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H: Edison effect in vacuum
I was reading this page which says:
What Edison discovered (and it was promptly dubbed the "Edison
effect") was that electrical current doesn't need a wire to move
through. It can travel right through a gas or even a vacuum.
Maxwell introduced the term displacement current for explaini... |
H: Is it possible to charge a li-ion battery with brushless motors?
Can I charge a li-ion battery pack with the help of extra brushless motors(with a rectifier) attached to the front wheels of my electric skateboard. Will it work? Anything that I should know before doing this? And also if I sent the power coming from ... |
H: Which relay will last the longest?
I'd like to control a 20 amp, 240 volt AC resistive load with a heavy duty contactor.
The contactor I have is a Siemens 3TX7130-0DB03 rated for 30 amps, and DPDT. I was originally going to switch both lines on this relay. But I got to thinking...
Would it be easier on the contac... |
H: Understanding Audio Jack Connection
I have circuit that has an audio connector that has the following diagram.
Audio connector is one that I am not familiar with. What I gather is that the rectangle on the left is the sleeve (entry point).
The tip is pin 2.
The ring is pin 3.
The sleeve is pin 1.
Is t... |
H: Classify Signals (Static vs Dynamic) Homework Assignment
For the following assignment, I only want to see if I am on the right path when answering the question.
The following question ask:
let x(t) be the system input and y(t) be the system output. Determine whether the system is static vs. dynamic and causal vs. n... |
H: AVR MCU frequency vs VCC
Why is the max frequency of AVR MCUs a function of VCC? Maybe they have constant current sources that starve as the power demands go up?
Is this relationship unique to the AVR line, or is this typical?
Edit: I am not looking for a quantitative figure or equation. I realize the function ex... |
H: Single supply OPA445?
So basically I'm trying to make a circuit for a piezo-electric actuator. I only have access to a single supply at +70V for my op amp, an OPA445AP. Vin varies between 0 and +3V. I've looked at the help given by TI in this PDF and have come up with the following circuit. I've implemented it but ... |
H: How to turn an SPST momentary push button into a momentary DPDT?
How to turn an SPST momentary push button into a DPDT? I would like to close 2 circuits at the same time. (From comments: I want to ground the reset circuit while getting a pin to HIGH on an Arduino like board.)
SPST
DPDT
Image source.
AI: Based on ... |
H: Calculate Collector Voltage In Collector feedback bias Configuration
I've tried using KVL and KCL but I always end up with two or more variables, and I've got another question, how can I know if this transistor is in the saturation region?
AI: Call the collector node \$C\$ and call the voltage there \$V_C\$. Call ... |
H: MCU + LED + SSR + (how to determine resistor value)
I am pretty new to electronics and trying to learn some basics. What I am having trouble with is how to figure what resistor value to use. I'll put links in to the data sheets of the parts I am using. If someone could explain the formulas I'd greatly appreciate it... |
H: Why can't Hall effect sensors detect electromagnetism?
I read that no matter how powerful the electromagnetic field, the HE sensor won't budge.
I'm trying to develop a way to sense neodymium magnets from 12" away, and understanding the differences helps with that. If it doesn't, then delete the post.
AI: Hall Effe... |
H: Wireless switch using ESP8266
I am a software developer, sorry if my question may sound dumb.
I want to make my home smart by controlling lights through a centralized smart home web page. So rather than buying ready-made wireless unit I want to make it by myself (it will be a fun and satisfying).
A centralized Web... |
H: How can the CMRR of an opamp be negative?
I was reading a paper from 1977 regarding the analysis for the CMRR of a three opamp instrumentation amplifier, I got the paper through my Unviersity but I cant post the paper since its copyrighted, however here is the link to download it legally through IEEE Xplore: C.M.R.... |
H: Can i charge 18650 single cell using buck converter?
I get some 18650 cells from old laptop battery. Cell voltages are good and seems healthy. I want to use this cell as a battery pack for some of projects. I add protection circuit to prevent short-circuit undervoltage. But i dont have proper charger for this.
