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H: Is there any heat/energy 'lost' to computing power? I have a Kill-A-Watt Power meter on my computer that has a GPU mining bitcoins. It draws 500W from the wall outlet. My question is, is my computer outputting any less heat than an equivalent 500W heater? Or is 100% of the power drawn from the wall converted into h...
H: Which Battery pack use for Arduino TimeLapse dolly I'm trying to create a small TimeLapse Dolly during my spare time. I'm planning to take away the dolly to film nature outside but I'm not sure which battery pack should I use. I would like to maintain the complete system moving for about 2-3 hours, so I presume t...
H: E-Ink screen pixel update How noisly common E-ink screens when they update pixel ? I mean do they have strobe signal or something like this, or they update exact pixel using pixel coordinates ? AI: only the regions of the screen that are changing require updating. Any pixels that are not changing do not require upd...
H: Stackable and recognizable Lego I want to create small blocks (lego 2x2 bricks) that contain a small circuit that allows them to be recognized when stacked. I have about 25 different colors. Of each color, I have 10 blocks. Each block contains a small circuit (slightly different per color) that has X connectors at ...
H: Response of First order circuit to a pulse input Dear All, Greetings, I am studying Response of the RC series circuit to a Pulse input. For calculating voltage across capacitor after pulse input ceases,author considers a time shift. I am not able to understand what for & why the time shift is considered here ( Hig...
H: Should "get new sensor data" be its own task in an RTOS? I am new to RTOS coding practices/architectures, and am specifically learning on RTX. Should I have a get_new_sensor_data task for each sensor, or is sensor data usually taken care of by some other means, such as in the ISR outside of any particular task? H...
H: Exchange serial messages via UART between 3.3V µController and 5V µController concrete (STM32F4 and ATMega 2560) I would like to send messages from STM32F4Discovery board to Arduino Mega 2560 via UART. How do I connect the Arduino to the STM32F4Discovery? Do I need any extra electronics? If I understand correctly, ...
H: Searching for an analog circuit solution, where an output voltage is incremented or decremented based on an input So I have an interesting request that I've searched the internet for and have not been able to find, or been able to come up with in my head. I have a circuit with a feedback loop that is meant to contr...
H: Components necessary to automate hand crank I'd like to automate a simple crank on a rotating hex bolt thingy so I don't have to manually turn the lever/knob. I was planning on bluetooth module -> Arduino (or some easily programmable MC) -> motor -> hex bit as the component diagram. I can learn the Arduino programm...
H: Powering a modem over extreme distance (~2k feet) We live in a rural area and have about a 2000 foot run from the end of our driveway to our house. The cable company wanted quite a bit of money to run internet to our house, but there's a drop at the end of our driveway, so we convinced them to put a modem there, an...
H: Compare two voltages and output the lower of the two I am working on a circuit that is connected to a 10V supply (can supply about 1-2mA). We have two signals, let's call them S1 and S2. We also have an input to the circuit called IN1. My goal here is to compare the two signals, S1 and S2 (They may range from 0 to...
H: Why does the resistance of an 8x8 LED Matrix have to be on the cathode? Looking at these instructions for wiring up a LED matrix ( http://oomlout.com/8X8M/8X8M-Guide.pdf ) I see that they tell me to put the resistors that limit the current through the LEDs on the cathode (output) side of the LEDs. Is there any rea...
H: Resistance and power requirements for a current-limiting resistor I'm making my electronics project. I need answer please I need an resistor I just need to clarify and validate. Given \$V_s\$-15 V \$V_{LED}\$-3.5 V \$I_{LED}\$ - 25 mA I did: R= \$\frac{V_s - V_{led} }{I_{led}}\$ = \$\frac{11.5 V}{25mA}\$ = \...
H: How to connect a Printer WIFI module wires to an Arduino? I’m a digital artist, found this HP printer on the street and wanted to use its components (motor etc.) on my projects. I was wondering if any of you know if I can use this WIFI module to send/receive data from/to a PC through Arduino API. (I just want to c...
