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H: Combining resistors connected solely at one node, and also a question about parallel/series I'm learning how to combine resistors for Thévenin equivalency circuits, but I am really puzzled as to how I would calculate the Thévenin resistance for this circuit. In my mind, none of the resistances are either parallel ...
H: RP-SMA and SMA conversion Firstly apologies for any stupidity here. I am needing to purchase two 9dbi antennas for use with a router. I found someone online, bought them, then started noticing SMA and RP-SMA. Unbelievably I simply paid no attention before and long story short I bought the wrong thing. In my brief ...
H: Interfacing I2C OLED display with pic18f2550 I've been trying to interface SSD1306 I2C oled monochrome display module with PIC18F2550 micro-controller without any success. the datasheet of ssd1306 controller shows the following data format so can anyone explain the format on how can we implement this in I2C code.I'...
H: Why use RAM IC over EEPROM IC? I have been looking at various different external storage ICs that would work with an arduino. When I looked at the specs of some EEPROM chips and compared it to the specs of other RAM chips, I noticed that they had relatively similar specs in terms of Read/ Write frequency and storag...
H: Need advice on ATmega32u4 routing VCC I have attached my current state of VCC routing of ATmega32u4. I think I am seeking for some general advice on how to tie the VCC pins together. Is this an acceptable way to route the pins? Sorry for such a vague question. Routing was done with little background. I am sure ther...
H: How to program ATmega with fuses set to 32.768kHz clock? I've been programming my ATmega328P's using USBasp programmer for a while. For my new project, I wanted to use 32.768kHz oscillator as an external clock, so I programmed the ATmega to appropriate fuses. Unfortunately, from this point on, I cannot communicate ...
H: VHDL generate statement increment by 2 I'm trying to use a generate statement to make a custom bit width version of my circuit. However, I need to increment N by 2 instead of 1. Is there a way to do this? ... adders: for N in 1 to bits-1 generate mapping: RBNS port map( a => a(N downto N-1), ...
H: Are regular fuses temperature sensitive? Are common fuses, like AT car fuses, temperature sensitive? Say a 12v 5A fast blow fuse, would it have any significant change in its reaction at 0ºF than it would at 100ºF? In either time to blow or current required to blow? AI: Yes, they are and there are usually curves to ...
H: Teensy 3.1 PWM, TIP31C, and LED strips So I have been having some trouble with my Teensy and I think I have an idea of what it is but I need some help understanding it . So I have four 12v RGB led strips. Each color pulls close to an amp so I used 12 TIP31C NPN transistors I had. This works but after a minute or so...
H: Resistor power ratings Fuses, circuit breakers, transistors, ect... are all rated in amps. Why are resistors rated in watts instead of amps? Does their breakdown/failure include more than just heat? AI: Resistors are rated by power because all of a given series of resistor (same length, diameter, material) will hav...
H: Leach circuit to power microcontroller Like many, I'm trying to design small circuits to do things. One objective is a device to report home power use. Such a device is relatively easy. Powering such a device for the very long term is hard. Batteries die, solar panels advertise that there's something in the met...
H: Reverberation equation I am trying to understand the physical significance of \$\alpha % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepa...
H: In Transient Analysis, what happens when free electrons are applied to a matrix of resistors that don't have a ground? I'm trying to figure out what happens to a 30 Volt supply when it is attached to a circuit of resistors which are not grounded. I know that eventually (steady state) the voltage of the circuit sho...
H: Termination of unused PoE pairs How important are the specific termination values used for PoE pairs (pins 4&5, 7&8)? Below is the recommended Ethernet front end for Micrel’s KSZ8841/42. http://www.micrel.com/_PDF/Ethernet/app-notes/an-139.pdf Would it be acceptable to use 49.9 ohm resistors in place of the 51ohm...
H: opamp power supply I have a 24-48V power supply and opamp that i want to use is lmp8601 which takes +5V-GND power supply and can take common mode voltage upto 60V. Problem here is that I do not want to use two separate power supplies. I wanted to know if the opamp will work until the difference between postive and ...
