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;;; Copyright (c) 2026 BEL ESPRIT D ACCORD TRUST HOLDINGS INC
;;; All rights reserved.
(defpackage :marlborg.worm.test.attacks
(:use :cl :marlborg.worm.primitives)
(:export :run-attack-suite))
(in-package :marlborg.worm.test.attacks)
;;; ============================================================
;;; ADVERSARIAL TEST SUITE
;;; Red-team attacks against the Marlborg-WORM system
;;; ============================================================
(defun run-attack-suite ()
(format t "~%=== ADVERSARIAL ATTACK SUITE ===~%")
(format t "~%--- Chain Integrity Attacks ---~%")
(attack-replay-block)
(attack-reorder-blocks)
(attack-forge-signature)
(attack-modify-payload-preserve-hash)
(attack-swap-genesis)
(format t "~%--- Rewrite System Attacks ---~%")
(attack-inject-malicious-rule)
(attack-divergent-rewrite)
(attack-infinite-expansion)
(attack-rule-priority-hijack)
(format t "~%--- Entropy / Convergence Attacks ---~%")
(attack-entropy-overflow)
(attack-contraction-violation)
(attack-nonce-reuse)
(format t "~%--- Crypto Primitive Attacks ---~%")
(attack-length-extension)
(attack-key-reuse-across-chains)
(attack-ecies-malleability)
(format t "~%~%=== ATTACK SUITE COMPLETE ===~%"))
;;; ============================================================
;;; CHAIN INTEGRITY ATTACKS
;;; ============================================================
(defun attack-replay-block ()
"ATTACK: Copy a valid block from one chain position to another.
EXPECTED: Chain verification fails (index mismatch + prev_hash wrong)"
(multiple-value-bind (sk pk) (ed25519-keypair)
(let* ((chain (make-chain))
(p1 (sha3-256 (make-array 4 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8)
:initial-contents '(1 2 3 4))))
(p2 (sha3-256 (make-array 4 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8)
:initial-contents '(5 6 7 8))))
(chain (append-block chain (ecies-encrypt pk p1) sk))
(chain (append-block chain (ecies-encrypt pk p2) sk)))
;; Replay: duplicate block 1 at position 2
(let* ((blocks (worm-chain-blocks chain))
(block-1 (second blocks)) ; index 1
(tampered-blocks (list (car blocks) block-1 block-1 (fourth blocks))))
(handler-case
(let ((tampered (%make-chain :blocks tampered-blocks
:genesis-hash (worm-chain-genesis-hash chain))))
(if (not (verify-chain tampered pk))
(format t " [DEFENDED] replay attack: chain rejects duplicated block~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] replay attack: chain accepted duplicated block!~%")))
(error (e)
(format t " [DEFENDED] replay attack: error during verification (~A)~%"
(type-of e))))))))
(defun attack-reorder-blocks ()
"ATTACK: Swap the order of two valid blocks.
EXPECTED: prev_hash linkage breaks, verification fails"
(multiple-value-bind (sk pk) (ed25519-keypair)
(let* ((chain (make-chain))
(chain (append-block chain (ecies-encrypt pk (sha3-256 #(1 2))) sk))
(chain (append-block chain (ecies-encrypt pk (sha3-256 #(3 4))) sk))
(chain (append-block chain (ecies-encrypt pk (sha3-256 #(5 6))) sk)))
(let* ((blocks (worm-chain-blocks chain))
;; Swap block 1 and block 2
(reordered (list (car blocks)
(third blocks)
(second blocks)
(fourth blocks))))
(handler-case
(let ((tampered (%make-chain :blocks reordered
:genesis-hash (worm-chain-genesis-hash chain))))
(if (not (verify-chain tampered pk))
(format t " [DEFENDED] reorder attack: chain rejects swapped blocks~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] reorder attack: chain accepted reordered blocks!~%")))
(error (e)
(format t " [DEFENDED] reorder attack: error (~A)~%" (type-of e))))))))
(defun attack-forge-signature ()
"ATTACK: Create a block with a valid payload but forged (random) signature.
EXPECTED: Signature verification fails"
(multiple-value-bind (sk pk) (ed25519-keypair)
(declare (ignore sk))
(multiple-value-bind (fake-sk fake-pk) (ed25519-keypair)
(declare (ignore fake-pk))
;; Sign with wrong key
(let* ((chain (make-chain))
(payload (ecies-encrypt pk (sha3-256 #(1 2 3 4))))
(chain-forged (append-block chain payload fake-sk)))
(if (not (verify-chain chain-forged pk))
(format t " [DEFENDED] forged signature: chain rejects wrong-key signature~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] forged signature: chain accepted wrong-key block!~%"))))))
(defun attack-modify-payload-preserve-hash ()
"ATTACK: Try to find two different payloads that produce the same hash.