Now... |
H: Know processor speed of our application
I am working on a project where i have to log data of many Analog and Digital sensors, GPS with lots of processing Algorithms. I am in a hunt to select a Microcontroller for my application.
My question : How do i know, how much processing speed do i require for my applicatio... |
H: Silk screen layer over pad resist cutouts on pcb
I am designing a SMD PCB and have noticed that some component silk screen outlines extend over the pad resist cutouts. Is this acceptable? If the resist cutouts are made after the silkscreen process I can see this working.
AI: The silk screen is the last step in PCB ... |
H: Computing output resistance for zener power supply
I have a simple zener power supply, the schematic is below. My question is how to find the output resistance of the circuit?
I also have small signal model given, but I cannot get a proper result.
AI: If you calculate the impedance seen across \$u_s\$ by shorting ... |
H: Charging and using 3 separate Li+ batteries in parallel (using 1 or 2 or 3 together)
The idea is to make a battery setup in such a way that the user can use 1 or 2 or 3 18650 Lithium cells. The circuit would draw power via USB to charge the setup as well as run the application circuit after the boost section. The l... |
H: Reversible Constant Current Source (CCS)
I need a current source, that can work in both directions.
To make it simple, I need to generate a square signal in current.
I am currently using a simple H-bridge, but without any current regulation. All the current regulators that I found don't work for both negative and p... |
H: Altium Wire vs. Bus entry
I have following situation in Altium Designer:
Now, AUDIO_INPUT_SELECT[0..3] are connections to Bus, made using Wire command. However, after researching Altium, I've stumbled upon Bus Entry command and the question is, do I have to change these Wire entities to Bus Entry entities or not a... |
H: How is the 220V line in US different from other parts of world? Does a US 220V line need two switches for each wire?
Today my A/C compressor had given up its ghost and when I tried to disconnect it from the wall switch after turning OFF the wall circuit-breaker,I assumed like most 110V lines where only one line (Li... |
H: How far should a TEC1-12706 peltier module be away from the heat source to prevent damage when using it to generate thermoelectricity?
I am working on my science fair project and only have 5 peliter modules. In order to build my project I need to know how far it must be to keep from being damaged because I can not ... |
H: Mosfet controlled LED-strip is dimmed
I'm gonna start to excuse me for my bad soldering/layout, but this is .
I am using a mosfets (IRF520) to which I have connected a 12V power source to the drain and source. They are connected up to a led strip. The gate I am controlling with my arduino MKR1000 (3.3v outputs). T... |
H: Mounting SIP Power Module with 1.7mm Pin Pitch @ 8 Amps
I'm attempting to mount a GE NQR010A0X4Z power module (datasheet here) on a prototype board or custom PCB and am not sure what I can do besides directly soldering wires to the pins (which seems very hacky).
At first, I was looking to create a simple breakout b... |
H: What is an "Ni-Cr" battery?
I have encountered a few references to Ni-Cr batteries, such as a Charger for NiMH and Ni-Cr batteries. I think it may be a synonym for NiCd. If you can shed any light on this, it would be most welcome. If it is just a synonym for NiCd, how did it come about?
I also found several alibaba... |
H: Is the dynamic input resistance zero for constant voltages?
This might sound a stupid question but I'm confused with the following excerpt:
If Vbe is constant 0.7V which means ΔVbe is zero, does that mean the dynamic resistance is zero?
I think I have problem with interpretation of the graph above. If there is no ... |
H: Why use an opto-coupler?
A side note: please be forgiving of me because I'm just starting out in Electronics so I'm still confused about certain terms.
Why are optocouplers used?
Yes I know they link a circuit together since there is an LED inside and a photoresistor. I also read that it prevents high voltages. But... |
H: Low current divider for battery voltage monitoring
I’m working on a low power sensor and would like to measure its battery voltage.
The battery voltage is too high my ADC input so I have been dividing it with a pair of 1M resistors and a 100n cap so that the ADC’s input capacitance doesn’t load it too much while sa... |
H: speed of rotation in rads/sec
Can anyone help me with the speed of rotation in rads/sec.
I am trying to find the equation for it.
I have 730 rpm as my motor speed. It is a DC motor.