H: How do ALU flags communicate with the rest of the computer? How are ALU flags connected to various parts of a computer? I've just finished building an 8 bit computer in Logisim that can add subtract and compare... and am wondering how I can make it multiply (in software) using ALU flags. AI: There are two common wa...
H: NO CD pin in SD card module by LC Studio? I have a SD card module by LC Studio. I am interfacing it with PIC32. This module consist of 6 pins: CS MOSI MISO CLK 3v3 GND I am following Lucio De jasio book to interface SD card. He has described to connect CD pin which is a Card Detect pin to detect the card but in m...
H: Do registers on a chip wipe when disconnected from the power? I'm making a project with Arduino, and I have a question about a chip I'm using, the MPU9150, a 9-axis accelerometer+gyroscope+magnetometer. I wanted to know if its registers are wiped when the power is off. I'll explain: In the Arduino sketch, I'll try ...
H: What is the best USB transfer type (bulk, interrupt, Isochronous Transfers) to be used for implementing a USB oscilloscope? I want to build a USB oscilloscope. I was reading about different USB transfer types. Which transfer type is best to transfer the collected ADC samples from a USB oscilloscope to a PC? Below a...
H: Control one circuit from a separate circuit What I am trying to do today is control one circuit using another, with no common ground or voltage between the two circuits. Basically what I am looking for is some way to have my Arduino, powered off of its own battery, control a 24V led circuit without using a voltage ...
H: Pastemask. Manufacturing PCBs after finishing some designs, it is time to manufacture and assemble them. For making these designs I have to create all padstacks, footprints, etc from scratch, so I took PCB Editor examples as guide for doing mine. Now, when I send the gerbers (etch layers, soldermask, silkscreen, dr...
H: Why is the CMRR of an op-amp defined in such a way? Why is the CMRR of an op-amp defined as \$20\log(A_d/A_c)\$? I know that the value of \$A_d\$ is far greater than \$A_c\$, so we take the log, but why are we multiplying 20 with it? AI: The \$20\log_{10}(X/Y)\$ is how we change ratios into decibels or dB. Origina...
H: Finding a current by superposition theorem and a current-divider I'd like to find \$i_s\$ for the following circuit, using the superposition theorem. First I zero the current source, which leaves me with a circuit whose resistances can be reduced, giving us $$R_t = (5+10)\,\parallel\,5 = 3.75\,\Omega$$ This, in acc...
H: ADC chip signalling - ADS4245 I am designing a system with the ADS4245. My requirement being a 14bit,dual channel I/P and a max of 125MSPS. I understand that going higher without the capabilty to program or select an output sampling rate would be a disaster. Hence-forth I went with the ADS4245. With the requisite p...
H: Voltage of a complex pararell circuit I'm trying to figure out the voltage of DDR_VREF below? I know it should be the half of 1.5V i.e. 0.75V but how? Can someone in detail explain each step to the arrival of the result of DDR_VREF? I just know the basic calculation of electronic schemas. But I haven't seen a sche...
H: Hacking an AC power unit with a transformer I have some mini speakers whose power pack has died. I can't find any suitable looking replacement power unit as the spec is unusual - 12V AC output 2.9A. Nothing on Amazon or eBay looks suitable. Sounds like it's essentially a step-down transformer I need. Lots of the...
H: Measuring impedance frequency response on Low Power Board I have a low power board (2.1V DC). It runs a micro, some sensors, etc. I am interested in plotting out the impedance frequency response of the overall board so I can tell where the impedance dips. This will let me know any problem areas in my bulk capacitor...
H: Can you identify this video plug? An analog video camera has this connector. 9.4mm, sting hole much thinner than in RCA (but still too thick for a copper core); has 2 bumps (or whatever they're called) on its sides (turning lock?). No screw thread. AI: It's a female BNC connector. They're normally found on the fron...
H: Use GPIO pin of PIC on a general way and also with a led What should be the best way to connect a led on GPIO pin to work as an indicator but also as GPIO for use in other things. Should I connect it in a serial way? but I think Ill have a voltage divider, or in parallel way? AI: Because the microcontroller output ...
