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H: What's the advantage of lead-free solder containing silver? I'm looking to buy some lead-free solder. There appears to be two different kinds available, tin-copper alloys and tin-copper-silver alloys. What advantage does the latter have, as it is more expensive? AI: In general silver makes the solder stronger and h...
H: how to drill anti-rotation holes in enclosures? I am wondering how those holes with a flat for connectors are opened in enclosures. I'd like to know how do to it when prototyping world and in production for aluminum and in plastic. AI: You don't drill such holes. Instead, you get a punch. For instance, if you're tr...
H: What is the metal part on top of this connector? I'm wondering what the metal parts on top of these connectors are for: Are they just for a spot to "grab" for pick and place, and these metal parts will be removed later? Attribution for picture: Mill-Max AI: Yes, that cap is intended to allow a pick & place machine...
H: Is there an ideal PWM frequency for DC brush motors? I'll be using a microcontroller to create a PWM signal for motor control. I understand how PWM and duty cycle works, however I am unsure about an ideal frequency. I do not have my motor in yet, so I can't just test it and find out. The picture depicts a graph of...
H: Strangely messed up netlist in Altium I just run into a netlist problem with Altium Designer. As we all now, changing lot of things in schematic will completely mess up netlist and you usually need to clear all nets in PCB and add them again if you don't want to lose time with manual assigning. Well, now a very str...
H: Why is the voltage across the capacitor constant? I've connected a 6V DC voltage source via a 1Ω resistor to a 1F capacitor. I was expecting the simulation to reveal a less constant t-vs-v graph: it would start at 0 and after a while stabilize at 6 volts. But it seems that the voltage across the capacitor begins at...
H: Ceiling LED light emits very dim light when switch is off! I have overhead ceiling LED light fixtures. When I turn on Main Switch of the house, I see the LED starts emitting very dim light ( have to look for a 3-4 second to perceive) even when LED's switch is off! Is that normal or I need to check it out by an elec...
H: Connecting Cathod Commond RGB Leds in parallel with arduino I'm just starting with arduino, and want to light up 2 RGB leds (common cathode), and just think that the only thing I nedd was connecting them in parallel, no extra parts (my mistake), then I read about the max current of the ardunino pins, and found out ...
H: Connect LED from audio output without it blinking? I have a circuit in which I want a pre-built stereo amplifier kit (with + and - outputs for each speaker) to drive a speaker and an LED in parallel. The circuit works, however is there any way to stop the LED flashing with the audio output? In the circumstances the...
H: Battery Pack Configuration I currently am using Li-FePO4 cells in the configuration below (picture): I'm researching how to build a passive cell balancer for this battery pack. Though I'm getting confused on some specs I'm seeing in data sheets; for example in one of TI's spec sheets it says "# Series Cells (Min)"....
H: How to estimate the required PCB surface area for SMD power resistors I am migrating a design from through-hole parts to use as many SMT devices as possible. There are 7- 2 Watt power resistors in the current design. These are metal-oxide resistors that have crimped and formed leads so as to raise the body of the ...
H: Voltage Divider producing unexpected voltage I am attempting to create a voltage divider that create 4.5 volts from a 9v battery. Using the voltage divider equation 4.7k / (4.7k + 4.7k) ) * 9v = 4.5v, I decided to use two 4.7k resistors. When I tested my circuit in a simulator, the voltage produced from the volt...
H: Music reactive LEDs I want to make a bigger project, but I have run in to a problem that I do not understand. I want to make an LED flash to music, for use in a bigger project. I have looked at about 20 different tutorials and googled my fingers off, because I cannot make it work. I am using a 2N3904 transistor lik...
H: Overvolting a DC motor while keeping power constant So I have a 36 VDC motor rated 70 A at 2000 W (mechanical output power). I would like to run the system at 48 V (same power) because I have a lot of accessories for 48 V systems (battery chargers, DC/DC converters, motor controllers). Is it possible to overvolt th...
