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## `PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py` — `function:Ghostscript` (lines 53-110)
```python
def Ghostscript(tile, size, fp, scale=1):
"""Render an image using Ghostscript"""
# Unpack decoder tile
decoder, tile, offset, data = tile[0]
length, bbox = data
#Hack to support hi-res rendering
scale = int(scale) or 1
orig_size = size
orig_bbox = bbox
size = (size[0] * scale, size[1] * scale)
bbox = [bbox[0], bbox[1], bbox[2] * scale, bbox[3] * scale]
#print("Ghostscript", scale, size, orig_size, bbox, orig_bbox)
import tempfile, os, subprocess
out_fd, file = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.close(out_fd)
# Build ghostscript command
command = ["gs",
"-q", # quite mode
"-g%dx%d" % size, # set output geometry (pixels)
"-r%d" % (72*scale), # set input DPI (dots per inch)
"-dNOPAUSE -dSAFER", # don't pause between pages, safe mode
"-sDEVICE=ppmraw", # ppm driver
"-sOutputFile=%s" % file,# output file
]
if gs_windows_binary is not None:
if gs_windows_binary is False:
raise WindowsError('Unable to locate Ghostscript on paths')
command[0] = gs_windows_binary
# push data through ghostscript
try:
gs = subprocess.Popen(command, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
# adjust for image origin
if bbox[0] != 0 or bbox[1] != 0:
gs.stdin.write(("%d %d translate\n" % (-bbox[0], -bbox[1])).encode('ascii'))
fp.seek(offset)
while length > 0:
s = fp.read(8192)
if not s:
break
length = length - len(s)
gs.stdin.write(s)
gs.stdin.close()
status = gs.wait()
if status:
raise IOError("gs failed (status %d)" % status)
im = Image.core.open_ppm(file)
finally:
try: os.unlink(file)
except: pass
return im
```
## `PIL/Image.py` — `class:Image` (lines 447-1705)
```python
class Image:
"""
This class represents an image object. To create
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
directly.
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
"""
format = None
format_description = None
def __init__(self):
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
self.im = None
self.mode = ""
self.size = (0, 0)
self.palette = None
self.info = {}
self.category = NORMAL
self.readonly = 0
def _new(self, im):
new = Image()
new.im = im
new.mode = im.mode
new.size = im.size
new.palette = self.palette
if im.mode == "P" and not new.palette:
from PIL import ImagePalette
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
try:
new.info = self.info.copy()
except AttributeError:
# fallback (pre-1.5.2)
new.info = {}
for k, v in self.info:
new.info[k] = v
return new
_makeself = _new # compatibility
def _copy(self):
self.load()
self.im = self.im.copy()
self.readonly = 0
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None):
import tempfile, os
if not file:
f, file = tempfile.mkstemp(format or '')
os.close(f)
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(file)
else:
if file.endswith(format):
file = file + "." + format
self.save(file, format)
return file
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
self.mode, self.size[0], self.size[1],
id(self)
)
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == "__array_interface__":
# numpy array interface support
new = {}
shape, typestr = _conv_type_shape(self)
new['shape'] = shape
new['typestr'] = typestr
new['data'] = self.tobytes()
return new
raise AttributeError(name)
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Return image as a bytes object
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
use the standard "raw" encoder.
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
:rtype: A bytes object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
self.load()
# unpack data
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
e.setimage(self.im)
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
data = []
while True:
l, s, d = e.encode(bufsize)
data.append(d)
if s:
break
if s < 0:
raise RuntimeError("encoder error %d in tobytes" % s)
return b"".join(data)
# Declare tostring as alias to tobytes
def tostring(self, *args, **kw):
warnings.warn(
'tostring() is deprecated. Please call tobytes() instead.',
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return self.tobytes(*args, **kw)
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
"""
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
"""
self.load()
if self.mode != "1":
raise ValueError("not a bitmap")
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
return b"".join([("#define %s_width %d\n" % (name, self.size[0])).encode('ascii'),
("#define %s_height %d\n"% (name, self.size[1])).encode('ascii'),
("static char %s_bits[] = {\n" % name).encode('ascii'), data, b"};"])
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
"""
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
"""
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
args = args[0]
# default format
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
args = self.mode
# unpack data
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
d.setimage(self.im)
s = d.decode(data)
if s[0] >= 0:
raise ValueError("not enough image data")
if s[1] != 0:
raise ValueError("cannot decode image data")
def fromstring(self, *args, **kw):
"""Deprecated alias to frombytes.