H: Why are FPGAs used so often for HDMI video projects? If you look through hdmi projects on a site like hackaday, you'll find that just about every one of them involves an FPGA. I don't think I have seen any DIY project with HDMI output that hasn't used an FPGA. But why? As far as I can tell, FPGAs are expensive, aro...
H: Firmware vs. Software In computing, firmware is a computer program that is "embedded" in a hardware device, that is, an essential part of the hardware. It is sometimes called embedded software. I got this definition from Wikipedia and I am getting confused of the terms firmware and software. Can you give me clarifi...
H: Alternative to lead-acid battery on power wheel toy This might be a silly question, but here I go. My son’s power wheels car battery (12v 9.5Ah lead acid) is gone and, here in Venezuela, they are pretty difficult to find, not to mention the high prices. So looking for an alternative I found that a local computer st...
H: BLE connectable but not scannable Is is possible to connect to a BLE device without thesaid device being discoverable? I don't seem to have to search for a device to be able to connect to it (just knowing it's address), but I don't seem to be able to connect unless I first put the device in discoverable mode first....
H: Comparison of wireless communication technologies: bluetooth vs wifi I would like to build a simple battery-powered board with temperature and humidity sensors. It should be able to be placed in different rooms of an appartment, and I want to be able to read the values remotely. Eventually I would like to equip all...
H: Does A20 line only disable 20th it or all bits from 20th and above? According to this picture: Only the 20th bit is disabled until we enable it with keyboard controller (or BIOS). Based on the diagram, I think that the wrap around feature is retained for old programs by always set A20 to 0, effectively prevent car...
H: The best use of battery power My project involves a number of components. Some are 3.3v and some are 5v The project must be powered by 8 AA batteries. Most of the time the components will be in a low power state. But they will all turn on at the same time and then off again at the same time. With the exception of ...
H: high amplitude pulse for short time followed by long pulse of low amplitude I am looking to get output pulse as shown in image with green color. As of now, I am using a trigger pulse, as shown in blue color, as a trigger input to 555 Timer IC in monostable (one shot) mode. Now, I desire to get the same output pulse...
H: Isolating batteries from charger I have an interesting project and I don't know whats the best solution. Basically I have a charger (charges one battery at a time) and 2 batteries. What I want to do is to have the charger charging battery 1 (while battery 2 is feeding clean power to an audio system) With a voltage ...
H: Designing voltage summer without op-amp The above circuit is from Operational Amplifier Adder. Now remove feedback resistor and op-amp, and get the output. From the answer of the question, I know how the end result for Vout would be, assuming load resistance exists. But now suppose that there are N inputs, and the...
H: By what factor would gate geometry have to be enlarged when VDD increases by some factor? For integrated circuits, let us say that one wishes to increase (contrary to current interests in trying to lower) operating voltage/VDD of integrated circuit. If one increases VDD by some factor k, by what factor approximat...
H: For analog summing and multiplying, what would be the disadvantages of scaling down voltages of input? let us say that we have an analog summer based on op-amps. For the reason related to maximum output voltage of op-amps, one wants to scale down the input voltages by constant factor. Would this cause significant p...
H: Wiring for Logic Level Converter to 1.8V SPI Flash with a 3.3V programmer I have a 3.3V SPI flash programmer that I would like to use to flash a 1.8V SPI flash chip. I have read that I could use a logic level converter to do this but I can't find wiring diagrams. There is a good article here "How do I write to SP...
H: If my product uses a certified RF transmitter, is it treated specially by the FCC? So I have a product. It uses the Particle P1 as the microcontroller and WiFi RF setup (with onboard antenna), which is pre-FCC certified; it has a ("Contains Transmitter") FCC ID that you put on the case of the final product. When I ...
H: LTSpice IV: How to vary input Voltage and measure the frequency? I am getting started with LTSpice IV and I have a couple of beginner questions: In the following circuit, I want to do the following (separately for each simulation): Vary the amplitude of V1 from 20 volts to 200 volts in steps of 10. Vary the freque...
