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| // General program searcher: non-chain programs that might achieve target with fewer instructions | |
| // For n instructions, each can be POP or HALT with various parameters | |
| // The checker computes step count via memoized recursion on (instr, stack_top) | |
| // | |
| // Key insight: with non-chain goto targets, we can create more complex execution patterns | |
| // that potentially achieve higher step counts with fewer instructions. | |
| // | |
| // For a program with n instructions and alphabet {1..A}: | |
| // - Each state is (instruction, stack_top) where stack_top in {0..A} | |
| // - The execution DAG on these states determines step count | |
| // - Step count can potentially be O(n * A * ...) depending on structure | |
| // | |
| // Strategy: for n instructions using alphabet {1..a}, we have n*(a+1) states | |
| // Each POP instr i with char c: when top==c, go to goto1 (1 step). Otherwise push char2 goto goto2. | |
| // Each HALT instr i: when top==0, halt (1 step). Otherwise push char goto goto2. | |
| // | |
| // The step count from state (i, x) is computed as: | |
| // POP i, top x: if x == a[i][0]: steps=1, next=(a[i][1], ???) | |
| // Actually the recursion returns (next_instr, steps). | |
| // When x != pop_char: first compute (j, u) = solve(push_goto, push_char) | |
| // then (k, v) = solve(j, x) | |
| // result = (k, u + v + 1) | |
| // | |
| // So solve(i, x) computes: starting at instr i with x on top of stack, | |
| // what is the total number of steps until halt, and what is the "return instruction" | |
| // (the instruction after the last pop that cleared this stack level) | |
| using namespace std; | |
| constexpr long long P = 998244353; | |
| struct MInt { | |
| long long x; | |
| MInt(): x(0) {} | |
| MInt(long long v): x(((v % P) + P) % P) {} | |
| MInt operator+(const MInt& b) const { return MInt(x + b.x); } | |
| MInt operator-(const MInt& b) const { return MInt(x - b.x); } | |
| MInt operator*(const MInt& b) const { return MInt(x * b.x); } | |
| bool operator==(const MInt& b) const { return x == b.x; } | |
| }; | |
| int n; | |
| int type[30]; // 0=POP, 1=HALT | |
| int pop_char[30], goto1[30], push_char[30], goto2[30]; | |
| // For HALT: push_char[i], goto2[i] | |
| optional<pair<int, MInt>> dp[30][1025]; | |
| bool vis[30][1025]; | |
| bool infinite_flag; | |
| pair<int, MInt> solve(int i, int x) { | |
| if (dp[i][x]) return dp[i][x].value(); | |
| if (vis[i][x]) { infinite_flag = true; return {-1, MInt(0)}; } | |
| vis[i][x] = true; | |
| if (type[i] == 0) { // POP | |
| if (x == pop_char[i]) { | |
| dp[i][x] = {goto1[i], MInt(1)}; | |
| } else { | |
| auto [j, u] = solve(goto2[i], push_char[i]); | |
| if (infinite_flag) return {-1, MInt(0)}; | |
| auto [k, v] = solve(j, x); | |
| if (infinite_flag) return {-1, MInt(0)}; | |
| dp[i][x] = {k, u + v + MInt(1)}; | |
| } | |
| } else { // HALT | |
| if (x == 0) { | |
| dp[i][x] = {-1, MInt(1)}; | |
| } else { | |
| auto [j, u] = solve(goto2[i], push_char[i]); | |
| if (infinite_flag) return {-1, MInt(0)}; | |
| auto [k, v] = solve(j, x); | |
| if (infinite_flag) return {-1, MInt(0)}; | |
| dp[i][x] = {k, u + v + MInt(1)}; | |
| } | |
| } | |
| return dp[i][x].value(); | |
| } | |
| MInt evaluate() { | |
| for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) | |
| for (int j = 0; j <= 1024; j++) { | |
| dp[i][j].reset(); | |
| vis[i][j] = false; | |
| } | |
| infinite_flag = false; | |
| auto [fi, steps] = solve(0, 0); | |
| if (infinite_flag) return MInt(-1); // sentinel | |
| return steps; | |
| } | |
| int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { | |
| if (argc < 3) { | |
| cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " <target_mod_P> <n_instructions>" << endl; | |
| return 1; | |
| } | |
| long long target = atoll(argv[1]); | |
| n = atoi(argv[2]); | |
| int maxAlpha = min(n + 1, 5); // limit alphabet size for search | |
| mt19937 rng(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count()); | |
| auto startTime = chrono::steady_clock::now(); | |
| auto elapsed_ms = [&]() { | |
| return chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(chrono::steady_clock::now() - startTime).count(); | |
| }; | |
| // Random program generator | |
