)alamin; this reduction leads to stimulation of the conversion of apoMTR and aquacob(III)alamin to MTR holoenzyme (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer from one phosphatidylglycerol molecule to another to form cardiolipin (CL) (diphosphatidylglycerol) and glycerol. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phospholipase D family. Cardiolipin synthase subfamily. ClsA sub-subfamily.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor that is involved in protection against oxidative stress (PubMed:32667960). Binds to promoter regions of the gliotoxin (GT) biosynthetic genes gliZ, gliF, gliT, gliM, gliA and gtmA (PubMed:32667960). Two related but different DNA motifs (5'-TCGG-3' and 5'-CGGNCGG-3') are specifically enriched among rglT binding sites in GT-inducing conditions (PubMed:32667960). Also indirectly regulates the expression of gliP, gliG, gliH and gliN (PubMed:32667960). Plays a key role in resistance against exogenously-added GT and GT biosynthesis, mainly through the direct regulation of gliT (PubMed:32667960). Furthermore, rglT is important for virulence in chemotherapeutic mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) (PubMed:32667960). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protease inhibitor I16 (SSI) family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the transfer of one adenosine molecule from an ATP to an mRNA poly(A) tail bearing a 3'-OH terminal group and enhances mRNA stability and gene expression. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TENT family.


FUNCTION: ABCG5 and ABCG8 form an obligate heterodimer that mediates Mg(2+)- and ATP-dependent sterol transport across the cell membrane. Plays an essential role in the selective transport of the dietary cholesterol in and out of the enterocytes and in the selective sterol excretion by the liver into bile (PubMed:11099417, PubMed:11452359, PubMed:27144356, PubMed:15054092). Required for normal sterol homeostasis (PubMed:11099417, PubMed:11452359, PubMed:15054092). The heterodimer with ABCG5 has ATPase activity (PubMed:16893193, PubMed:20210363, PubMed:27144356). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Apical cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.


FUNCTION: Component of the PELP1 complex involved in the nucleolar steps of 28S rRNA maturation and the subsequent nucleoplasmic transit of the pre-60S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Required for processing ITS2 sequences from rRNA intermediates during 26S rRNA maturation (PubMed:16876152). Required in the soma to promote normal proliferation and prevent germline tumor formation (PubMed:14973273). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus, nucleolus Nucleus, nucleoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the WD repeat IPI3/WDR18 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the oxidation of the proline residue of pristinamycin IIB (PIIB) to pristinamycin IIA (PIIA).


FUNCTION: NPY is implicated in the control of feeding and in secretion of gonadotrophin-release hormone. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, neuronal dense core vesicle. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NPY family.


FUNCTION: Involved in intracellular signal transduction mediated by cytokines and growth factors. When associated with STAM it suppresses DNA signaling upon stimulation by IL-2 and GM-CSF. Could be a direct effector of PI3-kinase in vesicular pathway via early endosomes and may regulate trafficking to early and late endosomes by recruiting clathrin. May concentrate ubiquitinated receptors within clathrin- coated regions. Involved in down-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase via multivesicular body (MVBs) when complexed with STAM (ESCRT-0 complex). The ESCRT-0 complex binds ubiquitin and acts as sorting machinery that recognizes ubiquitinated receptors and transfers them to further sequential lysosomal sorting/trafficking processes. May contribute to the efficient recruitment of SMADs to the activin receptor complex. Involved in receptor recycling via its association with the CART complex, a multiprotein complex required for efficient transferrin receptor recycling but not for EGFR degradation (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Early endosome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Endosome, multivesicular body membrane; Peripheral membrane protein Note=Colocalizes with UBQLN1 in ubiquitin-rich cytoplasmic aggregates that are not endocytic compartments.


FUNCTION: Exports glutathione-coordinated iron-sulfur clusters such as [2Fe-2S]-(GS)4 cluster from the mitochondria to the cytosol in an ATP- dependent manner allowing the assembly of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) cluster-containing proteins and participates in iron homeostasis (By similarity). Moreover, through a functional complex formed of ABCB7, FECH and ABCB10, also plays a role in the cellular iron homeostasis, mitochondrial function and heme biosynthesis (By similarity). In cardiomyocytes, regulates cellular iron homeostasis and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels through its interaction with COX4I1 (PubMed:31511561). May also play a role in hematopoiesis (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Heavy Metal importer (TC 3.A.1.210) subfamily.


FUNCTION: Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. uL1 forms part of the L1 stalk, a mobile element that plays a role in evacuating the exit-site tRNA. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.


FUNCTION: This protein is one of the two subunits of integration host factor, a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. FUNCTION: This protein is one of the two subunits of integration host factor, a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bacterial histone-like protein family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bacterial histone-like protein family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the sodium:galactoside symporter (TC 2.A.2) family.


FUNCTION: Oxygen labile bacteriocin-like. Has antibacterial activity only against strictly anaerobic rumen bacteria. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.


FUNCTION: Part of the tectonic-like complex which is required for tissue-specific ciliogenesis and may regulate ciliary membrane composition. Involved in centrosome migration to the apical cell surface during early ciliogenesis. Required for ciliary structure and function, including a role in regulating length and appropriate number through modulating centrosome duplication. Is a key regulator of stereociliary bundle orientation (PubMed:26035863). Required for epithelial cell branching morphology (PubMed:26035863). Essential for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of surfactant protein C (sftpc). Involved in the negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling, and activation of the non-canonical cascade stimulated by WNT5A (PubMed:26035863). In non-canonical Wnt signaling, it may act as ROR2 coreceptor (PubMed:26035863). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium basal body. Note=Localizes at the transition zone, a region between the basal body and the ciliary axoneme.


FUNCTION: Plays a part in calcium-regulated keratinocyte activation in epidermal repair mechanisms. Has no effect on cell proliferation (By similarity). Possesses ATPase activity. Negatively regulates mitochondrial fusion in cooperation with mitofusin proteins (MFN1-2) (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion outer membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Note=The majority is localized in the cytoplasm a small amount is associated with mitochondria. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.


FUNCTION: With S4 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.


FUNCTION: Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor (PubMed:30879903, PubMed:31557978). Essential for catalysing the entry and efficient transfer of electrons within complex I (PubMed:31557978). Plays a key role in the assembly and stability of complex I and participates in the association of complex I with ubiquinol-cytochrome reductase complex (Complex III) to form supercomplexes (PubMed:30879903, PubMed:31557978). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Matrix side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the formation of isethionate from 2- sulfoacetaldehyde in the deaminative pathway of taurine. The enzyme is specific for NADPH; NADH is not a substrate. Responsible for most of the activity observed in taurine-grown cells. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.


FUNCTION: Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Required fo cell division in meristems. Involved in the maintenance of transcriptional epigenetic gene silencing (TGS) at specific loci (including some transposons) by regulating histone H3 acetylation, 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-9' methylation (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Note=Redistributes to discrete nuclear foci upon DNA damage. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.


FUNCTION: Is needed for correct cyclization of the oligoketide leading to isochromanequinone formation.


FUNCTION: Participates actively in the response to hyperosmotic and heat shock by preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins and by disaggregating proteins, also in an autonomous, DnaK-independent fashion. Unfolded proteins bind initially to DnaJ; upon interaction with the DnaJ-bound protein, DnaK hydrolyzes its bound ATP, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK triggers the release of the substrate protein, thus completing the reaction cycle. Several rounds of ATP-dependent interactions between DnaJ, DnaK and GrpE are required for fully efficient folding. Also involved, together with DnaK and GrpE, in the DNA replication of plasmids through activation of initiation proteins (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DnaJ family.


FUNCTION: Depolymerizes growing actin filaments in muscle cells; required for the assembly of actin filaments into the functional contractile myofilament lattice of muscle. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.