H: kWh per 24hours from system that uses 950W my friend asked me a questions how much kWh he would get per day around if he is going to buy a power suply that is 1200W and place in the system and system would use 950W as he said http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16817153145 his power suply I really h...
H: Is there a table that shows how 8b/10b encoding tries to ensure running disparity on a transmission line? In telecommunications, 8b/10b is a line code that maps 8-bit symbols to 10-bit symbols to achieve DC-balance and bounded disparity. In this case we take each 8-bit data and map it to a 10-bit symbol. Now long t...
H: Eagle CAD template for Arduino Shield I would like to reuse a PCB layout of a design to make an Arduino shield. I want to reuse Arduino Uno R3 board to make an Arduino shield package in my library by deleting every components in the original design (leaving the stack headers intact for the shield). I tried block co...
H: Connect Android device to Arduino Uno via USB I have an Arduino Uno and need to connect to an Android device: Do I need a USB host shield? Would I be better off in buying a board that has USB host functionality built-in? Is the Android Open Accessory framework really the only software solution for communicating vi...
H: Thermal calculation for a D2PAK with a SMT Heatsink I am trying to calculate the junction temperature of a D2PAK FET that is dissipating 5W. The junction-to-case thermal resistance is 0.4 C/W. The junction-to-ambient (PCB mounted, steady state) resistance is 40 C/W. It seems that D2PAK datasheets don't give a case-...
H: Using single-supply OpAmps with a bipolar-supply OpAmps in the same circuit I have a prototype circuit that is based around some arbitrary bipolar-supply OpAmp. It uses "virtual ground" voltage divider so that it can be powered from a 9V battery (hence the "-" of the battery goes to -4.5V rail, the "+" goes to +4.5...
H: Gear ratio reading I've ordered a little cheap kit of gears from Tamiya with multiple possibility os gear boxes to test. But I'm wondering how to read the value of the ratio as I'm not sure I've understand it quite well. So, let me know if I'm wrong on these two examples : 25:1 : The dc motor at source will need ...
H: Transistor which opens circuit, reverse transistor I'm wondering if there is a transistor which, when a voltage is applied to the base / gate, opens the circuit instead of closing it. If there is not, how would such a configuration be created? EDIT: Okay, here's some clarification. I have a circuit set up like thi...
H: Visualising data rate as square waves (Converting bits per second into hertz) for selecting ADC sampling frequency I know that bits per second and hertz are two different units. This question will help me in designing an oscilloscope with proper ADC sampling frequency for viewing communication protocols. Just imag...
H: Pull up circuit current flows? Im trying to understand how pull up/down circuits works . Let's consider this schematic : I understand that there are two possible current flows : When the button is not pressed, the current flows from VCC through the input pin . When the button is pressed , the current flows fro...
H: Debugging my bipolar stepper motor design I'm trying to connect a NEMA 17 Bipolar Stepper Motor to an Arduino Uno using an L298N Stepper Motor Controller Module and control its speed using a 10K potentiometer. I haven't found any examples online on how to do this explicitly (using the L298N controller module), so...
H: Battery power supply for Arduino and DC motors with L293D I got a 6 AA cell pack. So I can basically get 8.2V. I need to power an Arduino and 2 DC motors driven by a L293D. My Arduino can accept 7V to 12V DC input and the L293D between 4.5v to 36V. Can I simply deviate another line from the cell pack and feed the L...
H: L293D and Arduino working only with common ground. So I have an Arduino and an L293D. The L293D logic is powered by the +5V output of the Arduino, while the DC motor is powered by an external power supply. Here's the part I don't get. If I connect the Arduino and the power supply grounds together the circuit works...
H: Is the JHD12864E compatible with an Arduino board? I am using a KS0108 compatible graphic LCD (JHD12864E) and I want to connect it to my Arduino Leonardo board to display some text. I searched using Google and also in the Arduino forum but I didn’t get much information. The examples I found were for a 16*2 LCD. Ple...
