FUNCTION: Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Asn-799' in the C-terminal transactivation domain (CAD). Functions as an oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, the hydroxylation prevents interaction of HIF-1 with transcriptional coactivators including Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator. Involved in transcriptional repression through interaction with HIF1A, VHL and histone deacetylases. Hydroxylates specific Asn residues within ankyrin repeat domains (ARD) of NFKB1, NFKBIA, NOTCH1, ASB4, PPP1R12A and several other ARD-containing proteins. Also hydroxylates Asp and His residues within ARDs of ANK1 and TNKS2, respectively. Negatively regulates NOTCH1 activity, accelerating myogenic differentiation (By similarity). Positively regulates ASB4 activity, promoting vascular differentiation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, perinuclear region.


FUNCTION: Plays a role in the control of the actin cytoskeleton via activation of the JNK pathway. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor; Cytoplasmic side Endosome membrane; Lipid- anchor; Cytoplasmic side Note=Treatment with TNF activates endosomal but not plasma membrane RHOV. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the modified meta-cleavage pathway for the 2- aminophenol catabolism. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the hydratase/decarboxylase family.


FUNCTION: Component of the MAC complex that probably regulates defense responses through transcriptional control and thereby is essential for plant innate immunity. Possesses a sequence specific DNA sequence 'CTCAGCG' binding activity. Involved in mRNA splicing and cell cycle control. May also play a role in the response to DNA damage. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CEF1 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the chorismate pyruvate-lyase type 2 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: To M.leprae ML1171.


FUNCTION: Ribosome biogenesis factor that coordinates hyperactive transcription and ribogenesis. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Required for optimal pre-ribosomal RNA transcription by RNA polymerase I (By similarity). Essential for stem cell pluripotency and embryonic development (PubMed:31128943). In the nucleoplasm, recruited by promoter- associated/nascent transcripts and transcription to active promoters where it facilitates releases of elongation factor P-TEFb and paused RNA polymerase II to allow transcription elongation and maintain high- level expression of its targets genes (PubMed:31128943). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus, nucleolus Nucleus, nucleolus fibrillar center Nucleus, nucleoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UTP5 family.


FUNCTION: Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.


FUNCTION: Lactoglobulin is the primary component of whey, it binds retinol and is probably involved in the transport of that molecule. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the condensation of para-aminobenzoate (pABA) with 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin diphosphate (DHPt-PP) to form 7,8- dihydropteroate (H2Pte), the immediate precursor of folate derivatives. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DHPS family.


FUNCTION: Preferentially catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 'Ser-5' within the tandem 7 residue repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A. Negatively regulates RNA polymerase II transcription, possibly by controlling the transition from initiation/capping to processive transcript elongation. Recruited by REST to neuronal genes that contain RE-1 elements, leading to neuronal gene silencing in non-neuronal cells (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Member of the two-component regulatory system WalK/WalR. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Prokaryotic type II sub-subfamily.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Host cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the orthopoxvirus OPG069 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. HemL subfamily. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. HemL subfamily.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor whose activation results in up- regulation of target genes, such as IGFII, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation: when overexpressed in cultured cells, higher proliferation rate and transformation are observed. Other target genes such as CRLF1, CRABP2, CRIP2, PIGF are strongly induced in cells with PLAG1 induction. Proto-oncogene whose ectopic expression can trigger the development of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland and lipoblastomas. Cooperates with CBFB-MYH11 (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. Note=Strong nucleolar localization when sumoylation is inhibited. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.


FUNCTION: Functions as an ATPase. May play a role in metal insertion (metal-chelatase) or as a chaperone. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RavA family.


FUNCTION: Acts as a negative regulator in the ethylene response pathway (PubMed:8431946). Phosphorylates the cytosolic C-terminal domain of EIN2, preventing the signaling in the absence of ethylene (PubMed:23132950). Interacts with C24:1-ceramide upon hypoxic conditions (e.g. submergences) to in turn regulate EIN2 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus translocation and EIN3 stabilization (PubMed:25822663). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.


FUNCTION: Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates histone H3 to form H3K79me3. This methylation is required for telomere silencing and for the pachytene checkpoint during the meiotic cell cycle by allowing the recruitment of RAD9 to double strand breaks. Nucleosomes are preferred as substrate compared to free histone. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. DOT1 family.


FUNCTION: Exerts antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Its activity appears to be mediated by its ability to damage bacterial membranes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cathelicidin family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ycf18/nblA family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0301 (AlgH) family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0301 (AlgH) family.


FUNCTION: Probably participates in protein translocation into and across both the cytoplasmic and thylakoid membranes in cyanobacterial cells. FUNCTION: Part of the Sec protein translocase complex. Interacts with the SecYEG preprotein conducting channel. Has a central role in coupling the hydrolysis of ATP to the transfer of proteins into and across the cell membrane, serving as an ATP-driven molecular motor driving the stepwise translocation of polypeptide chains across the membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Cellular thylakoid membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SecA family.


FUNCTION: Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CWC26 family.


FUNCTION: Conjugative DNA transfer (CDT) is the unidirectional transfer of ssDNA plasmid from a donor to a recipient cell. It is the central mechanism by which antibiotic resistance and virulence factors are propagated in bacterial populations. Part of the relaxosome, which facilitates a site- and strand-specific cut in the origin of transfer by TraI, at the nic site. Relaxosome formation requires binding of IHF and TraY to the oriT region, which then facilitates binding of TraI. Also positively regulates tra gene expression (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TraY family.


FUNCTION: The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters with or without a TATA box via its subunit TBP, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. The TFIID complex structure can be divided into 3 modules TFIID- A, TFIID-B, and TFIID-C. TAF3 forms the TFIID-A module together with TAF5 and TBP. Required in complex with TBPL2 for the differentiation of myoblasts into myocytes. The TAF3-TBPL2 complex replaces TFIID at specific promoters at an early stage in the differentiation process. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TAF3 family.


FUNCTION: Plays a role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of genome stability through its association with the MRN damage-sensing complex. Promotes chromatin loading and activity of the MRN complex to facilitate subsequent ATM-mediated DNA damage response signaling and DNA repair. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Nucleus, nucleoplasm Note=Recruited to sites of DNA damage. Phosphorylation on Ser-115 induces its nuclear localization and promotes genome stability. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the MRNIP family.


FUNCTION: Flagellin is the subunit protein which polymerizes to form the filaments of bacterial flagella. Important for motility and virulence. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. Bacterial flagellum. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bacterial flagellin family.


FUNCTION: Component of the oleanane-type triterpene saponins (e.g. ginsenosides or panaxosides) biosynthetic pathway (PubMed:29378087). Oxidosqualene cyclase converting oxidosqualene into beta-amyrin, generating five rings and eight asymmetric centers in a single transformation (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the terpene cyclase/mutase family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Vacuole. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.


FUNCTION: Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in organisms which lack glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu- tRNA(Gln) (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the NAD(P)(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of the C4 methyl groups of 4-alpha-carboxysterols in post-squalene cholesterol biosynthesis (PubMed:10369263, PubMed:14567972). Plays a role in the regulation of the endocytic trafficking of EGFR (PubMed:23125191). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass membrane protein Lipid droplet Note=Trafficking through the Golgi is necessary for ER membrane localization. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the 3-beta-HSD family.


FUNCTION: Required for renal tubular integrity. May regulate local cytoskeletal structure in kidney tubule epithelial cells. May regulate ciliary biogenesis through targeting of proteins to the cilia (By similarity). Plays a role in organogenesis and is involved in the regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Cell projection, cilium Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome Note=Predominantly cytoplasmic. Localizes to the proximal region of the primary cilium and is not observed in dividing cells. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.


FUNCTION: Isoform MOCS1A and isoform MOCS1B probably form a complex that catalyzes the conversion of 5'-GTP to cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP). MOCS1A catalyzes the cyclization of GTP to (8S)- 3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate and MOCS1B catalyzes the subsequent conversion of (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'- triphosphate to cPMP. SIMILARITY: In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoaC family. SIMILARITY: In the N-terminal section; belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. MoaA family.