FUNCTION: Hydrolyzes DNA under acidic conditions with a preference for double-stranded DNA. Plays a major role in the clearance of nucleic acids generated through apoptosis, hence preventing autoinflammation. Necessary for proper fetal development and for definitive erythropoiesis in fetal liver and bone marrow, where it degrades nuclear DNA expelled from erythroid precursor cells. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Lysosome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DNase II family.


FUNCTION: A redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator. Maintains intracellular redox homeostasis by regulating catabolic metabolism and polyketide biosynthesis. Regulates expression of the redox buffer ergothioneine (ERG). In concert with myothiol (MSH), another redox buffer, responds to low pH leading to acid resistance. The apo- but not holo-form probably binds DNA (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the WhiB family.


FUNCTION: Terpene synthase (TPS) involved in the biosynthesis of monoterpene natural products included in conifer oleoresin secretions and volatile emissions; these compounds contribute to biotic and abiotic stress defense against herbivores and pathogens (PubMed:21385377). Catalyzes the conversion of (2E)-geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to (-)-beta-phellandrene (PubMed:21385377). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsd subfamily.


FUNCTION: Controls extracellular enzymes, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L- homoserine lactone, and pathogenicity. Repressor of virulence factors. FUNCTION: A key translational regulator that binds mRNA to regulate translation initiation and/or mRNA stability. Mediates global changes in gene expression, shifting from rapid growth to stress survival by linking envelope stress, the stringent response and the catabolite repression systems. Usually binds in the 5'-UTR; binding at or near the Shine-Dalgarno sequence prevents ribosome-binding, repressing translation, binding elsewhere in the 5'-UTR can activate translation and/or stabilize the mRNA. Its function is antagonized by small RNA(s). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CsrA/RsmA family.


FUNCTION: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.


FUNCTION: Cleaves the sulfated polysaccharide porphyran at the (1->4) linkages between beta-D-galactopyranose and alpha-L-galactopyranose-6- sulfate, forming mostly the disaccharide alpha-L-galactopyranose-6- sulfate-(1->3)-beta-D-galactose. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2. Is a key enzyme in photorespiration in green plants. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Peroxisome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.


FUNCTION: Molecular chaperone capable of stabilizing a range of proteins. Seems to fulfill an ATP-independent, HSP70-like function in archaeal de novo protein folding. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the prefoldin alpha subunit family.


FUNCTION: Binds double-stranded DNA tightly but without sequence specificity. It is distributed uniformly and abundantly on the chromosome, suggesting a role in chromatin architecture. However, it does not significantly compact DNA. Binds rRNA and mRNA in vivo. May play a role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of RNA, and, perhaps, ribosomes (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Chromosome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the histone-like Alba family.


FUNCTION: Component of antiviral defense system Druantia type I, composed of DruA, DruB, DruC, DruD and DruE. Expression of Druantia in E.coli (strain MG1655) confers resistance to phage lambda, SECphi18, SECphi27 and T4. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: NDH-1 shuttles electrons from NADH, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be ubiquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation (for every two electrons transferred, four hydrogen ions are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane), and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the sequential condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) with (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (E,E-FPP) to yield (2Z,6Z,10Z,14Z,18Z,22Z,26Z,30Z,34E,38E)-undecaprenyl diphosphate (di- trans,octa-cis-UPP). UPP is the precursor of glycosyl carrier lipid in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall polysaccharide components such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPP synthase family.


FUNCTION: Lipid-binding protein which promotes lipid absorption by facilitating MTTP-mediated lipid transfer (mainly triglycerides and phospholipids) and MTTP-mediated apoB lipoprotein assembly and secretion (By similarity). Protects the gastrointestinal epithelium from irradiation-induced apoptosis (By similarity). May play an important role in maintaining normal growth homeostasis in epithelial cells (PubMed:14583459). Involved in p53/TP53-dependent cell survival after DNA damage (PubMed:23235459). May down-regulate the expression of MAD1L1 and exert a suppressive role in mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint in hepatocellular carcinomas (PubMed:24374861). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Endoplasmic reticulum.


FUNCTION: Transcriptional repressor that controls expression of the genes required for the catabolism of sialic acids. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NanR family.


FUNCTION: Probable transcription factor that regulates expression of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of Griseofulvin, an important antifungal drug that has been in use for a long time for treating dermatophyte infections (PubMed:20534346). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Ubiquitin-like protein which can be covalently attached to target lysines as a monomer. Does not seem to be involved in protein degradation and may function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation process (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.


FUNCTION: Produces a mixture of beta-bisabolene and alpha-bisabolol, along with traces of alpha-bisabolene and farnesene isomers from (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate in fragrance biosynthesis. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsb subfamily.


FUNCTION: Putative taste receptor which may play a role in the perception of bitterness. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family.


FUNCTION: Phosphorylates thymidine. ASFV replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and contains genes encoding a number of enzymes needed for DNA synthesis, including thymidine kinase. Important for growth in swine macrophages in vitro and is a virus virulence factor in swine (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the thymidine kinase family.


FUNCTION: Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of the active center dithiol to a disulfide. The H form is known to activate a number of cytosolic enzymes (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant H-type subfamily.


FUNCTION: Ribonuclease that cleaves tRNA within anticodon loops to produce tRNA-derived stress-induced fragments (tiRNAs) which inhibit protein synthesis and triggers the assembly of stress granules (SGs). Binds to actin on the surface of endothelial cells; once bound, angiogenin is endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus. Stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis including that containing the initiation site sequences of 45S rRNA. Angiogenin induces vascularization of normal and malignant tissues. Angiogenic activity is regulated by interaction with RNH1 in vivo. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle lumen Secreted Nucleus, nucleolus Note=Rapidly endocytosed by target cells and translocated to the nucleus where it accumulates in the nucleolus and binds to DNA (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family.


FUNCTION: GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family (Potential). Binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdInsP3) and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4). Possesses a stoichiometry of two binding sites for InsP4 with identical affinity (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cell membrane Note=Constitutively associated with the plasma membrane. Excluded from the nucleus (By similarity).


FUNCTION: FAD-dependent monooxygenase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of the diterpenoid pyrones higginsianins A and B (PubMed:32286350). The first step of the pathway is the synthesis of the alpha-pyrone moiety by the polyketide synthase dpchA via condensation of one acetyl-CoA starter unit with 3 malonyl-CoA units and 2 methylations (Probable). The alpha-pyrone is then combined with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) formed by the GGPP synthase dpchD through the action of the prenyltransferase dpchC to yield a linear alpha-pyrone diterpenoid (Probable). Subsequent steps in the diterpenoid pyrone biosynthetic pathway involve the decalin core formation, which is initiated by the epoxidation of the C10-C11 olefin by the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase dpchE, and is followed by a cyclization cascade catalyzed by the terpene cyclase dpchB (Probable). The short chain dehydrogenase/reductase dpchG then oxidizes the 8S hydroxy group to a ketone and the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase dpchH reduces the ketone to the 8R hydroxy group to yield higginsianin B (PubMed:32286350). Finally, the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase dpchF converts higginsianin B into higginsianin A (PubMed:32286350). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the paxM FAD-dependent monooxygenase family.


FUNCTION: Competitive antagonist of atrial natriuretic peptide NPR-A receptors. It binds competitively to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors from bovine adrenal cortex and inhibits the ANP-induced intracellular cGMP accumulation in bovine aorta smooth muscle cells. Can also reduce the increase in cGMP produced by ANP or BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in pregnant guinea pig myometrium, but has no effect on relaxation induced by either peptide. Blocks the ANP-induced human sperm acrosome reaction without affecting the acrosomal exocytosis or sperm motility. Also exhibits major and deleterious nonspecific (and even cytotoxic) effects on human fat cells, as it displays noncompetitive antagonism and exerts an inhibitory action on basal and beta-adrenergic receptor-induced lipolytic response. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.


