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  ModernGENA is a DNA foundation model based on a modernized BERT-style encoder architecture adapted for genomic sequence modeling.
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  **ModernGENA base** is the 135M-parameter version introduced in the paper *Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models*.
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- Pretrained models:
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- - [AIRI-Institute/moderngena-base](https://huggingface.co/AIRI-Institute/moderngena-base)
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- - [AIRI-Institute/moderngena-large](https://huggingface.co/AIRI-Institute/moderngena-large)
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- Training and fine-tuning code:
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  - [GENA_LM repository](https://github.com/AIRI-Institute/GENA_LM/tree/main/examples/modernGENA)
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- ## Key features
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- Compared to earlier DNA BERT-style models, ModernGENA incorporates several modern Transformer improvements:
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- - **RoPE positional embeddings** instead of absolute positional embeddings;
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- - **Hybrid attention pattern** with alternating local sliding-window and global attention;
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- - **Pre-norm Transformer blocks** for improved optimization stability;
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- - **GeGLU feed-forward layers** for more expressive nonlinear transformations;
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- - **Reduced bias parameterization** in most linear and normalization layers;
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- - **Efficient long-context implementation** with unpadding, FlashAttention-compatible kernels, and `torch.compile`.
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- These changes make ModernGENA a practical and reproducible baseline for studying DNA language modeling under modern training and inference setups.
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- ## Model description
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- **ModernGENA base** is an encoder-only Transformer trained with masked language modeling (MLM) on genomic sequences.
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- ### Architecture
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- - **Parameters:** 135M
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- - **Number of layers:** 22
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- - **Hidden size:** 768
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- - **Intermediate size:** 1152
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- - **Attention heads:** 12
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- - **Vocabulary size:** 32k BPE
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- - **Maximum sequence length during training:** up to 1024 tokens with dynamic packing
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- - **Sliding window size:** 128
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- - **Global attention every:** 3 layers
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  ### Tokenization
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- ModernGENA uses a **32k BPE vocabulary** built over DNA alphabet symbols `A/T/G/C/N`, with special tokens:
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- - `[CLS]`
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- - `[SEP]`
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- - `[PAD]`
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- - `[UNK]`
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- - `[MASK]`
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- As a preprocessing step, long runs of `N` are collapsed into a single token.
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- ## Training data
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- The model was pretrained on a large multispecies vertebrate genomic corpus derived from **NCBI RefSeq** annotations available as of **December 2024**.
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  ### Pretraining corpus
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  - overlapping intervals merged with BEDTools
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  - both strands included for each resulting region
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- ## Training setup
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- ModernGENA base was trained with masked language modeling on:
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- - **8 × NVIDIA A100 80GB GPUs**
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- - **Global batch size:** 4096 sequences
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- - **Sequence lengths sampled dynamically from 10 to 1024 tokens**
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- - **Average sequence length:** ~700 tokens
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- - **Optimizer:** AdamW
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- - **Learning rate:** `4e-4`
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- - **Betas:** `(0.9, 0.98)`
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- - **Epsilon:** `1e-6`
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- - **Weight decay:** `1e-5`
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- - **Warmup:** first `3e9` tokens, then constant LR
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- ### Training scale
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- - **158 epochs**
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- - **1,510B processed tokens**
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- - **Observed pretraining throughput:** **1.33M tokens/s**
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- ## Evaluation
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- ModernGENA was evaluated on the **Nucleotide Transformer benchmark** consisting of 18 genomic downstream tasks.
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- Key results reported in the paper:
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- - **ModernGENA base** ranks **first within the primary baseline set** among encoder-only Transformer models of comparable size;
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- - it shows a strong **efficiency–quality trade-off**;
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- - it achieves **higher inference throughput** than the main comparable baselines under FlashAttention-based inference settings.
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- The primary comparison group includes:
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- - DNABERT-2
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- - GENA-LM
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- - Nucleotide Transformer v2
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- ## Intended use
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- ModernGENA base is intended for:
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- - masked language modeling on DNA sequences;
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- - extracting contextual embeddings for genomic regions;
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- - fine-tuning on downstream genomics classification tasks such as:
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- - promoter prediction,
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- - enhancer prediction,
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- - histone mark prediction,
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- - splice-site related tasks.
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- ## Example usage
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  ### Load pretrained model
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  ```python
 
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  ModernGENA is a DNA foundation model based on a modernized BERT-style encoder architecture adapted for genomic sequence modeling.
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  **ModernGENA base** is the 135M-parameter version introduced in the paper *Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models*.
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+ Fine-tuning code:
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  - [GENA_LM repository](https://github.com/AIRI-Institute/GENA_LM/tree/main/examples/modernGENA)
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  ### Tokenization
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+ ModernGENA uses a **32k BPE vocabulary** built over DNA alphabet symbols `A/T/G/C/N`, with special tokens (`[CLS]`, `[SEP]`, `[PAD]`, `[UNK]`, `[MASK]`)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ### Pretraining corpus
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  - overlapping intervals merged with BEDTools
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  - both strands included for each resulting region
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  ### Load pretrained model
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  ```python