So far the equation i have is: 2pi x 730/60
And the answer is 76.445.
Is this the correct equation to use tho find speed of rotation ... |
H: Problem with chaining many small DMX cables
In DMX cables (used for lights), all cables are daisy-chained.
In my band we are normally on small stages, but occasionally on bigger.
To prevent buying very long cables, I wonder if it is a good idea to buy multiple 5 m (or yard) cables and just connect them together (wi... |
H: What switch would replace a series of 6 pins linked by jumpers?
I've bought a small electronics kit - a function generator which produces a 1kHz signal in various waveshapes - square, sine, triangle and integrator. It's a basic kit on a single PCB (555 timer based) and you select the waveform you want using a jumpe... |
H: Find the largest value of \$K_1\$ and \$K_2\$ for instability of the system
A cascade control system with proportional controller is shown below
Theroritically the largest values of the gain K1,and K2 that can be set withot causing instability of the closed loop sytem are
Given \$G1=\frac{1}{(s+1)(2s+1)}\$ and... |
H: Electromotor + transformer poor output
I kindly ask you for help in my project.
Outline: Electromotor used as generator, connected to transformer does not provide expected output; output is lower than input. When connecting the joule thief with a power supply to the same transformer, the voltage amplification is a... |
H: How do I measure internal resistence of voltmeter without ammeter?
I know how to do it with ammeter, but how can I find internal resistence without ammeter?
AI: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Figure 1. DC voltmeter impedance measurement technique.
For a DC meter such as a typical digital... |
H: What is the purpose of these elements in this circuit?
I am analyzing this continuous waveform amplifier circuit for a Microwave Motion Sensor. This high gain amplifier is recommended in the datasheet as the signal output of the sensor is extremely small (~1uV). I understand that they are using an op-amp integrator... |
H: Slew Rate Controlled GPIO
What is the purpose or advantage of using Slew Rate controlled output capability for GPIOs?
AI: Slew rate control limits the production of high frequency components in a transition and reduces the potential 'noise' produced by any given circuit. This becomes ever more important as PCB trac... |
H: What's wrong with my logic in my adder-subtractor?
I'm trying to create an adder-subtracter using only one adder, not gate, and multiplexer. When A = 1000, B = 0001 it results in Q = 0111. If my math is right, that is 8 +(-1) = 7 and 7 = 0111 which is indeed what Q outputs. Now, if I try to switch the values in my ... |
H: How can I connect multiple 24LC04B's on the same I2C
I'm trying to store some data on a EEPROM, but unfortunately I cannot fit it into a single 24LC04B, therefor I want to connect another 24LC04B to the I2C line to compensate for the lack of memory.
The 24LC04B has only two actual addresses/pages (0x50, 0x51), but ... |
H: Using Octave instead of Matlab in control engineering
I would like to know if in a first course in control systems at the undergraduate level I would miss much by using Octave instead of Matlab? I understand that Matlab has simulink but regarding basic control system design, is Octave enough?
AI: I've finished my m... |
H: Safe load on a 40 VA Transformer
I apologize ahead of time for this elementary, and quite possibly poorly posed, question, but I am a coward and want to make sure that I am understanding everything correctly, and not blow four motors...
We have a hydronics heating system, and we are adding a fourth heating zone. E... |
H: Is it okay to connect a European 240V transformer to a US 240V outlet?
I've an old Bosch German made automotive charger transformer with ratings 14V/9V, 220-250V @ 50/60Hz 132VA. Can I use it on the 220 to 240V outlet here in the US which uses a split - phase system as the transformer was intent to be used on Europ... |
H: How do I use fuse bits on AVR to configure frequency
I compiled a hex file where the controller is supposed to blink 1 time per secound. The frequency was set to 1mHz (it is the internal generator). I programmed an Atmega 8a using avrdude 33 on default fuses and now the LED is flushing very fast. I think if I rise ... |
H: P channel mosfet as a switch different setups for USB and battery switching
Recently I came across the below 2 examples of using a p-mosfet as a switch. Running a simulation leads to the following observations.