FUNCTION: May regulate the intracellular trafficking of RAN. Promotes guanine nucleotide release from RAN and inhibits binding of new GTP by preventing the binding of the RAN guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1. Regulates the levels of GTP-bound RAN in the nucleus, and thereby plays a role in the regulation of RAN-dependent mitotic spindle dynamics. Enhances the expression of SCN5A at the cell membrane in cardiomyocytes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Cytoplasm Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Note=May shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the MOG1 family.


FUNCTION: May act as a physical homophilic interaction molecule between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) at the mucosal epithelium for providing immunological barrier as a first line of defense against mucosal infection. Plays a role in embryonic stem cells proliferation and differentiation. Up-regulates the expression of FABP5, MYC and cyclins A and E (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Lateral cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Cell junction, tight junction Note=Colocalizes with CLDN7 at the lateral cell membrane and tight junction. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the EPCAM family.


FUNCTION: Probable secreted effector that may act as a pathogen- associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized by the plant immune system. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Necrosis inducing protein (NPP1) family.


FUNCTION: RNA polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA polymerase during DNA replication. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DnaG primase family.


FUNCTION: Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The BCR(KLHL7) complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of substrate proteins. Probably mediates 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Note=Colocalizes with CUL3 in punctate structures at the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor that may be a master gene of CNS development in cooperation with Arnt. It may have pleiotropic effects in the tissues expressed during development. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes one of the two ATP producing reactions in the glycolytic pathway via the reversible conversion of 1,3- diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. In addition to its role as a glycolytic enzyme, it seems that PGK-1 acts as a polymerase alpha cofactor protein (primer recognition protein). May play a role in sperm motility. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.


FUNCTION: May be a regulator of keratinocyte proliferation or differentiation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Accepts the ubiquitin-like proteins sumo1, sumo2 and sumo3 from the uble1a-uble1b E1 complex and catalyzes their covalent attachment to other proteins with the help of an E3 ligase such as ranbp2 or cbx4. Essential for nuclear architecture and chromosome segregation (By similarity). Mediates nuclear localization of vsx1. Required for progression through mitosis during organogenesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.


FUNCTION: Plays a role in cytoskeletal rearrangements during the late wrapping and/or compaction phases of myelinogenesis as well as in maintenance and stability of myelin sheath in the adult. May play an important role in late-stage oligodendroglia maturation, myelin/Ranvier node formation during CNS development, and in the maintenance and plasticity of related structures in the mature CNS (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton.


FUNCTION: NAD-dependent lysine demalonylase, desuccinylase and deglutarylase that specifically removes malonyl, succinyl and glutaryl groups on target proteins. Has weak NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity; however this activity may not be physiologically relevant in vivo. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion Cytoplasm, cytosol Nucleus Note=Mainly mitochondrial. Also present extramitochondrially, with a fraction present in the cytosol and very small amounts also detected in the nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class III subfamily.


FUNCTION: This protein is non-essential for virus function.


FUNCTION: NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases are involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.


FUNCTION: Plays a key role in meiotic progression (PubMed:19686734, PubMed:21079677, PubMed:21478856). Regulates 3 different functions during meiosis: ensures that sufficient numbers of processed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are available for successful homology search by increasing the steady-state numbers of single-stranded DSB ends (PubMed:19686734, PubMed:21079677). Promotes synaptonemal-complex formation independently of its role in homology search (PubMed:19686734, PubMed:21079677). Plays a key role in the male mid- pachytene checkpoint and the female meiotic prophase checkpoint: required for efficient build-up of ATR activity on unsynapsed chromosome regions, a process believed to form the basis of meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC) and meiotic prophase quality control in both sexes (PubMed:21478856). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform 2]: Cytoplasm. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform 1]: Nucleus Chromosome Note=Preferentially localizes to unsynapsed or desynapsed chromosomal regions during the prophase I stage of meiosis (PubMed:19851446, PubMed:19686734, PubMed:27723721). Accumulates on the chromosomes during the leptotene to zygotene stages of meiotic prophase I (PubMed:19851446, PubMed:19686734, PubMed:27723721). As germ cells progress into the pachytene stage, disappears from the synapsed chromosomal regions (PubMed:19851446, PubMed:19686734, PubMed:27723721). Once the chromosomes desynapse during the diplotene stage, it again accumulates on the chromosome axis of the desynapsed homologs (PubMed:19851446, PubMed:19686734, PubMed:27723721). TRIP13 is required for depletion from synapsed chromosomes (PubMed:19851446). The expression of the phosphorylated form at Ser-375 is restricted to unsynapsed chromosomal regions (PubMed:22346761).


FUNCTION: Minor capsid protein that encapsidates the 5'-terminal portion of the viral genome. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion Note=Integral virion tail component. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the closteroviridae minor capsid protein family.


FUNCTION: Photosensitive kinase that is involved in increased bacterial virulence upon exposure to light.


FUNCTION: Inhibitor of DNA replication that promotes cell death in response to DNA damage (PubMed:22927417, PubMed:26658330, PubMed:29395061). Acts as a guardian of the genome by killing cells with defective replication (PubMed:29395061). Persistently blocks stressed replication forks by opening chromatin across replication initiation sites at stressed replication forks, possibly leading to unwind DNA ahead of the MCM helicase and block fork progression, ultimately leading to cell death (PubMed:29395061). Acts independently of ATR (PubMed:29395061). Also acts as an interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral protein which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus protein synthesis (PubMed:23000900). Specifically abrogates the production of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) by acting as a specific inhibitor of the synthesis of retroviruses encoded proteins in a codon-usage-dependent manner (PubMed:23000900). Binds to tRNAs and exploits the unique viral codon bias towards A/T nucleotides (PubMed:23000900). The exact inhibition mechanism is unclear: may either sequester tRNAs, prevent their maturation via post- transcriptional processing or may accelerate their deacylation (PubMed:23000900). Does not inhibit reverse transcription, integration or production and nuclear export of viral RNA (PubMed:23000900). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Chromosome Note=Recruited to stressed replication forks carrying extended RPA filaments (PubMed:29395061). Recruited to DNA damage sites via interaction with RPA1 (PubMed:26658330, PubMed:29395061). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Schlafen family. Subgroup III subfamily.


FUNCTION: Probable lectin that binds selectively to improperly folded lumenal proteins. May function in endoplasmic reticulum quality control and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of both non- glycosylated proteins and glycoproteins (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.


FUNCTION: Plays an essential role in cell growth and maintenance of cell morphology. May mediate the activating cleavage of HGF and MST1/HGFL. Plays a role in the proteolytic processing of ACE2 (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S1 family.


FUNCTION: May act as scaffolding protein, and as adapter protein to couple membrane receptors to intracellular signaling pathways. Acts as a mediator of cell spreading and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. Core component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1. May be involved in signaling of ITGB2/LFA-1 and other integrins. Enhances HGF-MET signaling by recruiting Sos and activating the Ras pathway. Enhances dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivation activity of AR, as well as dexamethasone-induced transactivation activity of NR3C1, but not affect estrogen-induced transactivation. Stabilizes TP73 isoform Alpha, probably by inhibiting its ubiquitination, and increases its proapoptotic activity. Inhibits the kinase activity of DYRK1A and DYRK1B. Inhibits FMR1 binding to RNA. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Nucleus Note=Predominantly cytoplasmic (PubMed:18710924). A phosphorylated form is associated with the plasma membrane (By similarity). Perinuclear in spermatids (PubMed:14648869). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RANBP9/10 family.


FUNCTION: Specific class of high-redox-potential 4Fe-4S ferredoxins. Functions in anaerobic electron transport in most purple and in some other photosynthetic bacteria and in at least one genus (Paracoccus) of halophilic, denitrifying bacteria. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the high-potential iron-sulfur protein (HiPIP) family.


