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README.md
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- refresh-gate
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- rose-x1
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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# Rose-Mini
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| 9 |
- refresh-gate
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- rose-x1
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license: apache-2.0
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+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
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---
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---
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license: mit
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language:
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* en
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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* causal-lm
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* custom-architecture
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* pytorch
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* transformers
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* rose-x1
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---
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# Rose-Mini
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## The First Bloom
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Every model teaches you something.
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Some teach optimization.
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Some teach patience.
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Some teach you that a single misplaced line of code can quietly destroy months of work.
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My previous projects taught me all three.
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**Archaea** taught me how to train language models from scratch.
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The **Ant** series taught me that lowering loss does not necessarily mean a model has learned anything useful.
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**Exp-1** humbled me by exposing a catastrophic implementation bug hidden inside my Transformer blocks.
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**Archaea-74M-V1.1** reminded me that refining a good model is sometimes more valuable than building a new one.
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Rose-Mini begins where those projects ended.
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Not with another Transformer.
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Not with another checkpoint.
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But with a question.
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> **What if I stopped modifying existing architectures and started building one of my own?**
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That question eventually became **Rose X1**.
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And Rose-Mini is the first public model built upon it.
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---
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# A Different Kind of Project
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Unlike my previous releases, Rose-Mini is not simply another pretrained language model.
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It represents my first successful custom architecture.
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For a long time I had wanted to move beyond reproducing existing Transformer implementations.
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Training models is fun.
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Understanding them is even more fun.
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Building one yourself...
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That is where the real adventure begins.
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Rose X1 became my playground for exploring architectural ideas while still remaining practical enough to train on consumer hardware.
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Fortunately...
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The architecture worked.
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---
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# Acknowledgements
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Before talking about Rose X1, I want to thank **Datdanboi25**.
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The **TX4** architecture was one of the first compact language model designs that genuinely made me stop scrolling and start reading code.
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Rather than simply scaling parameters, TX4 explored interesting architectural ideas for making smaller language models more capable.
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Rose X1 is **inspired by** many of those ideas while exploring its own design decisions and implementation.
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It is **not** a reproduction of TX4.
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It is my own architectural exploration built upon lessons learned from previous projects and inspired by the excellent work shared by the community.
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As an independent developer, openly published research and implementations are invaluable learning resources.
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So...
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Thank you, **Datdanboi25**.
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Without builders willing to share ideas, projects like Rose probably would never have existed.
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---
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# Meet Rose X1
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Rose X1 is a lightweight decoder-only architecture designed around one simple philosophy:
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> **Extract more capability from fewer parameters.**
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Instead of chasing larger parameter counts, Rose focuses on architectural efficiency and better utilization of compute.
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The architecture incorporates several modern design ideas including:
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* Grouped Query Attention (GQA)
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* RMSNorm
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* QK Normalization
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* Refresh Gates
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* Efficient decoder-only design
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* BF16 training
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The goal was never to reinvent the Transformer.
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The goal was to explore it.
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---
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# The Four Hour Battle
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Designing an architecture turned out to be easier than convincing Hugging Face that it actually existed.
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Training was straightforward.
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Writing the custom Hugging Face implementation...
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That was another story.
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Since Rose X1 is a custom architecture, I had to implement everything required for Hugging Face compatibility.
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Configuration classes.
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Model classes.
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Registration.
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Auto mapping.
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Generation support.
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Loading.
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Saving.
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Everything.
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I spent nearly **four hours** fighting the modeling file.
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Every time I fixed one error...
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Python politely introduced two more.
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Even AI models tried to help.
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They certainly made excellent suggestions.
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Unfortunately, they underestimated one critical variable.
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**Me.**
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I have a remarkable talent for introducing new bugs while fixing old ones.
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Some people have green fingers.
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Some have sticky fingers.
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I have **buggy fingers**.
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Eventually...
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The architecture loaded successfully.
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The checkpoints loaded.
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Generation worked.
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`AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained()` finally stopped complaining.
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That tiny success was honestly one of the most satisfying moments of the entire project.
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---
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# Model Overview
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| Property | Value |
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| ---------------- | -------------- |
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| Model | Rose-Mini |
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| Architecture | Rose X1 |
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| Parameters | 49.443 Million |
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| Layers | 14 |
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| Hidden Size | 512 |
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| Attention Heads | 8 |
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| KV Heads | 2 |
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| QK Normalization | Enabled |
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| Refresh Gates | Layers 4 & 9 |
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| Training Tokens | 12,206,861,568 |
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| Optimizer | Muon AdamW |
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---
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# Training
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Rose-Mini was trained on over **12.2 billion tokens**, representing my largest pretraining run so far.