H: Creating a simple voltage regulator for medium currents Question, as fast as possible: Would this circuit regulate poorly-regulated +12VDC effectively? I am an electronics level zero, so please bear with me. Please let me know if you would me to clarify anything. Full Question: I'm trying to design this smart light...
H: Can I charge a 12V 2A NiCd battery with 18V 14.6A? I have a 12V 2A NiCd battery which I want to charge. I have a power unit that puts out 18V 14.6A. Can I use it to charge it? Would the battery just draw the current it needs or would it always put out 14.6A? The battery will be used to power a fan I want to instal...
H: Do I need isolation for op-amp stages in a current pump circuit like this? U3A (OPA703) is used to shift a unipolar DAC signal down to a bipolar signal and feed it to U1 (OPA544). The OPA544 takes this bipolar signal and produce a pretty high current of about 3 Amps at the OUT pin. In my opinion, U3A is the contr...
H: Attiny85, reading analog values from PIN3, reports 654 on idle? At first, I am not a hardware professional (starter) so be kind please. I try to reuse a DENON operation board of a DVD-player with 9 buttons with a Attiny85 Digispark clone connected to PIN3 (see also picture below) EDIT: About picture: "Sparkfun" mus...
H: level shifting high speed signals I have a host of differential signals from a board thats 3.3V. Now, I need to interface it to a board that can accept 2.5V. Now, is it possible to use a standard level shifter like this ? Is there any effect on the impedance and will there be any impedance mismatch ? If so, how can...
H: Charging a 12V battery bank while using it I have (4) 12V 190 Ah AGM batteries connected in series. I want to run a portable A/C unit through a 2000 watt inverter connected to those batteries and charge the batteries simultaniously with a battery charger powered by a generator. The A/C unit requires 7.5 amps contin...
H: Is "catch diode" the correct term to use in SMPS context? UPDATE: Ok, two good answers, I've chosen the one with more votes as the "right" answer, leaving it to the wisdom of crowds to choose between two fine choices. For anyone who cares, I think I'll settle on the term "catch" diode, mostly because it has fewer s...
H: Differing Hole Notations In Eagle CAD? I was just creating some vias in Eagle and was playing with the drill diameter, and for some reason Eagle seems to put differing notations around the hole when the size changes, is there any reason for this, or is it purely cosmetic? For example, here's a crosshair looking thi...
H: What can I replace a BSS138 N-Channel MOSFET with? I'm replicating this level shifter by Sparkfun but they use a transistor that I don't have. Frankly, I know next to nothing about transistors so reading the specs is way over my head at this point. I do have a "kit" that I bought that has a bunch of them that migh...
H: Altium Via stitching vs Via Shielding What is the difference between add stitching to net and add shielding to net ? In my understanding in both case it create via to shield some part of the cricuit... AI: Via shielding is meant to shield a net (read: a track) from disturbances: Think of an RF signal trace that get...
H: Multi level logic in transistor level. Possible? I am currently studying the MOSFET transistor for Digital CMOS IC design. There, the noise ratio is defined and the 50% margin is assigned for a logic HIGH and LOW. Taking the noise into account, do we have enough room to differentiate 4 level voltages(logic level) i...
H: calculate the transfer Function H(w) how do I get the transfer Function H(w) of the filter in the image ? Thanks AI: You could do a little thinking and combine Rp with Rs to simplify the math. In effect both Rp and Rs become in parallel fed from a source that is attenuated by Rp/(Rp+Rs). Not difficult to do but wi...
H: Output type of incremental rotary encoder I have been trying to choose incremental rotary encoder for speed control of three phase induction motor. My problem is that I am not sure what type of output should I choose. There is following quadrature encoder interface (please see the enclosure - signals from encoder...
H: How to hide/delete the symbol pin types (named as pas/sup) from the eagle schematics? Hi there, I was trying to do something and not sure what I did without knowingly those small green circles along with names has appeared on ever pin of all the components I had in the schematics. Could you please let me know how ...