EXPECTED: SHA3-256 collision resistance holds (probabilistically)"
(let ((seen (make-hash-table :test 'equalp))
(collision-found nil))
(dotimes (i 10000)
(let* ((data (make-array 8 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8)))
(_ (dotimes (j 8) (setf (aref data j) (random 256))))
(hash (sha3-256 data))
(hash-key (coerce hash 'list)))
(declare (ignore _))
(if (gethash hash-key seen)
(progn (setf collision-found t) (return))
(setf (gethash hash-key seen) data))))
(if (not collision-found)
(format t " [DEFENDED] collision search: 10K inputs, no SHA3 collision found~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] collision found! SHA3 implementation is broken!~%"))))
(defun attack-swap-genesis ()
"ATTACK: Replace the genesis block with a different one.
EXPECTED: Genesis hash mismatch detected"
(multiple-value-bind (sk pk) (ed25519-keypair)
(let* ((chain (make-chain))
(chain (append-block chain (ecies-encrypt pk (sha3-256 #(1 2 3))) sk))
;; Make a different genesis
(fake-genesis (make-chain))
(blocks (worm-chain-blocks chain))
(tampered (list (car blocks) ; keep block 1
(car (worm-chain-blocks fake-genesis))))) ; different genesis
(handler-case
(let ((tampered-chain (%make-chain :blocks tampered
:genesis-hash (sha3-256 #(0 0 0 0)))))
(if (not (verify-chain tampered-chain pk))
(format t " [DEFENDED] genesis swap: chain rejects altered genesis~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] genesis swap: chain accepted fake genesis!~%")))
(error (e)
(format t " [DEFENDED] genesis swap: error (~A)~%" (type-of e)))))))
;;; ============================================================
;;; REWRITE SYSTEM ATTACKS
;;; ============================================================
(defun attack-inject-malicious-rule ()
"ATTACK: Install a rule that replaces all code with (PWNED).
EXPECTED: Either rule doesn't match (pattern too specific) or
contraction factor > 1 detected and evolution halts"
(let ((saved-table (copy-hash-table *rule-table*)))
(unwind-protect
(progn
;; Inject universal match rule
(install-rule (make-rule 'evil
'(x)
:body (lambda (&rest bindings)
(declare (ignore bindings))
'(pwned pwned pwned))
:priority 9999))
(let* ((original '(lambda (x) (+ x 1)))
(rewritten (apply-rules original)))
(if (equal rewritten '(pwned pwned pwned))
(format t " [PARTIAL] malicious rule: injection succeeded — need guard!~%")
(format t " [DEFENDED] malicious rule: original preserved~%"))
;; BUT: check if contraction factor would reject this
(let ((alpha (contraction-factor original rewritten rewritten)))
(if (> alpha 1.0)
(format t " contraction check WOULD reject (α=~,3f > 1)~%" alpha)
(format t " WARNING: contraction check passes (α=~,3f ≤ 1)~%" alpha)))))
;; Restore rule table
(setf *rule-table* saved-table))))
(defun attack-divergent-rewrite ()
"ATTACK: Create rules that make AST grow unboundedly.
EXPECTED: Edit distance increases → contraction factor > 1 → halt"
(let ((saved-table (copy-hash-table *rule-table*)))
(unwind-protect
(progn
(install-rule (make-rule 'expand
'(x)
:body (lambda (&rest bindings)
(let ((x (cdr (assoc 'x (car bindings)))))
(list x x x)))
:priority 100))
(let* ((ast '(a))
(sizes nil)
(diverging nil))
(dotimes (i 5)
(let ((new-ast (apply-rules ast)))
(push (length (atoms new-ast)) sizes)
(when (and (> i 0) (> (car sizes) (* 2 (cadr sizes))))
(setf diverging t))
(setf ast new-ast)))
(if diverging
(format t " [DETECTED] divergent rewrite: AST exploding (~A atoms)~%"
(reverse sizes))
(format t " [UNCLEAR] divergent rewrite: growth pattern ~A~%"
(reverse sizes)))
;; Check: would the contraction check catch this?
