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def calc_requiredrelease_v1(self): """Calculate the total water release (immediately and far downstream) required for reducing drought events. Required control parameter: |NearDischargeMinimumThreshold| Required derived parameters: |NearDischargeMinimumSmoothPar2| |dam_derived.TOY| ...
def calc_requiredrelease_v2(self): """Calculate the water release (immediately downstream) required for reducing drought events. Required control parameter: |NearDischargeMinimumThreshold| Required derived parameter: |dam_derived.TOY| Calculated flux sequence: |RequiredRelease| ...
def calc_possibleremoterelieve_v1(self): """Calculate the highest possible water release that can be routed to a remote location based on an artificial neural network describing the relationship between possible release and water stage. Required control parameter: |WaterLevel2PossibleRemoteReliev...
def calc_actualremoterelieve_v1(self): """Calculate the actual amount of water released to a remote location to relieve the dam during high flow conditions. Required control parameter: |RemoteRelieveTolerance| Required flux sequences: |AllowedRemoteRelieve| |PossibleRemoteRelieve| ...
def calc_targetedrelease_v1(self): """Calculate the targeted water release for reducing drought events, taking into account both the required water release and the actual inflow into the dam. Some dams are supposed to maintain a certain degree of low flow variability downstream. In case parameter ...
def calc_actualrelease_v1(self): """Calculate the actual water release that can be supplied by the dam considering the targeted release and the given water level. Required control parameter: |WaterLevelMinimumThreshold| Required derived parameters: |WaterLevelMinimumSmoothPar| Require...
def calc_missingremoterelease_v1(self): """Calculate the portion of the required remote demand that could not be met by the actual discharge release. Required flux sequences: |RequiredRemoteRelease| |ActualRelease| Calculated flux sequence: |MissingRemoteRelease| Basic equation:...
def calc_actualremoterelease_v1(self): """Calculate the actual remote water release that can be supplied by the dam considering the required remote release and the given water level. Required control parameter: |WaterLevelMinimumRemoteThreshold| Required derived parameters: |WaterLevelMini...
def update_actualremoterelieve_v1(self): """Constrain the actual relieve discharge to a remote location. Required control parameter: |HighestRemoteDischarge| Required derived parameter: |HighestRemoteSmoothPar| Updated flux sequence: |ActualRemoteRelieve| Basic equation - disco...
def calc_flooddischarge_v1(self): """Calculate the discharge during and after a flood event based on an |anntools.SeasonalANN| describing the relationship(s) between discharge and water stage. Required control parameter: |WaterLevel2FloodDischarge| Required derived parameter: |dam_deri...
def calc_outflow_v1(self): """Calculate the total outflow of the dam. Note that the maximum function is used to prevent from negative outflow values, which could otherwise occur within the required level of numerical accuracy. Required flux sequences: |ActualRelease| |FloodDischarge| ...
def update_watervolume_v1(self): """Update the actual water volume. Required derived parameter: |Seconds| Required flux sequences: |Inflow| |Outflow| Updated state sequence: |WaterVolume| Basic equation: :math:`\\frac{d}{dt}WaterVolume = 1e-6 \\cdot (Inflow-Outflow)...
def pass_outflow_v1(self): """Update the outlet link sequence |dam_outlets.Q|.""" flu = self.sequences.fluxes.fastaccess out = self.sequences.outlets.fastaccess out.q[0] += flu.outflow
def pass_actualremoterelease_v1(self): """Update the outlet link sequence |dam_outlets.S|.""" flu = self.sequences.fluxes.fastaccess out = self.sequences.outlets.fastaccess out.s[0] += flu.actualremoterelease
def pass_actualremoterelieve_v1(self): """Update the outlet link sequence |dam_outlets.R|.""" flu = self.sequences.fluxes.fastaccess out = self.sequences.outlets.fastaccess out.r[0] += flu.actualremoterelieve
def pass_missingremoterelease_v1(self): """Update the outlet link sequence |dam_senders.D|.""" flu = self.sequences.fluxes.fastaccess sen = self.sequences.senders.fastaccess sen.d[0] += flu.missingremoterelease
def pass_allowedremoterelieve_v1(self): """Update the outlet link sequence |dam_outlets.R|.""" flu = self.sequences.fluxes.fastaccess sen = self.sequences.senders.fastaccess sen.r[0] += flu.allowedremoterelieve
def pass_requiredremotesupply_v1(self): """Update the outlet link sequence |dam_outlets.S|.""" flu = self.sequences.fluxes.fastaccess sen = self.sequences.senders.fastaccess sen.s[0] += flu.requiredremotesupply
def update_loggedoutflow_v1(self): """Log a new entry of discharge at a cross section far downstream. Required control parameter: |NmbLogEntries| Required flux sequence: |Outflow| Calculated flux sequence: |LoggedOutflow| Example: The following example shows that, with...