H: how do i actually put a diode across a motor? I've had frequent failed switches on my portable automobile air pump. The last time it failed it shows sparks on the switch. I've been reading around and it seems that I need to add a diode across the motor, something like 1N4004 seems to do the job. However, I'm really...
H: Is it possible to damage phone battery when charging with a current source? Is it possible to damage a phone battery when charging with a current source? Situation: I am currently busy with a project where we want to use 200 watt solar panel to charge as many phones as possible. My plan is to find a charge control...
H: Where is the official RS-232 specification? Searching with Google returned only 3rd party documents (i.e. from chip vendors or university lectures). Is there a main document of such specification, similar to USB? AI: The original standard has been written by the Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA). Its nam...
H: What does the logic statement "F = AB" mean? Bitwise A AND B? On an ALU data sheet there are logic formulae showing the results that will be output for various inputs. http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1840939.pdf (Second from last row on page 3.) I assume that A+B means bitwise A OR B, this would follow, as the pl...
H: Eagle: automatic via creation to different layers? I am designing my first PCB using the free edition of Eagle. This is a simple board, with power and signal lines on the top layer, and ground on the bottom layer. My question: I have components on the top layer, some which have pins to ground (the ground net is ca...
H: What amount of noise on Vcc is acceptable? I have added a .1uF decoupling capacitor between Vcc and GND on a TMS9118 (this is an old video display processor). When I measure the voltage at Vcc with my oscilloscope, I read a pk - pk of 1V. Is that noise level way too high? This is related to a previous question o...
H: Replace vintage speaker connection by modern one So, I have a vintage Pioneer hi-fi installation and I want to use it in a recording studio. It features two passive speakers and one amplifier. My problem is that the speakers need to be connected to the amp by tightening speaker wire to them using screws - and I wan...
H: What is the purpose of this bias resistor? I am unsure what the following statement on page 4 of this application note (Over Voltage Protection Circuit for Automotive Load Dump) means. Resistor R4 provides a small amount of bias to Q2 in order to satisfy Q2 ’s drain leakage in the off state. I assume R4 is t...
H: How to drive a E1144CS021 (EPD display)? I was searching for EPD displays and came across this Pervasive Displays EPD, but after searching in the manufacturer's website, I couldn't find any information on how to actually use it. There are some pre-made kits, but those are intended for evaluation use, and though the...
H: analog level conversion in ADC circuit I'm trying to feed a 3.3V ADC from a gas sensor that operates at 5V. I know I can use a voltage divider, but am a bit confused how it would apply here. Datasheet: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Biometric/MQ-6%20Ver1.3%20-%20Manual.pdf It appears that this circuit...
H: Can I put +33 dBm through an 0402 capacitor/inductor? Consider the following capacitor here on Mouser (C1005C0G1H330J050BA). If my understanding is correct, the only power dissipated is due to the ESR - ideally, reactive elements dissipate no power (or is it no average power?). The capacitor is 33pF rated at 50V. L...
H: Using a 3S Li-ion battery while charging Is it possible to charge an 3s (3-cell wired in series) Li-ion battery with a balanced charger (and using the balanced charger port of the battery ofc) and connect a load to the discharge port of the battery at the same time? For example using: Charger: http://www.hobbyking....
H: What do the dimensions describing the crimping tools mean? The crimping tools usually describe an dimension interval they are capable of working with. For example: 0.5 to 6 mm² or 0,1 - 2,5 mm². However when dealing with electronics connectors, the dimension that comes my is 2.54mm. From reading forums I got the im...
H: Voltage reduction issues in an existing circuit In the above diagram, I am trying to reduce the input voltage of 7.4v to no more than 3v, which is the maximum rating for the M2 motor. This is for a boxmag used with an Airsoft gun, specifically an M16 style 5,000 round boxmag. The idea is to operate the gun and the...
H: A question on PWM frequency of a DC motor I'm planning to pwm-control four of the following motors by a single ArduinoUno: http://uk.rs-online.com/web/p/axial-fans/8179151/ For some reason the nearest pwm frequency I can set is 31kHz. The other options are: 244, 488, 976, 3096, 7812 and 62500 Hz In the data-sheet ...
