hypergraph/hypergraph.ttl

@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix ex: <https://github.com/Graphketeers/GraphDL/ontology#> .
@prefix node: <https://github.com/Graphketeers/GraphDL/node#> .
@prefix tech: <https://github.com/Graphketeers/GraphDL/technique#> .

node:alg-majority-voting a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Majority Voting / Answer Aggregation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Selecting the most frequent/consistent answer across paths" ;
    ex:subtype "voting" .

node:alg-tree-search a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Tree Search (BFS/DFS)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Exploring branching paths through a tree of partial solutions" ;
    ex:subtype "search" .

node:alg-backtracking a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Backtracking" ;
    rdfs:comment "Reverting to a previous state when a path is unpromising" ;
    ex:subtype "search" .

node:alg-code-execution a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "External Code Execution" ;
    rdfs:comment "Running generated code via an interpreter for computation (Python, SQL)" ;
    ex:subtype "execution" .

node:alg-retrieval a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "External Knowledge Retrieval" ;
    rdfs:comment "Fetching documents/passages from external knowledge sources" ;
    ex:subtype "retrieval" .

node:alg-tool-use a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "External Tool Integration" ;
    rdfs:comment "Calling external tools (search, calculators, APIs) during reasoning" ;
    ex:subtype "execution" .

node:alg-clustering a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Clustering (K-Means / Sentence-BERT)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Grouping questions/examples by similarity for representative sampling" ;
    ex:subtype "analysis" .

node:alg-multiple-sampling a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Multiple Path Sampling" ;
    rdfs:comment "Generating multiple distinct reasoning chains via temperature/nucleus sampling" ;
    ex:subtype "sampling" .

node:alg-uncertainty-estimation a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Uncertainty Estimation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Measuring model uncertainty to select examples or prompts" ;
    ex:subtype "analysis" .

node:alg-auto-prompt-gen a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Automated Prompt Generation / Optimization" ;
    rdfs:comment "Automatically generating, scoring, and selecting candidate prompts" ;
    ex:subtype "optimization" .

node:alg-kg-reasoning a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Knowledge Graph / Subgraph Reasoning" ;
    rdfs:comment "Reasoning over knowledge graph structures for retrieval or inference" ;
    ex:subtype "retrieval" .

node:alg-thought-evaluation a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Thought / State Evaluation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Assessing quality or promise of intermediate reasoning states (heuristic or LLM)" ;
    ex:subtype "analysis" .

node:alg-boosting a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "AdaBoost-Style Prompt Boosting" ;
    rdfs:comment "Iteratively selecting/weighting prompts using boosting algorithms" ;
    ex:subtype "optimization" .

node:alg-physics-simulation a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Physics Engine Simulation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Running physical simulations (e.g., MuJoCo) to ground reasoning" ;
    ex:subtype "execution" .

node:alg-lmulator a ex:AlgorithmicComponent ;
    rdfs:label "LMulator (LM-Emulated Execution)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Using the LLM itself to simulate code execution for non-executable parts" ;
    ex:subtype "execution" .

node:pc-intermediate-reasoning a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Intermediate Reasoning Steps" ;
    rdfs:comment "Generating explicit step-by-step reasoning in natural language" ;
    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:pc-symbolic-representation a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Symbolic / Formal Representation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Replacing NL with condensed symbols, formal logic, or algebraic variables" ;
    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:pc-contrastive-examples a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Contrastive Examples (Positive + Negative)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Providing both correct and incorrect reasoning demonstrations" ;
    ex:subtype "examples" .

node:pc-emotional-stimulus a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Emotional Stimulus / Affective Cues" ;
    rdfs:comment "Appending emotionally charged phrases to enhance performance" ;
    ex:subtype "stimulus" .

node:pc-question-rephrasing a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Question Rephrasing / Clarification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Having the LLM rephrase/expand a question for better comprehension" ;
    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:pc-concise-reasoning a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Concise / Draft Reasoning (Token Minimization)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Generating minimal, information-dense reasoning steps" ;
    ex:subtype "constraint" .

node:pc-analogical-examples a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Generated Analogical Examples" ;
    rdfs:comment "LLM generates similar solved examples before tackling the target" ;
    ex:subtype "examples" .

node:pc-complexity-selection a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Complexity-Based Example Selection" ;
    rdfs:comment "Selecting exemplars with more reasoning steps as demonstrations" ;
    ex:subtype "examples" .

node:pc-role-assignment a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Role / Persona Assignment" ;
    rdfs:comment "Assigning a specific role or persona to guide LLM behaviour" ;
    ex:subtype "instruction" .

node:pc-task-instruction a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Explicit Task Instruction" ;
    rdfs:comment "Clear specification of intent, domain, and output format" ;

    ex:subtype "instruction" .

node:pc-propositional-logic a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Propositional Logic Extraction" ;
    rdfs:comment "Extracting logical propositions and applying formal logic laws" ;
    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:pc-narrative-construction a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Narrative Construction (Temporal Ordering)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Building temporally grounded narratives to structure reasoning" ;
    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:pc-code-generation a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Code Generation (Prompt Pattern)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Expressing reasoning as executable code / pseudocode within the prompt" ;
    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:pc-template-reuse a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Thought-Template Reuse" ;
    rdfs:comment "Retrieving and instantiating high-level reusable reasoning patterns" ;
    ex:subtype "examples" .

node:pc-context-filtering a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Context Regeneration / Irrelevant Info Filtering" ;
    rdfs:comment "Rewriting the input context to remove distracting information" ;
    ex:subtype "constraint" .

node:pc-role-assignment a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Role Assignment / Persona" ;
    rdfs:comment "Assigning a specific role or persona to the LLM to guide its behavior" ;
    ex:subtype "instruction" .

node:pc-task-instruction a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Explicit Task Instruction" ;
    rdfs:comment "Clear, explicit instruction describing the task to be performed" ;

    ex:subtype "instruction" .

node:pc-format-constraints a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Output Format Constraints" ;
    rdfs:comment "Specifying structured output format (outline, bullet points, JSON)" ;

    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:pc-algebraic-abstraction a ex:PromptComponent ;
    rdfs:label "Algebraic Abstraction + Multi-Run Validation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Replacing numerics with variables, solving symbolically, validating with multiple inputs" ;
    ex:subtype "formatting" .