| auto randomize = [&]() { | |
| for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { | |
| if (i == n - 1) { | |
| // Last instruction should be HALT for termination | |
| type[i] = 1; | |
| } else { | |
| type[i] = (rng() % 4 == 0) ? 1 : 0; // mostly POP | |
| } | |
| if (type[i] == 0) { | |
| pop_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| goto1[i] = rng() % n; | |
| push_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| goto2[i] = rng() % n; | |
| } else { | |
| push_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| goto2[i] = rng() % n; | |
| } | |
| } | |
| }; | |
| // Mutation | |
| auto mutate = [&]() { | |
| int i = rng() % n; | |
| int what = rng() % 5; | |
| if (what == 0 && i < n - 1) { | |
| // flip type | |
| type[i] = 1 - type[i]; | |
| if (type[i] == 0) { | |
| pop_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| goto1[i] = rng() % n; | |
| push_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| goto2[i] = rng() % n; | |
| } else { | |
| push_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| goto2[i] = rng() % n; | |
| } | |
| } else if (what == 1) { | |
| if (type[i] == 0) push_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| else push_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| } else if (what == 2) { | |
| goto2[i] = rng() % n; | |
| } else if (what == 3 && type[i] == 0) { | |
| goto1[i] = rng() % n; | |
| } else { | |
| if (type[i] == 0) pop_char[i] = 1 + rng() % maxAlpha; | |
| } | |
| }; | |
| int restarts = 0; | |
| bool found = false; | |
| // Save best state | |
| int best_type[30], best_pop_char[30], best_goto1[30], best_push_char[30], best_goto2[30]; | |
| while (elapsed_ms() < 120000 && !found) { // 2 minutes | |
| restarts++; | |
| randomize(); | |
| MInt T = evaluate(); | |
| if (T.x == (long long)(-1 + P) % P) continue; // infinite | |
| if (T.x == target) { found = true; break; } | |
| for (int iter = 0; iter < 100000 && !found; iter++) { | |
| // Save state | |
| int sv_type[30], sv_pop[30], sv_g1[30], sv_push[30], sv_g2[30]; | |
| memcpy(sv_type, type, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(sv_pop, pop_char, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(sv_g1, goto1, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(sv_push, push_char, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(sv_g2, goto2, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| mutate(); | |
| MInt nT = evaluate(); | |
| if (nT.x == (long long)(-1 + P) % P) { | |
| // revert | |
| memcpy(type, sv_type, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(pop_char, sv_pop, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(goto1, sv_g1, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(push_char, sv_push, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(goto2, sv_g2, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| continue; | |
| } | |
| if (nT.x == target) { found = true; break; } | |
| long long nd = min((nT.x - target + P) % P, (target - nT.x + P) % P); | |
| long long od = min((T.x - target + P) % P, (target - T.x + P) % P); | |
| if (nd <= od) { | |
| T = nT; | |
| } else { | |
| // revert | |
| memcpy(type, sv_type, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(pop_char, sv_pop, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(goto1, sv_g1, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(push_char, sv_push, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| memcpy(goto2, sv_g2, sizeof(int)*n); | |
| } | |
| } | |
| if (restarts % 100 == 0) { | |
| cerr << "restart=" << restarts << " elapsed=" << elapsed_ms() << "ms" << endl; | |
| } | |
| } | |
| if (found) { | |
| cerr << "FOUND n=" << n << " after " << restarts << " restarts" << endl; | |
| // Output | |
| cout << n << endl; | |
| for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { | |
| if (type[i] == 0) { | |
| cout << "POP " << pop_char[i] << " GOTO " << (goto1[i]+1) | |
| << " PUSH " << push_char[i] << " GOTO " << (goto2[i]+1) << endl; | |
| } else { | |
| cout << "HALT PUSH " << push_char[i] << " GOTO " << (goto2[i]+1) << endl; | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } else { | |
| cerr << "NOT FOUND n=" << n << " after " << restarts << " restarts" << endl; | |
| } | |
| return 0; | |
| } | |