H: HDLCompiler:251 - Cannot access memory directly Error I'm giving a 2d array to a VHDL module.This 2d array is valued in a verilog module. The error that ISE is giving is that the 2d array is assumed a memory and can not be accessed. I've googled the error but there were no answers to this specific case. Please help...
H: How can a signal backfeed and create a crosstalk in a passive summation circuit? ...a passive summation circuit can be a simple way to combine signals but one disadvantage is that the summed signal will backfeed into each of the sources. This could be an issue if you wanted to use the source unmixed as well...
H: Switching two optocouplers based on different voltages I want to build a (I think) simple circuit where I want to transmit the state of two switches across two wires (ground and live). Let's say I have a circuit with which I can set three output voltages between these two wires from the two switches (switch A press...
H: How can we have high voltage and low current (in transformers), if V = I * Impedance? I have researched a lot on this topic (including this site) and found this link somewhat helpful : How is it possible to have high voltage and low current? ...     But still it seems to fall somewhat short. People have exp...
H: Computer Power Adapter Proper Volts No Amps I have a 4 month old laptop. The other day it stopped charging. When I meter it shows 19.94 volts and 0.0 amps. Specs call for 19.5 volts and 2.31 amps. So the manufacturer (HP) is sending me a new power supply. However what I wanted to do was see if I can repair the old ...
H: Question about fly-back diode I read an article from wikipedia about freewheeling (flyback) diode which is used to drive a relay. I understand it but I have four questions. Would you give me a hand, please ? 1- Why does the coil change its polarity ? In figure 1 the positive terminal of the coil is the upper termi...
H: Why active analog summer (adder) over passive summer exactly? Background: Designing voltage summer without op-amp and Operational Amplifier Adder I know that op-amp can provide virtual ground for the circuit, and can have benefits in eliminating crosstalk. But the latter part confuses me. Suppose that voltage sou...
H: How does this transistor dual LED flasher circuit work? I am a beginner in electronics and have been playing around with simple LED circuits and using Ohm's law to determine what size of resistor to use to limit the current to the LED. I have also been studying how resistors and capacitors work in series and paral...
H: Which mosfet description (pictures provided) is more accurate? I was reading my physics book and found a description of mosfets that was different than the one I'm used to. Here is the picture from the physics book: In summary the physics book describes it's operation as this: Gate = OFF = No potential differen...
H: USART RX interrupt racing condition I am designing an RS-485 interface with STM32F0xx series MCU. The scheme uses USART RX interrupt. I am wondering, if I set up the baud rate as certain value(for example, 9600), is there possibility that the interrupt fire more often than every one character time due to noise or ...
H: Diodes question (I Got the answer but I just need more clarification) Problem : finding I2 and V at the end of solving I got I2 = 0 by making D1 open and D2 is short circuit. I just don't understand how the answer for V at the end is -1.7 I tried open D1 and therefore I2 = 0 then I thought it is all together ...
H: Where should I add ground pour? I am finishing off my Atmega32u4 development board. Essentially a Teensy 2.0 clone. I have little background knowledge, but I see boards with pours all the time. Here I have made a GND and VCC pour underneath the MCU. Is there anywhere else I should also pour? AI: Your board is extre...
H: How much space should be left between a PCB's edge and traces and holes I am designing a PCB for use with an Arduino mega and I am wondering if there is a good rule for how much space I should leave between the edge of the PCB and various items like: traces (ground, 5v supply, 9v supply, and 5v digital signals) su...
H: What do they mean in ADC datasheet? I have an analog signal in the range of -12v to +12v and I want to read it by a high resolution ADC. In other words, I do not want to use a resistance divider or other scaling methods such as op-amp circuits. I searched on google a lot and found the AD7732. Now I have several re...
H: Using FreeRTOS in Atmel Studio 6.2 I have been trying to create an atmel project that uses FreeRTOS on an ATmega328 but I cannot seem to get it to work. I have read several article on how to do this, especially this and this one (which is in french but google translate should do the trick). Basically, what I did w...