.. deprecated:: 2.0
"""
warnings.warn('fromstring() is deprecated. Please call frombytes() instead.', DeprecationWarning)
return self.frombytes(*args, **kw)
def load(self):
"""
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
accessed for the first time.
:returns: An image access object.
"""
if self.im and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
# realize palette
self.im.putpalette(*self.palette.getdata())
self.palette.dirty = 0
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.palette.rawmode = None
if "transparency" in self.info:
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
else:
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
if self.im:
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
def verify(self):
"""
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
file.
"""
pass
def convert(self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None,
palette=WEB, colors=256):
"""
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
The current version supports all possible conversions between
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK." The **matrix** argument only supports "L"
and "RGB".
When translating a color image to black and white (mode "L"),
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
dither is NONE, all non-zero values are set to 255 (white). To
use other thresholds, use the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point`
method.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
should be 4- or 16-tuple containing floating point values.
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
Available methods are NONE or FLOYDSTEINBERG (default).
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
to "P". Available palettes are WEB or ADAPTIVE.
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the ADAPTIVE palette.
Defaults to 256.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if not mode:
# determine default mode
if self.mode == "P":
self.load()
if self.palette:
mode = self.palette.mode
else:
mode = "RGB"
else:
return self.copy()
self.load()
if matrix:
# matrix conversion
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
raise ValueError("illegal conversion")
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
return self._new(im)
if mode == "P" and palette == ADAPTIVE:
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
return self._new(im)
# colorspace conversion
if dither is None:
dither = FLOYDSTEINBERG
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent color to an alpha channel.
if self.mode in ("L", "RGB") and mode == "RGBA" and "transparency" in self.info:
return self._new(self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info['transparency']))
try:
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
except ValueError:
try:
# normalize source image and try again
im = self.im.convert(getmodebase(self.mode))
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
except KeyError:
raise ValueError("illegal conversion")
return self._new(im)
def quantize(self, colors=256, method=0, kmeans=0, palette=None):
# methods:
# 0 = median cut
# 1 = maximum coverage
# 2 = fast octree
# NOTE: this functionality will be moved to the extended
# quantizer interface in a later version of PIL.
self.load()
if palette:
# use palette from reference image
palette.load()
if palette.mode != "P":
raise ValueError("bad mode for palette image")
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
raise ValueError(
"only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
)
im = self.im.convert("P", 1, palette.im)
return self._makeself(im)
im = self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans)
return self._new(im)
def copy(self):
"""
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
into an image, but still retain the original.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
im = self.im.copy()
return self._new(im)
def crop(self, box=None):
"""
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
coordinate.
This is a lazy operation. Changes to the source image may or
may not be reflected in the cropped image. To break the
connection, call the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method on
the cropped copy.
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if box is None:
return self.copy()
# lazy operation
return _ImageCrop(self, box)
def draft(self, mode, size):
"""
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
JPEG to greyscale while loading it, or to extract a 128x192
version from a PCD file.
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
effect.
:param mode: The requested mode.
:param size: The requested size.
"""
pass
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
if ymargin is None:
ymargin = xmargin
self.load()
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
def filter(self, filter):
"""
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
:param filter: Filter kernel.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object. """
self.load()
if isinstance(filter, collections.Callable):
filter = filter()
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
raise TypeError("filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class")
if self.im.bands == 1:
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
# fix to handle multiband images since _imaging doesn't
ims = []
for c in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
return merge(self.mode, ims)
def getbands(self):
"""
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
For example, **getbands** on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
:rtype: tuple
"""
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
def getbbox(self):
"""
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
image.