FUNCTION: Not yet known. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the adenoviridae E3A-2 family.


FUNCTION: May be involved in a signaling pathway during male germ cell development or mature sperm function. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family.


FUNCTION: Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. An RNase. The cognate antitoxin is VapB45.


FUNCTION: Folate-binding protein involved in regulating the level of ATP-DnaA and in the modification of some tRNAs. It is probably a key factor in regulatory networks that act via tRNA modification, such as initiation of chromosomal replication. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the tRNA-modifying YgfZ family.


FUNCTION: GPI-linked hyphal surface heme-binding protein involved in heme-iron utilization (PubMed:15306022, PubMed:17042757, PubMed:18466294, PubMed:21205162, PubMed:25275454, PubMed:27617569). Heme transfer occurs between PGA7, RBT5 and CSA2 supporting a model in which the 3 CFEM proteins cooperate in a heme-acquisition system and form a cross-cell wall heme-transfer cascade (PubMed:15306022, PubMed:17042757, PubMed:18466294, PubMed:21205162, PubMed:25275454, PubMed:27617569). The ability to acquire iron from host tissues is a major virulence factor of pathogenic microorganisms. Required for biofilm formation (PubMed:15306022, PubMed:17042757, PubMed:18466294, PubMed:21205162, PubMed:25275454). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, cell wall Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor Note=Found anchored in the cell membrane as well as a covalently-linked GPI- modified cell wall protein (GPI-CWP). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RBT5 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.


FUNCTION: Component of E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme, like UBC3/CDC34, to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate. Component of the rik1-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that shows ubiquitin ligase activity and is required for histone H3K9 methylation. H3K9me represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting swi6/HP1 to methylated histones which leads to transcriptional silencing within centromeric heterochromatin, telomeric regions and at the silent mating-type loci. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit (By similarity). FUNCTION: Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.


FUNCTION: Acts as a ventralizing factor during embryogenesis. Inhibits axin-mediated JNK activation by binding axin and disrupting axin homodimerization. This in turn antagonizes a Wnt/beta-catenin- independent dorsalization pathway activated by axin/JNK-signaling (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AIDA family.


FUNCTION: One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface and is required for correct PSII assembly and/or dimerization. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cellular thylakoid membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PsbL family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the heme biosynthesis. Catalyzes the aerobic oxidative decarboxylation of propionate groups of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen-III to yield the vinyl groups in protoporphyrinogen- IX (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.


FUNCTION: In the hair cortex, hair keratin intermediate filaments are embedded in an interfilamentous matrix, consisting of hair keratin- associated proteins (KRTAP), which are essential for the formation of a rigid and resistant hair shaft through their extensive disulfide bond cross-linking with abundant cysteine residues of hair keratins. The matrix proteins include the high-sulfur and high-glycine-tyrosine keratins. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the KRTAP type 10 family.


FUNCTION: Binds to the long stretches of ssDNA of the viral DNA replication intermediates created during the protein-primed mechanism of replication of the viral genome and attaches the viral DNA to the membrane of the infected cells. Required for the redistribution of replicating viral DNA from the initial replication site to membrane- associated sites surrounding the nucleoid. Required for the second pull step of DNA ejection. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Host cell membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phi29likevirus gp16.7 family.


FUNCTION: Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Subunits 1-3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex. Co I is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Electrons originating in cytochrome c or a quinol are transferred to the bimetallic center formed by a high-spin heme and copper B. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the site-selective attachment of phycocyanobilin (PCB) to 'Cys-82' in CpcB and 'Cys-83' in PecB. Also able to add PCB to ApcA1, ApcA2, ApcB, ApcD and ApcF, but not PecA. In vitro can be made to add phycoerythrobilin, a non-physiological substrate, to its target proteins (using genes from Fremyella diplosiphon PCC 7601). Binds PCB extremely rapidly, followed by a much slower phase of PCB transfer to the apo-acceptor protein. This suggests that the lyase has a chaperone- like function, and may serve to regulate the manner (possibly the conformation) in which the chromophore is attached to its target rather than to accelerate the rate. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CpcS/CpeS biliprotein lyase family.


FUNCTION: Contributes to protect fish blood from freezing at subzero sea water temperatures. Lowers the blood freezing point. Binds to nascent ice crystals and prevents further growth (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the type-III AFP family.


FUNCTION: Component of the BUR kinase complex involved in transcription regulation. This complex phosphorylates the UBC2/RAD6 ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme (E2), leading to monoubiquitination of histone H2B and the silencing of telomeric-associated genes. Also required for histone H3 methylation. Necessary for the recovery from pheromone- induced growth arrest in the cell cycle G1 phase. The kinase activity of the complex requires the presence of BUR2. Overexpression of BUR2 interferes with mitotic chromosome segregation (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. Can be blocked by extracellular barium and cesium (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Postsynaptic cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane. Note=TAX1BP3 binding promotes dissociation of KCNJ4 from LIN7 family members and KCNJ4 internalization. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ4 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate into glycolate and glycerate, respectively. Can also reduce 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate (25DKG) to 5-keto-D-gluconate (5KDG), 2- keto-D-gluconate (2KDG) to D-gluconate, and 2-keto-L-gulonate (2KLG) to L-idonate (IA), but it is not its physiological function. Inactive towards 2-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, 5-keto-D-gluconate, D- fructose and L-sorbose. Activity with NAD is very low. FUNCTION: Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate into glycolate and glycerate, respectively. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. GhrB subfamily. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. GhrB subfamily.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cell cortex Note=Mainly localized under the plasma membrane.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from trimethylamine to the corrinoid cofactor of MttC. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the trimethylamine methyltransferase family.


FUNCTION: Required for the correct formation of lens intermediate filaments as part of a complex composed of BFSP1, BFSP2 and CRYAA (By similarity). Plays a role in maintenance of retinal lens optical clarity (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Cytoplasm, cell cortex Note=Expressed primarily at the plasma membrane in peripheral lens fiber cells, however also localizes to the cytoplasm in mature lens fiber cells. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the intermediate filament family.


FUNCTION: Methylates (mono- and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in proteins. May methylate histone H3 at 'Arg-17' and activate transcription via chromatin remodeling (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family.


FUNCTION: Uses inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) as a donor to convert ADP to ATP. Can also convert GDP to GTP, with lower efficiency. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) family. Class I subfamily.


FUNCTION: This oxacillinase hydrolyzes methicillin. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-D beta-lactamase family.


FUNCTION: Peptidoglycan polymerase that is essential for cell division. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Note=Localizes to the division septum. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SEDS family. FtsW subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FAM229 family.


FUNCTION: During cellular differentiation, may mediate an extracellular cyclic AMP stimulated signal transduction pathway that regulates prespore and prestalk B-cell proportions through inhibition of stalk cell formation and induction of prespore cell differentiation. The cAMP receptor carC appears to activate gskA via the tyrosine kinases zakA and zak2, to stimulate prespore differentiation, while carD appears to negatively regulate gskA, to promote prestalk formation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Paracrine hormone primarily responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy. Interacts with endometrial receptors, probably type I interferon receptors, and blocks estrogen receptor expression, preventing the estrogen-induced increase in oxytocin receptor expression in the endometrium. This results in the suppression of the pulsatile endometrial release of the luteolytic hormone prostaglandin F2-alpha, hindering the regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis) and therefore a return to ovarian cyclicity. This, and a possible direct effect of IFN-tau on prostaglandin synthesis, leads in turn to continued ovarian progesterone secretion, which stimulates the secretion by the endometrium of the nutrients required for the growth of the conceptus. In summary, displays particularly high antiviral and antiproliferative potency concurrently with particular weak cytotoxicity, high antiluteolytic activity and immunomodulatory properties. In contrast with other IFNs, IFN-tau is not virally inducible. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. Note=Secreted into the uterine lumen. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family. IFN-alphaII subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 10 (cellulase F) family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the plant self-incompatibility (S1) protein family.