FUNCTION: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-shaping membrane protein that plays a role in determining ER morphology. Involved in the stabilization of nascent three-way ER tubular junctions within the ER network. May also play a role as a curvature-stabilizing protein within three-way ER tubular junction network (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Note=Localizes at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) three-way tubular junctions, which represent crossing-points at which the tubules build a polygonal network. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the lunapark family.


FUNCTION: Specific GEF for RhoA activation. Does not activate RAC1 or CDC42. Regulates vascular smooth muscle contractility. Negatively regulates excitatory synapse development by suppressing the synapse- promoting activity of EPHB2. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell projection, dendrite Note=Expressed exclusively in dendrites of the developing hippocampus.


FUNCTION: Involved in heme d1 biosynthesis (PubMed:8982003). Catalyzes the decarboxylation of siroheme into didecarboxysiroheme (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Ahb/Nir family.


FUNCTION: Cleaves beta-linked terminal galactosyl residues from gangliosides, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans. FUNCTION: Cleaves beta-linked terminal galactosyl residues from gangliosides, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.


FUNCTION: A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that may play a major role in intestinal retinoid metabolism. Catalyzes the oxidative transformation of all-trans retinal and 9-cis-retinal to the corresponding active forms all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acids (PubMed:9606960). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates arachidonic acid predominantly at the omega-1 position (PubMed:9143331). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-- hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:9143331, PubMed:9606960). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Microsome membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.


FUNCTION: It may play a role in renal development and may also be involved in the repair of the kidney after ischemia-reperfusion or folic acid administration. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0232 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TMEM43 family.


FUNCTION: Prion-like protein that has PrP(C)-like neuroprotective activity. May act as a modulator for the biological actions of normal and abnormal PrP (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor, GPI- anchor. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SPRN family.


FUNCTION: Intracellular vesicle trafficking and protein transport. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endosome membrane Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network membrane; Lipid-anchor Note=During cytokinesis located to the growing margins of the cell plate. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the conversion of AMP and phosphate to adenine and ribose 1,5-bisphosphate (R15P). Exhibits phosphorylase activity toward CMP and UMP in addition to AMP. Functions in an archaeal AMP degradation pathway, together with R15P isomerase and RubisCO. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the thymidine/pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase family. Type 2 subfamily.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. PFA5 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Interacts with SLP-76 to regulate NF-AT activation. Binds to tyrosine-phosphorylated shc. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Endosome. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GRB2/sem-5/DRK family.


FUNCTION: Part of a membrane-bound complex that couples electron transfer with translocation of ions across the membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the 4Fe4S bacterial-type ferredoxin family. RnfC subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AspA/AstE family. Aspartoacylase subfamily.


FUNCTION: Subunit of the rod cyclic GMP-gated cation channel, which is involved in the final stage of the phototransduction pathway. When light hits rod photoreceptors, cGMP concentrations decrease causing rapid closure of CNGA1/CNGB1 channels and, therefore, hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family. CNGA1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Small GTPase component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules. Sar1 controls the coat assembly in a stepwise manner. Activated sar1-GTP binds to membranes first and recruits the SEC23/24 complex. These sec23/24-sar1 prebudding intermediates are then collected by the sec13/31 complex as subunits polymerize to form coated transport vesicles. Conversion to sar1-GDP triggers coat release and recycles COPII subunits (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPII-coated vesicle membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Golgi apparatus membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.


FUNCTION: GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases by converting them to an inactive GDP-bound state. Could regulate the interactions of signaling molecules with the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes continuous elongation of cytoplasmic processes during cell motility and simultaneous retraction of the cell body changing the cell morphology. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the processing of homologous recombination intermediates to limit DNA crossover formation in cells. Promotes TOP3A binding to double Holliday junctions (DHJ) and hence stimulates TOP3A- mediated dissolution. Required for BLM phosphorylation during mitosis. Within the BLM complex, required for BLM and TOP3A stability (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Note=Forms foci in response to DNA damage. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RMI1 family.


FUNCTION: Subunits I and II form the functional core of the enzyme complex. Electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via heme a and Cu(A) to the binuclear center formed by heme a3 and Cu(B) (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.


FUNCTION: May play a role in genome packaging through direct interaction with viral DNA. Binds to ssDNA and dsDNA with the same apparent affinity in vitro. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion Note=Found in association with the viral nucleoid. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the asfivirus P10 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D-mannose to D- fructose. Can also isomerize D-lyxose, with lower efficiency. In longer reaction with a higher concentration of enzyme, it can isomerize 4-OH D-mannose derivatives (D-talose and 4-O-monosaccharyl-D-mannose). Cannot use D-glucose. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the N-acylglucosamine 2-epimerase family.


FUNCTION: Involved in G-protein mediated signal transduction and in the regulation of polarized cell growth in pheromone-induced cells. FUNCTION: Involved in G-protein mediated signal transduction and in the regulation of polarized cell growth in pheromone-induced cells. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CRP1/MDG1 family.


FUNCTION: Could be required for the biogenesis of a putative fimbria. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the periplasmic pilus chaperone family.


FUNCTION: Trypsin-like protease with a narrow substrate specificity. Preferentially hydrolyzes substrates with Pro in the P2 position and Val in the P3 position. Plays a role in fertilization. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Note=Localized on the sperm head. Released into the surrounding seawater in response to the sperm reaction, a large proportion remains associated with the sperm cell surface. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S1 family.


FUNCTION: Trifunctional enzyme bearing the Gln amidotransferase (GATase) domain of anthranilate synthase, indole-glycerolphosphate synthase, and phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase activities.


FUNCTION: Acts in the processing of the 5'-end of precursors of 16S rRNA. Confers adaptive resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics through modulation of 16S rRNA processing (PubMed:24489121). An endoribonuclease, it prefers 5'-monophosphorylated substrates and cleaves single-stranded sites rich in A and U residues; also contributes to 23S rRNA processing, tRNA processing and mRNA turnover (By similarity). Involved in decay of speF mRNA, has a preference for adenine nucleotides (PubMed:30742606). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the RNase E/G family. RNase G subfamily.


FUNCTION: Plays critical roles in virus replication, from virus entry and uncoating to assembly and budding of the virus particle. M1 binding to ribonucleocapsids (RNPs) in nucleus seems to inhibit viral transcription. Interaction of viral NEP with M1-RNP is thought to promote nuclear export of the complex, which is targeted to the virion assembly site at the apical plasma membrane in polarized epithelial cells. Interactions with NA and HA may bring M1, a non-raft-associated protein, into lipid rafts. Forms a continuous shell on the inner side of the lipid bilayer in virion, where it binds the RNP. During virus entry into cell, the M2 ion channel acidifies the internal virion core, inducing M1 dissociation from the RNP. M1-free RNPs are transported to the nucleus, where viral transcription and replication can take place. FUNCTION: Determines the virion's shape: spherical or filamentous. Clinical isolates of influenza are characterized by the presence of significant proportion of filamentous virions, whereas after multiple passage on eggs or cell culture, virions have only spherical morphology. Filamentous virions are thought to be important to infect neighboring cells, and spherical virions more suited to spread through aerosol between hosts organisms. FUNCTION: Determines the virion's shape: spherical or filamentous. Clinical isolates of influenza are characterized by the presence of significant proportion of filamentous virions, whereas after multiple passage on eggs or cell culture, virions have only spherical morphology. Filamentous virions are thought to be important to infect neighboring cells, and spherical virions more suited to spread through aerosol between hosts organisms. FUNCTION: Plays critical roles in virus replication, from virus entry and uncoating to assembly and budding of the virus particle. M1 binding to ribonucleocapsids (RNPs) in nucleus seems to inhibit viral transcription. Interaction of viral NEP with M1-RNP is thought to promote nuclear export of the complex, which is targeted to the virion assembly site at the apical plasma membrane in polarized epithelial cells. Interactions with NA and HA may bring M1, a non-raft-associated protein, into lipid rafts. Forms a continuous shell on the inner side of the lipid bilayer in virion, where it binds the RNP. During virus entry into cell, the M2 ion channel acidifies the internal virion core, inducing M1 dissociation from the RNP. M1-free RNPs are transported to the nucleus, where viral transcription and replication can take place. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side Host nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the influenza viruses Matrix protein M1 family.


