# Context, Purpose, and Motivation
The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs), e.g, renewable and energy storage systems, is fundamentally reshaping power grid dynamics. Unlike conventional resources, IBRs interact with the grid through power electronics operating at microsecond timescales, introducing ultrafast dynamic phenomena that conventional time-domain simulation methods, e.g., RMS techniques, fail to capture [1]. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations can capture these fast dynamics but require integration time steps of 1–50 microseconds, making system-wide studies computationally intractable. This creates a critical bottleneck for stability analysis, contingency planning, and control design in modern power systems, as time-domain simulation has been a fundamental tool for analyzing system stability and dynamic performance [2]. Recent grid incidents, such as the April 2025 massive blackout in Spain and Portugal, underscore these limitations and the need …