H: Why don't typical digital multimeters measure inductance? Even with predominantly digital circuits, I am using inductors much more often than I used to, generally because of all the buck or boost converters (a recent board I was involved in has 12 different voltage rails -- six of them needed just by the TFT LCD). ...
H: How can I power a SCSI hard drive without a motherboard/scsi card? While this is possibly more of a Super-User question, I chose to put it in EE because I'm looking for information about power assignments on SCSI cables, and understanding how to send power ONLY (not data transmission) to a SCSI drive via it's ribbo...
H: What does this power designation/rating mean, and do I need to custom-build a power supply to provide it? I'll start by saying that I'm a relative self-taught newbie in the electronics world. I recently bought a tube amp kit off of eBay. There were no assembly instructions included, but a very self-explanatory scre...
H: What measures should I take to protect the USB ports of my PC during development of a USB device? I'm going to start developing a USB 1.1 device using a PIC microcontroller. I'm going to keep one of the USB ports of my PC connected to a bread board during this process. I don't want to destroy my PC's USB port by a ...
H: 24V AC-AC Power Supply Outputs ~80V Unloaded I have a AC-AC power supply with a secondary coil rated as 24V, 1500mA and 36VAC. Primary is 230V, suited for use in the UK. I measured the output of this power supply with an oscilloscope, and it was showing a sine wave that with peak-to-peak voltage of around 80V. This...
H: Accurately measuring temperature with Arduino I'm trying to build thermostat with Arduino. I want to power it using mobile phone battery/charger which makes system voltage quite variable. Right now I use Arduino Uno, but once it is complete I will port it to Lilypad. First I tried to use TMP36 temperature sensor. S...
H: Circuit goes mad when programming the arduino So, I have a circuit with an arduino. Connected to the arduino there's an IR sensor, an LCD screen, a little servo motor, a MCP23017 expander with the A register to control a l239D and the B register for status leds and button inputs. On the other side I have two dc mot...
H: Switched or linear charger IC for lead-acid battery - which one to pick? What is the difference/practical consequence of using switched vs. linear charger controlling ICs and which one should I choose? I understand that the switched regulators/chargers use a PWM while the linear ones use an adjustable voltage divid...
H: ATtiny45 Timer1 clock misconfiguration I am overlooking something with a very simple program for my ATtiny45. A program that divides the 16MHz system clock by 16 and outputs that on pin 5 (OC0A) using Timer0 and on pin 6 (OC1A) using Timer1. Pin 5 (Timer0) works as expected, I measure 1MHz. Timer1 should be config...
H: How to measure open-drain vs. hi-z with multimeter I have an output pin configured to be either open-drain or hi-z. How can I use my multimeter to tell which mode it is in? AI: If the pin can only be high impedance or open collector then you can add a pullup resistor to the pin and try to write a logic 0 to it, If ...
H: What is the purpose of a voltage divider in a flex sensor? I've been following this flex-sensor-arduino tutorial on setting up a simple flex sensor with Arduino, and I got confused on this part: The flex sensor changes its resistance when flexed so we can measure that change using one of the Arduino’s analog pins....
H: How to add "Diac" in OrCAD? I am trying to add Diac component into my OrCAD v16.5 Schematic Layout. But, I only find this code below as a netlist. Even Though, I can't include the netlist into OrCAD Capture perfectly. It didn't worked. There is no Diac component in among OrCAD Capture libraries. I really searched t...
H: Electric Fields According to this article, the electroreception is an ability used by some animals to navigate through their medium without using vision. It was published another article explaining how to build an electric charge detector. In order to do some active electroreception experiments (detecting the own ...
H: Is it possible to use coolers/fans as wind powered generators? Is there a way to make a fan/cooler generate electricity by rotating its blades using the forces of nature? I just tried rotating different coolers and fans I have at home with a 2 volt pocket flashlight lamp attached to the wires, but it wouldn't light...
H: Identify Logos on Bridge Rectifier This is one of two bridge rectifiers recovered from a failed LED lamp. I've seen the 'backwards R' before but don't know what it means/identifies. The other logo on the left is one I've never seen before. Can anyone identify/explain either of these? Thanks. AI: This appears to be...