H: How reliable is it to use another manufacturer's datasheet of the same part? There is a part, 1N4148, or whatever from manufacturer A, but the datasheet from manufacturer B is more detailed, has nice graphs, etc. Is in general data for the exact part consistent between manufacturers? AI: Generally, the primary spec...
H: Latch jk synchronous Is the latch in this image a synchronous J-K latch, and is the truth table correct? Can a latch be considered a memory element that stores a state ? Are these answers good or not? If it is not a pic of J-K synchronous latch then how a J-K synchronous latch look? AI: The image shows a J-K Flip...
H: How to calculate correct value of capacitor C2? I have the following connection, what should be the correct capacity of C2, for the case when the device is turned on, so it will load untill my MC will be not ready? Thanks AI: So you have tried values, found one which works, and are done? The voltage between R1 and...
H: Is there such a thing as rubber band resistor? I'm doing a project with some tight requirements, in which I need to measure the distance between two points, which might not be in direct view of each other, and on parts that are too small to mount anything on them. An elegant solution would be to tie some kind of co...
H: Voltage regulator bypass capacitor placement At both the input and output (especially the output), I need to place several bypass capacitors (all MLCC). The datasheet for the voltage regulator seems to suggest that using a 10uF on both the input and output is usually adequate. However, I see some high frequency n...
H: Input and output relation of ACS712 Hall effect current Sensor ACS712 works by the use of the hall effect principle. When i went through the datasheet, i found out that the relation between input current and output voltage is varied largely ie. 66 mv/A to 185 mv/A. But when i viewed to the tutorial regarding it's ...
H: "Tagging" Data traveling over serial port? If I'm reading data from multiple channels (UART) of a microprocessor, but I want it to be continuously read, I imagine the logical thing to do would be to cycle through the channels and output data, while, similarly, cycling through the inputs on the software-side of the ...
H: Using a schottky diode to improve PNP transistor turn off time I was able to use the following schematic to improve the turn off time of a NPN transistor Adding a schottky diode (even externally to transistor) component reduces the turn off time dramatically. What is the equivalent circuit for a PNP transistor? AI...
H: Power supply problems I am building a +/- 45V power supply to drive a master-slave amplifier for a sonoluminescence experiment. I am following a stock design, and am having massive sag problems. The circuit powers up fine, but if I engage the LED indicators (each draws about 0.015 A), the supply starts to sag, an...
H: Connectors in high volume manufacturing? How are connectors such as USB handled in high volume manufacture? Would the panelized board leave room to place these connectors or would the panel be cut apart and the connectors added later. Is there equipment to automate adding these or is hand soldering the only way? A...
H: 50W Amp for 15W Speaker I am building a portable speaker and I am looking for a decent amp for my two 15W Phillips speakers. It is tough to find an amp that is efficient and cheap so I was wondering if there is something wrong with buying an amp that is rated for 50W2 while my speakers are only 15W2. AI: That has b...
H: Dangers of capacitors blowing up I was wondering what kind of damage a 350V, 6000uF (link to capacitor) electrolytic capacitor could do. will this kill me if it blew up next to me? I have never blown capacitors before, but I definitely would not want to blow this one. Has anyone reading this blown a capacitor this ...
H: What are all the reasons that transformers are considered safer? I am making a circuit for measuring AC mains voltage and current and I want to avoid using a transformer because it introduces distortions. But everyone says that the circuit will be considered unsafe (without explaining why). I know one of the reason...
H: Boolean expression problem with Logic Friday I don't know if I'm doing this wrong, but Logic Friday's minimized form for this two equations is one. I tried with a K-map and is not. F= ABC + ABD + ACD + B'C'D + ACD' + A'B'D (my result is AD+B'D+AC) G= BC + A'B'C'+BC'+A'C AI: Wolfram Alpha appears to give the right ...