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. If the image
is completely empty, this method returns None.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getbbox()
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
"""
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
256 colors.
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
"""
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
h = self.im.histogram()
out = []
for i in range(256):
if h[i]:
out.append((h[i], i))
if len(out) > maxcolors:
return None
return out
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
def getdata(self, band = None):
"""
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
line zero, and so on.
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
printing), use **list(im.getdata())**.
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
:returns: A sequence-like object.
"""
self.load()
if band is not None:
return self.im.getband(band)
return self.im # could be abused
def getextrema(self):
"""
Gets the the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
the image.
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands > 1:
extrema = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
return tuple(extrema)
return self.im.getextrema()
def getim(self):
"""
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
:returns: A capsule object.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.ptr
def getpalette(self):
"""
Returns the image palette as a list.
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
image has no palette.
"""
self.load()
try:
if bytes is str:
return [i8(c) for c in self.im.getpalette()]
else:
return list(self.im.getpalette())
except ValueError:
return None # no palette
def getpixel(self, xy):
"""
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y).
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
this method returns a tuple.
"""
self.load()
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
def getprojection(self):
"""
Get projection to x and y axes
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
"""
self.load()
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
return [i8(c) for c in x], [i8(c) for c in y]
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
"""
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as
a list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
image. If the image has more than one band, the histograms for
all bands are concatenated (for example, the histogram for an
"RGB" image contains 768 values).
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
by this method.
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
:param mask: An optional mask.
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
"""
self.load()
if mask:
mask.load()
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
if extrema is None:
extrema = self.getextrema()
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
return self.im.histogram()
def offset(self, xoffset, yoffset=None):
"""
.. deprecated:: 2.0
.. note:: New code should use :py:func:`PIL.ImageChops.offset`.
Returns a copy of the image where the data has been offset by the given
distances. Data wraps around the edges. If **yoffset** is omitted, it
is assumed to be equal to **xoffset**.
:param xoffset: The horizontal distance.
:param yoffset: The vertical distance. If omitted, both
distances are set to the same value.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if warnings:
warnings.warn(
"'offset' is deprecated; use 'ImageChops.offset' instead",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
)
from PIL import ImageChops
return ImageChops.offset(self, xoffset, yoffset)
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
"""
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
(0, 0)). If a 4-tuple is given, the size of the pasted image
must match the size of the region.
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
details).
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L" or "RGBA"
images (in the latter case, the alpha band is used as mask).
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
values can be used for transparency effects.
Note that if you paste an "RGBA" image, the alpha band is
ignored. You can work around this by using the same image as
both source image and mask.
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
upper left corner.
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
is interpreted as a mask image.
:param mask: An optional mask image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
mask = box; box = None
if box is None:
# cover all of self
box = (0, 0) + self.size
if len(box) == 2:
# lower left corner given; get size from image or mask
if isImageType(im):
size = im.size
elif isImageType(mask):
size = mask.size
else:
# FIXME: use self.size here?
raise ValueError(
"cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
)
box = box + (box[0]+size[0], box[1]+size[1])
if isStringType(im):
from PIL import ImageColor
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
elif isImageType(im):
im.load()
if self.mode != im.mode:
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("RGBA", "RGBa"):
# should use an adapter for this!
im = im.convert(self.mode)
im = im.im
self.load()
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
if mask:
mask.load()
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
else:
self.im.paste(im, box)
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
"""
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65336 if
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
single argument. The function is called once for each
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
all bands of the image.
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
current version, this can only be used if the source image
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
self.load()
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
return lut.point(self)
if callable(lut):
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
if self.mode == "F":
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
raise ValueError("point operation not supported for this mode")
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
def putalpha(self, alpha):
"""
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
other color value.
