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inv_model = keras.Model(inputs=[inputs], outputs=[outputs], name=\"inv_model\")
# Compile the mode with the necessary loss function and optimizer.
print(\"compiling the involution model...\")
inv_model.compile(
optimizer=\"adam\",
loss=keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
metrics=[\"accuracy\"],
)
# train the model
print(\"inv model training...\")
inv_hist = inv_model.fit(train_ds, epochs=20, validation_data=test_ds)
building the involution model...
compiling the involution model...
inv model training...
Epoch 1/20
196/196 [==============================] - 5s 21ms/step - loss: 2.1570 - accuracy: 0.2266 - val_loss: 2.2712 - val_accuracy: 0.1557
Epoch 2/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.9445 - accuracy: 0.3054 - val_loss: 1.9762 - val_accuracy: 0.2963
Epoch 3/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.8469 - accuracy: 0.3433 - val_loss: 1.8044 - val_accuracy: 0.3669
Epoch 4/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.7837 - accuracy: 0.3646 - val_loss: 1.7640 - val_accuracy: 0.3761
Epoch 5/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.7369 - accuracy: 0.3784 - val_loss: 1.7180 - val_accuracy: 0.3907
Epoch 6/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.7031 - accuracy: 0.3917 - val_loss: 1.6839 - val_accuracy: 0.4004
Epoch 7/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.6748 - accuracy: 0.3988 - val_loss: 1.6786 - val_accuracy: 0.4037
Epoch 8/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.6592 - accuracy: 0.4052 - val_loss: 1.6550 - val_accuracy: 0.4103
Epoch 9/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.6412 - accuracy: 0.4106 - val_loss: 1.6346 - val_accuracy: 0.4158
Epoch 10/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.6251 - accuracy: 0.4178 - val_loss: 1.6330 - val_accuracy: 0.4145
Epoch 11/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.6124 - accuracy: 0.4206 - val_loss: 1.6214 - val_accuracy: 0.4218
Epoch 12/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.5978 - accuracy: 0.4252 - val_loss: 1.6121 - val_accuracy: 0.4239
Epoch 13/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.5868 - accuracy: 0.4301 - val_loss: 1.5974 - val_accuracy: 0.4284
Epoch 14/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.5759 - accuracy: 0.4353 - val_loss: 1.5939 - val_accuracy: 0.4325
Epoch 15/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 19ms/step - loss: 1.5677 - accuracy: 0.4369 - val_loss: 1.5889 - val_accuracy: 0.4372
Epoch 16/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.5586 - accuracy: 0.4413 - val_loss: 1.5817 - val_accuracy: 0.4376
Epoch 17/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.5507 - accuracy: 0.4447 - val_loss: 1.5776 - val_accuracy: 0.4381
Epoch 18/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.5420 - accuracy: 0.4477 - val_loss: 1.5785 - val_accuracy: 0.4378
Epoch 19/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.5357 - accuracy: 0.4484 - val_loss: 1.5639 - val_accuracy: 0.4431
Epoch 20/20
196/196 [==============================] - 4s 20ms/step - loss: 1.5305 - accuracy: 0.4530 - val_loss: 1.5661 - val_accuracy: 0.4418
Comparisons
In this section, we will be looking at both the models and compare a few pointers.
Parameters
One can see that with a similar architecture the parameters in a CNN is much larger than that of an INN (Involutional Neural Network).
conv_model.summary()
inv_model.summary()
Model: \"sequential_3\"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
conv2d_6 (Conv2D) (None, 32, 32, 32) 896
_________________________________________________________________
relu1 (ReLU) (None, 32, 32, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D) (None, 16, 16, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_7 (Conv2D) (None, 16, 16, 64) 18496
_________________________________________________________________
relu2 (ReLU) (None, 16, 16, 64) 0
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 8, 8, 64) 0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_8 (Conv2D) (None, 8, 8, 64) 36928
_________________________________________________________________
relu3 (ReLU) (None, 8, 8, 64) 0
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten) (None, 4096) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dense (Dense) (None, 64) 262208
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense) (None, 10) 650
=================================================================
Total params: 319,178
Trainable params: 319,178
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
Model: \"inv_model\"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer) [(None, 32, 32, 3)] 0