H: What use is a Zener diode's leakage current spec? Consider this datasheet for a family of Zener diodes. All of the parts 3V and under have their leakage current rated as some current at 1V. I've seen this is multiple family datasheets, but it really doesn't make sense. There is no relationship between the test volt...
H: Raspberry Pi + IRFZ44N to control a 5050 RGB LED strip: current seems to be limited Introduction and General Question: Scalability I have assembled very simple circuitry to successfully control one RGB LED strip. I have also managed to improve slightly its yield. However, when I try to scale to a larger installat...
H: Is it possible to repeatedly use a schottky diode at its surge current without damage I've been working on a circuit with an inductive load and a MOSFET, but I'm having trouble finding a suitable freewheeling diode. If I choose a diode with a maximum surge current higher than the maximum current through the load, w...
H: How does voltage splits when 2 devices was attached together I'm new here and im not an electrical guy. Just trying to create some DIY stuff. I want to know how to properly buy power adaptor for my newly purchased led light. I have led light which is 12v and a 12v 2A power adaptor. This combination works OK so far....
H: If i lower voltage drawn from a battery will it last longer? I have a water pump that operates between 5-12v at 3amps. At 5v the water flows slower and at 12v it flows fast. If I have it connected to a 12v battery and use a step down converter to convert the voltage to 6-8v, will it draw less amps from the battery ...
H: How many DS18B20 temperature sensors can I connect to one bus arduino? How many temperature sensors can I connect to one bus without losing accuracy.Can I use for example 50 sensors to one bus? Should I change the resistor when I connect too many sensors? Here is the manual http://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/...
H: What are the uses of lugs/ferrules? I've seen various projects using copper lugs and compressing them with bench vices. What is the purpose? Can't you just use wires without the lugs? Image Source AI: 1) It's not easy to make a safe and reliable connection under a screw head to stranded wire, especially wire with ...
H: How do media buttons on a plain wired headset work? I mean the simple analog headset pluggable into the jack of a phone. Not USB, not bluetooth, not fancy proprietary plugs with extra connectors - just a generic stereo+mic jack. The four "bands" on the jack plug are GND, right earphone, left earphone and microphon...
H: Do longer wires consume more power? In DC, for example at 12V, will a longer power wire (lets say 10 meters vs 10 centimeters) cause a high current consumption? AI: Power can be expressed as \$P = IV\$. We also know that Ohms law says \$V = IR\$. Putting these two together, we get the expression: $$P = \frac{V^2}{R...
H: Eagle Can't back annotate When trying to delete a via that I placed in the board manually I get this error. The via (yellow error) was placed to stitch the ground planes together and has nothing to do with the schematic. Why am I getting this error? I'm using Eagle 6.6.0 on a windows 10 64bit machine. It seems eag...
H: Question regarding 74HC574 (question very difficult to word) Basically, I have a question regarding the timing of the 74HC574 octal latch. According to the timing diagram, the data pins must be set for so many nanoseconds before the latch pin (rising edge triggered) is pulsed or else the data may not be retained a...
H: Appropriate relay for water heater rated for 220VAC/1500W I've created a complete hardware platform using a Raspberry Pi as master/controller, an Arduino nano and two RF24l01 transceivers, which should control some household electrical appliances. The software part and the "low voltage" circuitry is ready and teste...
H: Charging a phone battery on its own I've got some spare phone batteries and I'd like to be able to charge them without a phone. However, it seems like I can only charge it with my phone: I attach + pin to 5V DC, - pin to GND, the third, middle pin disconnected. My battery charges only if it's in a telephone, why? H...
H: With limited components, how do I emulate a reverse-biased zener diode? I understand that reverse-biased zener diodes don't conduct at all until they've reached a certain breakdown voltage, after which their voltage drop remains constant. I want to use this property in a circuit, but I don't have any zener diodes....
H: LTspice 101: Strange values with DC operating point Just started using LTspice and I'm struggling with what is probably a total newbie mistake on a DC operating point test. Created a basic circuit, 10V voltage source and 1k resistor in series, and I'm not getting exactly 10mA current. Voltage source has zero intern...