FUNCTION: Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.


FUNCTION: O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway. Catalyzes the methylation of 3,4-dihydroxy-5-hexaprenylbenzoate (DHHB) to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5- hexaprenylbenzoate (HMHB) and the methylation of 2-hexaprenyl-3-methyl- 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (3-demethylubiquinol-6) to ubiquinol-6. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Matrix side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.


FUNCTION: Digestion of the cleaved signal peptides. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S49 family.


FUNCTION: An S subtype restriction enzyme that recognizes the double- stranded sequences 5'-GACGC-3' and 5'-GCGTC-3' and cleaves respectively 10 bases after G-1 and 10 bases before G'-1.


FUNCTION: Stimulates the ATPase activity of several Hsp70-type chaperones. Plays a role in the diphthamide biosynthesis, a post- translational modification of histidine which occurs in translation elongation factor 2 (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DPH4 family.


FUNCTION: Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products (By similarity). Required for root elongation in dehydration conditions. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space, apoplast. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.


FUNCTION: Highly reducing polyketide synthase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of sordarial, a salicylic aldehyde structurally related to the phytotoxin pyriculol (PubMed:19277664, PubMed:28485098, PubMed:30908040). The most interesting aspect of this pathway is formation of an aromatic product from the highly reducing polyketide synthase srdA (PubMed:30908040). SrdA synthesizes a reduced polyketide chain from one molecule of acetyl-CoA and five molecules of malonyl-CoA (PubMed:30908040). The polyketide chain is then reductively released as an aldehyde (PubMed:30908040). The oxidoreductases srdC, srdD and srdE then oxidize one of the hydroxy groups to facilitate the intramolecular aldol condensation, followed by dehydration to yield a salicylic aldehyde (PubMed:30908040). This aldehyde can undergo facile reduction by endogenous reductases to yield the alcohol 1-hydroxy-2- hydroxymethyl-3-pent-1,3-dienylbenzene (PubMed:30908040). The flavin- dependent srdI counteract against the propensity of the aldehydes to be reduced under physiological conditions and is responsible for reoxidizing 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-pent-1,3-dienylbenzene back to the salicylic aldehyde (PubMed:30908040). This salicylic aldehyde is then selectively epoxidized by the cupin-domain-containing oxidoreductase srdB to yield the epoxide, which can be hydrolyzed stereoselectively by the hydrolase srdG to give the final product sordarial (PubMed:30908040). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the virC family.


FUNCTION: During stationary phase, converts 70S ribosomes to an inactive dimeric form (100S ribosomes). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ribosome modulation factor family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space. Secreted, cell wall. Note=Extracellular or cell-wall bound. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase C26 family.


FUNCTION: Involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes required for mesoderm formation and differentiation. Binds to a palindromic T site 5'-TTCACACCTAGGTGTGAA-3' DNA sequence and activates gene transcription when bound to such a site. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins. Requires at least a dipeptide for an efficient rate of reaction. N-terminal L-methionine is a prerequisite for activity but the enzyme has broad specificity at other positions (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.


FUNCTION: S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding protein that acts as an inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling via interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes. Acts as a sensor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to signal methionine sufficiency to mTORC1: in presence of methionine, binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine, leading to disrupt interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes and promote mTORC1 signaling. Upon methionine starvation, S-adenosyl-L-methionine levels are reduced, thereby promoting the association with GATOR1 and KICSTOR, leading to inhibit mTORC1 signaling. Probably also acts as a S-adenosyl-L- methionine-dependent methyltransferase. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the BMT2 family.


FUNCTION: Probable gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr77a subfamily.


FUNCTION: Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the motor complex consisting of a co-chaperone (TIC40) and a chaperone (HSP93) associated with the import channel (TIC110). Causes the release of bound transit peptides from TIC110 and stimulates ATP hydrolysis by HSP93. Involved in reinsertion of proteins from the chloroplast stroma into the inner membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast inner membrane; Single-pass membrane protein.


FUNCTION: Associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of RNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and RNA processing. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus speckle Nucleus, nucleoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the fl(2)d family.


FUNCTION: Pyrophosphatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to their monophosphate derivatives, with a high preference for the non-canonical purine nucleotides XTP (xanthosine triphosphate), dITP (deoxyinosine triphosphate) and ITP (PubMed:12297000, PubMed:17976651). Can also efficiently hydrolyze 2'- deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triphosphate (dHAPTP) (PubMed:17090528). Seems to function as a house-cleaning enzyme that removes non-canonical purine nucleotides from the nucleotide pool, thus preventing their incorporation into DNA/RNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions (PubMed:12297000, PubMed:12730170, PubMed:17090528). To a much lesser extent, is also able to hydrolyze GTP, dGTP and dUTP, but shows very low activity toward the canonical nucleotides dATP, dCTP and dTTP and toward 8-oxo-dGTP, purine deoxyribose triphosphate, 2-aminopurine deoxyribose triphosphate and 2,6-diaminopurine deoxyribose triphosphate (PubMed:12297000, PubMed:17090528). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HAM1 NTPase family.


FUNCTION: Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain (By similarity). Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phosphorylation of GRIN2B/NMDAR2B (By similarity). May play a significant role in monocyte trafficking into the reperfused myocardium (PubMed:9024159). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family.


FUNCTION: Binds to the LIM domain of a wide variety of LIM domain- containing transcription factors. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the LDB family.


FUNCTION: Chaperone for the type III secretion of Tir. Probably stabilizes the protein, prevents inappropriate protein- proteininteractions and aids in secretion (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CesT/SycH chaperone family.


FUNCTION: Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(i) proteins are involved in hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase: they inhibit the cyclase in response to beta- adrenergic stimuli. May play a role in cell division. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome Cell membrane Membrane; Lipid-anchor Note=Localizes in the centrosomes of interphase and mitotic cells. Detected at the cleavage furrow and/or the midbody (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(i/o/t/z) subfamily.


FUNCTION: Accessory subunit of the proton-transporting vacuolar (V)- ATPase protein pump, which is required for luminal acidification of secretory vesicles (By similarity). In the germline, required for the trafficking of the receptor RME-2 to the oocyte cell membrane where it regulates the uptake of yolk proteins (PubMed:22768351). Also, plays an essential role in osmoregulation in the embryo, probably by regulating the proper formation of the eggshell (PubMed:22768351). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the vacuolar ATPase subunit S1 family.


FUNCTION: Inhibits post-transcriptional processing of cellular pre- mRNA, by binding and inhibiting two cellular proteins that are required for the 3'-end processing of cellular pre-mRNAs: the 30 kDa cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor/CPSF4 and the poly(A)-binding protein 2/PABPN1. In turn, unprocessed 3' end pre-mRNAs accumulate in the host nucleus and are no longer exported to the cytoplasm. Cellular protein synthesis is thereby shut off very early after virus infection. Viral protein synthesis is not affected by the inhibition of the cellular 3' end processing machinery because the poly(A) tails of viral mRNAs are produced by the viral polymerase through a stuttering mechanism. Prevents the establishment of the cellular antiviral state by inhibiting TRIM25-mediated RIGI ubiquitination, which normally triggers the antiviral transduction signal that leads to the activation of type I IFN genes by transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. Also binds poly(A) and U6 snRNA. Inhibits the integrated stress response (ISR) in the infected cell by blocking dsRNA binding by EIF2AK2/PKR and further phosphorylation of EIF2S1/EIF-2ALPHA (PubMed:33766561). Stress granule formation is thus inhibited, which allows protein synthesis and viral replication (PubMed:33766561). FUNCTION: Inhibits post-transcriptional processing of cellular pre- mRNA, by binding and inhibiting two cellular proteins that are required for the 3'-end processing of cellular pre-mRNAs: the 30 kDa cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor/CPSF4 and the poly(A)-binding protein 2/PABPN1. In turn, unprocessed 3' end pre-mRNAs accumulate in the host nucleus and are no longer exported to the cytoplasm. Cellular protein synthesis is thereby shut off very early after virus infection. Viral protein synthesis is not affected by the inhibition of the cellular 3' end processing machinery because the poly(A) tails of viral mRNAs are produced by the viral polymerase through a stuttering mechanism. Prevents the establishment of the cellular antiviral state by inhibiting TRIM25-mediated RIGI ubiquitination, which normally triggers the antiviral transduction signal that leads to the activation of type I IFN genes by transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. Also binds poly(A) and U6 snRNA. Inhibits the integrated stress response (ISR) in the infected cell by blocking dsRNA binding by EIF2AK2/PKR and further phosphorylation of EIF2S1/EIF-2ALPHA. Stress granule formation is thus inhibited, which allows protein synthesis and viral replication. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Host nucleus Host cytoplasm Note=In uninfected, transfected cells, NS1 is localized in the nucleus. Only in virus infected cells, the nuclear export signal is unveiled, presumably by a viral protein, and a fraction of NS1 is exported in the cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the influenza A viruses NS1 family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the influenza A viruses NS1 family.