def update_coefs(self): """(Re)calculate the MA coefficients based on the instantaneous unit hydrograph.""" coefs = [] sum_coefs = 0. moment1 = self.iuh.moment1 for t in itertools.count(0., 1.): points = (moment1 % 1,) if t <= moment1 <= (t+2.) else () ...
def turningpoint(self): """Turning point (index and value tuple) in the recession part of the MA approximation of the instantaneous unit hydrograph.""" coefs = self.coefs old_dc = coefs[1]-coefs[0] for idx in range(self.order-2): new_dc = coefs[idx+2]-coefs[idx+1] ...
def moments(self): """The first two time delay weighted statistical moments of the MA coefficients.""" moment1 = statstools.calc_mean_time(self.delays, self.coefs) moment2 = statstools.calc_mean_time_deviation( self.delays, self.coefs, moment1) return numpy.array([mom...
def effective_max_ar_order(self): """The maximum number of AR coefficients that shall or can be determined. It is the minimum of |ARMA.max_ar_order| and the number of coefficients of the pure |MA| after their turning point. """ return min(self.max_ar_order, self.ma.order...
def update_ar_coefs(self): """Determine the AR coefficients. The number of AR coefficients is subsequently increased until the required precision |ARMA.max_rel_rmse| is reached. Otherwise, a |RuntimeError| is raised. """ del self.ar_coefs for ar_order in range(1...
def dev_moments(self): """Sum of the absolute deviations between the central moments of the instantaneous unit hydrograph and the ARMA approximation.""" return numpy.sum(numpy.abs(self.moments-self.ma.moments))
def norm_coefs(self): """Multiply all coefficients by the same factor, so that their sum becomes one.""" sum_coefs = self.sum_coefs self.ar_coefs /= sum_coefs self.ma_coefs /= sum_coefs
def sum_coefs(self): """The sum of all AR and MA coefficients""" return numpy.sum(self.ar_coefs) + numpy.sum(self.ma_coefs)
def calc_all_ar_coefs(self, ar_order, ma_model): """Determine the AR coeffcients based on a least squares approach. The argument `ar_order` defines the number of AR coefficients to be determined. The argument `ma_order` defines a pure |MA| model. The least squares approach is applied o...
def get_a(values, n): """Extract the independent variables of the given values and return them as a matrix with n columns in a form suitable for the least squares approach applied in method |ARMA.update_ar_coefs|. """ m = len(values)-n a = numpy.empty((m, n), dtype=float)...
def update_ma_coefs(self): """Determine the MA coefficients. The number of MA coefficients is subsequently increased until the required precision |ARMA.max_dev_coefs| is reached. Otherwise, a |RuntimeError| is raised. """ self.ma_coefs = [] for ma_order in range...
def calc_next_ma_coef(self, ma_order, ma_model): """Determine the MA coefficients of the ARMA model based on its predetermined AR coefficients and the MA ordinates of the given |MA| model. The MA coefficients are determined one at a time, beginning with the first one. Each ARMA...
def response(self): """Return the response to a standard dt impulse.""" values = [] sum_values = 0. ma_coefs = self.ma_coefs ar_coefs = self.ar_coefs ma_order = self.ma_order for idx in range(len(self.ma.delays)): value = 0. if idx < ma_ord...
def moments(self): """The first two time delay weighted statistical moments of the ARMA response.""" timepoints = self.ma.delays response = self.response moment1 = statstools.calc_mean_time(timepoints, response) moment2 = statstools.calc_mean_time_deviation( t...