H: Why is the inductive reactance or capacitive reactance phasor on the imaginary axis? As you can see there are electrical circuits of power supply, resistance, inductive reactance combination in one case and power supply resistance and capacitive reactance combination in another case are there. Their respective phas...
H: When can Self Resonance of a capacitor be a bad thing in bypass and decoupling applications? Specifically in decoupling and bypass applications, can the Self Resonance frequency cause problems (compared to ideal)? If so, what kind of problems can it cause? AI: An ideal capacitor has an impedance that falls with in...
H: Which side of SPI link harness to locate SDO pull-up? I'm looking for some help/insight into a decision I am making about whether to change a circuit I have built. My slave device requires a pull-up on its SDO (MISO) pin which is open collector. When originally drawn, this pull-up was placed close to the slave devi...
H: Aluminum sheet as an underlay for electonic equipment I am planning to build a NAS into a (sufficiently ventilated) closet. For flame protection and heat spreading, I mean to put a 2x700x550mm aluminum sheet under the equipment. Is this a good idea? Specifically: Should I ground the plate? If I ground the plate usi...
H: SPI data storage devices: (micro)SD card, DataFlash, or serial EEPROM? I am revisiting some of my design habits, and one of them is under serious scrutiny: the go-to SPI-based storage device is (micro)SD cards, for their price-to-capacity ratio and generally higher speeds. Among the three major types of SPI-based s...
H: Need understanding of the concept of word (memory) I've been reading how memory works from a book. The problem is my weak english so I can't catch the meaning correctly. The text from the book : A computer with a 32-bit word has 4 bytes/word, whereas acomputer with a 64-bit word has 8 bytes/word. The significanc...
H: How can FETs act as flyback diodes Considering a 3 phase inverter using MOSFETs without body diode or GAN as transistors. How can the FETs safely emulate diodes? I mean I understand the transistors in question must be able to conduct in both direction in their on state. But is this all synchronized? Take the scenar...
H: Accidentally knocked a capacitor off a laptop motherboard seemingly related to USB I accidentally knocked off a capacitor from my laptop motherboard (Lenovo Thinkpad S540, VIUS6 LA-A171P board). According to the circuit diagram, this capacitor (C2434) was something to do with the USB 3.0 circuit (perhaps the VBUS)....
H: What is the type of the wifi interference to ZigBee? Multiplicative or additive? As we all know, the cross technology interference is a critical problem. CTI means that different communication technologies operate on the same spectrum (e.g., 2.4GHz), and this would lead to the critical interference problem. There a...
H: How are MOSFET gate capacitances (Cgs, Cgd) calculated? I have read somewhere that the gate capacitance (Cgs, Cgd) of a MOSFET is calculated as below: Strong inversion: Cgs=(2/3)Cox.W.L + Cov Non-saturated: Cgs=Cgd=(1/2)Cox.W.L + Cov where Cov is overlap capacitance. Could anyone explain where the formulas come...
H: Open drain concept in I2C bus? (I am mainly from a software background and just started to work on an embedded platform. Excuse me if this is a naive question...) I am planning to write a driver for an EEPROM which is connected to the MCU via an I2C bus. So I am reading a tutorial about the I2C bus. The tutorial sa...
H: Burnt SMD diode identification. General Semiconductor S4 6CA I have an Artesyn 7001138-Y000 835 server power supply unit that has a burnt component. The burnt component reads S4 6CA and has the general Semiconductor logo on it. I have been looking online to find the specifications so I can replace it, but I have be...
H: ETH PHY Protection during "no supply" condition My quesiton is simple: In a typical ethernet setup, the RJ-45 jack connects via some transformers (or call it magnetics if you like to) to the Ethernet PHY. (which might be internal to the microcontroll or an external PHY). Now, if the device is not powered but the LA...
H: Can a 74LVC1G07 handle 12V? The 74LVC1G07 is open-drain, but I don't find anything in the datasheet that tells whether or not it can handle 12v on the output ("Y") pin. AI: According to table 5 of the NXP datasheet device can only handle 6.5 V. For other manufacturers it will make little difference and these also w...