H: Working of a Comparator based Oscillator Circuit I was trying to understand the working of this circuit, but couldn't figure out, how does it generate a square wave. Here is what I figured out by looking at this. The Op-Amp behaves as a comparator. Assuming output to be +3V initially, the capacitor will charge. On...
H: How the pull-up resistor settles the logic level? According to Wikipedia, "Pull-up resistors are used in electronic logic circuits to ensure that inputs to logic systems settle at expected logic levels if external devices are disconnected or high-impedance is introduced." and in the above figure, When the switch i...
H: ADC in Digital Temperature Sensor DS18B20 According to the datasheet of DS18B20 temperature sensor, it is clear that the sensor is digital so the output is in digital form. The resolution of the temperature sensor is 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits, corresponding to increments of 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, and 0.0625°C, respec...
H: Why don't wires block out the backlight of LCD/TFT displays? Every explanation I've seen about how TFT/LCD screens work only talks about one pixel at a time. My question is: how are thousands of pixels and subpixels connected and controlled? I assume that they don't have a +ve/-ve pair of wires each or else the wir...
H: How do I know I have the right Bootloader Installed on my ATMega328P-PU? I got an ATMEGA328P-PU , already bootloaded , but when I tried to upload the program (a simple program for blinking the LED on pin 13 ) I'm getting an error as : avrdude: stk500_getsync(): not in sync: resp=0x00 I have googled a lot and hav...
H: Direct connecting 5v relay interface board to usb I'm absolutely noob in electronics but I have this relay and I want to connect it to USB. When PC switches on usb VCC has +5v. Can I connect USB VCC to Relay Board "VCC" and "IN" wires to open relay (and GND to GND)? I need open relay when PC switches on and close r...
H: Switching 100 different LM35 with one uC I want to read the temperature of about 100 different LM35 with only one ATmega16 or ATmega32. I want to read 8 LM35 at one time and switch to the next 8 and so on. what kind of multiplexer or switch shall I use? any other suggestion will be very appreciated. AI: If you are ...
H: Crosstalk between secondary transformer windings I have hand wound a transformer which has a 220v primary winding, two 25v secondaries and a 15v secondary: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab I have centre tapped the 15v secondaries (to later rectify to +-25v) and when measuring the voltage ...
H: What component to use to make object levitate imagine you have a printed circuit board. I'd like to put a component at each corner of the PCB that would create air, something like a fan, but powerful enough to be able to make the PCB levitate. In fine, the component must be as small as possible but for the beginnin...
H: powering +5v device with usb and/or battery I made a PCB with an arduino clone and a tiny motor driver. The arduino clone itself needs +5 volt power supply, so I decided to use a DC/DC boost converter to boost a 3.7 volt Li-Ion battery to +5 volt. Then, a battery charger comes to my mind. After some thinking time, ...
H: Getting ADXL345 accelerometer to work over SPI with Arduino Uno I'm using this cheap ADXL chip with Arduino Uno. When I read the sensor with I2C - it works fine. However I have some servo motors as well which generate a lot of noise and when I turn the motors on, the sensor readings become pretty much useless. I re...
H: Can 12.74V (iso 12V) result in a PC not booting anymore? My desktop PC doesn't boot anymore (no leds, no fans, ...). Last week, we could get it started by toggling the power switch a couple of times but this doesn't help anymore. I tried replacing the 3V CMOS battery and resetting the CMOS visually inspecting the...
H: Charging 24V battery from 12V-24V converter I have a wind turbine, which generates 12V/400W and two 12V batteries connected in series to have one 24V. I have two questions, is it possible to charge them from the turbine just through the 12/24V converter without using the 24V charger? The second question: Is it poss...
H: Core and winding dimensions for an electromagnet and bifiliar winding I am making a powerful electromagnet for repulsion for my project. I made some electromagnets with iron core diameter of 1 cm, 1.5 cm and 2 cm for each 6 cm and 8 cm length. Different gauge enameled copper wire I used is 0.42 mm, 0.70 mm and 1.0 ...