def plot(self, threshold=None, **kwargs): """Barplot of the ARMA response.""" try: # Works under matplotlib 3. pyplot.bar(x=self.ma.delays+.5, height=self.response, width=1., fill=False, **kwargs) except TypeError: # pragma: no cover #...
def method_header(method_name, nogil=False, idx_as_arg=False): """Returns the Cython method header for methods without arguments except `self`.""" if not config.FASTCYTHON: nogil = False header = 'cpdef inline void %s(self' % method_name header += ', int idx)' if idx_as_arg else ')' head...
def decorate_method(wrapped): """The decorated method will return a |Lines| object including a method header. However, the |Lines| object will be empty if the respective model does not implement a method with the same name as the wrapped method. """ def wrapper(self): lines = Lines() ...
def add(self, indent, line): """Appends the given text line with prefixed spaces in accordance with the given number of indentation levels. """ if isinstance(line, str): list.append(self, indent*4*' ' + line) else: for subline in line: list...
def pyname(self): """Name of the compiled module.""" if self.pymodule.endswith('__init__'): return self.pymodule.split('.')[-2] else: return self.pymodule.split('.')[-1]
def pyxwriter(self): """Update the pyx file.""" model = self.Model() if hasattr(self, 'Parameters'): model.parameters = self.Parameters(vars(self)) else: model.parameters = parametertools.Parameters(vars(self)) if hasattr(self, 'Sequences'): mo...
def pysourcefiles(self): """All source files of the actual models Python classes and their respective base classes.""" sourcefiles = set() for (name, child) in vars(self).items(): try: parents = inspect.getmro(child) except AttributeError: ...
def outdated(self): """True if at least one of the |Cythonizer.pysourcefiles| is newer than the compiled file under |Cythonizer.pyxfilepath|, otherwise False. """ if hydpy.pub.options.forcecompiling: return True if os.path.split(hydpy.__path__[0])[-2].endswith...
def compile_(self): """Translate cython code to C code and compile it.""" from Cython import Build argv = copy.deepcopy(sys.argv) sys.argv = [sys.argv[0], 'build_ext', '--build-lib='+self.buildpath] exc_modules = [ distutils.extension.Extension( ...
def move_dll(self): """Try to find the resulting dll file and to move it into the `cythons` package. Things to be aware of: * The file extension either `pyd` (Window) or `so` (Linux). * The folder containing the dll file is system dependent, but is always a subfo...
def constants(self): """Constants declaration lines.""" lines = Lines() for (name, member) in vars(self.cythonizer).items(): if (name.isupper() and (not inspect.isclass(member)) and (type(member) in TYPE2STR)): ndim = numpy.arra...
def parameters(self): """Parameter declaration lines.""" lines = Lines() lines.add(0, '@cython.final') lines.add(0, 'cdef class Parameters(object):') for subpars in self.model.parameters: if subpars: lines.add(1, 'cdef public %s %s' ...
def sequences(self): """Sequence declaration lines.""" lines = Lines() lines.add(0, '@cython.final') lines.add(0, 'cdef class Sequences(object):') for subseqs in self.model.sequences: lines.add(1, 'cdef public %s %s' % (objecttools.classname(s...
def iosequence(seq): """Special declaration lines for the given |IOSequence| object. """ lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cdef public bint _%s_diskflag' % seq.name) lines.add(1, 'cdef public str _%s_path' % seq.name) lines.add(1, 'cdef FILE *_%s_file' % seq.name) lin...
def open_files(subseqs): """Open file statements.""" print(' . open_files') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef open_files(self, int idx):') for seq in subseqs: lines.add(2, 'if self._%s_diskflag:' % seq.name) lines.add(3, 'self._%s_file = fopen...
def close_files(subseqs): """Close file statements.""" print(' . close_files') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef inline close_files(self):') for seq in subseqs: lines.add(2, 'if self._%s_diskflag:' % seq.name) lines.add(3, 'fclose(self._%s_fil...
def load_data(subseqs): """Load data statements.""" print(' . load_data') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef inline void load_data(self, int idx) %s:' % _nogil) lines.add(2, 'cdef int jdx0, jdx1, jdx2, jdx3, jdx4, jdx5') for seq in subseqs: lines.a...