node:df-decomposition a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Problem Decomposition" ;
    rdfs:comment "Breaking a complex problem into smaller sub-problems" ;
    ex:subtype "decomposition" .

node:df-sequential-chaining a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Sequential Sub-Problem Chaining" ;
    rdfs:comment "Solving sub-problems in order where each answer feeds the next" ;

    ex:subtype "chaining" .

node:df-verification a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Verification / Self-Verification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Checking correctness of generated reasoning or answers" ;
    ex:subtype "verification" .

node:df-self-reflection a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Reflection / Self-Critique" ;
    rdfs:comment "Model critiques its own output to identify flaws" ;
    ex:subtype "feedback" .

node:df-iterative-refinement a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Iterative Refinement / Feedback Loop" ;
    rdfs:comment "Repeatedly improving output through generate-critique-revise cycles" ;
    ex:subtype "feedback" .

node:df-context-augmentation a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Context Augmentation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Enriching the prompt with retrieved / external information before generation" ;
    ex:subtype "aggregation" .

node:df-action-observation a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Action-Observation Loop" ;
    rdfs:comment "Interleaving LLM reasoning actions with environment observations" ;
    ex:subtype "chaining" .

node:df-document-scoring a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Document Relevance Scoring / Note-Taking" ;
    rdfs:comment "Systematically evaluating relevance of retrieved documents" ;
    ex:subtype "filtering" .

node:df-knowledge-adaptation a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Knowledge Domain ID + Dynamic Adaptation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifying relevant knowledge domains and adapting reasoning from them" ;
    ex:subtype "aggregation" .

node:df-graph-reasoning a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Graph-Based Reasoning Flow" ;

    rdfs:comment "Modeling reasoning as a directed graph with merging/splitting paths" ;
    ex:subtype "chaining" .

node:df-tabular-reasoning a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Tabular Reasoning / Table Operations" ;
    rdfs:comment "Operating on structured tables (add columns, sort, filter, group_by)" ;

    ex:subtype "chaining" .

node:df-external-memory a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "External Memory / Scratchpad" ;
    rdfs:comment "Using an external workspace to store and retrieve intermediate results" ;
    ex:subtype "storage" .

node:df-reductio-ad-absurdum a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Reductio ad Absurdum Verification" ;
    rdfs:comment "Verifying a step by checking if its negation leads to contradiction" ;
    ex:subtype "verification" .

node:df-event-extraction a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Event Extraction + Generalization + Filtering" ;
    rdfs:comment "Extracting events, generalizing, chronologically filtering for coverage" ;
    ex:subtype "filtering" .

node:df-aspect-opinion-sentiment a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Aspect → Opinion → Sentiment Chain" ;
    rdfs:comment "Multi-hop reasoning through aspect identification, opinion determination, sentiment inference" ;
    ex:subtype "chaining" .

node:df-reasoning-harmonization a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Reasoning Unification / Harmonization" ;
    rdfs:comment "Iteratively refining diverse rationales into a unified coherent pattern" ;
    ex:subtype "aggregation" .

node:df-hierarchical-filtering a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Hierarchical Constraint Filtering" ;
    rdfs:comment "Applying layered constraints (hard → soft) to filter candidates" ;

    ex:subtype "filtering" .

node:df-dag-extraction a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "DAG Path Extraction" ;
    rdfs:comment "Extracting backbone paths between endpoints in directed acyclic graphs" ;
    ex:subtype "chaining" .

node:df-human-annotation a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Human Annotation / Active Learning Loop" ;
    rdfs:comment "Humans annotate most uncertain examples for improved prompting" ;
    ex:subtype "feedback" .

node:df-query-paraphrasing a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Paraphrasing / Crowd-Sourced Query Variants" ;
    rdfs:comment "Using synonymous reformulations of the query for diversity" ;
    ex:subtype "decomposition" .

node:df-demo-library a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Cross-Task Demonstration Library" ;
    rdfs:comment "Maintaining a library of demos from related tasks for transfer" ;
    ex:subtype "storage" .

node:df-representative-selection a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Representative Example Selection" ;
    rdfs:comment "Choosing representative examples (from clusters or pools) as demonstrations" ;
    ex:subtype "filtering" .

node:df-saliency-analysis a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Saliency / Attention Flow Analysis" ;

    rdfs:comment "Analyzing information flow through attention layers to select prompts" ;
    ex:subtype "filtering" .

node:df-parallel-decomposition a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Parallel Decomposition" ;
    rdfs:comment "Decomposing a problem into independent parts and processing them in parallel" ;
    ex:subtype "decomposition" .

node:df-feedback-loop a ex:DataFlow ;
    rdfs:label "Feedback Loop" ;
    rdfs:comment "Iterative cycle of generation, evaluation, and refinement using self-generated feedback" ;
    ex:subtype "feedback" .

node:cap-arithmetic a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Arithmetic Computation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Performing numerical calculations, basic math operations" .

node:cap-symbolic a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Symbolic Reasoning" ;
    rdfs:comment "Manipulating abstract symbols, variables, and formal expressions" .

node:cap-spatial a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Spatial Reasoning" ;
    rdfs:comment "Understanding physical/spatial relationships, navigation, object positioning" .

node:cap-temporal a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Temporal Reasoning" ;
    rdfs:comment "Understanding time sequences, temporal constraints, chronological ordering" .

node:cap-deductive a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Deductive Logic" ;
    rdfs:comment "Drawing necessary conclusions from premises via logical rules" .

node:cap-inductive a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Inductive Reasoning" ;
    rdfs:comment "Generalizing from specific examples or observations" .

node:cap-causal a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Causal Inference" ;
    rdfs:comment "Understanding cause-and-effect relationships and mechanisms" .

node:cap-analogical a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Analogical Thinking" ;
    rdfs:comment "Reasoning by analogy, transferring knowledge from similar domains" .

node:cap-planning a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Multi-Step Planning" ;
    rdfs:comment "Formulating and executing multi-step goal-directed strategies" .

node:cap-abstraction a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Abstraction" ;
    rdfs:comment "Extracting high-level concepts or principles from specific instances" .

node:cap-self-monitoring a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Monitoring / Metacognition" ;
    rdfs:comment "Evaluating own reasoning quality, detecting errors or uncertainties" .

node:cap-compositional a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Compositional Generalization" ;
    rdfs:comment "Combining learned patterns in novel ways to solve new problems" .