H: How safe is this? I'm wondering how safe this is to make and to build into my setup. :P A bit afraid of it exploding. http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/make-your-own-batterypowered-u-100359 AI: Mechanically there is a risk of shorting. If it gets hot under discharge as hot-melt glue, which they use, may soften and a...
H: Why my full-wave bridge type diode rectifier circuit begins an analysis from 8. second on Matlab Simulink? Hi, I am working on Matlab Simulink's work page to get full-wave and half-wave bridge-type-diode rectifiers as could be seen in the picture. But, according to my Scope2 screen when I double clicked from simul...
H: Run an atmega328 only using an 16Mhz crystal without caps Can you run an ATmega328 only using an 16Mhz crystal, so without the capacitors? AI: Sort of - set the fuses so it runs off the internal oscillator and it shouldn't care what's connected to the xtal pins. You won't need the crystal either.
H: Servomotor takes too much power so the µController (ATMEGA328P-PU) resets all the time I have got the following circuit diagram. For a little explanation. When the button is pressed the µC is powered for about 10 sec. The µC contains code that moves the servo. When the servo is connected it takes so much power th...
H: What are those "cheap" parts kits made of I hope this will not be categorized as buying related question because my question is not really on should I buy this or this. I usually find some parts kits, usually resistor/capacitors/trimpots, like 100 caps for 2€/3$. I've already try one pack of these from Kemo, the va...
H: Online FPGA/HDL synthesizer I recall seeing a web-based HDL synthesizer a couple years ago, but I can't find it anymore. I believe it was just a frontend that ran the vendors' synthesis tools on the server. Does this sound familiar to anyone? I don't remember the name, and nothing is turning up in my searches. (Per...
H: Changing voltage levels from 5V to 3.3 V I am asking some basic questions here. I have a sensor whose voltage specs are 0-5V and I have to interface this with my TI MSP430's ADC, whose voltage Vcc is 3.3V . For this I have to convert the level of the output of the sensor. 1) Can I accomplish this using a simple po...
H: For how long ICs can be exposed to overvoltage without being damaged? (protection circuit evaluation) I'm asking this because i'm trying to develop an active overvoltage protection circuit and unsure about how quickly it should react to overvoltage condition. Maybe someone can give me advice on that? Thanks to ever...
H: Do I need an external oscillator for PIC16F887A? I'm working with a PIC16F877A. Do I need to add another external oscillator to pins 13 & 14 or can I use its internal oscillator with 4MHz frequency? I don't need precise timing in my project. I just want a delay of 10 seconds which I can generate with an internal 4M...
H: Reading and writing CAN messages through ELM327 I have an OBD-II cable, and an UART-to-OBD-II board which has the ELM327 IC in it. I want to communicate with my ECU by sending-receiving CAN messages. Is it possible to communicate through ELM 327? I've been able to diagnose the ECU to fetch basic information through...
H: How to cut the tracks of a stripboard Since I've started electronics I'm using this kind of board for permanent projects: But sometimes it's a bit annoying, especially when I need a line going from the top to bottom of the board. I've seen this kind of board: My question is, how can I cut the strips? By cuttin...
H: Using UART clock 3.6864 Mhz for a microcontroller I want to use a 3.6864 MHz external oscillator to clock my ATMEGA328p to ensure 'error free' serial communication. When I looked at this page, I see that 3.68464MHz is also represented as 2*1.8432 MHZ.I'm at a loss as to what this means. Does this mean that I'd have...
H: Longest range remote control I would like to make a long range (5Km) quadcopter. As of right now, I'm just trying to find out the best way to control it. I know that there are some 5Km R/C transmitters but they are the size of brick which is a little inconvenient. I was wondering if communication could be made thr...
H: Why 2 input bias currents are equal for OpAmp? In Floyd book it says that 2 input bias currents for 2 inputs ideally equal. I understand if they are equal in a common mode, but how they can be equal in a differential mode if in this case, one input is connected to the ground, or voltages are in opposite phase which...