def set_pointer(self, subseqs): """Set_pointer functions for link sequences.""" lines = Lines() for seq in subseqs: if seq.NDIM == 0: lines.extend(self.set_pointer0d(subseqs)) break for seq in subseqs: if seq.NDIM == 1: ...
def set_pointer0d(subseqs): """Set_pointer function for 0-dimensional link sequences.""" print(' . set_pointer0d') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef inline set_pointer0d' '(self, str name, pointerutils.PDouble value):') for seq in subseqs: ...
def alloc(subseqs): """Allocate memory for 1-dimensional link sequences.""" print(' . setlength') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef inline alloc(self, name, int length):') for seq in subseqs: lines.add(2, 'if name == "%s":' % seq.name) lines.a...
def dealloc(subseqs): """Deallocate memory for 1-dimensional link sequences.""" print(' . dealloc') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef inline dealloc(self):') for seq in subseqs: lines.add(2, 'PyMem_Free(self.%s)' % seq.name) return lines
def set_pointer1d(subseqs): """Set_pointer function for 1-dimensional link sequences.""" print(' . set_pointer1d') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef inline set_pointer1d' '(self, str name, pointerutils.PDouble value, int idx):') for seq in subseq...
def numericalparameters(self): """Numeric parameter declaration lines.""" lines = Lines() if self.model.NUMERICAL: lines.add(0, '@cython.final') lines.add(0, 'cdef class NumConsts(object):') for name in ('nmb_methods', 'nmb_stages'): lines.add(...
def modeldeclarations(self): """Attribute declarations of the model class.""" lines = Lines() lines.add(0, '@cython.final') lines.add(0, 'cdef class Model(object):') lines.add(1, 'cdef public int idx_sim') lines.add(1, 'cdef public Parameters parameters') lines.ad...
def modelstandardfunctions(self): """Standard functions of the model class.""" lines = Lines() lines.extend(self.doit) lines.extend(self.iofunctions) lines.extend(self.new2old) lines.extend(self.run) lines.extend(self.update_inlets) lines.extend(self.updat...
def modelnumericfunctions(self): """Numerical functions of the model class.""" lines = Lines() lines.extend(self.solve) lines.extend(self.calculate_single_terms) lines.extend(self.calculate_full_terms) lines.extend(self.get_point_states) lines.extend(self.set_poin...
def doit(self): """Do (most of) it function of the model class.""" print(' . doit') lines = Lines() lines.add(1, 'cpdef inline void doit(self, int idx) %s:' % _nogil) lines.add(2, 'self.idx_sim = idx') if getattr(self.model.sequences, 'inputs', None) is not...
def iofunctions(self): """Input/output functions of the model class.""" lines = Lines() for func in ('open_files', 'close_files', 'load_data', 'save_data'): if ((func == 'load_data') and (getattr(self.model.sequences, 'inputs', None) is None)): con...
def calculate_single_terms(self): """Lines of model method with the same name.""" lines = self._call_methods('calculate_single_terms', self.model.PART_ODE_METHODS) if lines: lines.insert(1, (' self.numvars.nmb_calls =' ...
def listofmodeluserfunctions(self): """User functions of the model class.""" lines = [] for (name, member) in vars(self.model.__class__).items(): if (inspect.isfunction(member) and (name not in ('run', 'new2old')) and ('fastaccess' in inspect.g...
def cleanlines(self): """Cleaned code lines. Implemented cleanups: * eventually remove method version * remove docstrings * remove comments * remove empty lines * remove line brackes within brackets * replace `modelutils` with nothing ...
def remove_linebreaks_within_equations(code): r"""Remove line breaks within equations. This is not a exhaustive test, but shows how the method works: >>> code = 'asdf = \\\n(a\n+b)' >>> from hydpy.cythons.modelutils import FuncConverter >>> FuncConverter.remove_linebreaks_withi...
def remove_imath_operators(lines): """Remove mathematical expressions that require Pythons global interpreter locking mechanism. This is not a exhaustive test, but shows how the method works: >>> lines = [' x += 1*1'] >>> from hydpy.cythons.modelutils import FuncConverter ...
def pyxlines(self): """Cython code lines. Assumptions: * Function shall be a method * Method shall be inlined * Method returns nothing * Method arguments are of type `int` (except self) * Local variables are generally of type `int` but of type `double` ...