(format t " contraction factor would detect α > 1 → HALT~%")))
(setf *rule-table* saved-table))))
(defun attack-infinite-expansion ()
"ATTACK: Self-referential rule that creates copies of itself.
EXPECTED: Shannon entropy exceeds bound → projection kills it"
(let ((saved-table (copy-hash-table *rule-table*)))
(unwind-protect
(progn
(install-rule (make-rule 'quine
'(replicate x)
:body (lambda (&rest bindings)
(let ((x (cdr (assoc 'x (car bindings)))))
(list 'replicate (list 'replicate x))))
:priority 50))
(let* ((ast '(replicate seed))
(entropies nil))
(dotimes (i 6)
(let ((e (shannon-entropy (atoms ast))))
(push e entropies)
(setf ast (apply-rules ast))))
(let ((max-e (apply #'max (reverse entropies))))
(if (> max-e 0.20)
(format t " [DETECTED] quine attack: entropy hit ~,4f > 0.20 bound~%"
max-e)
(format t " [CONTAINED] quine attack: entropy stayed at ~,4f~%"
max-e)))))
(setf *rule-table* saved-table))))
(defun attack-rule-priority-hijack ()
"ATTACK: Install a max-priority rule that overrides all others.
EXPECTED: Whitelist rejects untrusted rule name → install fails"
(let ((saved-table (copy-hash-table *rule-table*))
(saved-whitelist (copy-hash-table *trusted-rule-names*)))
(unwind-protect
(progn
;; Register and install a legitimate rule
(register-trusted-rule-name 'legit)
(install-rule (make-rule 'legit
'(add x y)
:body (lambda (&rest bindings)
(let ((x (cdr (assoc 'x (car bindings))))
(y (cdr (assoc 'y (car bindings)))))
(+ x y)))
:priority 10))
;; Attempt hijack — 'hijack is NOT in trusted whitelist
(let ((hijack-result (install-rule (make-rule 'hijack
'(add x y)
:body (lambda (&rest bindings)
(declare (ignore bindings))
'HIJACKED)
:priority most-positive-fixnum))))
(if (null hijack-result)
(format t " [DEFENDED] priority hijack: untrusted rule REJECTED by whitelist~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] priority hijack: untrusted rule installed!~%"))
;; Verify legit rule still works
(let ((result (apply-rules '(add 3 4))))
(if (eql result 7)
(format t " legit rule still active (3+4=~A): PASS~%" result)
(format t " legit rule corrupted! Got: ~A~%" result)))))
(setf *rule-table* saved-table)
(setf *trusted-rule-names* saved-whitelist))))
;;; ============================================================
;;; ENTROPY / CONVERGENCE ATTACKS
;;; ============================================================
(defun attack-entropy-overflow ()
"ATTACK: Feed maximum-entropy data into the system.
EXPECTED: Entropy bound (0.20 nats) triggers projection"
(let* ((high-entropy-ast (loop for i from 0 below 256
collect (intern (format nil "SYM~A" i))))
(e (shannon-entropy (atoms high-entropy-ast))))
(if (> e 0.20)
(format t " [DETECTED] entropy overflow: S=~,4f > 0.20 — projection needed~%" e)
(format t " [CONTAINED] entropy overflow: S=~,4f ≤ 0.20~%" e))
;; Verify projection would reduce it
(format t " entropy projector would clamp to ≤ S_BH~%")))
(defun attack-contraction-violation ()
"ATTACK: Construct a sequence where edit distance INCREASES.
EXPECTED: System detects α > 1 and refuses to commit"
(let* ((step0 '(a))
(step1 '(a b))
(step2 '(a b c d e f g)))
(let* ((d01 (edit-distance step0 step1))
(d12 (edit-distance step1 step2))
(alpha (if (> d01 0) (/ (float d12) (float d01)) 999.0)))
(if (> alpha 1.0)
(format t " [DETECTED] contraction violation: α=~,3f > 1 — evolution HALTED~%" alpha)
(format t " [SAFE] contraction holds: α=~,3f~%" alpha)))))
(defun attack-nonce-reuse ()
"ATTACK: Reuse the same quantum nonce for two different blocks.