FUNCTION: Functions in the late secretory pathway. Required for the generation of secretory vesicles as well as for actin polarization and polarized growth. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AVL9 family.


FUNCTION: Probably also aids protein insertion, folding and/or assembly of membrane complexes destined for the thylakoid. FUNCTION: Required for the insertion and/or proper folding and/or complex formation of integral membrane proteins into the membrane. Involved in integration of membrane proteins that insert both dependently and independently of the Sec translocase complex, as well as at least some lipoproteins. Aids folding of multispanning membrane proteins (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the OXA1/ALB3/YidC family. Type 1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Pycsar (pyrimidine cyclase system for antiphage resistance) provides immunity against bacteriophage. The pyrimidine cyclase (PycC) synthesizes cyclic nucleotides in response to infection; these serve as specific second messenger signals. The signal activates the adjacent effector, leading to bacterial cell death and abortive phage infection. A clade B Pycsar system. FUNCTION: The pyrimidine cyclase gene of a two-gene Pycsar system, generates cyclic UMP (cUMP) from UTP probably in response to bacteriophage infection (Probable). Expression of this and adjacent effector XpPycTIR (AC P0DV29) confers resistance to bacteriophage T7. When cells expressing the Pycsar system are infected phage T7 at low multiplicity of infection (0.2 MOI) the culture survives, at 2.0 MOI bacteria enter growth arrest. The same cells enter growth arrest after exposure to 2.5 mM cUMP but not cCMP; the effector protein responds only to the cUMP produced by its cognate NTP cyclase (PubMed:34644530). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family. Pyrimidine cyclase subfamily.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the four-electron reduction of biliverdin IX-alpha (2-electron reduction at both the A and D rings); the reaction proceeds via an isolatable 2-electron intermediate, 181,182-dihydrobiliverdin. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HY2 family.


FUNCTION: Component of the cytoskeleton-like structure which stabilizes the shape of the wall-less mycoplasma. This cytoskeleton-like network of accessory proteins containing HMW proteins 1 to 5 allows the proper anchoring of cytadhesin proteins in the mycoplasmal membrane at the attachment organelle. Essential for successful surface parasitism. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell projection, attachment organelle membrane. Note=Localizes specifically to the attachment membrane.


FUNCTION: Stimulates the RNA helicase activity of EIF4A in the translation initiation complex. Binds weakly mRNA (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, perinuclear region.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.


FUNCTION: Receptor for ATP and UTP coupled to G-proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The affinity range is UTP = ATP > ATP-gamma-S >> 2-methylthio-ATP = ADP. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.


FUNCTION: Involved in maceration and soft-rotting of plant tissue. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the pectinesterase family.


FUNCTION: Receptor for the C-terminal sequence motif K-D-E-L that is present on endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins and that mediates their recycling from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Golgi apparatus membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Note=Localized in the Golgi in the absence of bound proteins with the sequence motif K-D-E-L. Trafficks back to the endoplasmic reticulum together with cargo proteins containing the sequence motif K-D-E-L. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ERD2 family.


FUNCTION: Pore-forming subunit of a potassium efflux system that confers protection against electrophiles. Catalyzes K(+)/H(+) antiport. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 2 (CPA2) transporter (TC 2.A.37) family. KefC subfamily.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic orthophosphate from phytate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family.


FUNCTION: EF-1-beta and EF-1-beta' stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.


FUNCTION: May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.


FUNCTION: One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome. FUNCTION: Forms part of the polypeptide exit tunnel. FUNCTION: Forms part of the polypeptide exit tunnel. FUNCTION: One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome (By similarity). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.


FUNCTION: Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion. Mitochondrion inner membrane. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATPase e subunit family.


FUNCTION: Phosphatase that hydrolyzes imidodiphosphate, 3- phosphohistidine and 6-phospholysine. Has broad substrate specificity and can also hydrolyze inorganic diphosphate, but with lower efficiency. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.


FUNCTION: Mediates the proteolytic cleavage of HP/haptoglobin in the endoplasmic reticulum. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase S1 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) family.


FUNCTION: Flagellin is the subunit protein which polymerizes to form the filaments of archaeal flagella. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Archaeal flagellum. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the archaeal flagellin family.


FUNCTION: Carboxylesterase that mediates deacylation of target proteins (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of growth cone migration. Does not act as an inhibitor of Wnt signaling (PubMed:23365253). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family. Notum subfamily.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Bacterial non-heme haloperoxidase / perhydrolase family.


FUNCTION: Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine decarboxylase (GDC) or glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha- ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. LPD1 is probably the protein most often associated with the glycine decarboxylase complex while LPD2 is probably incorporated into alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion matrix. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.


FUNCTION: Probable SR-like splicing factor.


FUNCTION: Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate. May be involved in the development of kidney tubules and of the central nervous system. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Secreted glypican-4]: Secreted, extracellular space. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor; Extracellular side. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glypican family.


FUNCTION: Unknown. Candidate gene encoding tumor antigens. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the BAGE family.


FUNCTION: Regulatory protein, which plays a central role in chromosome stability, in the p53/TP53 pathway, and DNA repair. Probably acts by blocking the action of key proteins. During the mitosis, it blocks Separase/ESPL1 function, preventing the proteolysis of the cohesin complex and the subsequent segregation of the chromosomes. At the onset of anaphase, it is ubiquitinated, conducting to its destruction and to the liberation of ESPL1. Its function is however not limited to a blocking activity, since it is required to activate ESPL1. Negatively regulates the transcriptional activity and related apoptosis activity of TP53. The negative regulation of TP53 may explain the strong transforming capability of the protein when it is overexpressed. May also play a role in DNA repair via its interaction with Ku, possibly by connecting DNA damage-response pathways with sister chromatid separation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the securin family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the transfer of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to Tyr residues of target mitochondrial proteins (AMPylation). Involved in redox homeostasis by regulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. Regulates protein S-glutathionylation levels possibly by AMPylation of deglutathionylation enzymes such as glutaredoxins. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SELO family.


FUNCTION: Has no antimicrobial activity. Does not inhibit the formation of NO by neuronal nitric oxide synthase. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.


FUNCTION: Beta toxins bind voltage-independently at site-4 of sodium channels (Nav) and shift the voltage of activation toward more negative potentials thereby affecting sodium channel activation and promoting spontaneous and repetitive firing. This toxin affects the activation mechanism of sodium channels of squid axon. It also competes with Cn2 in rat brain synaptosomes. Is lethal to mice. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the long (4 C-C) scorpion toxin superfamily. Sodium channel inhibitor family. Beta subfamily.


FUNCTION: Possesses antiviral potency. Inhibits viral infection of plants (tobacco mosaic virus) (PubMed:10403789). Inhibits protein synthesis (PubMed:2930487, PubMed:6091760, PubMed:2248976, PubMed:10403789, PubMed:10595542). Releases both adenine and guanine from Escherichia coli rRNA in vitro. Activity on guanine is 20 times slower than that on adenine (PubMed:10595542). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ribosome-inactivating protein family. Type 1 RIP subfamily.


FUNCTION: Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The archaeal alpha chain is a catalytic subunit. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to carboxy-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (Cx-SAM). FUNCTION: Catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to carboxy-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (Cx-SAM). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cx-SAM synthase family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cx-SAM synthase family.


FUNCTION: Inhibits apoptosis via negative regulation of the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Endoplasmic reticulum membrane. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TMEM14 family.