H: 18v AC output from 20-24V AC input I have an electric gate opener that takes a 15-18v AC input. Around 100m from the gate I have a 240v outdoor circuit that I'd like to use to power the gate and some garden lighting. I can't find any specifications on exactly what current the gate will draw, however the readily ava...
H: Learning the principles of op-amps - Why are there so many? I started learning the theory of opamps, I want to try to do a small circuit, but the problem is that there are so many. Is there something special about each opamp, or it just the brand? Do they work differently? AI: There are so many different amplifiers...
H: What kinds of capacitors are they? Does anyone knows what kinds of capacitors are they? I searched everywhere, but I couldn't find anything. Why there are these three "strings" on the top? Why the capacitor value is not reported on the side as a "standard" capacitor? AI: As I mentioned in the comment box " I hope t...
H: What do you call servo connectors? What do you call the outlets/plugs/connectors that you plug servos into on a board? These things circled in the photo... I'm trying to purchase these and have no idea how to find them. AI: These are known as "HEADERS & RECEPTACLES" TE calls it as a AMPMODU MTE series. can be foun...
H: length matching impact in ADC chips I am using the ADC4245-EP (enhanced product) adc chip. It has a normal version as well of it.There are 2 options of interfacing thiis ADC to an FPGA. They are CMOS or LVDS. The advantage of the LVDS being a better immunity to noise. Now, the idea of LVDS is that we have signals ...
H: Why can the effective number of bits be a non-integer? What does this physically represent? The effective number of bits (ENOB) describes the "real" resolution of an ADC. I paid no attention to it when I was first taking the class but now when I think about it I cant really make sense of it that the result can be s...
H: How can I be sure my replacement SPI flash chip will work? I am currently using the Cypress CX3 MIPI-USB bridge chip which needs an attached SPI FLASH chip. The datasheet recommends the W25Q32FW part, which is now obsolete. I would like to choose a replacement device e.g. AT25SL321, but it must obviously be compati...
H: STM32 Input Pin not working i try to implement an input which is reacting on an high impedance 3.3V on PC14. My Configuration looks like this. main.h #define I_Pin GPIO_PIN_14 #define I_GPIO_Port GPIOC #define O_LED_Pin GPIO_PIN_5 #define O_LED_GPIO_Port GPIOA static void MX_GPIO_Init(void) { GPIO_InitTypeDef GP...
H: Why is silicon used as PCBs? I know why silicon is used for ICs and transistors in general due to its doping features. But I don't know why we use silicon as a PCBs, all we need is to isolate pins from each other in a PCB, right? So, will any insulating material work? Such as wood? AI: PCB's are NOT made of silicon...
H: TL494 duty cycle adjustment I'm building a simple pulse generator with a TL494 in single ended configuration. My plan is to set the frequency between 20Hz to 1kHz and duty cycle between 0% to 45%. I will adjust that with a potentiometer. How can I adjust the duty cycle? I've tried by adjusting PWM input, comparato...
H: Measuring voltage with dynamic voltage divider and Arduino with ADS1115 Is a “dynamic voltage divider” even a thing? I am using an ADC ADS1115 to measure voltage on batteries. Now these batteries are sometimes 12 volts, 24 volts or a bank of 48 volts or even 72 volts. To get 5 volts at the output of a voltage divid...
H: Autodesk EAGLE Routing of STM32WLE with tiny UFBGA73 package I would like to do the routing of the stm32wle5jbi6 chip that comes in a tiny UFBGA73 package. Please see the datasheet here: https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/389/dm00648230-1799409.pdf The dimensions are provided on p128 and p129. I'd like to send the P...
H: LDO - DC Accuracy Error Calculation (Datasheet vs Theoretical question) I'm looking at calculating the DC Accuracy of a couple LDOs and came across some good resources - but I'm having trouble linking their example calculations to the "real world." [TI LDO] https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva072/slva072.pdf [Analog LDO]...