H: Mosfet suggession for large drain current Sample Hold application I'm using a MOSFET for a sample and hold circuit controlled by a microcontroller. I want to control the charging and discharging of a capacitor by a solar cell. For this I'd be using two MOSFETs. The solar cell can have a large area and can source up...
H: IO Pins for Computer like an Arduino Just wanting to ask if there's a way that an old computer could be like a microcontroller. In the sence that it has a range of pins (standard, PWM and analogue), both input and out put could be emulated by the operating system. AI: If you mean a VERY old computer: the parallel p...
H: How do sound cards cope with negative voltage? I feel this is a basic question but I found no answer for it so far. Let's take a random sound card that lives within a PC. From the connections at the end of the datasheet I assume that it is powered by 5 V and uses the computer's ground. Maybe it is a faulty assumpti...
H: 74HC688 magnitude comparator and enable pin I'm using a 74HC688 8-bit magnitude comparator (datasheet) with Arduino. My question is how to generate active LOW E (enable) signal with Arduino? Is there another possibility (I want to enable the 688 chip)? Currently, I have the enable pin connected to ground. Is that t...
H: Implementing Multichannel ADC conversion and transfer data to PC I have developed a system using the TI MSP430 G2553 that accomplishes analog to digital conversion of multiple sensors simultaneously. So here is the question: Can someone suggest me how to transfer the digital output of the ADC to the PC and store i...
H: Silicon Labs USB Debug Adapter and other MCUs Recently a friend donated a Silicon Labs C8051F devkit to me. It has this USB Debug Adapter. For me this device looks like a JTAG adapter or I'm wrong? Is it possible to debug other MCUs like ARM (Raspberry Pi rev2 specifically) or AVR with this USB device? And if possi...
H: Pick a heatsink for voltage regulator I have to dissipate \$2W\$ from a voltage regulator. It's a 7805 in a TO-220 package. The datasheet is here. It's the first time I have to pick those so I would like to have a review of the following decision because I'm afraid of missing something as this sound really complica...
H: Equation for a capacitor charged by a decaying current source (solar cell)? I have a solar cell charging a capacitor. I want to find the amount of time it'd take for the capacitor to be charged to, say, within 0.01% of the final value (the open circuit voltage). I'm trying to derive an equation or relation that let...
H: What is the difference between the magnetic H field and the B field? Wikipedia provides a mathematical explanation. Can I get the intuitive one? I'd like to, for example, understand a ferrite datasheet. These usually have graphs of H vs B, and the definition of permeability depends on understanding the relationship...
H: AVR Reset pin for a long time I just have a little Question, if I drive a reset pin to low (reset active) of an Atmel AVR for a long time (1 week for example, in fact it'll be really variable depending on the use) can it cause default to the controller within a year or two ? AI: No, this should not cause a problem...
H: Safely discharging large value capacitor without blowing it up This is related to my previous question. I have this circuit in which I discharge the capacitor by turning ON M2. The ON resistance of the MOSFET I have in mind (the picture shows the wrong MOSFET in an earlier design) is 0.0035 ohm. I've placed a 1 ohm...
H: How fast will an op amp respond to changes in input voltage? What parameter would I be looking for in a datasheet (if such a parameter exists) if I want to determine how fast the op amp output responds to changes in input? I'm using an op amp as a difference amplifier to amplify the voltage across a current sense r...
H: Where can I buy a finished mobile camera module? I am interested in buying a really small camera module for one of my projects. I know I can buy some iPhone/Samsung camera replacements on Ebay. But I have no information on their connectors and interfacing mechanisms. Does anyone knows of a merchant/vendor/manufact...
H: Adding a +15/-15 V chip on a 0-5 V board General Question: I would like to integrate a specialized chip that requires symmetrical power +15, 0 and -15 V to operate on a 0 V (GND) / +5 V (VCC) board I designed. If possible, I would also like to support 3V – 5.5 V power supplies. I am pretty sure it should be possibl...