FUNCTION: Has a role in the innate immune system. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the conversion of (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to yield the bicyclic sesquiterpenol 4-epi-cubebol via a 1,10- cyclization, which requires the abstraction of the pyrophosphate from FPP to yield a (E,E)-germacradienyl cation (PubMed:27666571, PubMed:27829890). The only accepted substrate is (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) (PubMed:27829890). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the terpene synthase family.


FUNCTION: Glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of neomycin by mediating glycosylation of ribostamycin with UDP-GlcNAc as a sugar donor to generate 2'''-acetyl-6'''-hydroxyneomycin C. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Galectin that binds lactose and a related range of sugars. May be involved in the assembly of adherens junctions.


FUNCTION: Plays a role in the inhibition of the host NF-kappa-B pathway. This inhibition occurs at the receptor level, by preventing the signaling of TNFR1 as well as IL-1R and TLR3. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion membrane; Single-pass membrane protein Host cell membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the rubulavirus small hydrophobic protein family.


FUNCTION: Component of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. Recruits the soluble ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC7 to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane where it functions in degradation of misfolded or regulated proteins localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen or membrane via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Targets the E2 conjugating enzyme UBC7 to the DOA10 ubiquitin ligase complex, which is part of the ERAD-C pathway responsible for the rapid degradation of membrane proteins with misfolded cytoplasmic domains, and to the HRD1 ubiquitin ligase complex, which is part of the ERAD-L and ERAD-M pathways responsible for the rapid degradation of soluble lumenal and membrane proteins with misfolded lumenal domains (ERAD-L), or ER-membrane proteins with misfolded transmembrane domains (ERAD-M) (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CUE1 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Intermembrane side.


FUNCTION: May function as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule and be essential for tight junction integrity. May also be involved in transepithelial migration of leukocytes through adhesive interactions with jaml. The interaction between both receptors may also mediate the activation of gamma-delta T-cells, a subpopulation of T-cells residing in epithelia and involved in tissue homeostasis and repair (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Basolateral cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein Cell junction, tight junction Cell junction, adherens junction.


FUNCTION: The THO complex is required for cell proliferation and for proper export of heat-shock mRNAs under heat stress. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleus speckle. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the THOC7 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, cell wall Cell surface. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the mycobacterial PE family. PGRS subfamily.


FUNCTION: Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cellular thylakoid membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.


FUNCTION: Required for proper homologous pairing and efficient cross- over and intragenic recombination during meiosis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the HOP2 family.


FUNCTION: Resistance to tetracycline by an active tetracycline efflux. This is an energy-dependent process that decreases the accumulation of the antibiotic in whole cells. This protein functions as a metal- tetracycline/H(+) antiporter. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. TCR/Tet family.


FUNCTION: Required in the presynaptic motoneuron to down-regulate the levels of wnd and restrain synaptic terminal growth at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Synapse. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FBXO45/Fsn family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein Vacuole lumen Note=May be released into the lumen of the vacuole from the tonoplast through a proteolytic processing. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 32 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0394 family.


FUNCTION: PsaA and PsaB bind P700, the primary electron donor of photosystem I (PSI), as well as the electron acceptors A0, A1 and FX. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn. Oxidized P700 is reduced on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane by plastocyanin. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid membrane; Multi- pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PsaA/PsaB family.


FUNCTION: Catalytically inactive regulatory factor of DNA methyltransferases that can either promote or inhibit DNA methylation depending on the context (PubMed:11719692, PubMed:15318244, PubMed:15671018, PubMed:24074865). Essential for the function of DNMT3A and DNMT3B: activates DNMT3A and DNMT3B by binding to their catalytic domain (PubMed:15671018). Acts by accelerating the binding of DNA and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the methyltransferases and dissociates from the complex after DNA binding to the methyltransferases (PubMed:15671018). Recognizes unmethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me0) and induces de novo DNA methylation by recruitment or activation of DNMT3 (By similarity). Plays a key role in embryonic stem cells and germ cells (PubMed:11719692, PubMed:15318244, PubMed:24074865). In germ cells, required for the methylation of imprinted loci together with DNMT3A (PubMed:11719692). In male germ cells, specifically required to methylate retrotransposons, preventing their mobilization (PubMed:15318244). Plays a key role in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by acting both as an positive and negative regulator of DNA methylation (PubMed:24074865). While it promotes DNA methylation of housekeeping genes together with DNMT3A and DNMT3B, it also acts as an inhibitor of DNA methylation at the promoter of bivalent genes (PubMed:24074865). Interacts with the EZH2 component of the PRC2/EED- EZH2 complex, preventing interaction of DNMT3A and DNMT3B with the PRC2/EED-EZH2 complex, leading to maintain low methylation levels at the promoters of bivalent genes (PubMed:24074865). Promotes differentiation of ESCs into primordial germ cells by inhibiting DNA methylation at the promoter of RHOX5, thereby activating its expression (PubMed:24074865). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Transcription factor that binds to the sequence 5'-AACAAT-3' (PubMed:12890561). Acts as a transcriptional activator (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and nucleotide specificity is provided by the beta subunit. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Hydrogenosome lumen. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.


FUNCTION: Involved in ribosome biogenesis; more specifically in 18S rRNA pseudouridylation and in cleavage of pre-rRNA. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NOP10 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Fimbrium. Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the N-Me-Phe pilin family.


FUNCTION: Relaxin is an ovarian hormone that acts with estrogen to produce dilatation of the birth canal in many mammals. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the insulin family.


FUNCTION: (Microbial infection) In conjunction with the ESCRT machinery also appears to function in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, such as the terminal stages of cytokinesis and enveloped virus budding (HIV-1 and other lentiviruses). FUNCTION: Involved in late steps of the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. Recognizes membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies and catalyzes their disassembly, possibly in combination with membrane fission. Redistributes the ESCRT-III components to the cytoplasm for further rounds of MVB sorting. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. It is required for proper accomplishment of various processes including the regulation of endosome size, primary cilium organization, mitotic spindle organization, chromosome segregation, and nuclear envelope sealing and spindle disassembly during anaphase (PubMed:33186545). Involved in cytokinesis: retained at the midbody by ZFYVE19/ANCHR and CHMP4C until abscission checkpoint signaling is terminated at late cytokinesis. It is then released following dephosphorylation of CHMP4C, leading to abscission (PubMed:24814515). VPS4A/B are required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan (PubMed:22660413). Critical for normal erythroblast cytokinesis and correct erythropoiesis (PubMed:33186543). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Late endosome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein Midbody Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle Note=Membrane-associated in the prevacuolar endosomal compartment. Localizes to the midbody of dividing cells, interaction with ZFYVE19/ANCHR mediates retention at midbody (PubMed:24814515). Localized in two distinct rings on either side of the Flemming body. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AAA ATPase family.


FUNCTION: C-type cytochrome. Part of the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase complex. CcoP subunit is required for transferring electrons from donor cytochrome c via its heme groups to CcoO subunit. From there, electrons are shuttled to the catalytic binuclear center of CcoN subunit where oxygen reduction takes place. The complex also functions as a proton pump. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CcoP / FixP family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the addition of GlcNAc or GlcUA monosaccharides to the nascent hyaluronan polymer. Therefore, it is essential to hyaluronan synthesis a major component of most extracellular matrices that has a structural role in tissues architectures and regulates cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. This is one of the isozymes catalyzing that reaction. Also able to catalyze the synthesis of chito- oligosaccharide depending on the substrate. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NodC/HAS family.


FUNCTION: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB7 is part of a subcomplex with RPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double-stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.


FUNCTION: Processively dephosphorylates 'Ser-5' but not 'Ser-2' of the heptad repeats YSPTSPS in the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB1). This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II. Together with CPL1, required for male gametes fertility. Multifunctional regulator that modulates plant growth, stress, and phytohormones responses. Positive transcription regulator of genes involved in high salinity resistance and auxin mediated signaling pathway. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm.


FUNCTION: Seed storage protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the 11S seed storage protein (globulins) family.


FUNCTION: Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Probable developmental protein. May be a signaling molecule which affects the development of discrete regions of tissues. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Wnt family.