Circuit 1
Reference 1
OUTPUT is 4.951
Circuit 2
Used this design in some previous circuits
OUTPUT2 ... |
H: Unknown ticking sound on bad ite power supply
I have a power supply with the model number NU70-1120520-l1. It is supposed to have an output of 12vdc@5.2A. When i test the voltage i get a reading of 1-2vdc so i opened it and i hear a ticking with the frequency of about 2×/second. After removing the heat sinks and te... |
H: Width of Antenna Feed Line for Chip/PCB Antenna?
I am designing a board having nrf52832 and a chip antenna (2450AT18B100 Johanson Technology) for 2.45 GHz (BLE basically). But I have few questions regarding standard 50 ohm characteristic impedance of Antenna Feed Line.
In my PCB, antenna feed line will be coplanar ... |
H: Current Draw with Stepped Down Voltage
If I have a 24V source, and then step down the voltage to 5V. Then at this 5V level I draw 1 Amp, what current draw will this be on the 24V source. My gut tells me it's 5V/V24 * 1 Amp mathematically but is this true in real life?
Edit:
DC/DC converter
AI: It depends on what yo... |
H: How to determine how long a relay can stay engaged?
I have a device where I want to use relays to run some important equipment. I want to use monostable relays because if power is lost or if there is any sort of system failure I want the connected device to shut off. This means I'll probably be running the relays c... |
H: Vbe vs Ic characteristics of NPN transistor at different Vce in active region
Below is an NPN transistor characteristics for Vbe versus Ic at different Vcb or Vce:
It seems like in the active region, Vbe vs Ic curves gets steeper with an increasing Vce.
The following equations relates Vbe to Ic in detail:
But fr... |
H: What is the name of this connector
Does anybody know the name of the cable that should be inserted in this connector? I lost it so I cannot make a picture.
I know it is a power cable where the other side is inserted in a 200-240 V (non grounded) Dutch (European) wall socket/out.
These types come in two sizes, the m... |
H: 1-dB Gain Compression Point in Amplifier
An amplifier has small-signal gain 15 dB and 1-dB gain compression at an input power of 13.2 dBm. The amplifier is used to amplify four modulated signals of equal power. To avoid problems with intermodulation products, the amplifier will be operated at least 5 dB below the 1... |
H: Transistor Current Source Biasing
I'm reading Art of Electronics, and in the section Transistor Current Source, they mention "The base voltage can be provided a number of ways. A voltage divider is OK as long as it is stiff enough. As before, the criterion is that its impedance should be much less than the DC imped... |
H: Higher KV means lower torque for DC motors?
I'm in the process of trying to build an electric skateboard. On the websites I visited I read that torque and KV are inversely proportional which does seem counter intuitive. So I'm wondering why that is the case.
I think some beginning of answer can be found in this par... |
H: Is it possible to connect a phase control relay to an inverter (VFD)?
Is it possible to check a motor ON/OFF state by connecting a phase control relay to the inverter and the motor 3 phase terminals?
I have tested a phase monitoring relay to a main 3 phase supply from distribution and the relay works fine but when ... |
H: What Happens if a Device Is In a Device Tree but Not Physically Present
Probably a very newbie question:
I have a Zynq 7100, zc706 board. I am playing around with the ARM Processing System with Xilinx's PetaLinux distro. What would happen if I added a device to the device tree, say and EEPROM on the I2C bus, but in... |
H: How many capacitors in single RAM?
Just a simple question,
In https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory says that each bit of data in RAM/DRAM stored in a single pair of transistor and capacitor in memory cell.
So let's says the RAM has 4GB memory that mean it can store about 4billionx8bit = 32billion bit... |
H: How to remove folded battery from phone without starting a fire?
I was trying to replace the battery in my phone, but since it was very well glued to the phone, I accidentally folded it in half. This immediately caused some dark brown smoke to come out from it, so I took it outside.
A few hours later, it seems to ... |
H: What is the purpose of this NMOS transistor on an I/O pin?