def calc_smoothpar_logistic2(metapar): """Return the smoothing parameter corresponding to the given meta parameter when using |smooth_logistic2|. Calculate the smoothing parameter value corresponding the meta parameter value 2.5: >>> from hydpy.auxs.smoothtools import calc_smoothpar_logistic2 ...
def from_array(cls, array): """Return a |Date| instance based on date information (year, month, day, hour, minute, second) stored as the first entries of the successive rows of a |numpy.ndarray|. >>> from hydpy import Date >>> import numpy >>> array1d = numpy.array([1992...
def to_array(self): """Return a 1-dimensional |numpy| |numpy.ndarray| with six entries defining the actual date (year, month, day, hour, minute, second). >>> from hydpy import Date >>> Date('1992-10-8 15:15:42').to_array() array([ 1992., 10., 8., 15., 15., 42.])...
def from_cfunits(cls, units) -> 'Date': """Return a |Date| object representing the reference date of the given `units` string agreeing with the NetCDF-CF conventions. The following example string is taken from the `Time Coordinate`_ chapter of the NetCDF-CF conventions documentation (mo...
def to_cfunits(self, unit='hours', utcoffset=None): """Return a `units` string agreeing with the NetCDF-CF conventions. By default, |Date.to_cfunits| takes `hours` as time unit, and the the actual value of |Options.utcoffset| as time zone information: >>> from hydpy import Date ...
def _set_thing(self, thing, value): """Convenience method for `_set_year`, `_set_month`...""" try: value = int(value) except (TypeError, ValueError): raise TypeError( f'Changing the {thing} of a `Date` instance is only ' f'allowed via numbe...
def wateryear(self): """The actual hydrological year according to the selected reference month. The reference mont reference |Date.refmonth| defaults to November: >>> october = Date('1996.10.01') >>> november = Date('1996.11.01') >>> october.wateryear 1996 ...
def to_string(self, style=None, utcoffset=None): """Return a |str| object representing the actual date in accordance with the given style and the eventually given UTC offset (in minutes). Without any input arguments, the actual |Date.style| is used to return a date string in you...
def fromseconds(cls, seconds): """Return a |Period| instance based on a given number of seconds.""" try: seconds = int(seconds) except TypeError: seconds = int(seconds.flatten()[0]) return cls(datetime.timedelta(0, int(seconds)))
def _guessunit(self): """Guess the unit of the period as the largest one, which results in an integer duration. """ if not self.days % 1: return 'd' elif not self.hours % 1: return 'h' elif not self.minutes % 1: return 'm' elif ...
def from_array(cls, array): """Returns a |Timegrid| instance based on two date and one period information stored in the first 13 rows of a |numpy.ndarray| object. """ try: return cls(Date.from_array(array[:6]), Date.from_array(array[6:12]), ...
def to_array(self): """Returns a 1-dimensional |numpy| |numpy.ndarray| with thirteen entries first defining the start date, secondly defining the end date and thirdly the step size in seconds. """ values = numpy.empty(13, dtype=float) values[:6] = self.firstdate.to_array(...
def from_timepoints(cls, timepoints, refdate, unit='hours'): """Return a |Timegrid| object representing the given starting `timepoints` in relation to the given `refdate`. The following examples identical with the ones of |Timegrid.to_timepoints| but reversed. At least two give...
def to_timepoints(self, unit='hours', offset=None): """Return an |numpy.ndarray| representing the starting time points of the |Timegrid| object. The following examples identical with the ones of |Timegrid.from_timepoints| but reversed. By default, the time points are given in h...
def array2series(self, array): """Prefix the information of the actual Timegrid object to the given array and return it. The Timegrid information is stored in the first thirteen values of the first axis of the returned series. Initialize a Timegrid object and apply its `array2s...
def verify(self): """Raise an |ValueError| if the dates or the step size of the time frame are inconsistent. """ if self.firstdate >= self.lastdate: raise ValueError( f'Unplausible timegrid. The first given date ' f'{self.firstdate}, the second...
def assignrepr(self, prefix, style=None, utcoffset=None): """Return a |repr| string with an prefixed assignement. Without option arguments given, printing the returned string looks like: >>> from hydpy import Timegrid >>> timegrid = Timegrid('1996-11-01 00:00:00', ... ...