node:cap-multi-hop a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Multi-Hop Inference" ;
    rdfs:comment "Chaining multiple reasoning steps over different information sources" .

node:cap-retrieval-integration a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Knowledge Integration" ;
    rdfs:comment "Incorporating and synthesizing information from external knowledge sources" .

node:cap-code-synthesis a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Code Synthesis" ;
    rdfs:comment "Generating executable code from natural language specifications" .

node:cap-creative-generation a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Creative Generation" ;
    rdfs:comment "Producing novel, creative text: stories, poetry, open-ended writing" .

node:cap-emotional-understanding a ex:CognitiveCapability ;
    rdfs:label "Emotional Understanding" ;
    rdfs:comment "Comprehending and responding to emotional/affective cues" .

node:math-word-problems a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Math Word Problems (GSM8K, SVAMP)" .

node:math-algebraic a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Algebraic Math (AQuA, MATH)" .

node:math-tabular a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Tabular Math (FinQA, TabMWP)" .

node:math-search-based a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Search-based Math (Game of 24)" .

node:logical-reasoning a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Logical Reasoning" .

node:commonsense-reasoning a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Commonsense Reasoning" .

node:multi-hop-reasoning a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Multi-Hop Reasoning" .

node:cf-qa a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Context-Free Question Answering" .

node:contextual-qa a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Contextual Question Answering" .

node:conversational-qa a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Conversational Contextual QA" .

node:spatial-qa a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Spatial Question Answering" .

node:table-math a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Table-Based Math Problem Solving" .

node:table-qa a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Table-Based Question Answering" .

node:table-truth a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Table-Based Truthfulness" .

node:truthfulness a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Truthfulness / Factual Accuracy" .

node:free-response a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Free Response Generation" .

node:code-gen a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Code Generation" .

node:dialogue a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Dialogue Systems" .

node:social-reasoning a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Social Reasoning" .

node:causal-reasoning a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Causal Reasoning" .

node:text-classification a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Multilabel Text Classification" .

node:task-completion a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Language-Based Task Completion" .

node:relation-extraction a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Relation Extraction" .

node:nli a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Natural Language Inference" .

node:stance-detection a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Stance Detection" .

node:paraphrasing a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Paraphrasing" .

node:summarization a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Summarization" .

node:wsd a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Word Sense Disambiguation" .

node:ner a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Named Entity Recognition" .

node:machine-translation a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Machine Translation" .

node:sentiment a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Emotion / Sentiment Understanding" .

node:recommender a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Recommender Systems" .

node:physical-reasoning a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Physical Reasoning / Simulation" .

node:hallucination-reduction a ex:Task ;
    rdfs:label "Hallucination Reduction" .

node:br-cot-gsm8k a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "cot on GSM8K" ;
    ex:technique "cot" ;
    ex:model "palm-540b" ;
    ex:dataset "GSM8K" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy" ;
    ex:value "90.2%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-sc-gsm8k a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "self-consistency on GSM8K" ;
    ex:technique "self-consistency" ;
    ex:model "palm-540b" ;
    ex:dataset "GSM8K" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+17.9%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-tot-game24 a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "tot on Game of 24" ;
    ex:technique "tot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Game of 24" ;
    ex:metric "success_rate" ;
    ex:value "74%" ;
    ex:comparison "CoT: 4%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-cod-tokens a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "cod on Various" ;
    ex:technique "cod" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4o" ;
    ex:dataset "Various" ;
    ex:metric "token_reduction" ;
    ex:value "80%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-bot-cost a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "bot on Various" ;
    ex:technique "bot" ;
    ex:model "llama-3" ;
    ex:dataset "Various" ;
    ex:metric "cost_vs_tot" ;
    ex:value "12% of ToT cost" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-con-noisy a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "con on Open-domain QA (noisy)" ;
    ex:technique "con" ;
    ex:model "llama-2" ;
    ex:dataset "Open-domain QA (noisy)" ;
    ex:metric "EM_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+7.9" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-emotion-bigbench a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "emotion-prompting on BIG-Bench" ;
    ex:technique "emotion-prompting" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "BIG-Bench" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+115%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-emotion-induction a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "emotion-prompting on Instruction Induction" ;
    ex:technique "emotion-prompting" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Instruction Induction" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+8%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-pot-math a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "pot on Math word problems" ;
    ex:technique "pot" ;
    ex:model "codex" ;
    ex:dataset "Math word problems" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+12% avg over CoT" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-scot-humaneval a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "scot on HumanEval/MBPP/MBCPP" ;
    ex:technique "scot" ;
    ex:model "chatgpt" ;
    ex:dataset "HumanEval/MBPP/MBCPP" ;
    ex:metric "pass@k_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+13.79%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-coc-bbh a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "coc on BIG-Bench Hard" ;
    ex:technique "coc" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "BIG-Bench Hard" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy" ;
    ex:value "84%" ;
    ex:comparison "+12% over CoT" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-opro-gsm8k a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "opro on GSM8K" ;
    ex:technique "opro" ;
    ex:model "palm-2" ;
    ex:dataset "GSM8K" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+8% over human prompts" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-stepback-timeqa a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "take-step-back on TimeQA" ;
    ex:technique "take-step-back" ;
    ex:model "palm-2" ;
    ex:dataset "TimeQA" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+27%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-stepback-musique a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "take-step-back on MuSiQue" ;
    ex:technique "take-step-back" ;
    ex:model "palm-2" ;
    ex:dataset "MuSiQue" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+7%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-active-reasoning a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "active-prompt on 8 complex reasoning tasks" ;
    ex:technique "active-prompt" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3" ;
    ex:dataset "8 complex reasoning tasks" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+7.0% over SC" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-scratchpad-mbpp a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "scratchpad on MBPP-aug" ;
    ex:technique "scratchpad" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3" ;
    ex:dataset "MBPP-aug" ;
    ex:metric "success_rate" ;
    ex:value "46.8%" ;
    ex:paper "sahoo-2025" .

node:br-s2a-triviaqa a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "s2a on Modified TriviaQA" ;
    ex:technique "s2a" ;
    ex:model "llama-2" ;
    ex:dataset "Modified TriviaQA" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy" ;
    ex:value "80.3%" ;
    ex:comparison "Baseline: 62.8%" ;
    ex:paper "debnath-2025" .