"""
self.load()
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
if self.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA"):
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
try:
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
try:
self.im.setmode(mode)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
im = self.im.convert(mode)
if im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA"):
raise ValueError # sanity check
self.im = im
self.mode = self.im.mode
except (KeyError, ValueError):
raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
if self.mode == "LA":
band = 1
else:
band = 3
if isImageType(alpha):
# alpha layer
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
alpha.load()
if alpha.mode == "1":
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
else:
# constant alpha
try:
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# do things the hard way
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
else:
return
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
"""
Copies pixel data to this image. This method copies data from a
sequence object into the image, starting at the upper left
corner (0, 0), and continuing until either the image or the
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust
the sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
:param data: A sequence object.
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
"""
self.load()
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
"""
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P" or
"L" image, and the palette sequence must contain 768 integer
values, where each group of three values represent the red,
green, and blue values for the corresponding pixel
index. Instead of an integer sequence, you can use an 8-bit
string.
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
"""
from PIL import ImagePalette
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
self.load()
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
else:
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
if bytes is str:
data = "".join(chr(x) for x in data)
else:
data = bytes(data)
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
self.mode = "P"
self.palette = palette
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
self.load() # install new palette
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
"""
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
multi-band images.
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
module instead.
See:
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y).
:param value: The pixel value.
"""
self.load()
if self.readonly:
self._copy()
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
def resize(self, size, resample=NEAREST):
"""
Returns a resized copy of this image.
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
(width, height).
:param filter: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment), or
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS` (a high-quality downsampling filter).
If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC, ANTIALIAS):
raise ValueError("unknown resampling filter")
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = NEAREST
if self.mode == 'RGBA':
return self.convert('RGBa').resize(size, resample).convert('RGBA')
if resample == ANTIALIAS:
# requires stretch support (imToolkit & PIL 1.1.3)
try:
im = self.im.stretch(size, resample)
except AttributeError:
raise ValueError("unsupported resampling filter")
else:
im = self.im.resize(size, resample)
return self._new(im)
def rotate(self, angle, resample=NEAREST, expand=0):
"""
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
clockwise around its centre.
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
:param filter: An optional resampling filter. This can be
one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`
(cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment).
If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
input image.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if expand:
import math
angle = -angle * math.pi / 180
matrix = [
math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle), 0.0,
-math.sin(angle), math.cos(angle), 0.0
]
def transform(x, y, matrix=matrix):
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
return a*x + b*y + c, d*x + e*y + f
# calculate output size
w, h = self.size
xx = []
yy = []
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
x, y = transform(x, y)
xx.append(x)
yy.append(y)
w = int(math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx)))
h = int(math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy)))
# adjust center
x, y = transform(w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
matrix[2] = self.size[0] / 2.0 - x
matrix[5] = self.size[1] / 2.0 - y
return self.transform((w, h), AFFINE, matrix, resample)
if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC):
raise ValueError("unknown resampling filter")
self.load()
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = NEAREST
return self._new(self.im.rotate(angle, resample))
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
"""
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
extension, if possible.
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
silently ignored. The available options are described later in
this handbook.
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
you must always specify the format. The file object must
implement the **seek**, **tell**, and **write**
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
:param file: File name or file object.
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
parameter should always be used.
:param options: Extra parameters to the image writer.
:returns: None
:exception KeyError: If the output format could not be determined
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
:exception IOError: If the file could not be written. The file
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
"""
if isPath(fp):
filename = fp
else:
if hasattr(fp, "name") and isPath(fp.name):
filename = fp.name
else:
filename = ""
# may mutate self!
self.load()
self.encoderinfo = params
self.encoderconfig = ()
preinit()
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
if not format:
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError:
init()
try:
format = EXTENSION[ext]
except KeyError:
raise KeyError(ext) # unknown extension
try:
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
except KeyError:
init()
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()] # unknown format
if isPath(fp):
fp = builtins.open(fp, "wb")
close = 1
else:
close = 0
try:
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
finally:
# do what we can to clean up
if close:
fp.close()
def seek(self, frame):
"""
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
**EOFError** exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
Note that in the current version of the library, most sequence
formats only allows you to seek to the next frame.