FUNCTION: Suppressor of apoptosis. Modulates unfolded protein response signaling. Modulates ER calcium homeostasis by acting as a calcium-leak channel. Negatively regulates autophagy and autophagosome formation, especially during periods of nutrient deprivation, and reduces cell survival during starvation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the BI1 family.


FUNCTION: The natural substrate for this enzyme may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PTH2 family.


FUNCTION: Interacts with VP4 to form the outer icosahedral capsid with an incomplete T=13 symmetry, about 80 nm in diameter, and consisting of 200 VP4-VP7 trimers. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the aquareoviridae outer capsid VP7 protein family.


FUNCTION: Aldo-keto reductase; part of the gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of an emodin derivative that may be involved in black Sigatoka disease of banana (PubMed:27388157, PubMed:30735556). The pathway begins with the synthesis of atrochrysone thioester by the polyketide synthase PKS8-1 (Probable). The atrochrysone carboxyl ACP thioesterase MYCFIDRAFT_190111 then breaks the thioester bond and releases the atrochrysone carboxylic acid from PKS8-1 (Probable). The decarboxylase MYCFIDRAFT_34057 then catalyzes the concerted decarboxylation-elimination required to convert atochrysone carboxylic acid into emodin anthrone, which is further oxidized to emodin by the anthrone oxygenase MYCFIDRAFT_34418 (Probable). The functions of the other tailoring enzymes as well as the final product of the cluster have still to be identified (Probable). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.


FUNCTION: RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the eIF-3 subunit A family.


FUNCTION: An integral part of the sensory system that mediates food signaling, providing the neural basis for the regulation of food response; coordinates larval foraging and social behavior changes during development. May have a hormonal role in females. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NPY family.


FUNCTION: Appears to regulate cell growth through interactions with the extracellular matrix and cytokines. Binds calcium and copper, several types of collagen, albumin, thrombospondin, PDGF and cell membranes. There are two calcium binding sites; an acidic domain that binds 5 to 8 Ca(2+) with a low affinity and an EF-hand loop that binds a Ca(2+) ion with a high affinity (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane Note=In or around the basement membrane. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SPARC family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-alpha-D- galactose to lactosylceramide/beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl- (1<->1)-ceramide(d18:1(4E)) to produce globotriaosylceramide/globoside Gb3Cer (d18:1(4E)). Also able to transfer galactose to galactosylceramide/beta-D-Gal-(1<->1')-Cer. Globoside Gb3Cer is a glycosphingolipid of the globo serie, one of the major types of neutral root structures of glycosphingolipids, that constitute a significant portion of mammalian cell membranes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Golgi apparatus membrane; Single- pass type II membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 32 family.


FUNCTION: Exact function not known. Could be involved in copper resistance (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell outer membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.


FUNCTION: Part of the ABC transporter complex MglABC involved in galactose/methyl galactoside import. Responsible for energy coupling to the transport system. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. Galactose/methyl galactoside importer (TC 3.A.1.2.3) family.


FUNCTION: Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SNW family.


FUNCTION: Versicolorin B desaturase; part of the fragmented gene cluster that mediates the biosynthesis of dothistromin (DOTH), a polyketide toxin very similar in structure to the aflatoxin precursor, versicolorin B (PubMed:12039746, PubMed:17683963, PubMed:22069571, PubMed:23207690, PubMed:23448391). The first step of the pathway is the conversion of acetate to norsolorinic acid (NOR) and requires the fatty acid synthase subunits hexA and hexB, as well as the polyketide synthase pksA (PubMed:16649078, PubMed:23207690). PksA combines a hexanoyl starter unit and 7 malonyl-CoA extender units to synthesize the precursor NOR (By similarity). The hexanoyl starter unit is provided to the acyl-carrier protein (ACP) domain by the fungal fatty acid synthase hexA/hexB (By similarity). The second step is the conversion of NOR to averantin (AVN) and requires the norsolorinic acid ketoreductase nor1, which catalyzes the dehydration of norsolorinic acid to form (1'S)-averantin (PubMed:23207690). The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase avnA then catalyzes the hydroxylation of AVN to 5'hydroxyaverantin (HAVN) (PubMed:23207690). The next step is performed by adhA that transforms HAVN to averufin (AVF) (PubMed:23207690). Averufin might then be converted to hydroxyversicolorone by cypX and avfA (PubMed:23207690). Hydroxyversicolorone is further converted versiconal hemiacetal acetate (VHA) by moxY (PubMed:23207690). VHA is then the substrate for the versiconal hemiacetal acetate esterase est1 to yield versiconal (VAL) (PubMed:23207690). Versicolorin B synthase vbsA then converts VAL to versicolorin B (VERB) by closing the bisfuran ring (PubMed:16649078, PubMed:23207690). Then, the activity of the versicolorin B desaturase verB leads to versicolorin A (VERA) (PubMed:23207690). DotB, a predicted chloroperoxidase, may perform epoxidation of the A-ring of VERA (PubMed:23207690). Alternatively, a cytochrome P450, such as cypX or avnA could catalyze this step (PubMed:23207690). It is also possible that another, uncharacterized, cytochrome P450 enzyme is responsible for this step (PubMed:23207690). Opening of the epoxide could potentially be achieved by the epoxide hydrolase epoA (PubMed:23207690). However, epoA seems not to be required for DOTH biosynthesis, but other epoxide hydrolases may have the ability to complement this hydrolysis (PubMed:23207690). Alternatively, opening of the epoxide ring could be achieved non- enzymatically (PubMed:23207690). The next step is the deoxygenation of ring A to yield the 5,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone which is most likely catalyzed by the NADPH dehydrogenase encoded by ver1 (PubMed:23207690). The last stages of DOTH biosynthesis are proposed to involve hydroxylation of the bisfuran (PubMed:23207690). OrdB and norB might have oxidative roles here (PubMed:23207690). An alternative possibility is that cytochrome P450 monoogenases such as avnA and cypX might perform these steps in addition to previously proposed steps (PubMed:23207690). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.


FUNCTION: May be a sugar porin with a broad carbohydrate specificity. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell outer membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the porin LamB (TC 1.B.3) family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ParA family.


FUNCTION: Binds preferentially double-stranded telomeric repeats, but may also bind to the single telomeric strand. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Chromosome Nucleus, nucleolus Chromosome, telomere Note=Localized to the nucleolus during interphase. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the histone H1/H5 family. SMH subfamily.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of rebeccamycin, an indolocarbazole alkaloid that inhibits topoisomerase 1. Has a wide substrate range, including staurosporine aglycone, EJG- III-108A, J-104303, 6-N-methyl-arcyriaflavin and indolo-[2,3-a]- carbazole. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.


FUNCTION: Acts as a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). Promotes guanine-nucleotide exchange on ARF1, ARF3 and ARF6. Activates ARF factors through replacement of GDP with GTP (By similarity). The cell membrane form, in association with ARL4 proteins, recruits ARF6 to the plasma membrane (PubMed:17398095). Involved in neurite growth (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein Cytoplasm Cell projection Cell projection, growth cone Cell junction, tight junction Cell junction, adherens junction Note=Both isoform 1 and isoform 2 are recruited to the cell membrane through its association with ARL4A, ARL4C and ARL4D. They require also interaction with phosphoinositides for targeting to plasma membrane (PubMed:17398095). In differentiating neuroblastoma cells, colocalizes with CCDC120 in both neurite shaft and growth cone areas.


FUNCTION: May function as an output molecule from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that transmits behavioral circadian rhythm. May also function locally within the SCN to synchronize output. Potently contracts gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the AVIT (prokineticin) family.


FUNCTION: Together with RST1, acts as cofactor of the cytoplasmic exosome and connects the cytosolic RNA exosome to the SKI complex (PubMed:31455787). Acts as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor (PubMed:31455787, PubMed:31941670). CER16/RIPR can, like RST1 suppress the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from the CER3 locus, which is involved in cuticule membrane and wax production, and in the typhine and sporopollenin biosynthesis of pollen (PubMed:31455787, PubMed:31941670). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum.


FUNCTION: Involved in the post-translational processing of the hydrogenase large subunit.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to homocysteine, pyruvate and ammonia during methionine biosynthesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.