H: Why is this switched power inlet fused on both load and neutral sides? I've purchased a Schurter 4304.6090 power inlet for a project and am a bit confused by the fuse configuration. The inlet requires two fuses: one on the load side and another on the neutral side of the circuit. Is this just for redundancy, or am ...
H: Connecting a DC barrel jack to a PCB board I am wondering how I can include a DC jack such as below in my PCB circuit: There are no such PCB packages in my library, so the first step, I presume, is to make a prototype with the exact dimensions as in the datasheet (correct me if I'm wrong). What I am really confuse...
H: RC Filter for Low Power consumption I was thinking about selecting R & C values for an RC filter, so that it consumes less power, in the overall circuit. Thinking about it, a larger value for R means a larger \$I^2R\$ loss. But a Larger value for C means requires more current to charge. Can anyone suggest on how s...
H: Reducing chip count for an ARM embedded system It seems like a lot of devices use an ARM SoC + a RAM chip + a flash storage chip. In applications that are very space-constrained, such as ChromeCast dongles, micro drones, or wristbands, it would be very useful to combine these 3 chips into 1 or 2. Do you know of any...
H: Connecting phone using copper power wires I want to install a video door phone (intercom) in my home, for this I have done a pre-wiring of 4 individual copper wires (normally used for home electricity) and the total length of wires is about 60 feet. Following are the details: Intercom Model: Panasonic VL-SW250BX I...
H: Unused slots in the stepper Motor The motor I am talking about has six wire slots of which two are unused and wires coming from the motor are restricted to four (4 to 4 jumper connecting wires are there to connect the motor ).So why are these two slots left unused? Does this means it's originally a unipolar six wi...
H: Why do ceramic insulators have a stacked disc structure? I've seen these stacked-disc structures on high voltage power lines everywhere. I could not find any information regarding this particular shape, though. From what I've noticed, high voltage ceramic insulators only insulate conductors end-to-end (not insid...
H: How do IR sensors detect color? I'm trying to make a line following robot using Arduino. I have searched the Internet for information on how to build it, but a few questions remain: How does an IR sensor detect colors? What voltage range do those sensors output when detecting these colors (especially black and whi...
H: Reverse-engineering IR check bits/CRC I'm trying to build a simple Arduino-based IR remote control for a cheap toy IR-controlled helicopter (same as this one - it's called "Diamond Gyro" or "Diamond Force"). I've decoded the IR protocol except for the last few bits. These last bits seem to be a check or CRC, but I ...
H: What is the physical significance of the unit ampere/meter in magnetics? I'm having a hard time understanding what is the stuff this unit measures. I understand ampere, and I understand meter, and I understand per, but since ampere is a measure of current, I'm having difficulty understanding how this relates to mag...
H: short to ground in custom Arduino shield only when connected - how do I find it? I've built a custom Arduino shield using a PCB and surface mount components. The board has a short between power (5V) and ground (GND) when it is connected to an Arduino Due. When the shield is not connected, the short does not appear ...
H: How can a small device produce two million volts? After reading a shopping magazine, one of its products featured a stun gun the size of a large wireless car door opener* with the ability to produce two million volts. How can a small device electronically produce two million volts? *Exact dimensions are 3.65"x 1.15...
H: Help with a full bridge three phase rectifier powered floor I originally posed a question here asking about solutions to power a small rover 24/7 from a powered floor. It seems the best solution is a full bridge three phase rectifier circuit. I have a few questions about this: What zener diodes should I use for s...
H: What is the purpose of a second set of 5v and ground wires found on many basic Arduino breadboard projects? On this breadboard schematic (and many others) there are two extra wires on the right side of the breadboard. I am assuming they extend the circuit to the top side of the breadboard, but I don't understand w...
H: Electrical Circuit with Fourier Transform I'm working in my Electrical Circuits homeworks. One of the exercises says: "Use the Fourier Transform method to calculate \$v_0(t)\$" The circuit is this: where \$v_g=36sgn(t)\$, and \$sgn(t)\$ is the sign of \$t\$ (it returns 1, -1 or 0). Well, my problem is the followin...