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
of the sequence.
"""
# overridden by file handlers
if frame != 0:
raise EOFError
def show(self, title=None, command=None):
"""
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for
debugging purposes.
On Unix platforms, this method saves the image to a temporary
PPM file, and calls the **xv** utility.
On Windows, it saves the image to a temporary BMP file, and uses
the standard BMP display utility to show it (usually Paint).
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window,
where possible.
:param command: command used to show the image
"""
_show(self, title=title, command=command)
def split(self):
"""
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
blue).
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
"""
self.load()
if self.im.bands == 1:
ims = [self.copy()]
else:
ims = []
for i in range(self.im.bands):
ims.append(self._new(self.im.getband(i)))
return tuple(ims)
def tell(self):
"""
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
"""
return 0
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=NEAREST):
"""
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
Note that the bilinear and bicubic filters in the current
version of PIL are not well-suited for thumbnail generation.
You should use :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS` unless speed is much more
important than quality.
Also note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well, apply
this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original image.
:param size: Requested size.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR`,
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS`
(best quality). If omitted, it defaults to
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (this will be changed to ANTIALIAS in a
future version).
:returns: None
"""
# FIXME: the default resampling filter will be changed
# to ANTIALIAS in future versions
# preserve aspect ratio
x, y = self.size
if x > size[0]: y = int(max(y * size[0] / x, 1)); x = int(size[0])
if y > size[1]: x = int(max(x * size[1] / y, 1)); y = int(size[1])
size = x, y
if size == self.size:
return
self.draft(None, size)
self.load()
try:
im = self.resize(size, resample)
except ValueError:
if resample != ANTIALIAS:
raise
im = self.resize(size, NEAREST) # fallback
self.im = im.im
self.mode = im.mode
self.size = size
self.readonly = 0
# FIXME: the different tranform methods need further explanation
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
def transform(self, size, method, data=None, resample=NEAREST, fill=1):
"""
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
to the new image using the given transform.
:param size: The output size.
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.AFFINE` (affine transform),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
in one operation).
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
"""
if self.mode == 'RGBA':
return self.convert('RGBa').transform(size, method, data, resample, fill).convert('RGBA')
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
method, data = method.getdata()
if data is None:
raise ValueError("missing method data")
im = new(self.mode, size, None)
if method == MESH:
# list of quads
for box, quad in data:
im.__transformer(box, self, QUAD, quad, resample, fill)
else:
im.__transformer((0, 0)+size, self, method, data, resample, fill)
return im
def __transformer(self, box, image, method, data,
resample=NEAREST, fill=1):
# FIXME: this should be turned into a lazy operation (?)
w = box[2]-box[0]
h = box[3]-box[1]
if method == AFFINE:
# change argument order to match implementation
data = (data[2], data[0], data[1],
data[5], data[3], data[4])
elif method == EXTENT:
# convert extent to an affine transform
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
xs = float(x1 - x0) / w
ys = float(y1 - y0) / h
method = AFFINE
data = (x0 + xs/2, xs, 0, y0 + ys/2, 0, ys)
elif method == PERSPECTIVE:
# change argument order to match implementation
data = (data[2], data[0], data[1],
data[5], data[3], data[4],
data[6], data[7])
elif method == QUAD:
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
nw = data[0:2]; sw = data[2:4]; se = data[4:6]; ne = data[6:8]
x0, y0 = nw; As = 1.0 / w; At = 1.0 / h
data = (x0, (ne[0]-x0)*As, (sw[0]-x0)*At,
(se[0]-sw[0]-ne[0]+x0)*As*At,
y0, (ne[1]-y0)*As, (sw[1]-y0)*At,
(se[1]-sw[1]-ne[1]+y0)*As*At)
else:
raise ValueError("unknown transformation method")
if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC):
raise ValueError("unknown resampling filter")
image.load()
self.load()
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
resample = NEAREST
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
def transpose(self, method):
"""
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
:param method: One of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_90`,
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_180`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_270`.