def verify(self): """Raise an |ValueError| it the different time grids are inconsistent.""" self.init.verify() self.sim.verify() if self.init.firstdate > self.sim.firstdate: raise ValueError( f'The first date of the initialisation period ' ...
def assignrepr(self, prefix): """Return a |repr| string with a prefixed assignment.""" caller = 'Timegrids(' blanks = ' ' * (len(prefix) + len(caller)) prefix = f'{prefix}{caller}' lines = [f'{self.init.assignrepr(prefix)},'] if self.sim != self.init: lines.ap...
def seconds_passed(self): """Amount of time passed in seconds since the beginning of the year. In the first example, the year is only one minute and thirty seconds old: >>> from hydpy.core.timetools import TOY >>> TOY('1_1_0_1_30').seconds_passed 90 The second ...
def seconds_left(self): """Remaining part of the year in seconds. In the first example, only one minute and thirty seconds of the year remain: >>> from hydpy.core.timetools import TOY >>> TOY('12_31_23_58_30').seconds_left 90 The second example shows that the 2...
def centred_timegrid(cls, simulationstep): """Return a |Timegrid| object defining the central time points of the year 2000 for the given simulation step. >>> from hydpy.core.timetools import TOY >>> TOY.centred_timegrid('1d') Timegrid('2000-01-01 12:00:00', '200...
def dir_(self): """The prefered way for HydPy objects to respond to |dir|. Note the depencence on the `pub.options.dirverbose`. If this option is set `True`, all attributes and methods of the given instance and its class (including those inherited from the parent classes) are returned: >>> from h...
def classname(self): """Return the class name of the given instance object or class. >>> from hydpy.core.objecttools import classname >>> from hydpy import pub >>> print(classname(float)) float >>> print(classname(pub.options)) Options """ if inspect.isclass(self): string = ...
def name(self): """Name of the class of the given instance in lower case letters. This function is thought to be implemented as a property. Otherwise it would violate the principle not to access or manipulate private attributes ("_name"): >>> from hydpy.core.objecttools import name >>> class ...
def valid_variable_identifier(string): """Raises an |ValueError| if the given name is not a valid Python identifier. For example, the string `test_1` (with underscore) is valid... >>> from hydpy.core.objecttools import valid_variable_identifier >>> valid_variable_identifier('test_1') ...but t...
def augment_excmessage(prefix=None, suffix=None) -> NoReturn: """Augment an exception message with additional information while keeping the original traceback. You can prefix and/or suffix text. If you prefix something (which happens much more often in the HydPy framework), the sub-clause ', the follo...
def excmessage_decorator(description) -> Callable: """Wrap a function with |augment_excmessage|. Function |excmessage_decorator| is a means to apply function |augment_excmessage| more efficiently. Suppose you would apply function |augment_excmessage| in a function that adds and returns to numbers:...
def print_values(values, width=70): """Print the given values in multiple lines with a certain maximum width. By default, each line contains at most 70 characters: >>> from hydpy import print_values >>> print_values(range(21)) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ...
def assignrepr_values(values, prefix, width=None, _fakeend=0): """Return a prefixed, wrapped and properly aligned string representation of the given values using function |repr|. >>> from hydpy.core.objecttools import assignrepr_values >>> print(assignrepr_values(range(1, 13), 'test(', 20) + ')') t...
def assignrepr_values2(values, prefix): """Return a prefixed and properly aligned string representation of the given 2-dimensional value matrix using function |repr|. >>> from hydpy.core.objecttools import assignrepr_values2 >>> import numpy >>> print(assignrepr_values2(numpy.eye(3), 'test(') + ')'...
def _assignrepr_bracketed2(assignrepr_bracketed1, values, prefix, width=None): """Return a prefixed, wrapped and properly aligned bracketed string representation of the given 2-dimensional value matrix using function |repr|.""" brackets = getattr(assignrepr_bracketed1, '_brackets') prefix += bracket...
def round_(values, decimals=None, width=0, lfill=None, rfill=None, **kwargs): """Prints values with a maximum number of digits in doctests. See the documentation on function |repr| for more details. And note thate the option keyword arguments are passed to the print function. Usually one w...