H: Eeschema, least painful way of changing pin order per symbol instance I'm considering using Eeschema to create block diagrams. More or less just lots of abstract rectangles with ins and outs, interconnected. It will look like xcos/Simulink. For better readability, I'd like to be able to disentangle the wiring by ad...
H: How does the 4th satellite in GPS know the time offset? Going through the working of GPS technology, I came to know that at least 4 satellites must be visible to solve for the location with considerable accuracy. Going through most of the resources, I can visualize how three coordinates of the location are determin...
H: Identify polarity of 1970's-era dipped tantalum capacitor Having found the shorted component, now I need to replace it. I'm familiar with dipped tantalum capacitors with painted stripes along one side but these have a dot or stripe up the middle and my Web search didn't help much. I've identified the part as 10uF 2...
H: Voltage and current sensing hardware on chip I have an external R C circuit excited by a step voltage source ( to be present inside a chip) to find the values of components R and C through transient analysis. Since we need to know voltage and current across the network to achieve this purpose, I am wondering how ca...
H: magnetic rotary encoder 0.3V output voltage I have a 24V DC motor with a magnetic rotary encoder. The encoder has a 5V supply voltage. The datasheet states that it has an output voltage of 300-700mV. I have also measured it, and it gives around 0.5V. I want to interface this encoder with an STM32 microcontroller, s...
H: Question about powering ADC to LED board My bench power supply died today & I thought I'd salvage the LED displays. Turns out they are on a board which has 2 x ICL7107 3 1/2 digit A/D converters. The datasheet says that the max supply V +6v but also mentions -9V. Does this mean the chips need a dual supply? I notic...
H: battery low voltage cut off breaker (manually reset) First off, I am aware that premade devices like this exist however I have been unable to find any that fit my exact needs which are as follows. 0 power draw when in the off state Minimal voltage drop when in the on state Being able to set it to trigger at 10.5V ...
H: H bridge working with led but not with electric motor Noob here. I am trying to make a car which i can control remotely from the internet (ie. lan). I have a H-bridge circuit which has all NPN transistors (bc 547B and datasheet here: https://www.farnell.com/datasheets/410427.pdf). Here is the schematic for my circu...
H: MOSFET as a switch failed after 200k cycles - root cause? The following is a schematic for a solenoid that failed after ~200k cycles. I found that the MOSFET drain to source failed short. I am getting~ 26 ohms resistance. The way this circuit works is as follow: SW1 is a microswitch that gets cycled mechanically (o...
H: Simulating Photodiode sensor in LTspice I am designing a current source that is going to control LED. With help of the DAC and microcontroller, I generate a voltage that goes to OP-amplifier, and afterward, I am opening my NMOS transistor. I have attached my schematic of the simulation below. I want to add a photod...
H: Exciting an RC Circuit at its TRUE Pole on the Sigma (Real) Axis in the Left-Half Plane Yeah, you probably are reading this question and thinking I'm one of those engineers who hasn't learned about the s-plane. I can assure you I'm not! I know that the transfer function of an RC circuit (Vout/Vin) has a REAL pole, ...
H: ESP chips vs AVR I recently got an Esp32 module and I was wondering how does Esp chips differ from AVR chips in general. What I know is there is a huge difference in specs and peripheral of the two, as the chip's silicon itself, but what I cannot understand is how does programming Esp chips differ from programming ...
H: Design a relay driver from TTL input with common parts I would like to drive a pneumatic relay from a TTL GPIO source, the TTL may be 0-3.3v or 0-5v I would like supply and cut 12v to the relay to control the air. I have a concept of what i'm trying to do in the circuit but my electronic design skills have not bee...
H: Simple (probably) question about ADC sampling frequency I want to sample a signal at 44kHz. I've tried to set up the ADC with DMA and calculated the conversion time so that I get that 44kHz sampling frequency. My thinking is that with continuous mode ADC, after each ADC conversion immediately the next one starts, s...