FUNCTION: RNA polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA polymerase during DNA replication. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the archaeal DnaG primase family.


FUNCTION: Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism (PubMed:17307971, PubMed:17712357). In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation (PubMed:17307971, PubMed:17712357). AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators (PubMed:17307971, PubMed:17712357). Regulates lipid synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating lipid metabolic enzymes such as ACACA, ACACB, GYS1, HMGCR and LIPE; regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA and ACACB) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) enzymes, respectively (By similarity). Promotes lipolysis of lipid droplets by mediating phosphorylation of isoform 1 of CHKA (CHKalpha2) (PubMed:34077757). Regulates insulin-signaling and glycolysis by phosphorylating IRS1, PFKFB2 and PFKFB3 (By similarity). AMPK stimulates glucose uptake in muscle by increasing the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, possibly by mediating phosphorylation of TBC1D4/AS160 (By similarity). Regulates transcription and chromatin structure by phosphorylating transcription regulators involved in energy metabolism such as CRTC2/TORC2, FOXO3, histone H2B, HDAC5, MEF2C, MLXIPL/ChREBP, EP300, HNF4A, p53/TP53, SREBF1, SREBF2 and PPARGC1A (PubMed:11554766, PubMed:11518699, PubMed:15866171, PubMed:17711846, PubMed:18184930). Acts as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver by phosphorylating CRTC2/TORC2, leading to CRTC2/TORC2 sequestration in the cytoplasm (By similarity). In response to stress, phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of histone H2B (H2BS36ph), leading to promote transcription (By similarity). Acts as a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation by phosphorylating TSC2, RPTOR and ATG1/ULK1: in response to nutrient limitation, negatively regulates the mTORC1 complex by phosphorylating RPTOR component of the mTORC1 complex and by phosphorylating and activating TSC2 (PubMed:14651849, PubMed:18439900, PubMed:20160076, PubMed:21205641). In response to nutrient limitation, promotes autophagy by phosphorylating and activating ATG1/ULK1 (PubMed:21205641). In that process also activates WDR45/WIPI4 (PubMed:28561066). Phosphorylates CASP6, thereby preventing its autoprocessing and subsequent activation (PubMed:32029622). In response to nutrient limitation, phosphorylates transcription factor FOXO3 promoting FOXO3 mitochondrial import (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin (PubMed:17486097). AMPK also acts as a regulator of circadian rhythm by mediating phosphorylation of CRY1, leading to destabilize it (By similarity). May regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by phosphorylating CTNNB1, leading to stabilize it (By similarity). Also has tau-protein kinase activity: in response to amyloid beta A4 protein (APP) exposure, activated by CAMKK2, leading to phosphorylation of MAPT/TAU; however the relevance of such data remains unclear in vivo (By similarity). Also phosphorylates CFTR, EEF2K, KLC1, NOS3 and SLC12A1 (PubMed:20074060, PubMed:12519745). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Note=In response to stress, recruited by p53/TP53 to specific promoters. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Signal-recognition-particle assembly has a crucial role in targeting secretory proteins to the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane. It must be involved intimately in the translocation of a wide variety of protein substrates (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SRP19 family.


FUNCTION: Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Note=Shuttles between the nucleus/nucleolus and the cytoplasm in a XPO1/CRM1-dependent manner. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NMD3 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane, clathrin-coated pit Golgi apparatus Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicle Note=Colocalized with clathrin in the Golgi area.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor that binds to the E box motif 5'-CACGTG- 3', probably in a heterodimeric complex with mxl-2 (PubMed:17826759). Involved in modulating longevity in response to TOR signaling, dietary restriction, the decline in protein homeostasis associated with normal aging, germline signaling and the insulin-like signaling pathway (PubMed:24699255, PubMed:27001890). Plays a role in autophagy (PubMed:27001890). Involved in regulating migration of the ray 1 precursor cells in the male tail, acting in concert with Wnt and semaphorin signaling pathways (PubMed:17826759). Regulates transcription of genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) components which may contribute to the substratum required for migration of the neighboring ray 1 precursor cells (PubMed:17826759). Involved in repressing infection by the microsporidian pathogen N.parisii, probably acting independently of its canonical partner, mxl-2 (PubMed:27402359). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Note=Nuclear localization is promoted by conditions of dietary restriction or reduced insulin- like/IGF-1 signaling in a pha-4-dependent manner.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CTP synthase family.


FUNCTION: K(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes potassium in exchange for external protons and maintains the internal concentration of potassium under toxic levels. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family. NhaP2 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Regulates centrosome duplication, probably by inhibiting the kinase activity of ROCK2. Proposed to act as co-chaperone for HSP90. May play a role in the regulation of NOD1 via a HSP90 chaperone complex. In vitro, has intrinsic chaperone activity. This function may be achieved by inhibiting association of ROCK2 with NPM1. Plays a role in ensuring the localization of the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR to the plasma membrane, and thus ensures the subsequent regulation of EGFR activity and EGF-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling (By similarity). Involved in stress response. Prevents tumorigenesis (By similarity).


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the MAP7 family.


FUNCTION: Probable substrate receptor of CRL4 E3 ligase complexes acting as negative regulators of thermotolerance by disturbing the action of HSP90-1 and by preventing the expression of heat-inducible genes (e.g. HSP14.7, HSP21, At2g03020 and WRKY28). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.


FUNCTION: Adapter protein which associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated growth factor receptors or their cellular substrates. Maintains low levels of EIF2S1 phosphorylation by promoting its dephosphorylation by PP1. Plays a role in ELK1-dependent transcriptional activation in response to activated Ras signaling. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor binding AP-1 sites (By similarity). Heterodimerizes with proteins of the FOS family to form an AP-1 transcription factor complex, thereby enhancing its DNA binding activity to an AP-1 consensus sequence 3'-TGA[GC]TCA-5' and enhancing its transcriptional activity (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bZIP family. Jun subfamily.


FUNCTION: ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Required for the processing and cleavage of 35S pre-rRNA at sites A0, A1, and A2, leading to mature 18S rRNA. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus, nucleolus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: May play the central regulatory role in sporulation. It may be an element of the effector pathway responsible for the activation of sporulation genes in response to nutritional stress. Spo0A may act in concert with spo0H (a sigma factor) to control the expression of some genes that are critical to the sporulation process (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: Negatively regulates Toll-like receptor-mediated NF-kappa-B signaling by disrupting IKK core complex formation through interaction with IKBKB. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PRAME family. LRRC14 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Pollen tube attractants guiding pollen tubes to the ovular micropyle (PubMed:23271953, PubMed:29109411). Attracts specifically pollen tubes from A.thaliana, but not those from A.lyrata (PubMed:23271953). Triggers endocytosis of MDIS1 in the pollen tube tip (PubMed:26863186). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Note=found at the micropylar end of the female gametophyte, possibly at the filiform apparatus of the synergid cell. Difuses to the surface of the funiculus of the ovule through the micropyle. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DEFL family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the complex heterocyclic radical-mediated conversion of 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (CPH4) to 7-carboxy-7- deazaguanine (CDG), a step common to the biosynthetic pathways of all 7-deazapurine-containing compounds. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. 7-carboxy-7- deazaguanine synthase family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.


FUNCTION: Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein- decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia axoneme, which is required for motile cilia beating (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cilium axoneme. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NDK family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.