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Rather than increasing parameter count, I chose to expose a compact model to significantly more data.
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Training small language models is an interesting balancing act.
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Too few tokens...
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The model memorizes very little.
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Too many...
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You begin wondering whether your SSD has developed feelings. #wirtten by Chat Gpt
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Fortunately, both survived.
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---
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# Comparing My Models
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One thing I enjoy about independent research is watching projects evolve over time.
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Each model solved a different problem.
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| Model | Parameters | Tokens | Architecture | Purpose |
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| ---------------- | ---------: | -----------------: | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
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| Archaea-74M | 74M | 1.23B | LLaMA-style Transformer | First successful pretrained model |
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| Archaea-74M-V1.1 | 74M | Continued Training | LLaMA-style Transformer | Refinement and benchmark improvements |
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| **Rose-Mini** | **49.4M** | **12.2B** | **Rose X1** | First custom architecture |
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Rose-Mini contains roughly **33% fewer parameters** than Archaea-74M.
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Despite that, it demonstrates that architectural experimentation can remain competitive while dramatically reducing parameter count.
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For me, Rose-Mini is less about replacing Archaea.
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It is about exploring a different path.
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---
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# Benchmark Highlights
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Rose-Mini demonstrates encouraging performance for a model of its size.
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| Benchmark | Score |
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| ----------------------------- | --------------: |
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| **BananaMind Base Bench 1.1** | **1037.37 Elo** |
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| **ArithMark-2.0** | **29.52%** |
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| **HellaSwag** | **28.95%** |
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| **PIQA** | **58.54%** |
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| **ARC-Easy** | **36.62%** |
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| **ARC-Challenge** | **24.32%** |
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The BananaMind Base Bench result crossing **1000 Elo** was particularly satisfying.
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Watching a custom architecture compete after weeks of implementation work is an incredibly rewarding experience.
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---
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# Performance Compared to Archaea
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Rose-Mini was never intended to be a direct replacement for Archaea.
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Both models were built with different objectives.
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| Category | Archaea-74M | Archaea-74M-V1.1 | Rose-Mini |
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| ------------------- | ----------: | -----------------: | --------------: |
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| Parameters | 74M | 74M | **49.4M** |
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| Training Tokens | 1.23B | Continued Training | **12.2B** |
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| Architecture | LLaMA-style | LLaMA-style | Rose X1 |
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| Custom Architecture | No | No | **Yes** |
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| BananaMind | — | 936 | **1037.37 Elo** |
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| ArithMark-2.0 | 29.30% | **37.37%** | **29.52%** |
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---
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# Why Rose?
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The answer is simple.
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Curiosity.
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Training another standard Transformer would certainly have been easier.
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It also would have been considerably less interesting.
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Rose exists because experimentation is how progress happens.
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Sometimes the experiment works.
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Sometimes it becomes Exp-1.
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Fortunately...
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This one worked.
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---
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# Current Limitations
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Rose-Mini is still a relatively small language model.
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Like every compact model, it has limitations.
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* Complex reasoning remains challenging.
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+
* Long-context understanding can be improved.
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| 294 |
+
* Factual consistency still has room for growth.
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| 295 |
+
* Instruction following could be further refined.
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| 296 |
+
|
| 297 |
+
None of these are surprising.
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| 298 |
+
|
| 299 |
+
They're simply opportunities for the next version.
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| 300 |
+
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| 301 |
+
---
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| 302 |
+
|
| 303 |
+
# Future Work
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| 304 |
+
|
| 305 |
+
Rose-Mini is only the beginning of the Rose family.
|
| 306 |
+
Development is already underway for:
|
| 307 |
+
|
| 308 |
+
## Rose-Medium
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
The goal of Rose-Medium is not simply to increase parameter count.
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
It is to continue exploring the Rose X1 architecture at a larger scale while preserving the design philosophy that made Rose-Mini successful.
|
| 313 |
+
|
| 314 |
+
Better architecture.
|
| 315 |
+
|
| 316 |
+
Better training.
|
| 317 |
+
|
| 318 |
+
Better models.
|
| 319 |
+
|
| 320 |
+
Hopefully fewer bugs.
|
| 321 |
+
|
| 322 |
+
Although I refuse to make any promises regarding that last point.
|
| 323 |
+
|
| 324 |
+
---
|
| 325 |
+
|
| 326 |
+
# Final Thoughts
|
| 327 |
+
|
| 328 |
+
Thank you for checking out Rose-Mini.
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| 329 |
+
|
| 330 |
+
I hope you enjoy experimenting with it as much as I enjoyed building it.
|