I have the circuit structure that looks as shown below. An I/O signal, sigA, (active low) is driving the P1 port on unit U1. An NMOS transistor's drain is connected to this signal with the gate/source/bulk connected to ground. How does this NMOS transistor ... |
H: Commutation of BLDC motors with respect to number of poles
I have a BLDC motor with HALL sensors. Datasheet reads the motor is 4 pole technology. Somewhere else it says "Number of pole pairs = 2". I can only assume that they both mean the same thing. It also features 3 HALL sensors at 120°
My question is, what wou... |
H: How to handle 2nd USB and Audio ground in a project powered from isolated 5V Wall Wart
I've read a dozen questions that are similar to mine, but have not found any responses that provides the specific guidance I am seeking. Here are some that I've read:
Ground Connection When Using AC Wall Wart Supply
When using U... |
H: Battery pack a little bit damaged. Should I throw it out or repair?
Today my 48v 15Ah LiFePO4 ebike battery fell off from my bicycle and got a little bit of road rash on the corner:
It still works. Does not seem to be heating or discharging on its own.
However, between battery minus and a tiny bit of the exposed ... |
H: 5A connector that fits through 1/4" hole?
I'm powering a load that draws 5A at 18V from a brick power supply. The power supply and load are separated by a thin metal wall that has 1/4" (6.35mm) holes in it. So I'm trying to find connectors that can fit through 0.25" diameter holes.
The best I've found is small JST ... |
H: Switching Voltage Regulator Problems
I'm new here, so forgive me if I breach any forum protocols in the asking of this question.
I have designed a voltage regulator scheme for a guidance system on an aerial drone. All components require either ~4V (they have an input range) or 3.3 V exactly. My solution is pictur... |
H: I painted myself in a corner. How to layout?
I'm a hobbyist working mostly in DC projects. For development and testing, I use breadboards, and later a perforated board. My projects are normally low count: an Arduino Nano/Pro Mini + a few ICs.
All my works are one-of-a-kind, and making a PCB is out of question for ... |
H: What do these IAR IDE icons mean?
Quick and easy question - if you know the answer. I can't find it mentioned in the documentation. What do the icons circled in red mean?
AI: Found in the built-in help (Workspace window):
The column that contains status information about option overrides can have one of three icon... |
H: Differential Amplifier Input Line-Level Signaling
This is the circuit I'm referring to:
This stage is often used as input stage of audio amplifier.
I am wondering, how can the input signal be normally amplified since there is no DC bias across the base of both transistors?
In my book, it says that we have to dri... |
H: Where is the best place to tap into this broken USB flash drive with a new cable?
Looking for some advice on attaching a USB cable to a USB drive of which the original USB connector has snapped off. It has a bunch of my girlfriend's coursework on it and of course she has no backup...
I have a reasonable foundation ... |
H: A capacitor stores half the energy when charged from a battery each and every time?
I understand that when a battery is connected to a capacitor that half the energy is stored in the capacitor while the other half is lost to heat or whatever other losses are involved once the capacitor is charged to the exact same ... |
H: Polar plot of s/(1+(s*T))
The magnitude at w=0 comes out to be 0 (=1/infinity) , which is different from previous problems (they didn't have any zero) I've calculated, is this right? I guess it should be right (because G(s)should be zero at w=0, that's what comes to my mind if u ask me meaning of having zero at s ... |
H: Trouble with voltage BJT circuit in active mode
For this circuit i need to find the Vi voltage to get Q2 in active mode.
The result i got is not close to the values in the simulator, probably theres something wrong with the circuit analisys.
Where´s the mistake ?.
Easy to see that:
Vce4 = 0.7v
from 20 - ... |
H: How can i find the current divider in the right resistor valued as "2 * R1"?
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
My intention here is to find the current in the right resistor valued as "2*R1" using the current-divider formula. I don't know how to interpret the connections between these res... |
H: Designing a 50Ω coplanar waveguide on 1.6mm FR4
I'm trying to design a 50Ω coplanar waveguide to connect the output of a LoRa module to a SMD metal antenna. The two images below show the top layer (red) and bottom layer (blue). Vias are green and both copper pours are connected to ground. C7, C9, C10 are tuning com... |
H: Application of superposition theorem
I find superposition to be a noob's approach towards the analysis of circuits containing multiple sources... An experienced person will probably not use it... How do we deal with various sources at a single time? Is there any trick which makes the analysis easier? How should we ... |
H: Why the difference between the RSSI and Rx Level measurements is so big?