FUNCTION: Probable regulatory subunit of the calcium activated potassium KCNMA1 (maxiK) channel that modulates the calcium sensitivity and gating kinetics of KCNMA1, thereby contributing to KCNMA1 channel diversity. Increases the apparent Ca(2+)/voltage sensitivity of the KCNMA1 channel (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the KCNMB (TC 8.A.14.1) family. KCNMB1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Facilitates L-arginine uptake, as part of the AaxABC system. The arginine uptake by the bacterium in the macrophage may be a virulence factor against the host innate immune response (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell outer membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the OprB family.


FUNCTION: Cooperates with LY96 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins and other microbial cell wall components. Cooperates with TLR1 or TLR6 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins or lipopeptides. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response (By similarity). May also promote apoptosis in response to lipoproteins. Forms activation clusters composed of several receptors depending on the ligand, these clusters trigger signaling from the cell surface and subsequently are targeted to the Golgi in a lipid-raft dependent pathway. Forms the cluster TLR2:TLR6:CD14:CD36 in response to diacylated lipopeptides and TLR2:TLR1:CD14 in response to triacylated lipopeptides (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single- pass type I membrane protein Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Membrane raft Note=Does not reside in lipid rafts before stimulation but accumulates increasingly in the raft upon the presence of the microbial ligand. In response to diacylated lipoproteins, TLR2:TLR6 heterodimers are recruited in lipid rafts, this recruitment determine the intracellular targeting to the Golgi apparatus. Triacylated lipoproteins induce the same mechanism for TLR2:TLR1 heterodimers. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.


FUNCTION: Converts molybdopterin precursor Z into molybdopterin. This requires the incorporation of two sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. The sulfur is provided by MoaD (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the MoaE family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent cleavage of saccharopine to L- lysine and 2-oxoglutarate, the final step in the alpha-aminoadipate (AAA) pathway for lysin biosynthesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Peroxisome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AlaDH/PNT family.


FUNCTION: May be necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Also involved in the deacetylation of non-histone proteins. In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Chromosome Cytoplasm Note=Excluded from the nucleoli. Found in the cytoplasm of cells showing smooth muscle differentiation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: RNA-binding protein that mediates pre-mRNA alternative splicing regulation. Plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Positive regulator of EPO-dependent erythropoiesis. Participates in cell differentiation regulation by repressing tissue-specific exons. Promotes FAS exon 6 skipping. Binds RNA, preferentially to both poly(G) and poly(U).


FUNCTION: Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which may activate RAB3A, a GTPase that regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting inactive GDP-bound Rab proteins into their active GTP-bound form. May also activate RAB8A and RAB8B (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SEC2 family.


FUNCTION: Part of the ABC transporter complex BtuCDF involved in vitamin B12 import. Involved in the translocation of the substrate across the membrane (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the binding-protein-dependent transport system permease family. FecCD subfamily.


FUNCTION: Serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in M phase by acting as a regulator of mitosis entry and maintenance. Acts by promoting the inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during M phase: does not directly inhibit PP2A but acts by mediating phosphorylation and subsequent activation of arpp19 and ensa at 'Ser- 62' and 'Ser-74', respectively. ARPP19 and ENSA are phosphatase inhibitors that specifically inhibit the ppp2r2d (PR55-delta) subunit of PP2A. Inactivation of PP2A during M phase is essential to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high. Following DNA damage, it is also involved in checkpoint recovery by being inhibited (By similarity). May be involved in megakaryocyte differentiation (PubMed:19460416). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome Nucleus Cleavage furrow Note=During interphase is mainly nuclear, upon nuclear envelope breakdown localizes at the cytoplasm and during mitosis at the centrosomes (By similarity). Upon mitotic exit moves to the cleavage furrow. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.


FUNCTION: RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D- ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RuBisCO large chain family. Type II subfamily.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor that regulates the expression of the hps1-dma1 gene cluster that probably mediates the biosynthesis a derivative of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) (Probable). Further studies are required to whether the CPA-like hps1-dma1 cluster is functional or a non-functional relic reflecting evolution of D.septosporum (Probable). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Part of a complex that catalyzes the formation of methyl- coenzyme M and tetrahydromethanopterin from coenzyme M and methyl- tetrahydromethanopterin. This is an energy-conserving, sodium-ion translocating step. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the MtrG family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.


FUNCTION: Dioxygenase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of swainsonine (SW), a cytotoxic fungal alkaloid and a potential cancer therapy drug (PubMed:28381497, PubMed:32786262). Swainsonine production occurs via a multibranched pathway and is dispensable for fungal colonization of plants and infection of insect hosts (PubMed:32786262). The first step of swainsonine biosynthesis is the production of the precursor pipecolic acid (PA) via conversion of L-lysine (Lys) to 1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C) by the aminotransferase swnA, the latter being further reduced to PA by the reductase swnR (PubMed:32786262). PA can be converted from lysine by both the SW biosynthetic cluster and the unclustered genes such as lysine cyclodeaminase (PubMed:32786262). The PKS-NRPS hybrid synthetase swnK uptakes and condensates PA and malonyl-CoA with and without skipping of the ketoreductase (KR) domain in order to produce 3 intermediates, 1-oxoindolizidine, (1S)-1-hydroxyindolizin, and (1R)-1- hydroxyindolizine; with the transisomer (1S)-1-hydroxyindolizin being predominant (PubMed:32786262). The terminal thioester reductase (TE) domain of swnK is involved in reduction of the thioester bond to release the intermediate aldehydes (PubMed:32786262). The oxidoreductase swnN could contribute to the reduction of 1- oxoindolizidine to (1S)-1-hydroxyindolizin and (1R)-1- hydroxyindolizine, contributing to the major route of SW production (Probable). The dioxygenase swnH2 would be responsible for the oxidization of (1R)-1-hydroxyindolizine into (1R,2S)-1,2- dihydroxyindolizine and of (1S)-1-hydroxyindolizin to yield both (1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxyindolizine and (1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxyindolizine (PubMed:32786262). The dioxygenase swnH1 then performs the conversion of the 1,2-dihydroxyindolizine epimers to SW (PubMed:32786262). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PhyH family.


FUNCTION: Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that plays a role in the elongation of specific branch structures of multiantennary N- glycans. Has strong activity towards tetraantennary N-glycans and 2,6 triantennary glycans. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Golgi apparatus membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.


FUNCTION: Probable ligand of the IGFLR1 cell membrane receptor. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the IGFL family.


FUNCTION: Suppresses strongly the sweet taste responses in the rat with high specificity to sucrose, glucose, glycine, and saccharin. This effect is reversible, but complete recovery of the suppressed responses required at least 3h. Gurmarin showed no effect or only a very weak effect on the sweet taste sensation in humans.


FUNCTION: Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, which is involved in the assembly of the PIC (preinitiation complex) during RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription. The rate of PIC formation probably is primarily dependent on the rate of association of SL1/TIF-IB with the rDNA promoter. SL1/TIF-IB is involved in stabilization of nucleolar transcription factor 1/UBTF on rDNA. Formation of SL1/TIF-IB excludes the association of TBP with TFIID subunits (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Transfers mannosyl residues to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Endoplasmic reticulum. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TMTC family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the dehydration of dTDP-D-glucose to form dTDP-6- deoxy-D-xylo-4-hexulose via a three-step process involving oxidation, dehydration and reduction. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. dTDP-glucose dehydratase subfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in abscisic acid transport. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton- dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.


FUNCTION: Participates in the detoxification of a plethora of hydrazine and arylamine drugs. Acetylates both arylamines and arylalkylamines. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the arylamine N-acetyltransferase family.


FUNCTION: The beta subunit (this protein) generates CO from CO(2), while the alpha subunit combines the CO with CoA and a methyl group to form acetyl-CoA. The methyl group, which is incorporated into acetyl- CoA, is transferred to the alpha subunit by a corrinoid iron-sulfur protein.


FUNCTION: May play an important role in neural, kidney and vascular development. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix.