EXPECTED: Chain should reject duplicate nonces"
(let ((nonce1 (quantum-nonce))
(nonce2 (quantum-nonce)))
(if (not (equalp nonce1 nonce2))
(format t " [DEFENDED] nonce reuse: consecutive nonces differ~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] nonce reuse: got identical nonces!~%"))
;; Extra: check 100 nonces for uniqueness
(let ((nonces (loop for i from 0 below 100 collect (quantum-nonce)))
(unique (make-hash-table :test 'equalp)))
(dolist (n nonces) (setf (gethash n unique) t))
(if (= (hash-table-count unique) 100)
(format t " 100/100 nonces unique: PASS~%")
(format t " COLLISION: only ~A/100 unique!~%"
(hash-table-count unique))))))
;;; ============================================================
;;; CRYPTO PRIMITIVE ATTACKS
;;; ============================================================
(defun attack-length-extension ()
"ATTACK: SHA3 should resist length-extension (unlike SHA2).
EXPECTED: H(m||pad||ext) ≠ f(H(m), ext) — sponge prevents this"
(let* ((msg (make-array 16 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8) :initial-element 65))
(hash1 (sha3-256 msg))
;; Extend message
(extended (make-array 32 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8) :initial-element 65))
(hash2 (sha3-256 extended)))
;; In a vulnerable hash, hash2 could be computed from hash1 alone
;; SHA3 (sponge) prevents this structurally
(if (not (equalp hash1 hash2))
(format t " [DEFENDED] length extension: different lengths → different hashes~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] length extension: same hash for different lengths!~%"))))
(defun attack-key-reuse-across-chains ()
"ATTACK: Use the same signing key for two different chains.
EXPECTED: Each chain verifies independently, but cross-chain
replay should fail (block indices differ)"
(multiple-value-bind (sk pk) (ed25519-keypair)
(let* ((chain-a (make-chain))
(chain-b (make-chain))
(payload (ecies-encrypt pk (sha3-256 #(1 2 3))))
(chain-a (append-block chain-a payload sk))
(chain-b (append-block chain-b payload sk)))
;; Both should verify with same key
(let ((a-ok (verify-chain chain-a pk))
(b-ok (verify-chain chain-b pk)))
(if (and a-ok b-ok)
(format t " [INFO] key reuse: both chains verify (expected for same key)~%")
(format t " [ERROR] key reuse: verification failed unexpectedly~%"))
;; Try replaying block from chain-a into chain-b
(let* ((block-from-a (car (worm-chain-blocks chain-a)))
(tampered-b-blocks (cons block-from-a (worm-chain-blocks chain-b))))
(handler-case
(let ((tampered (%make-chain :blocks tampered-b-blocks
:genesis-hash (worm-chain-genesis-hash chain-b))))
(if (not (verify-chain tampered pk))
(format t " cross-chain replay REJECTED: PASS~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] cross-chain replay accepted!~%")))
(error (e)
(format t " cross-chain replay error (~A): PASS~%" (type-of e)))))))))
(defun attack-ecies-malleability ()
"ATTACK: Modify ciphertext bits and see if decryption still works.
EXPECTED: Any bit flip should cause decryption failure"
(multiple-value-bind (sk pk) (ed25519-keypair)
(let* ((plaintext (sha3-256 #(42 42 42 42)))
(ciphertext (ecies-encrypt pk plaintext))
(ct-array (coerce ciphertext 'vector))
(flipped (copy-seq ct-array))
(failures 0))
;; Flip random bits in ciphertext
(dotimes (trial 20)
(let ((pos (random (length flipped))))
(setf (aref flipped pos)
(logxor (aref flipped pos) (ash 1 (random 8)))))
(handler-case
(let ((decrypted (ecies-decrypt sk (coerce flipped 'list))))
(if (and decrypted (not (equalp decrypted plaintext)))
(incf failures)))
(error () nil)))
(if (= failures 0)
(format t " [DEFENDED] ECIES malleability: bit flips cause decrypt failure~%")
(format t " [VULNERABLE] ECIES malleability: ~A/20 flips decrypted to garbage!~%"
failures)))))
;;; ============================================================
;;; UTILITY
;;; ============================================================
(defun copy-hash-table (ht)
(let ((new (make-hash-table :test (hash-table-test ht))))
(maphash (lambda (k v) (setf (gethash k new) v)) ht)
new))
(defun hash-table-values (ht)
(let ((vals nil))
(maphash (lambda (k v) (declare (ignore k)) (push v vals)) ht)
vals))
(defun encode-uint64 (n)
(let ((arr (make-array 8 :element-type '(unsigned-byte 8) :initial-element 0)))
(dotimes (i 8) (setf (aref arr i) (ldb (byte 8 (* i 8)) n)))
arr))
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