H: Start Bit and Idle Data Line? I am learning the Serial Communication without much EE background: The article says: The start bit is always indicated by an idle data line going from 1 to 0, while the stop bit(s) will transition back to the idle state by holding the line at 1. My Questions: Why start bit must ...
H: What could be the reason for failure in using a single-phase full-bridge square wave inverter to drive a coil for wireless charging? I am working on a wireless charging project that needs a three-phase inverter. I built the inverter (with flexible wiring using connectors) myself and tested it as a single-phase full...
H: low pass filter and gain calculation I am working on a data acquisition system project . I have used SMPS power supply and two pressure sensors(-5V to +5V input) and (0-20mV o/p) my analog circuit consists of one op-amp(OP07) and one instrumentation amplifier(AD620) Output of circuit after signal conditioning is gi...
H: How do thermal tapes transfer heat despite their low thermal conductivity? I found myself needing to attach small heatsinks to Mosfets and CC power regulators. Also some high-power diodes. Today I have learnt that thermal compounds, even best in the market, are dozens of times less conductive than aluminium or copp...
H: Arduino oscilloscope voltage divider design I'm building an oscilloscope with arduino, but I have some questions about how to design the input voltage dividers without ground. The problem is the oscilloscope only needs one input to measure voltage, but as far as I know voltage is a comparison. So how can the oscill...
H: Generating square wave to be inputted into a MCU There are signals like below picture inputted to MCU STM32f103: (Offset DC about 800mV, Vmax = 2.4V, f = 66 Hz) I want to change it to a squar wave from 0V to 3.3V being accepted voltage range for my MCU. How I can implement it? Using a schmitt trigger implemented b...
H: DMG4800 MOSFET running hot (while Si4804 runs cool) I'm working on a BLDC control system for a micromotor, and have been using the Vishay Si4804 MOSFETs in output stage. Due to availability issues, I ordered Diodes Inc DMG4800LSD-13 for a second board, since they were a bit cheaper, and the specifications match up ...
H: VHDL process' sensitivity list I do not understand the precise role of the sensitivity list in a process in VHDL. For instance, consider an architecture with 3 input signals: a, b, c. I read that if we write: PROCESS (a, b) we get that the process is activated by any variation of a and b. Now I have 2 doubts: 1) Wh...
H: Explanation of the below graph This was the slide that our professor displayed in class regarding the closing of a capacitive circuit. Why is the amplitude(after a certain while) different in both cases? Shouldn't it be the same either ways? Edit: Haha, I just realized from the answers that I was reading the wro...
H: How does BJT act as a switch and as an inverted switch? These were the graphs shown for the functioning of BJT as a switch . I understand it intuitively but I don't know how to actually explain these graphs. Could some one, in the form of equations please explain how this works? Thanks in advance. Edit: I shou...
H: Does this VCO produce a sine wave or square wave I'm looking at the datasheet for the analog devices hmc431lp4 voltage controlled oscillator, and I can't tell if its output waveform is a sine wave or square wave. The datasheet doesn't label the oscillator as being harmonic or relaxation. I'm wondering because I am ...
H: Winding an inductor questions I am going to wind an tapped toroid inductor for a LCR circuit in an equalizer. I have calculated the number of turns I need for each winding. This is my first time winding an inductor so I need to get some things straight. I'm confused about the bandwidth tap, how should I wind this o...
H: Why is Rc parallel to RL? While determing the AC load line, the author takes Rc to be parallel to Rl. How is it possible since the two resistors have different nodes? AI: During the small signal analysis, you need to replace the DC power source by ground because a DC component has no AC component. The next thing yo...
H: How to prevent voltage regulator board heating up and how thick traces should be? Im designing a DC-DC voltage step down regulator based off of a switching regulator IC from texas instruments. I have designed the schematic and board accordingly and it should be able to supply 5A at 5v (According to the IC) Above i...