FUNCTION: Nitric oxide-sensitive repressor of genes involved in protecting the cell against nitrosative stress. May require iron for activity.


FUNCTION: Converts 2-succinylbenzoate (OSB) to 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA (OSB-CoA). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. MenE subfamily.


FUNCTION: HflC and HflK could encode or regulate a protease. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. HflK subfamily.


FUNCTION: Key regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway that mediates lipid modification of Wnt proteins (PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750). Acts as a protein-serine O-palmitoleoyltransferase that catalyzes the attachment of palmitoleate, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1(9Z)), to Wnt proteins (By similarity). Serine palmitoleoylation of WNT proteins is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors (By similarity). Has a role in cell specification, specifically in blastomere signaling (PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750). Involved in cytosketetal polarity (PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750). Required for the orientation of mitotic spindle axis (PubMed:9288749, PubMed:10444600, PubMed:15020416, PubMed:9288750). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Porcupine subfamily.


FUNCTION: Responsible for the provision of inositol required for synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in the phospholipid modification of the capsular polysaccharide, a strong requirement for its translocation to the cell surface. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'- ATTTGCAT-3') and activates the promoters of the genes of some small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and histone H2B (PubMed:2017364). In vitro does not bind to variant octamer sequences, such as the H2B octamer 5'- GTTTGCAT-3', although binding has been observed in vivo during early embryogenesis, suggesting that interactions between pou2f1 and other factors might be required for octamer-dependent H2B transcription (PubMed:1990276, PubMed:2017364, PubMed:1406629). Acts downstream of Notch signaling during radial glia formation (PubMed:18241856). May be important for gastrulation, possibly through the regulation of an FGF- type signaling pathway (PubMed:7542467). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Note=Retained in the cytoplasm during early development, then gradually translocates to the nucleus around the mid-blastula transition (MBT). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-2 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Not known. Probably involved in quinate metabolism. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.


FUNCTION: Blocks the elongation and depolymerization of the actin filaments at the pointed end. The Tmod/TM complex contributes to the formation of the short actin protofilament, which in turn defines the geometry of the membrane skeleton (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Note=In myofibrils with sarcomeric structure, localizes to the pointed end of actin thin filaments. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the tropomodulin family.


FUNCTION: Transcriptional repressor that is an essential upstream regulator of neural crest determination and mesoderm induction. Functions by recruiting the transcriptional corepressor tle4. Also acts in a negative auto-regulator loop by inhibiting the transcription of its own gene. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glucagon family.


FUNCTION: Component of the adaptor complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration. AP50 is a subunit of the plasma membrane adaptor. The complex binds polyphosphoinositide- containing lipids (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane. Membrane, coated pit; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Note=Component of the coat surrounding the cytoplasmic face of coated vesicles in the plasma membrane. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.


FUNCTION: May be involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death pathway. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TMEM117 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the oxydation of D-erythritol 1-phosphate to D- erythrulose 1-phosphate. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.


FUNCTION: Inactive kinase that suppresses ERK activity by promoting phosphatase activity of DUSP3 which specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK in the nucleus. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. VRK subfamily.


FUNCTION: ATP-dependent chaperone, which plays an essential role in the cytoplasmic maturation steps of pre-60S ribosomal particles by promoting the release of shuttling protein RSL24D1/RLP24 from the pre- ribosomal particles (PubMed:35354024). Acts together with AFG2A, AIRIM and CINP (PubMed:35354024). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. AFG2 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Transcriptional coactivator for CREB1 which activates transcription through both consensus and variant cAMP response element (CRE) sites. Acts as a coactivator, in the SIK/TORC signaling pathway, being active when dephosphorylated and acts independently of CREB1 'Ser-133' phosphorylation. Enhances the interaction of CREB1 with TAF4. Regulates the expression of specific CREB-activated genes such as the steroidogenic gene, StAR. Potent coactivator of PGC1alpha and inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells (By similarity). In the hippocampus, involved in late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) maintenance at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. May be required for dendritic growth of developing cortical neurons. In concert with SIK1, regulates the light-induced entrainment of the circadian clock. In response to light stimulus, coactivates the CREB-mediated transcription of PER1 which plays an important role in the photic entrainment of the circadian clock (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Note=Cytoplasmic when phosphorylated by SIK or AMPK and when sequestered by 14-3-3 proteins. Translocated to the nucleus on Ser-151 dephosphorylation, instigated by a number of factors including calcium ion and cAMP levels. Light stimulation triggers a nuclear accumulation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TORC family.


FUNCTION: Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F- actin) and binds to actin monomers (By similarity). Involved in innate immunity. Required for the expression of defense-related genes PR1A, LOX2 and CHS1 upon biotic stresses. Required for basal resistance to the fungal blast (Magnaporthe grisea), bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo) and the herbivorous insect brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH). Involved in the promotion of seed germination. Required for the expression of alpha-amylase genes during seed germination (PubMed:24033867). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.


FUNCTION: Constitutive protein of the cell wall. Binds fatty acids and may thus serve as a fatty acid transporter between P.marneffei and host cells during infection (PubMed:20053994). Abundant antigen target of host humoral immune response (PubMed:9488383). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, cell wall Note=Associated with the entire thickness of the cell walls of yeast and conidia found in mold form. Localizes on the outer layers of the hyphal cell walls. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cell wall mannoprotein 1 family.


FUNCTION: Is involved in the biosynthesis of trehalose but not in that of capsular glucan and glycogen. FUNCTION: Is involved in the biosynthesis of trehalose but not in that of capsular glucan and glycogen. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes both the ATP-dependent activation of exogenously supplied lipoate to lipoyl-AMP and the transfer of the activated lipoyl onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the LplA family.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor that behaves as a negative regulator of adhesion. Recognizes specifically the canonical CSL response element GTGA/GGAA. May also play a cbf12-antagonistic role in the regulation of a number of other important processes such as extracellular material production, colony morphogenesis, ploidy maintenance, or meiosis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Su(H) family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. Note=Secreted as part of the seminal fluid transferred to females. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.


FUNCTION: Essential role in pre-mRNA splicing. Required in cell cycle progression for S/G(2) transition (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DIM1 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal stress protein A family.


FUNCTION: Together with AlgJ and AlgF, forms an inner membrane complex which probably interacts with the alginate polymerization-transport complex and adds acetyl groups at the O-2 and O-3 positions of mannuronate residues. Acetylation of alginate is important for the architecture of biofilms and increases the ability of alginate to act as a defense barrier (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family.


FUNCTION: Acts as a global negative controlling element, employing Fe(2+) as a cofactor to bind the operator of the repressed genes. Regulates the expression of the fbp protein. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Fur family.


FUNCTION: NDH-1 shuttles electrons from an unknown electron donor, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the respiratory and/or the photosynthetic chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the complex I NdhL subunit family.


FUNCTION: [Isoform 2]: Does not bind NGF, BDNF, NTF3, and NTF4. FUNCTION: Low affinity neurotrophin receptor which can bind to mature NGF, BDNF, NTF3, and NTF4 (PubMed:11559852, PubMed:1317267). Forms a heterodimeric receptor with SORCS2 that binds the precursor forms of NGF (proNGF), BDNF (proBDNF) and NTF3 (proNT3) with high affinity, and has much lower affinity for mature NGF and BDNF (PubMed:22155786, PubMed:24908487, PubMed:27457814). Plays an important role in differentiation and survival of specific neuronal populations during development (PubMed:1317267, PubMed:11559852). Can mediate cell survival as well as cell death of neural cells (PubMed:1317267, PubMed:11559852, PubMed:24908487). The heterodimeric receptor formed with SORCS2 plays a role in proBDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity, in hippocampal long term depression (LTD) and long term potentiation (LTP) (PubMed:27457814). Plays a role in the inactivation of RHOA (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of the translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface in adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells in response to insulin, probably by regulating RAB31 activity, and thereby contributes to the regulation of insulin-dependent glucose uptake (PubMed:22460790). Necessary for the circadian oscillation of the clock genes BMAL1, PER1, PER2 and NR1D1 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain and in liver and of the genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver (PubMed:23785138). FUNCTION: (Microbial infection) Cell surface receptor for rabies virus glycoprotein Gs. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Perikaryon Cell projection, growth cone Cell projection, dendritic spine.