FUNCTION: Capsid vertex-specific component that plays a role during viral DNA encapsidation, assuring correct genome cleavage and presumably stabilizing capsids that contain full-length viral genomes. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion Host nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the herpesviridae CVC1 protein family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.


FUNCTION: Upon acetylcholine binding, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Postsynaptic cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Acetylcholine receptor (TC 1.A.9.1) subfamily. Alpha-1/CHRNA1 sub- subfamily.


FUNCTION: Dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase involved in the glycosylation of glycoproteins through the synthesis of dolichyl beta- D-glucosyl phosphate which serves as a sugar donor for transfer of three glucose residues to the Man-9-GlcNAc-2-PP-dolichol precursor to N-glycans. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the PAL/histidase family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the ATP- and formate-dependent formylation of 5- aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate (AICAR) to 5-formaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate (FAICAR) in the absence of folates. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.


FUNCTION: RNA-binding protein involved in the specific removal of group I introns in mitochondrial encoded transcripts. Maintains the stability of the small subunit mitochondrial 15S rRNA and thus the expression of the mitochondrial genome (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the CCM1 family.


FUNCTION: Involved in pre-mRNA splicing; specifically in the final stages of spliceosome maturation. Promotes the first step of splicing. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the SPP2 family.


FUNCTION: Induces the nucleation and stabilization of vaterite, one of the crystalline polymorphs of calcium carbonate. Exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix.


FUNCTION: Acts as a calcium sensor for mitochondrial flash (mitoflash) activation, an event characterized by stochastic bursts of superoxide production (By similarity). May play a role in neuronal differentiation (PubMed:16336229). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane.


FUNCTION: Peptide chain release factor 1 directs the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons UAG and UAA. FUNCTION: Peptide chain release factor 1 directs the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons UAG and UAA. FUNCTION: Peptide chain release factor 1 directs the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons UAG and UAA. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.


FUNCTION: Antimicrobial peptide that potently acts against several species of Gram-positive bacteria (PubMed:16222292, PubMed:19472324). It selectively inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis through complex formation with the cell wall precursor lipid II (1:1 molar ratio) thus inhibiting cell wall synthesis (PubMed:20508130). It does not disrupt cell membranes (PubMed:20508130). Is especially active against numerous clinical isolates of S.pneumoniae, including all 90 different serotypes and isolates resistant to clinically used antibiotics (PubMed:16222292). In vitro, shows considerable selectivity for bacteria over mammalian cells (PubMed:16222292). The peptide synthesized in D-amino acids does not show antibacterial activity (PubMed:19472324). In vitro, acts on voltage-gated potassium channels by moderately inhibiting mammalian Kv1.3/KCNA3 (IC(50)=2.8 uM), and moderately inhibiting others potassium channels (PubMed:25568977). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted Host cell membrane. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the invertebrate defensin family. Type 2 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Acts as histone H2A/H2B chaperone in nucleosome assembly, playing a critical role for the correct expression of genes involved in root proliferation and patterning. Required with NRP2 for the maintenance of cell proliferation and differentiation in postembryonic root growth. Involved in both intramolecular and intermolecular somatic homologous recombination. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.


FUNCTION: May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CC-type subfamily.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.


FUNCTION: Part of a sulfur-relay system required for 2-thiolation of 5- methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm(5)s(2)U) at tRNA wobble positions. FUNCTION: Part of a sulfur-relay system required for 2-thiolation of 5- methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm(5)s(2)U) at tRNA wobble positions. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DsrF/TusC family. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the DsrF/TusC family.


FUNCTION: Cysteine protease that plays a key role in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8. Required for selective autophagic degradation of the nucleus (nucleophagy) as well as for mitophagy which contributes to regulate mitochondrial quantity and quality by eliminating the mitochondria to a basal level to fulfill cellular energy requirements and preventing excess ROS production. The protease activity is required for proteolytic activation of ATG8: cleaves the C- terminal amino acid of ATG8 to reveal a C-terminal glycine. ATG8 ubiquitin-like activity requires the exposure of the glycine at the C- terminus for its conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and its insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy. The ATG8-PE conjugate mediates tethering between adjacent membranes and stimulates membrane hemifusion, leading to expansion of the autophagosomal membrane during autophagy. In addition to the protease activity, also catalyzes deconjugation of PE-conjugated forms of ATG8 during macroautophagy: ATG8 delipidation is required to release the protein from membranes, which facilitates multiple events during macroautophagy, and especially for efficient autophagosome biogenesis, the assembly of ATG9-containing tubulovesicular clusters into phagophores/autophagosomes, and for the disassembly of PAS-associated ATG components. ATG8 delipidation by ATG4 also recycles ATG8-PE generated on inappropriate membranes to maintain a reservoir of unlipidated ATG8 that is required for autophagosome formation at the PAS. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Preautophagosomal structure. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase C54 family.


SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Periplasm.


FUNCTION: Ligates lysine onto the cytidine present at position 34 of the AUA codon-specific tRNA(Ile) that contains the anticodon CAU, in an ATP-dependent manner. Cytidine is converted to lysidine, thus changing the amino acid specificity of the tRNA from methionine to isoleucine (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the tRNA(Ile)-lysidine synthase family.


FUNCTION: F(1)F(0) ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton or sodium gradient. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. FUNCTION: Component of the F(0) channel, it forms part of the peripheral stalk, linking F(1) to F(0). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cellular thylakoid membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATPase B chain family.


FUNCTION: Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. Chromosome.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the FHIP family.


FUNCTION: Specific and highly efficient GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase regulating the levels of GDP-D-glucose in cells. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GDPGP1 family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids such as long chain and very long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Can activate diverse saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Has increased ability to activate oleic and linoleic acid. May play a role in spermatogenesis. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. Bubblegum subfamily.


FUNCTION: Potent blocker of both large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa1.1/KCNMA1) and voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv1.3/KCNA3 and ERG1/Kv11.1/KCNH2). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the short scorpion toxin superfamily. Potassium channel inhibitor family. Alpha-KTx 01 subfamily.


FUNCTION: Essential protein. Glycosyltransferase that mediates the glycosylation of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs), the major sphingolipids in the plasma membrane; acts as a HexN(Ac)-specific GIPC sugar transferase. Responsible for the glycosylation of a subgroup of GIPCs found in seeds and pollen that contain GlcNAc and GlcN (GlcN(Ac)). Maybe involved in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 64 family.


SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.


FUNCTION: Component of antiviral defense system Septu type I, composed of PtuA and PtuB. Expression of Septu type I in B.subtilis (strain BEST7003) confers resistance to phages SBSphiC and SBSphiJ (PubMed:29371424). May be an ATPase (Probable).


FUNCTION: Has antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytolytic and cytotoxic activity. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the spiderine family. Cationic/spiderine subfamily.


FUNCTION: Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by the MOCS3 homolog nit-1/uba4. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Prior mcm(5) tRNA modification by the elongator complex is required for 2-thiolation. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins such as ahp1. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the URM1 family.


FUNCTION: The nonhelical tail domain is involved in promoting KRT5- KRT14 filaments to self-organize into large bundles and enhances the mechanical properties involved in resilience of keratin intermediate filaments in vitro. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm Nucleus Note=Expressed in both as a filamentous pattern. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the intermediate filament family.


FUNCTION: Controls floral meristem identity. Is also required for normal development of sepals and petals. Is required for the transition of an influorescence meristem into a floral meristem. Interacts with LEAFY (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus.