node:br-s2a-gsmic a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "s2a on GSM-IC" ;
    ex:technique "s2a" ;
    ex:model "llama-2" ;
    ex:dataset "GSM-IC" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy" ;
    ex:value "61.3%" ;
    ex:comparison "Baseline: 51.7%" ;
    ex:paper "debnath-2025" .

node:br-ccot-gsm8k a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "ccot on GSM-8K" ;
    ex:technique "ccot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "GSM-8K" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+9.8 points over CoT" ;
    ex:paper "debnath-2025" .

node:br-ccot-bamboogle a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "ccot on Bamboogle" ;
    ex:technique "ccot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "Bamboogle" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+16.0 points over CoT" ;
    ex:paper "debnath-2025" .

node:br-query2doc-msmarco a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "query2doc on MSMARCO" ;
    ex:technique "query2doc" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "MSMARCO" ;
    ex:metric "relative_gain" ;
    ex:value "+3%" ;
    ex:paper "liu-2025" .

node:br-query2doc-trecdl a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "query2doc on TREC DL" ;
    ex:technique "query2doc" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "TREC DL" ;
    ex:metric "relative_gain" ;
    ex:value "+15%" ;
    ex:paper "liu-2025" .

node:br-metarag-2wiki a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "meta-rag on 2WikiMultihopQA" ;
    ex:technique "meta-rag" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "2WikiMultihopQA" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+34.6%" ;
    ex:paper "liu-2025" .

node:br-metarag-hotpot a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "meta-rag on HotpotQA" ;
    ex:technique "meta-rag" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "HotpotQA" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+26%" ;
    ex:paper "liu-2025" .

node:br-selfrefine-various a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "self-refine on Various" ;
    ex:technique "self-refine" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "Various" ;
    ex:metric "absolute_improvement" ;
    ex:value "5–40%" ;
    ex:paper "liu-2025" .

node:br-selfrefine-code a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "self-refine on Code generation" ;
    ex:technique "self-refine" ;
    ex:model "codex" ;
    ex:dataset "Code generation" ;
    ex:metric "improvement" ;
    ex:value "+13%" ;
    ex:paper "liu-2025" .

node:br-cot-math-vatsal a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "cot on Math Problem Solving pool" ;
    ex:technique "cot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Math Problem Solving pool" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_basic" ;
    ex:value "+39%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-cot-commonsense-vatsal a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "cot on Commonsense Reasoning pool" ;
    ex:technique "cot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Commonsense Reasoning pool" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_basic" ;
    ex:value "+26%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-sc-math-vatsal a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "self-consistency on Math Problem Solving pool" ;
    ex:technique "self-consistency" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Math Problem Solving pool" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_cot" ;
    ex:value "+11%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-cos-spatial-vatsal a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "cos on Spatial QA (Brick World etc.)" ;
    ex:technique "cos" ;
    ex:model "chatgpt" ;
    ex:dataset "Spatial QA (Brick World etc.)" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+60.8%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-tot-game24-vatsal a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "tot on Game of 24" ;
    ex:technique "tot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Game of 24" ;
    ex:metric "success_rate_improvement" ;
    ex:value "+65% over CoT" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-lot-commonsense a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "logicot on Commonsense Reasoning" ;
    ex:technique "logicot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Commonsense Reasoning" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_cot" ;
    ex:value "+16.2%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-lot-causal a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "logicot on Causal Reasoning" ;
    ex:technique "logicot" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Causal Reasoning" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_cot" ;
    ex:value "+15.8%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-maieutic-commonsense a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "maieutic on CSQA 2.0 / Com2Sense / Creak" ;
    ex:technique "maieutic" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3" ;
    ex:dataset "CSQA 2.0 / Com2Sense / Creak" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_cot" ;
    ex:value "+20%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-decomp-commonsense a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "decomp on Commonsense (EM)" ;
    ex:technique "decomp" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3" ;
    ex:dataset "Commonsense (EM)" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_cot" ;
    ex:value "+25% avg" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-cove-qa a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "cove on CF-QA / Contextual-QA / Free Response" ;
    ex:technique "cove" ;
    ex:model "llama-2" ;
    ex:dataset "CF-QA / Contextual-QA / Free Response" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_cot" ;
    ex:value "+10%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-react-taskcompletion a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "react on ALFWorld / WebShop" ;
    ex:technique "react" ;
    ex:model "palm-540b" ;
    ex:dataset "ALFWorld / WebShop" ;
    ex:metric "improvement_over_rl" ;
    ex:value "+10%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-mathprompter-math a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "mathprompter on Math dataset" ;
    ex:technique "mathprompter" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "Math dataset" ;
    ex:metric "accuracy" ;
    ex:value "92.5% (from 78.7%)" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-mp-various a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "metacognitive on 10 NLP tasks (BoolQ, WiC, etc.)" ;
    ex:technique "metacognitive" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "10 NLP tasks (BoolQ, WiC, etc.)" ;
    ex:metric "comparison" ;
    ex:value "Beats CoT and PS consistently" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-synthetic-multi a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "synthetic-prompting on Various reasoning" ;
    ex:technique "synthetic-prompting" ;
    ex:model "gpt-3.5" ;
    ex:dataset "Various reasoning" ;
    ex:metric "absolute_improvement" ;
    ex:value "up to +15.6%" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

node:br-instructed-truth a ex:BenchmarkResult ;
    rdfs:label "instructed-prompting on Truthfulness benchmarks" ;
    ex:technique "instructed-prompting" ;
    ex:model "gpt-4" ;
    ex:dataset "Truthfulness benchmarks" ;
    ex:metric "normalized_micro_accuracy" ;
    ex:value "88.2" ;
    ex:paper "vatsal-2024" .

tech:active-prompt a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Active-Prompt" ;
    ex:input "Training set → k answers/question → uncertainty ranked → top-n human-annotated → few-shot" ;

    ex:output "Uncertainty-informed CoT answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "k × |train| + 1" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "human annotators" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-uncertainty-estimation ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-active-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-human-annotation ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-representative-selection ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:agentic-rag a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Agentic RAG" ;
    ex:input "Query → autonomous agent with retrieval/tool access" ;
    ex:output "Goal-directed, multi-step grounded answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "iterative + tools" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-multi-hop ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-action-observation ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:ama a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Ask Me Anything (AMA)" ;
    ex:input "Query → reformulated as multiple open-ended questions → answered → aggregated" ;
    ex:output "Aggregated multi-perspective answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "Q reformulations + Q answers + aggregation" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-inductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-query-paraphrasing ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification .

tech:analogical-reasoning a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Analogical Reasoning" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates similar solved examples → solves original" ;
    ex:output "Self-generated analogues + solution → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2-3" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-analogical ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-inductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-analogical-examples ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:ape a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Automatic Prompt Engineer (APE)" ;
    ex:input "Input-output examples → LLM generates candidate prompts → scored → selected" ;
    ex:output "Optimized prompt instruction" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "many (generation + scoring + search)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-auto-prompt-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification .

tech:art a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Automatic Reasoning and Tool-Use (ART)" ;
    ex:input "Query → task library retrieval → structured program → tool execution" ;
    ex:output "Multi-step tool-augmented answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + tools" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "task library + tools" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-demo-library ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-role-assignment ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:auto-cot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Automatic Chain-of-Thought (Auto-CoT)" ;
    ex:input "Question pool → clustered → auto-generated CoT exemplars + query" ;
    ex:output "Reasoning trace → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "K+1 (K clusters)" ;
    ex:requiresLargeModel "True" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-clustering ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-representative-selection ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:binder a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Binder" ;
    ex:input "Query → parsed to program binding LLM API as function → executed" ;
    ex:output "Program output (neural-symbolic)" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + code exec" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-code-synthesis ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-tabular-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-truth .

tech:bot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Buffer of Thoughts (BoT)" ;
    ex:input "Query → retrieve thought-template → instantiate reasoning" ;
    ex:output "Template-guided reasoning → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:note "12% of ToT computational cost" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-thought-evaluation ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-bot-cost ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-external-memory ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-search-based ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-template-reuse .

tech:ccot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Contrastive Chain-of-Thought (CCoT)" ;
    ex:input "Query + valid AND invalid reasoning demonstrations" ;
    ex:output "Improved reasoning trace → answer" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-ccot-bamboogle ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-ccot-gsm8k ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-contrastive-examples ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:cd-cot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Contrastive Denoising with Noisy CoT (CD-CoT)" ;
    ex:input "Query + diverse noisy CoT samples" ;
    ex:output "Denoised majority answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "N samples" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-contrastive-examples .

tech:chain-of-table a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain of Table Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Table + query → iterative table operations (add_col, sort, filter) → answer" ;
    ex:output "Evolved table representation → answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "iterative (plan + execute per step)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-tabular-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-truth .

tech:chameleon a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chameleon" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM plans tool sequence → orchestrates execution" ;
    ex:output "Multi-tool composed answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "planner + tools" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-role-assignment ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:coc a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain of Code (CoC) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates code + LMulator simulates non-executable parts" ;
    ex:output "Interleaved execution + simulation → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2+ (gen + simulate)" ;
    ex:note "84% on BIG-Bench Hard (+12%)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-lmulator ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-coc-bbh ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-causal ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-code-synthesis ;
    ex:hasMember node:causal-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:machine-translation ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-tabular ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:recommender ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment ;
    ex:hasMember node:spatial-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-math .

tech:cod a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain of Draft (CoD)" ;
    ex:input "Query + instruction for minimal-draft reasoning" ;
    ex:output "Concise reasoning tokens → answer" ;
    ex:cost "minimal" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:tokenSavings "80% fewer tokens than CoT" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-cod-tokens ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-concise-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:code-prompting a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Code Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates code representation of conditional logic" ;
    ex:output "Code-structured reasoning → answer" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation .

tech:coe a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain-of-Event (CoE)" ;
    ex:input "Document → event extraction → generalization → filtering → chronological integration" ;
    ex:output "Concise event-based summary" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "4" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-event-extraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:summarization .

tech:cok a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain-of-Knowledge (CoK) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → reasoning prep → dynamic knowledge adaptation from heterogeneous sources" ;
    ex:output "Knowledge-corrected rationale → answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "3+ (prep, adapt, consolidate)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-multi-hop ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-retrieval-integration ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-context-augmentation ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-knowledge-adaptation ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness .

tech:complex-cot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Complex CoT" ;
    ex:input "Query + longest/most-complex available exemplars" ;
    ex:output "N sampled complex chains → top-K voted answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "N samples" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-complexity-selection ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-math .

tech:con a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain-of-Note (CoN) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + retrieved docs → systematic note-taking scoring relevance" ;
    ex:output "Relevance-filtered grounded answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-con-noisy ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-retrieval-integration ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-context-augmentation ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-document-scoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction .

tech:contrastive-sc a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Contrastive Self-Consistency" ;
    ex:input "Contrastive CoT prompt → N samples" ;
    ex:output "Majority voted answer from contrastive samples" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "N samples" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-contrastive-examples .

tech:coop a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Context Optimization (CoOp)" ;
    rdfs:comment "Added from post-migration paper pass over all raw papers." ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:provisional "True" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-compositional ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-task-instruction ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:cos a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain-of-Symbol (CoS) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + few-shot with symbolic spatial representations" ;
    ex:output "Symbolic reasoning chain → answer" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:tokenSavings "More compact than NL CoT" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-cos-spatial-vatsal ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-spatial ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-symbolic ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-symbolic-representation ;
    ex:hasMember node:spatial-qa .

tech:cot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain-of-Thought (CoT) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + exemplars with reasoning steps" ;
    ex:output "Reasoning trace → final answer" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:requiresLargeModel "True" ;
    ex:note "Emergent at ≥100B params (PaLM-540B)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:failsAt node:math-tabular ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-cot-commonsense-vatsal ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-cot-gsm8k ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-cot-math-vatsal ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:causal-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:conversational-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:dialogue ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:machine-translation ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:ner ;
    ex:hasMember node:nli ;
    ex:hasMember node:paraphrasing ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:recommender ;
    ex:hasMember node:relation-extraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment ;
    ex:hasMember node:social-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:spatial-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:stance-detection ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-math ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-truth ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness ;
    ex:hasMember node:wsd .

tech:cove a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Chain-of-Verification (CoVe)" ;
    ex:input "Query → draft response → verification Qs → verified revision" ;
    ex:output "Hallucination-reduced answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "4+ (generate, plan, verify, revise)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-cove-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-verification ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:critic a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "CRITIC Framework" ;
    ex:input "Query → draft → external tools evaluate → LLM refines → iterate" ;
    ex:output "Externally validated refined answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "iterative + tool calls" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-self-reflection ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction .

tech:cumulative-reasoning a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Cumulative Reasoning" ;
    ex:input "Query → proposer suggests steps → verifier validates → accumulate → reporter synthesizes" ;
    ex:output "DAG of verified propositions → final answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "many (propose → verify → report cycles)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-thought-evaluation ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-deductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-verification ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:dater a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "DATER" ;
    ex:input "Large table → decompose to sub-tables → SQL sub-queries → few-shot reasoning" ;
    ex:output "Sub-table + sub-query answers → final answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "3+ + SQL exec" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-tabular-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-truth .

tech:decomp a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Decomposed Prompting (DecomP)" ;
    ex:input "Query → hierarchical/recursive decomposition → sub-LM solvers" ;
    ex:output "Aggregated sub-answers → final answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + N sub-solvers + tools" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-decomp-commonsense ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-compositional ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-multi-hop ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-sequential-chaining ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:detox-chain a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Detox-Chain" ;
    ex:input "Toxic text → identify toxic elements → substitute → generate safe output" ;
    ex:output "Detoxified prompt/response" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2-3" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:dialogue ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-context-filtering .

tech:diverse a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "DiVeRSe" ;
    ex:input "Multiple diverse prompts → completions → step-aware verifier → vote" ;
    ex:output "Step-verified voted answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "K prompts × N samples + verifier" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-verification ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems .

tech:echo a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Harmonized CoT (ECHO)" ;
    ex:input "Question pool → clustered → diverse rationales unified" ;
    ex:output "Harmonized reasoning → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "K+2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-clustering ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-reasoning-harmonization ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-representative-selection ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:eedp a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "End-to-End DAG-Path (EEDP) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Entity-linked DAG → backbone path extraction" ;
    ex:output "Flattened path input → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-dag-extraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-graph-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:emotion-prompting a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Emotion Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + emotional stimulus sentences appended" ;
    ex:output "Emotionally enhanced response" ;
    ex:cost "minimal" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-emotion-bigbench ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-emotion-induction ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-creative-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-emotional-understanding ;
    ex:hasMember node:dialogue ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-emotional-stimulus ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-task-instruction ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment .

tech:ensemble-refinement a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Ensemble Refinement (ER)" ;
    ex:input "CoT prompt → N generations → concatenate → M refinements → vote" ;
    ex:output "Refined majority-voted answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "N + M + voting" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement .

tech:faithful-cot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Faithful CoT" ;
    ex:input "Query → NL decomposition → symbolic program (Python/Datalog)" ;
    ex:output "Interpretable symbolic reasoning → executed answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + code exec" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-symbolic ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation .

tech:fed-sp-dp a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Federated SP/DP Self-Consistency/CoT" ;
    ex:input "Query paraphrased (same/diff params) → answered → SC/CoT federated" ;
    ex:output "Majority-voted or hint-guided answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "K paraphrases + K answers + voting" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-query-paraphrasing ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems .

tech:few-shot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Few-Shot Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + demonstration examples" ;
    ex:output "Answer following demonstrated pattern" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:requiresLargeModel "False" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-analogical ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-inductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:machine-translation ;
    ex:hasMember node:ner ;
    ex:hasMember node:nli ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-task-instruction ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification .

tech:generated-knowledge a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Generated Knowledge Prompting" ;
    rdfs:comment "Added from post-migration paper pass over all raw papers." ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:provisional "True" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-retrieval-integration ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-context-augmentation .

tech:gnn-rag a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "GNN-RAG" ;
    ex:input "Query → GNN reasons over KG → LLM generates from subgraph" ;
    ex:output "GNN-extracted answer candidates → NL answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + GNN inference" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-kg-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:gorilla a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Gorilla" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM selects/generates correct API call from large catalog" ;
    ex:output "Correct API invocation + result" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-code-synthesis ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:got a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Graph-of-Thought (GoT) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → DAG of interconnected thoughts" ;
    ex:output "Synthesized solution from graph traversal" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "many" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-backtracking ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-thought-evaluation ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-graph-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-search-based .

tech:graph-rag a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "GraphRAG" ;
    ex:input "Query → KG-based retrieval + community summarization" ;
    ex:output "KG-grounded answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + KG traversal" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-kg-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-retrieval-integration ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:hag a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "HAG (Hyperparameter-Aware Generation)" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates optimal decoding hyperparameters → generates with them" ;
    ex:output "Self-configured optimally decoded response" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification .

tech:hugginggpt a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "HuggingGPT" ;
    ex:input "Query → task planning → model selection → execution → response integration" ;
    ex:output "Multi-model orchestrated answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "planner + N model calls" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-role-assignment ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:hyde a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embeddings)" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates hypothetical doc → used as retrieval query" ;
    ex:output "Better-aligned retrieved documents" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + retrieval" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:iap a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Instance-Adaptive Prompting (IAP)" ;
    ex:input "Query → saliency/uncertainty scoring → adapted prompt" ;
    ex:output "Instance-tuned reasoning → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-uncertainty-estimation ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-saliency-analysis ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems .

tech:instructed-prompting a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Instructed Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + explicit instruction to ignore irrelevant info" ;
    ex:output "Direct answer (distraction-free)" ;
    ex:cost "minimal" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-instructed-truth ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-context-filtering ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness .

tech:least-to-most a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Least-to-Most Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → decomposition prompt → sub-Qs solved sequentially" ;
    ex:output "Sequential sub-answers → final answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + N sub-problems" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-compositional ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-sequential-chaining ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness .

tech:logic-of-thought a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Logic-of-Thought Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → extract propositions → apply logic laws → augmented prompt" ;
    ex:output "Logic-augmented reasoning → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-deductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-symbolic ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-propositional-logic .

tech:logicot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Logical CoT (LogiCoT) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + reductio-ad-absurdum verification loop" ;
    ex:output "Verified reasoning trace → answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "iterative" ;
    ex:requiresLargeModel "True" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-lot-causal ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-lot-commonsense ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-causal ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-deductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:causal-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-reductio-ad-absurdum ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-verification ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-propositional-logic ;
    ex:hasMember node:social-reasoning .