FUNCTION: Probable toxic component of a putative type VII toxin- antitoxin (TA) system, probably an RNase. Probably neutralized by cognate antitoxin MA_102. Neutralization may be due to AMPylation by MA_102. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HepT RNase toxin family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the transfer of a two-carbon ketol group from a ketose donor to an aldose acceptor, via a covalent intermediate with the cofactor thiamine pyrophosphate. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the transketolase family.


FUNCTION: Regulates the morphogenesis and endocytosis of caveolae (By similarity). Lipid-binding protein that is able to promote the tubulation of the phosphatidic acid-containing membranes it preferentially binds. Plays a role in intracellular vesicle-mediated transport. Involved in the endocytosis of cell-surface receptors like the EGF receptor, contributing to its internalization in the absence of EGF stimulus. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane Cytoplasmic vesicle Cell projection, ruffle membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Early endosome Recycling endosome membrane Cell projection, ruffle membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Cell projection Membrane, caveola Note=Detected at the neck of flask- shaped caveolae. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PACSIN family.


FUNCTION: Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome. Pericentriolar matrix component that regulates alpha/beta chain minus-end nucleation, centrosome duplication and spindle formation (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the tubulin family.


FUNCTION: Antiporter specific for GDP-l-fucose and depending on the concomitant reverse transport of GMP. Involved in GDP-fucose import from the cytoplasm into the Golgi lumen. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Golgi apparatus membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35C subfamily.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the synthesis of 5,6-dihydrouridine (D), a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs, via the reduction of the C5-C6 double bond in target uridines. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Dus family.


FUNCTION: Component of the plastid division machinery required for PDV1 localization to constriction sites. Involved in chloroplast division site placement (PubMed:28984364, PubMed:23936263). Required for the proper formation of FtsZ rings at the division site in nongreen plastids (e.g. etioplasts) (PubMed:23936263). Inhibits FtsZ assembly, functioning as an antagonistic regulator of FtsZ dynamics against ARC6, by recruiting ARC3 to the middle of the plastid to facilitates its interaction with FtsZ proteins (PubMed:26527658, PubMed:30824505). Required during stromule biogenesis in the leaf epidermis, especially in non-mesophyll cells plastids (PubMed:28984364). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast inner membrane; Single-pass membrane protein Note=Localizes both to the mid-plastid and to a single spot at one pole.


FUNCTION: RNA-binding protein which binds to its own mRNA and target mRNAs to negatively regulate gene expression to modulate apoptosis and differentiation in the germline (PubMed:30728462). Negatively regulates the expression of the argonaute protein wago-4, and may thus play a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) in the germline (PubMed:30728462). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, perinuclear region.


FUNCTION: Involved in the synthesis of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) which is secreted by bacteria and is used to communicate both the cell density and the metabolic potential of the environment. The regulation of gene expression in response to changes in cell density is called quorum sensing. Catalyzes the transformation of S-ribosylhomocysteine (RHC) to homocysteine (HC) and 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentadione (DPD). FUNCTION: Involved in the synthesis of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) which is secreted by bacteria and is used to communicate both the cell density and the metabolic potential of the environment. The regulation of gene expression in response to changes in cell density is called quorum sensing. Catalyzes the transformation of S-ribosylhomocysteine (RHC) to homocysteine (HC) and 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentadione (DPD). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the LuxS family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the LuxS family.


FUNCTION: Metalloprotease essential for chloroplast and plant development. May be involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase M50A family.


FUNCTION: Functions both as a chitinase and as a N-acetyl-D-glucosamine binding lectin. Inhibits the growth of several phytopathogenic chitin- containing fungi. Possesses also insecticidal activity and superantigenic properties.


FUNCTION: Involved in the conversion of sterigmatocystin to O- methylsterigmatocystin (OMST) and dihydrosterigmatocystin to dihydro-o- methylsterigmatocystin in the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family. COMT subfamily.


FUNCTION: GTP-binding protein that functions in the development of root systems, which are mediated by auxin. Acts as a cell cycle regulator during root development. Proteasome-mediated degradation of the protein is necessary for the transition of metaphase to anaphase in mitosis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Note=During mitosis, associates with mitotic spindles. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FPF1 family.


FUNCTION: Acts as an adapter protein downstream of several growth factor receptors to promote cell proliferation, migration, and redistribution of actin fibers (PubMed:12517963). Specifically involved in INS/insulin signaling pathway by mediating MAPK1/ERK2-MAPK3/ERK1 activation and DNA synthesis (By similarity). Promotes insulin-mediated membrane ruffling (By similarity). In response to vasoconstrictor peptide EDN1, involved in the activation of RAP1 downstream of PTK2B via interaction with phosphorylated BCAR1 (PubMed:10896938). Inhibits cell migration and invasion via regulation of TGFB-mediated matrix digestion, actin filament rearrangement, and inhibition of invadopodia activity (PubMed:25499443). May inhibit TGFB-SMAD signaling, via facilitating BCAR1 and SMAD2 and/or SMAD3 interaction (PubMed:25499443). Regulates EGF-induced DNA synthesis (By similarity). Required for the maintenance of ocular lens morphology and structural integrity, potentially via regulation of focal adhesion complex signaling (PubMed:19365570). Acts upstream of PTPRA to regulate the localization of BCAR1 and PTPRA to focal adhesions, via regulation of SRC-mediated phosphorylation of PTPRA (PubMed:22801373). Positively regulates integrin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of BCAR1 (PubMed:22801373). Acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for small GTPases RALA, RAP1A and RRAS (PubMed:10896938). However, in a contrasting study, lacks GEF activity towards RAP1 (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cell junction, focal adhesion Note=Localization to focal adhesions depends on interaction with PTPRA.


FUNCTION: Component of the deuterosome, a structure that promotes de novo centriole amplification in multiciliated cells that can generate more than 100 centrioles. Deuterosome-mediated centriole amplification occurs in terminally differentiated multiciliated cells (G1/0) and not in S phase. Essential for centriole amplification and is required for CEP152 localization to the deuterosome (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome, centriole Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Cell membrane, sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic reticulum Note=Localizes to centrioles and deuterosome. Found primarily in the perinuclear region as well as along the sarcolemmal membrane and in reticular pattern within the sarcoplasm (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CCDC78 family.


FUNCTION: Forms a receptor signaling complex with TYROBP/DAP12 which mediates activation of macrophages as part of the innate immune response. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.


FUNCTION: Involved in the degradation of certain denaturated proteins, including DnaA, during heat shock stress. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HspQ family.


FUNCTION: Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts, such as antisense RNA species and promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cytoplasm. The RNA exosome may be involved in Ig class switch recombination (CSR) and/or Ig variable region somatic hypermutation (SHM) by targeting AICDA deamination activity to transcribed dsDNA substrates. In the cytoplasm, the RNA exosome complex is involved in general mRNA turnover and specifically degrades inherently unstable mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) within their 3' untranslated regions, and in RNA surveillance pathways, preventing translation of aberrant mRNAs. It seems to be involved in degradation of histone mRNA. The catalytic inactive RNA exosome core complex of 9 subunits (Exo-9) is proposed to play a pivotal role in the binding and presentation of RNA for ribonucleolysis, and to serve as a scaffold for the association with catalytic subunits and accessory proteins or complexes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus, nucleolus Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RNase PH family.