I'm new in Telecom. Today, I downloaded the Android APK called "Network Cell Info Lite".
In my house, I got this measures:
RSSI: -51
RXLEV: 60
I know this measurements represents the received signal. I mean... the greater the value, the highe... |
H: How to connect two power sources to a switch?
I want to operate LED lights using either batteries or an AC/DC adapter wall plug. I have a SPDT switch but I’m not sure how to connect the two power sources to the switch. I might be using the wrong switch, if so what switch do you suggest? The main thing is that the ... |
H: Is the 50% loss of energy when charging a cap from a battery a set rule in stone?
This question is similar to A capacitor stores half the energy when charged from a battery each and every time?
(And no it is not a duplicate it is different in that it has been made more clearer.)
What seemingly was originally though... |
H: Why is such amplifier configuration chosen for HB100 microwave sensor?
For HB100 microwave sensor module, I don't quite understand how this amplifier works and why it's been chosen instead of something simpler, such as two inverting or non-inverting op-amps. What can see for the diagram is that they are feeding in... |
H: Coaxial DC power cable for switching AC adapter required?
Recently the DC cable from my AC/DC adapter to my laptop broke. I removed the broken section and it works again. Now the cable is too short for my taste and I would like to replace it. I heard from an electrician, that you should stick with the coaxial cable... |
H: If I have 2.4 amps on 5 Volts, how many amps am I using on 220v?
I know this sounds like a stupid question but I'm trying my best.
Anyways, I have a 2 meter RGB LED strip with 120 LEDs in total (60 leds/meter). I calculated the power consumption, which will be 2.4 Amps at 5 Volts but I can't figure out how many amp... |
H: Simulate isolation transformer in LTspice
Hi,
I am new to simulating transformers with LTspice, and I struggle getting the circuit to function as expected.
The source is a three phase TN-S (wye) connected. Then I wanted to add a 1:1 isolation transformer (wye/wye), but I cant get the output voltage to match 1:1 wi... |
H: 4ِ-bit adder in Multisim
I want to design a 3-bit by 3-bit number adder circuit. The result must be in BCD. And I want to show the result by using 7-segment displays.
I built this circuit. I'm not sure from it, and when I run the circuit it doesn't show anything.
Where is my fault?!
AI: You actually got a lot of it... |
H: AC brushless motor as generator
How can i use an AC brushless motor to charge a battery? If I need to do it with a rectifier then what kind of rectifier should I use?? My motor is 1250kv and another one is 500kv. Can I use an Esc instead of a rectifier?
AI: You can not use an ESC. The best thing to use is a charge ... |
H: Does an ideal wire dissipate energy?
In this circuit, I calculate the current through R1 to be 10mA. What happens if I take into account the electromagnetic radiation in the ideal wire?
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
edit: This is a pedagogical question, trying to establish that no, an ... |
H: Raspberry pi3 12v led circuit - broke down pi
I wanted to use 12v led, so I tried to switching 5v(gpio pin) to 12v.
This is my 12v switching circuit.
And this circuit broke down my raspberry pi.
When I wired this circuit, they worked well. But I switched on and off several times, the transistor and raspberry pi br... |
H: The output buffer of sample and hold
I saw some sample and hold circuits from the Internet,and i find there will be a buffer in the output,so i want to ask what does that buffer do for the sample and hold,can i use two stage amplifier as that buffer?
The two stage amp schematic
AI: Mostly the output buffer present... |
H: is it possible to protect workstation by removing VCC connection from workstation to circuit?
I am a newbie to electronics and currently working on my very first electronics project on Atmega16.I want to make sure that no matter how high current is supplied(by mistake), it shouldn't damage my laptop.So here's what ... |
H: Will High Frequency explode an LED?
I have some basic LEDs and recently purchased some 4MHz Quartz Oscillators and since they haven't arrived yet, I was wondering what would happen if I hooked up the crystals straight to an LED in DC?