tech:lot-layer a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Layer-of-Thoughts (LoT)" ;
    ex:input "Query + hierarchical constraint layers (hard → soft)" ;
    ex:output "Filtered candidates → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "layers" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-hierarchical-filtering ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning .

tech:maieutic a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Maieutic Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → recursive hypothesis generation → tree of propositions → belief scoring" ;
    ex:output "Contradiction-free answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "recursive (many)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tree-search ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-maieutic-commonsense ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-deductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-reductio-ad-absurdum .

tech:mathprompter a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "MathPrompter" ;
    ex:input "Query → algebraic expression with variables → Python function → multi-run validation" ;
    ex:output "Verified numerical answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2 + N validations + code exec" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-mathprompter-math ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-verification ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-tabular ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-algebraic-abstraction .

tech:meta-rag a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "MetaRAG" ;
    ex:input "Retrieved info + metacognitive monitoring/evaluation/planning" ;
    ex:output "Metacognitively refined answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "3+ (monitor + evaluate + plan)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-metarag-2wiki ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-metarag-hotpot ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-multi-hop ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:metacognitive a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Metacognitive Prompting (MP)" ;
    ex:input "Query → 5 stages: understand → judge → evaluate → decide → confidence" ;
    ex:output "Multi-stage self-reflective answer + confidence" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 (structured) or 5" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-mp-various ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-abstraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-self-reflection ;
    ex:hasMember node:ner ;
    ex:hasMember node:nli ;
    ex:hasMember node:paraphrasing ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-role-assignment ;
    ex:hasMember node:relation-extraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification ;
    ex:hasMember node:wsd .

tech:minds-eye a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Mind's Eye" ;
    ex:input "Physical question → text-to-code → MuJoCo simulation → NL answer" ;
    ex:output "Physically grounded answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2 + physics sim" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "MuJoCo physics engine" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-physics-simulation ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-spatial ;
    ex:hasMember node:physical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:spatial-qa .

tech:mrkl a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "MRKL System" ;
    ex:input "Query → routed to specialized module APIs → integrated result" ;
    ex:output "Multi-module integrated answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 router + K module calls" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:multi-agent-debate a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Multi-Agent Debate (MAD)" ;
    ex:input "Query → N agents debate iteratively → judge selects best answer" ;
    ex:output "Consensus answer from multi-agent deliberation" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "N agents × K rounds + judge" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-deductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-feedback-loop ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-role-assignment ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness .

tech:multibot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "MultiPoT" ;
    ex:input "Query → solutions in multiple PLs → SC selects best" ;
    ex:output "Best cross-PL executed answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "K languages + code exec + voting" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems .

tech:not a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Narrative-of-Thought (NoT) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → temporally ordered narrative construction" ;
    ex:output "Grounded narrative → answer" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-temporal ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:dialogue ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-narrative-construction ;
    ex:hasMember node:summarization .

tech:opro a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Optimization by Prompting (OPRO)" ;
    ex:input "Meta-prompt with optimization trajectory (solution,score pairs) → LLM proposes new solutions" ;
    ex:output "Optimized prompt / solution" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "iterative (many rounds)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-auto-prompt-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-opro-gsm8k ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification .

tech:pal a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Program-Aided Language Models (PAL)" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates interleaved NL + Python code" ;
    ex:output "Code execution → answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + code exec" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "Python interpreter" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-code-synthesis ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:conversational-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-tabular ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-math .

tech:plan-and-solve a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Plan-and-Solve (PS) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + 'Let's first understand and devise a plan…'" ;
    ex:output "Plan → step-by-step solution → answer" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:ner ;
    ex:hasMember node:nli ;
    ex:hasMember node:paraphrasing ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-task-instruction ;
    ex:hasMember node:relation-extraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification ;
    ex:hasMember node:wsd .

tech:pot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Program of Thoughts (PoT) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates Python program expressing reasoning" ;
    ex:output "Executed code output → numerical answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + code exec" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "Python interpreter" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-pot-math ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-code-synthesis ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-symbolic ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:conversational-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-tabular ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-math .

tech:prompt-boosting a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "PromptBoosting" ;
    ex:input "Prepared prompt set → AdaBoost-style iterative selection/weighting" ;
    ex:output "Ensemble-boosted classification" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "10+ per instance" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-boosting ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification .

tech:query2doc a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Query2Doc" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM generates pseudo-document → concat with query for retrieval" ;
    ex:output "Expanded query → improved retrieval" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + retrieval" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-query2doc-msmarco ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-query2doc-trecdl ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning .

tech:r-cot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Reverse Chain-of-Thought (R-CoT)" ;
    ex:input "Query → generate answer → reverse-verify by reconstructing problem" ;
    ex:output "Verified answer (reconstruction check)" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-verification ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:rag a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)" ;
    ex:input "Query → retriever fetches top-k docs → query + docs" ;
    ex:output "Knowledge-grounded answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + retrieval" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "retriever + knowledge base" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-retrieval-integration ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-context-augmentation ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction .

tech:rar a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Rephrase and Respond (RaR)" ;
    ex:input "Query + instruction to rephrase before answering" ;
    ex:output "Rephrased question + improved answer" ;
    ex:cost "minimal" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 (single-turn) or 2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-question-rephrasing .

tech:react a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "ReAct Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → interleaved Thought / Action / Observation traces" ;
    ex:output "Action results + reasoning → final answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "iterative + tool calls" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "tools / envs" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-react-taskcompletion ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-multi-hop ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-action-observation ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-role-assignment ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness .

tech:reflexion a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Reflexion" ;
    ex:input "Query → actor generates trajectory → evaluator scores → reflector critiques → memory updated → retry" ;
    ex:output "Iteratively improved action trace → answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "3+ per iteration (actor + evaluator + reflector)" ;
    ex:requiresExternal "environment / evaluator" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-external-memory ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-feedback-loop ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-self-reflection ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:s2a a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "System 2 Attention (S2A) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + context → LLM filters irrelevant context → answers from filtered" ;
    ex:output "Attention-filtered answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-s2a-gsmic ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-s2a-triviaqa ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-context-filtering ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness .

tech:scot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Structured Chain-of-Thought (SCoT)" ;
    ex:input "Query → program-structured reasoning (seq/branch/loop) → code" ;
    ex:output "Structured pseudocode reasoning → generated source code" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-scot-humaneval ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-code-synthesis ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-code-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:scratchpad a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Scratchpad Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query + instruction to emit intermediate tokens on scratchpad" ;
    ex:output "Scratchpad trace + final answer" ;
    ex:cost "low" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:note "Fixed 512-token context window" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-code-execution ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-scratchpad-mbpp ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-external-memory ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems .

tech:self-consistency a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Consistency" ;
    ex:input "CoT prompt + query (sampled N times)" ;
    ex:output "Set[reasoning traces] → majority-voted answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "N (typically 5-40)" ;
    ex:requiresLargeModel "True" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:failsAt node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-majority-voting ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-multiple-sampling ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-sc-gsm8k ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-sc-math-vatsal ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-arithmetic ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:conversational-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:nli ;
    ex:hasMember node:paraphrasing ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:relation-extraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-math ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness ;
    ex:hasMember node:wsd .

tech:self-contrast a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Contrast" ;
    ex:input "Query → generate multiple diverse perspectives → compare → reflect" ;
    ex:output "Cross-perspective refined answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "N perspectives + 1 reflection" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-self-reflection ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response .

tech:self-discover a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Discover" ;
    ex:input "Task → select relevant reasoning modules → adapt to task → compose into JSON reasoning structure → solve" ;
    ex:output "Self-composed reasoning plan → structured solution" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "3+ (select → adapt → implement)" ;
    ex:note "Up to +42% over CoT, 10-40x less compute than CoT-SC" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-auto-prompt-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-deductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:self-refine a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Self-Refine Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → draft → self-critique → refined draft (iterative loop)" ;
    ex:output "Iteratively refined output" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2+ per iteration" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-selfrefine-code ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-selfrefine-various ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-self-reflection ;
    ex:hasMember node:dialogue ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:hallucination-reduction ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment .

tech:selfmem a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Selfmem" ;
    ex:input "Iterative: memory pool of prior LLM outputs → selector picks best → next round" ;
    ex:output "Progressively improved generation" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "iterative" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-external-memory ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-iterative-refinement ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:summarization .

tech:skeleton-of-thought a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Skeleton-of-Thought (SoT)" ;
    ex:input "Query → generate skeleton outline → parallel expansion of each point → assembly" ;
    ex:output "Structured, parallel-generated response" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + N parallel expansions" ;
    ex:note "ICLR 2024, 2x+ speedup, 60% quality maintained/improved" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-compositional ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:contextual-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-parallel-decomposition ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-format-constraints ;
    ex:hasMember node:summarization .

tech:synthetic-prompting a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Synthetic Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Backward (LLM generates Q from chain) + forward (chain for Q) → select by complexity" ;
    ex:output "Augmented exemplars → CoT answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "many (synthesis + selection)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-synthetic-multi ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-inductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-complexity-selection ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:take-step-back a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Take a Step Back Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → step-back question → abstract answer → grounded answer" ;
    ex:output "High-level principle → detailed answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2-3 (may include retrieval)" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-stepback-musique ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-stepback-timeqa ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-abstraction ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-temporal ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:commonsense-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-context-augmentation ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-algebraic ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-word-problems ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:physical-reasoning .

tech:talm a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "TALM (Tool Augmented Language Models)" ;
    ex:input "Query → LLM emits tool-call tokens → API called → result appended" ;
    ex:output "Tool-augmented text" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + API calls" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:thor a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Three-Hop Reasoning (THOR)" ;
    ex:input "Query → identify aspect → determine opinion → infer sentiment" ;
    ex:output "Aspect → Opinion → Sentiment label" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "3" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-emotional-understanding ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-aspect-opinion-sentiment ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment .

tech:thot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Thread of Thought (ThoT) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Long chaotic context + query → segment analysis → answer" ;
    ex:output "Section summaries → final answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "2" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-self-reflection ;
    ex:hasMember node:dialogue ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-intermediate-reasoning .

tech:toolalpaca a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "ToolAlpaca" ;
    ex:input "Query → simulated tool-use environment → generalized tool interaction" ;
    ex:output "Tool-assisted answer" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + tools" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:toolformer a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Toolformer" ;
    ex:input "Query → self-supervised tool-call embedding in prompt" ;
    ex:output "Tool-augmented response" ;
    ex:cost "moderate" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1 + tool calls" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tool-use ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:task-completion .

tech:tot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Tree-of-Thoughts (ToT) Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query → tree of partial solutions explored via BFS/DFS" ;
    ex:output "Best evaluated path → answer" ;
    ex:cost "very_high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "O(b^d) branching" ;
    ex:requiresLargeModel "True" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-backtracking ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-thought-evaluation ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-tree-search ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-tot-game24 ;
    ex:hasMember node:br-tot-game24-vatsal ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-creative-generation ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-deductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-planning ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:logical-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:math-search-based .

tech:verify-and-edit a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Verify-and-Edit (VE)" ;
    ex:input "CoT chains → SC finds uncertain → edit chains with external knowledge → re-generate" ;
    ex:output "Fact-corrected rationale → answer" ;
    ex:cost "high" ;
    ex:llmCalls "SC + edit + generation + retrieval" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:hasMember node:alg-retrieval ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-self-monitoring ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:df-verification ;
    ex:hasMember node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:table-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:truthfulness .

tech:zero-shot a ex:Technique ;
    rdfs:label "Zero-Shot Prompting" ;
    ex:input "Query (instruction only)" ;
    ex:output "Direct answer" ;
    ex:cost "minimal" ;
    ex:llmCalls "1" ;
    ex:requiresLargeModel "False" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A Comprehensive Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques - Debnath et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "A comprehensive taxonomy of prompt engineering techniques - Yao-Yang Liu et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods - Vatsal et al.txt" ;
    ex:sourcePaper "SystematicSurveyofPromptEngineering_Sahoo_et_al.txt" ;
    ex:failsAt node:multi-hop-reasoning ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-compositional ;
    ex:hasMember node:cap-inductive ;
    ex:hasMember node:cf-qa ;
    ex:hasMember node:code-gen ;
    ex:hasMember node:free-response ;
    ex:hasMember node:machine-translation ;
    ex:hasMember node:ner ;
    ex:hasMember node:nli ;
    ex:hasMember node:pc-task-instruction ;
    ex:hasMember node:sentiment ;
    ex:hasMember node:text-classification .