FUNCTION: [Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, processed form]: This form is generated following cleavage by CASP7 in the extracellular milieu in response to bacterial infection (By similarity). It shows increased ability to convert sphingomyelin to ceramide and promotes plasma membrane repair. Plasma membrane repair by ceramide counteracts the action of gasdermin-D (GSDMD) perforin (PRF1) pores that are formed in response to bacterial infection (By similarity). FUNCTION: When secreted, modulates cell signaling with its ability to reorganize the plasma membrane by converting sphingomyelin to ceramide. Secreted form is increased in response to stress and inflammatory mediators such as IL1B, IFNG or TNF as well as upon infection with bacteria and viruses. Produces the release of ceramide in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane playing a central role in host defense. Ceramide reorganizes these rafts into larger signaling platforms that are required to internalize bacteria, induce apoptosis and regulate the cytokine response in infected cells. In wounded cells, the lysosomal form is released extracellularly in the presence of Ca(2+) and promotes endocytosis and plasma membrane repair. FUNCTION: Converts sphingomyelin to ceramide. Exists as two enzymatic forms that arise from alternative trafficking of a single protein precursor, one that is targeted to the endolysosomal compartment, whereas the other is released extracellularly. However, in response to various forms of stress, lysosomal exocytosis may represent a major source of the secretory form. FUNCTION: In the lysosomes, converts sphingomyelin to ceramide. Plays an important role in the export of cholesterol from the intraendolysosomal membranes. Also has phospholipase C activities toward 1,2-diacylglycerolphosphocholine and 1,2- diacylglycerolphosphoglycerol. Modulates stress-induced apoptosis through the production of ceramide. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Lysosome Lipid droplet Secreted Note=The secreted form is induced in a time- and dose-dependent by IL1B and TNF as well as stress and viral infection. This increase of the secreted form seems to be due to exocytosis of the lysosomal form and is Ca(2+)-dependent. Secretion is dependent of phosphorylation at Ser-504. Secretion is induced by inflammatory mediators such as IL1B, IFNG or TNF as well as infection with bacteria and viruses. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, processed form]: Secreted, extracellular space Note=This form is generated following cleavage by CASP7. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the acid sphingomyelinase family.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate (InsP3) into 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and participates to the regulation of calcium homeostasis (PubMed:11085927, PubMed:12747803). Can phosphorylate inositol 2,4,5- triphosphate to inositol 2,4,5,6-tetraphosphate (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm Note=Shuttles actively between nucleus and cytoplasm with both nuclear import and nuclear export activity. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.


FUNCTION: A low activity DNA endonuclease yielding 3'-hydroxyl ends (Probable). Upon expression enhances RecA-independent DNA recombination 2.9-fold, concomitantly reducing viability by 59% and inducing DNA damage as measured by induction of the SOS repair response. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Rpn/YhgA-like nuclease family.


FUNCTION: NDH-1 shuttles electrons from NADH, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be a menaquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation (for every two electrons transferred, four hydrogen ions are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane), and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.


FUNCTION: Component of the cuticle of migratory locust which contains more than 100 different structural proteins.


FUNCTION: Catalyzes an oxidative deamination of predominantly hydrophobic and aromatic L-amino acids, thus producing hydrogen peroxide that may contribute to the diverse toxic effects of this enzyme (PubMed:11341935). Shows activity on L-Leu (PubMed:11341935). Exhibits diverse biological activities, such as apoptosis, and inhibition of agonist- and shear stress-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA). Effects of snake L-amino oxidases on platelets are controversial, since they either induce aggregation or inhibit agonist- induced aggregation. These different effects are probably due to different experimental conditions. This protein may also induce hemorrhage, hemolysis, edema, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family. FIG1 subfamily.


FUNCTION: G-protein coupled estrogen receptor that binds to 17-beta- estradiol (E2) with high affinity, leading to rapid and transient activation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways. Stimulates cAMP production, calcium mobilization and tyrosine kinase Src inducing the release of heparin-bound epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) and subsequent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), activating downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK. Mediates pleiotropic functions among others in the cardiovascular, endocrine, reproductive, immune and central nervous systems. Has a role in cardioprotection by reducing cardiac hypertrophy and perivascular fibrosis in a RAMP3-dependent manner. Regulates arterial blood pressure by stimulating vasodilation and reducing vascular smooth muscle and microvascular endothelial cell proliferation. Plays a role in blood glucose homeostasis contributing to the insulin secretion response by pancreatic beta cells. Triggers mitochondrial apoptosis during pachytene spermatocyte differentiation. Stimulates uterine epithelial cell proliferation. Enhances uterine contractility in response to oxytocin. Contributes to thymic atrophy by inducing apoptosis. Attenuates TNF-mediated endothelial expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules. Promotes neuritogenesis in developing hippocampal neurons. Plays a role in acute neuroprotection against NMDA-induced excitotoxic neuronal death. Increases firing activity and intracellular calcium oscillations in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons. Inhibits early osteoblast proliferation at growth plate during skeletal development. Inhibits mature adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. Involved in the recruitment of beta-arrestin 2 ARRB2 at the plasma membrane in epithelial cells. Functions also as a receptor for aldosterone mediating rapid regulation of vascular contractibility through the PI3K/ERK signaling pathway. Involved in cancer progression regulation. Stimulates cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) proliferation by a rapid genomic response through the EGFR/ERK transduction pathway. Associated with EGFR, may act as a transcription factor activating growth regulatory genes (c-fos, cyclin D1). Promotes integrin alpha-5/beta-1 and fibronectin (FN) matrix assembly in breast cancer cells. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Basolateral cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Early endosome Recycling endosome Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network Golgi apparatus membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cell projection, dendrite. Cell projection, dendritic spine membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cell projection, axon Postsynaptic density Mitochondrion membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Note=Endocytosed in an agonist- and arrestin-independent manner. Colocalized with RAMP3 and clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane. Colocalized with transferrin receptor at the plasma membrane and perinuclear region. Accumulated and colocalized with RAB11 proteins in recycling endosomes and trans-Golgi network (TGN), but does neither recycle back to the cell surface nor traffics to late endosome or lysosome. Colocalized with calnexin in the endoplasmic reticulum. Traffics to intracellular sites via cytokeratin intermediate filaments like KRT7 and KRT8 after constitutive endocytosis in epithelial cells. Colocalized with EGFR in the nucleus of agonist-induced cancer- associated fibroblasts (CAF) (By similarity). Colocalized with BSN to the active zone of presynaptic density. Colocalized with DLG4/PSD95 and neurabin-2 PPP1R9B in neuronal synaptosomes. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.


FUNCTION: Important for the resorption of phosphate by the kidney. May be involved in actively transporting phosphate into cells via Na(+) cotransport in the renal brush border membrane. Plays a role in urate transport in the kidney. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Apical cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter family.


FUNCTION: Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.


FUNCTION: Shows a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Has also antimicrobial activity against S.cerevisiae. Has insecticidal and non-hemolytic activity. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ponericin-G family.


FUNCTION: May induce apoptosis through the lysosomal-mitochondrial pathway. Translocates to the lysosome initiating the permeabilization of lysosomal membrane (LMP) and resulting in the release of CTSD and CTSL to the cytoplasm. Triggers the caspase-independent apoptosis by altering mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) resulting in the release of PDCD8. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Lysosome Note=Translocates to lysosome during apoptosis.


FUNCTION: [Isoform Antiholin]: Counteracts the aggregation of the holin molecules and thus of pore formation. FUNCTION: [Isoform Holin]: Accumulates harmlessly in the cytoplasmic membrane until it reaches a critical concentration that triggers the formation of nanometer-scale pores (pinholes) causing host cell membrane depolarization and endolysin refolding and release into the periplasmic space (PubMed:19861547, PubMed:17827300, PubMed:23671069). Once the pinholin has permeabilized the host cell membrane, the SAR- endolysin is released into the periplasm and breaks down the peptidoglycan layer (PubMed:19861547, PubMed:17827300). Determines the precise timing of host cell lysis (PubMed:23671069). Participates with the SAR-endolysin and spanin proteins in the sequential events which lead to the programmed host cell lysis releasing the mature viral particles from the host cell (Probable) (PubMed:17827300). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Host cell inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein Note=Classified as a class II holin.


FUNCTION: HflC and HflK help govern the stability of phage lambda cII protein, and thereby control the lysogenization frequency of phage lambda. HflKC inhibits the SecY-degrading activity of FtsH, possibly helping quality control of integral membrane proteins. FUNCTION: HflC and HflK govern the stability of phage lambda cII protein and have been proposed to encode or regulate a cII-specific protease. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell inner membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. HflK subfamily.


FUNCTION: Serves as a base for tail tube protein polymerization and acts as a template for tail length determination. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the Mulikevirus tape measure protein family.