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
"""
self.load()
im = self.im.transpose(method)
return self._new(im)
```
## `PIL/Image.py` — `function:Image._dump` (lines 497-510)
```python
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None):
import tempfile, os
if not file:
f, file = tempfile.mkstemp(format or '')
os.close(f)
self.load()
if not format or format == "PPM":
self.im.save_ppm(file)
else:
if file.endswith(format):
file = file + "." + format
self.save(file, format)
return file
```
## `PIL/IptcImagePlugin.py` — `class:IptcImageFile` (lines 53-204)
```python
class IptcImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
format = "IPTC"
format_description = "IPTC/NAA"
def getint(self, key):
return i(self.info[key])
def field(self):
#
# get a IPTC field header
s = self.fp.read(5)
if not len(s):
return None, 0
tag = i8(s[1]), i8(s[2])
# syntax
if i8(s[0]) != 0x1C or tag[0] < 1 or tag[0] > 9:
raise SyntaxError("invalid IPTC/NAA file")
# field size
size = i8(s[3])
if size > 132:
raise IOError("illegal field length in IPTC/NAA file")
elif size == 128:
size = 0
elif size > 128:
size = i(self.fp.read(size-128))
else:
size = i16(s[3:])
return tag, size
def _is_raw(self, offset, size):
#
# check if the file can be mapped
# DISABLED: the following only slows things down...
return 0
self.fp.seek(offset)
t, sz = self.field()
if sz != size[0]:
return 0
y = 1
while True:
self.fp.seek(sz, 1)
t, s = self.field()
if t != (8, 10):
break
if s != sz:
return 0
y = y + 1
return y == size[1]
def _open(self):
# load descriptive fields
while True:
offset = self.fp.tell()
tag, size = self.field()
if not tag or tag == (8,10):
break
if size:
tagdata = self.fp.read(size)
else:
tagdata = None
if tag in list(self.info.keys()):
if isinstance(self.info[tag], list):
self.info[tag].append(tagdata)
else:
self.info[tag] = [self.info[tag], tagdata]
else:
self.info[tag] = tagdata
# print tag, self.info[tag]
# mode
layers = i8(self.info[(3,60)][0])
component = i8(self.info[(3,60)][1])
if (3,65) in self.info:
id = i8(self.info[(3,65)][0])-1
else:
id = 0
if layers == 1 and not component:
self.mode = "L"
elif layers == 3 and component:
self.mode = "RGB"[id]
elif layers == 4 and component:
self.mode = "CMYK"[id]
# size
self.size = self.getint((3,20)), self.getint((3,30))
# compression
try:
compression = COMPRESSION[self.getint((3,120))]
except KeyError:
raise IOError("Unknown IPTC image compression")
# tile
if tag == (8,10):
if compression == "raw" and self._is_raw(offset, self.size):
self.tile = [(compression, (offset, size + 5, -1),
(0, 0, self.size[0], self.size[1]))]
else:
self.tile = [("iptc", (compression, offset),
(0, 0, self.size[0], self.size[1]))]
def load(self):
if len(self.tile) != 1 or self.tile[0][0] != "iptc":
return ImageFile.ImageFile.load(self)
type, tile, box = self.tile[0]
encoding, offset = tile
self.fp.seek(offset)
# Copy image data to temporary file
o_fd, outfile = tempfile.mkstemp(text=False)
o = os.fdopen(o_fd)
if encoding == "raw":
# To simplify access to the extracted file,
# prepend a PPM header
o.write("P5\n%d %d\n255\n" % self.size)
while True:
type, size = self.field()
if type != (8, 10):
break
while size > 0:
s = self.fp.read(min(size, 8192))
if not s:
break
o.write(s)
size = size - len(s)
o.close()
try:
try:
# fast
self.im = Image.core.open_ppm(outfile)
except:
# slightly slower
im = Image.open(outfile)
im.load()
self.im = im.im
finally:
try: os.unlink(outfile)
except: pass
```
## `PIL/IptcImagePlugin.py` — `function:IptcImageFile.load` (lines 163-204)
```python
def load(self):