H: Limit pneumatic cylinder stroke I have a solenoid operating pneumatic cylinder which is controlled by a timer. timer is fixed on a certain value (25s working followed by 60s rest) and as it starts to count stoke opens fully for 25s then retreats back. I want my cylinder to stop half way through its stroke so added ...
H: MAX3485 pull-up pull-down resistors I want to use the following MAX3485 chip: https://datasheet.lcsc.com/szlcsc/2006181334_UMW-Youtai-Semiconductor-Co-Ltd-MAX3485ESA_C668204.pdf I do not speak any chinese, but my question is more in a general sense: does an MAX3485 chip need additional pull-up and pull-down resisto...
H: Local fiducial placement I'm working on a prototype that has a few fine pitch (0.5mm) components. I'm thinking about adding local fiducial marks for these components as an afterthought. My idea was to place them close to the components where there is space for them. However, I have read here that local fiducials sh...
H: What do dotted outlines of components mean on circuit schematics? Can anyone tell me what the blue dotted outlines of components represent in this schematic? There are 4 diodes on the LOAD, AND, OR and XOR lines and a not gate on the STORE line. Are these components that were present in an earlier revision but have...
H: Control single-light LED strip with Raspberry pi and MOSFET I'm trying to make my LED strip fade-in and fade-out by using Raspberry-pi 4, unfortunately for me, I am not an electronic expert. Every tutorial I saw so far was for RGB LED strips and I have a single-color (3000 K) LED strip with just 2 pins (+ & -). I h...
H: Blink Code ATmega2560 not working in Proteus I am running a simple blink program in an ATmega2560 with external 8MHz crystal. When I run it in Proteus, the LEDs do not blink. Refer to my files below. This is the simple blink code. I just add prescaler bits to verify its functionality. void setup() { noInt...
H: Why don't volts and amps necessarily increase together in Watts = Volts*Amps? Don't more volts = more amps and vice versa? I'm trying to understand modern American housing circuitry, which have 15 and 20 amp breakers and work on 120v circuits. They're described using the simple formula Watts = Volts*Amps. I'm using...
H: Is an (n+1/4) wavelength transmission line impedance transformer comparable to a 1/4 wavelength line of the same composition? I use coaxial transmission line transformers for simple power splitting and combining networks. This is for connecting multiple resonant antennas in array configurations. It's a standard tec...
H: ESP32 DAC can't output zero volts I made a circuit to use with my ESP32 to test 18650 battery capacity. During tests I didn't notice that when I do dacWrite(dacpin, 0); the output on DAC pin becomes 0.1 V instead of zero Those tiny voltages are a problem, because the LM358 op-amp is connected to the DAC pin in unit...
H: Ideal transformer paradox It is true that an ideal transformer can not exist (but we can approach it as closely as want by improving the engineering behind it), but I think they may be mathematically inconsistent. To illustrate, consider these two circuits: In case-1, I have a \$V\$ volt battery attached to a resi...
H: Efficiently turning electric to kinetic energy What are the most efficient electric mechanisms for creating kinetic energy? Purely from a coulomb-volt to foot-pound perspective. AI: I don't think anything beats an electromagnetic motor. Here's a link to the first result when I googled "Highest efficiency motor". ...
H: How to prevent a function from overwriting memory? I'm writing a program that basically aquires samples from a signal and does FFT on it (I'm using STM32L432KC MCU). I'm trying to send results from the FFT calculations through UART but there is a problem. I've done some debugging myself and found some information: ...
H: What would it take to make a PS/2 keyboard interface hot-swap? A long time ago, I had to service some of the early Compaq Desktop PCs. They used to have fuses on the motherboard that blew when a customer hot-plugged a keyboard. I found this when googling on the topic: The keyboard or mouse should not draw more tha...
H: Is this BJT reverse \$\beta\$ believable? Looking at the manufacturer's spice model for the Rohm 2SC4713 BJT, I was struck by the high reverse \$\beta\$: BR=123.13 Is a value this high believable or an obvious misprint? Typically BJTs have a reverse \$\beta\$ value somewhere in the range 1 to 10. Possibly the ...