My guess is it may explode from being continuously pulsed 4 million times a secon... |
H: Pull-up vs Pull-down for contact switch?
I am designing a simple contact switch(tactile, which conducts when you pushes, and springs back to not-conducting when released) interface with a microcontroller.
It's GPIO has option for both internal pull-up and pull-down.
1) Which one should I use? For 2 layered board, p... |
H: WAGO PLC Datasheet I/O' module specs
In "WAGO" PLC datasheet of Analogue and digital I/O's modules what does the following measns :
1- Isolation: 500 V system/supply for analogue i/o module
2- Isolation: 500 V system/field for digital i/o module
And how can i know the type of isolation (channel to channel or cha... |
H: What is the purpose of copper planes in a switching power supply?
I'm looking at including a buck converter to power a 3.3V microcontroller, and I used TI's Power Designer to generate a recommended layout for my parameters.
I noticed that the copper planes are quite large here compared to the footprints of the comp... |
H: What to use in finding frequency response : \$G(s) \cdot H(s) \$ or \$ \dfrac{G(s)}{1 + G(s) \cdot H(s)}\$?
While studying frequency response of control systems, all of the sources I'm referring to is considering unity feedback system i. e. H(s) = 1 & drawing Bode plots and polar plots on basis of that.
But what i... |
H: How to calculate maximum gain that can be achieved by an op amp?
I am designing a differential amplifier for a Wheatstone bridge which have small voltage variations like 0uV to 20uV. so need to design an instrumentation amplifier. I do not know how to find the maximum gain that can be get from an opamp (I know how ... |
H: Can a short circuit damage nearby devices?
This happened yesterday and left me scratching my head.
We had a badly built power extension cord in our office. Inside it has 3 wires - live, zero and ground (hope I got the terminology right). When plugging in a phone charger, the live wire touched the ground wire and bl... |
H: Why are old digital ICs families still so "popular"?
Why is it so? The basic 74 series, the 4000, are such poor ICs compared to the newest families (by the 74: AUC, AUP, ALVC...), which only have advantages over the oldest one: lower power consumption, lower propagation delay...
AI: Why do you think TTL 74/54 serie... |
H: What are wavelengths of RGB diodes?
Disclaimer: I am not an electrical engineer, and nowhere near studying it either. This is just a curious question which I got and couldn't find an answer to.
I am aware of how several pixels are used to make up a television screen. Each pixel consists of 3 LEDs; one red, one blue... |
H: How much Energy is Stored in this Capacitor?
This is a followup to my previous question: A capacitor stores half the energy when charged from a battery each and every time?
This is a real world circuit with losses. The losses are in the resistance of the battery, the switch, the capacitor, and the inductor.
The ind... |
H: Why doesnt this motor activate? edit
Its 3v motor and my source is about 5.14v.
AI: You can't wire an LED and motor in series like that.
When the motor is stopped the LED gets the full start current of the motor and the voltage dropped across the LED will be large. The LED will burn out quite quickly and it will a... |
H: Question about MOSFET ground connection
In the circuit above, the sources of the two MOSFETS should be grounded to the same ground as the FET driver as shown in the schematic ?
AI: Yes, the MOSFET source pins, FET driver ground and microcontroller ground are all connected. Otherwise, they wouldn't be able to drive... |
H: power at voltage variation
220V/5W means consumption of 5W at 220 volts. That implies 0.0227A current.How will this device operate at 110 volts? What will be the power consumption and how much will be the current?Sorry for bad english
AI: Power, voltage and current are related by the formula $$ P = VI \tag 1$$.
For... |
H: LTSPICE Logic Buffer: What does the extra pin do?
I give up... what is the extra pin for?
LTSpice Documentation is horrible....
AI: As described in the help under LTspice → Circuit Elements → Special Functions (near the bottom), it is the "common" pin, a.k.a. "node 8".
If you leave it unconnected, it is automatica... |
H: Improved Differential Amplifier
I made this circuit as shown below:
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
After those improvements with current mirror and constant current source were considered, this is what I got.
The emitter currents through both of Q3 and Q4 were calculated to be 1mA, but ... |
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