if len(self.tile) != 1 or self.tile[0][0] != "iptc":
return ImageFile.ImageFile.load(self)
type, tile, box = self.tile[0]
encoding, offset = tile
self.fp.seek(offset)
# Copy image data to temporary file
o_fd, outfile = tempfile.mkstemp(text=False)
o = os.fdopen(o_fd)
if encoding == "raw":
# To simplify access to the extracted file,
# prepend a PPM header
o.write("P5\n%d %d\n255\n" % self.size)
while True:
type, size = self.field()
if type != (8, 10):
break
while size > 0:
s = self.fp.read(min(size, 8192))
if not s:
break
o.write(s)
size = size - len(s)
o.close()
try:
try:
# fast
self.im = Image.core.open_ppm(outfile)
except:
# slightly slower
im = Image.open(outfile)
im.load()
self.im = im.im
finally:
try: os.unlink(outfile)
except: pass
```
## `PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py` — `class:JpegImageFile` (lines 267-366)
```python
class JpegImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
format = "JPEG"
format_description = "JPEG (ISO 10918)"
def _open(self):
s = self.fp.read(1)
if i8(s[0]) != 255:
raise SyntaxError("not a JPEG file")
# Create attributes
self.bits = self.layers = 0
# JPEG specifics (internal)
self.layer = []
self.huffman_dc = {}
self.huffman_ac = {}
self.quantization = {}
self.app = {} # compatibility
self.applist = []
self.icclist = []
while True:
s = s + self.fp.read(1)
i = i16(s)
if i in MARKER:
name, description, handler = MARKER[i]
# print hex(i), name, description
if handler is not None:
handler(self, i)
if i == 0xFFDA: # start of scan
rawmode = self.mode
if self.mode == "CMYK":
rawmode = "CMYK;I" # assume adobe conventions
self.tile = [("jpeg", (0,0) + self.size, 0, (rawmode, ""))]
# self.__offset = self.fp.tell()
break
s = self.fp.read(1)
elif i == 0 or i == 65535:
# padded marker or junk; move on
s = "\xff"
else:
raise SyntaxError("no marker found")
def draft(self, mode, size):
if len(self.tile) != 1:
return
d, e, o, a = self.tile[0]
scale = 0
if a[0] == "RGB" and mode in ["L", "YCbCr"]:
self.mode = mode
a = mode, ""
if size:
scale = max(self.size[0] // size[0], self.size[1] // size[1])
for s in [8, 4, 2, 1]:
if scale >= s:
break
e = e[0], e[1], (e[2]-e[0]+s-1)//s+e[0], (e[3]-e[1]+s-1)//s+e[1]
self.size = ((self.size[0]+s-1)//s, (self.size[1]+s-1)//s)
scale = s
self.tile = [(d, e, o, a)]
self.decoderconfig = (scale, 1)
return self
def load_djpeg(self):
# ALTERNATIVE: handle JPEGs via the IJG command line utilities
import tempfile, os
f, path = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.close(f)
if os.path.exists(self.filename):
os.system("djpeg '%s' >'%s'" % (self.filename, path))
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid Filename")
try:
self.im = Image.core.open_ppm(path)
finally:
try: os.unlink(path)
except: pass
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.size = self.im.size
self.tile = []
def _getexif(self):
return _getexif(self)
```
## `PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py` — `function:JpegImageFile.load_djpeg` (lines 342-363)
```python
def load_djpeg(self):
# ALTERNATIVE: handle JPEGs via the IJG command line utilities
import tempfile, os
f, path = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.close(f)
if os.path.exists(self.filename):
os.system("djpeg '%s' >'%s'" % (self.filename, path))
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid Filename")
try:
self.im = Image.core.open_ppm(path)
finally:
try: os.unlink(path)
except: pass
self.mode = self.im.mode
self.size = self.im.size
self.tile = []
```
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