| { |
| "_provenance": { |
| "author": "colleague instance (Claude Opus 5.5), working for the whose_i owner instance", |
| "created": "2026-10-14T00:28Z", |
| "method": "Typical value and plausible range per entity from the cited page; every quote is verbatim and was machine-checked against the saved page text (Wikipedia via the MediaWiki plain-text extract, also re-checked against the rendered article HTML; other pages via their HTML or PDF text). Every quote is one or more complete, contiguous sentences or complete table rows (no elisions); ' | ' separates adjacent table cells. Size = typical largest dimension of a typical adult instance (dimension stated per row); temperature in °C. Where a source gives only a range, typical = geometric mean (size) or arithmetic midpoint (temperature) of that range; where it gives only one value, range = typical ×/÷ 1.15 (flagged in range_rule); values marked ESTIMATE or DERIVED say so in typical_rule/range_rule. Near-ties: size pairs with ratio ≤ 2 and temperature pairs with difference ≤ 15 °C whose ranges overlap (inclusive). Orders sort by typical value.", |
| "n_entities": { |
| "size": 53, |
| "temperature": 40 |
| }, |
| "n_flagged_ambiguous": { |
| "size": 12, |
| "temperature": 9 |
| }, |
| "n_near_ties": { |
| "size": 57, |
| "temperature": 50 |
| }, |
| "quote_check": { |
| "quotes": 230, |
| "fragments": 230, |
| "all_found_in_saved_text": true, |
| "wikipedia_titles_rechecked_in_rendered_html": 109, |
| "html_recheck_failures": [], |
| "negative_control": "every quote perturbed by one character; perturbed quotes rejected: 230/230" |
| }, |
| "input": "data/scales/entities_draft.json (keys size, temperature; mind_scales ignored)", |
| "extra_keys": "typical_rule, range_rule, extra_sources per row; order; range_overlap_beyond_near_tie_rule (pairs whose ranges overlap but which miss the closeness rule; most matter at high temperature, where 15 °C is a scale-blind threshold)" |
| }, |
| "size": [ |
| { |
| "entity": "an atom", |
| "typical_m": 1e-10, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 6.4e-11, |
| 4.5e-10 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "diameter (twice the atomic radius)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom", |
| "quote": "Atoms are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Typical is the quoted ~100 pm; range is twice the quoted smallest/largest atomic radii.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "derived: 2 × quoted radii (He 32 pm, Cs 225 pm)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom", |
| "quote": "Consequently, the smallest atom is helium with a radius of 32 pm, while one of the largest is caesium at 225 pm." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a virus", |
| "typical_m": 7.74597e-08, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 2e-08, |
| 3e-07 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "virion diameter", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus", |
| "quote": "Many viruses that have been studied are spherical and have a diameter between 20 and 300 nanometres.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Outliers outside the range: filoviruses up to 1400 nm long, Mimivirus capsid 400 nm (same article). Order vs neighbours (atom, bacterium) is unaffected.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus", |
| "quote": "Some filoviruses, which are filaments, have a total length of up to 1400 nm; their diameters are only about 80 nm." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a bacterium", |
| "typical_m": 1.58114e-06, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 5e-07, |
| 5e-06 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "cell length", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria", |
| "quote": "Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "an amoeba", |
| "typical_m": 0.000425, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 2.3e-06, |
| 0.00076 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "cell length of locomotive form (Amoeba proteus as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://arcella.nl/amoeba-proteus/", |
| "quote": "Dimensions: 220–760 µm (mean 425 µm).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: 'an amoeba' can mean the textbook giant Amoeba proteus (~0.4 mm, as large as a sand grain) or the far more common microscopic amoebae (tens of µm). Xenophyophore shells up to 20 cm are excluded from the range.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated mean for Amoeba proteus", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: smallest amoeboid (2.3 µm) to largest A. proteus (760 µm)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba", |
| "quote": "The size of amoeboid cells and species is extremely variable." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba", |
| "quote": "The marine amoeboid Massisteria voersi is just 2.3 to 3 micrometres in diameter, within the size range of many bacteria." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a grain of sand", |
| "typical_m": 0.000353553, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 6.25e-05, |
| 0.002 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "grain diameter", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand", |
| "quote": "By another definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1⁄16 mm) a volume of approximately 0.00012 cubic millimetres, to 2 mm, a volume of approximately 4.2 cubic millimetres, the difference in volumes being 34,688 measures difference.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Medium sand is 0.25–0.5 mm (same article).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced (geologists') range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "an ant", |
| "typical_m": 0.00489898, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.004, |
| 0.006 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "worker body length (black garden ant, Lasius niger, as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.insectweek.org/discover-insects/ants-bees-wasps-and-sawflies/black-garden-ant/", |
| "quote": "The Black Garden Ant workers are 4-6 mm long, wingless and black or dark brown.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Source: Insect Week (Royal Entomological Society). Ant species span 0.75–52 mm (Wikipedia).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (archetype species)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant", |
| "quote": "Ants range in size from 0.75 to 52 millimetres (0.030–2.0 in), the largest species being the fossil Titanomyrma giganteum, the queen of which was 6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) long with a wingspan of 15 cm (6 in)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a mosquito", |
| "typical_m": 0.00424264, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.003, |
| 0.006 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito", |
| "quote": "The body, usually grey or black, is slender, and typically 3–6 mm long.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Largest (Toxorhynchites) up to 18 mm (same article).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a bee", |
| "typical_m": 0.0127, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.0127, |
| 0.015875 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "worker body length (western honey bee as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://extension.umaine.edu/blueberries/resources/629-honey-bees-and-blueberry-pollination/", |
| "quote": "The worker is about 1/2 inch in length and its color ranges from light brown to dark brown to almost black (there are various races and/or subspecies of honey bees in the U.S. such as Italians, Caucasians, Carniolans, and Africans with differing pigmentation).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "University of Maine and University of Minnesota extension pages. Bumblebees are larger and many solitary bees smaller (Wikipedia 'Bee'); the honey bee is the assumed archetype.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (~1/2 inch)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (1/2–5/8 inch)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://apps.extension.umn.edu/garden/diagnose/insect/indoor/flies/large/honey-bee.html", |
| "quote": "Description: 1/2 - 5/8 inch long." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a fly", |
| "typical_m": 0.00648074, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.006, |
| 0.007 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (housefly as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housefly", |
| "quote": "Adult houseflies are usually 6 to 7 mm (1⁄4 to 9⁄32 in) long with a wingspan of 13 to 15 mm (1⁄2 to 19⁄32 in).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Wingspan (13–15 mm) exceeds body length. Flies as a group span 0.4 mm–7 cm (Wikipedia 'Fly').", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a snail", |
| "typical_m": 0.0316228, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.025, |
| 0.04 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "shell diameter (garden snail, Cornu aspersum, as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_aspersum", |
| "quote": "The adult bears a hard, thin calcareous shell 25–40 millimetres (1–1+5⁄8 in) in diameter and 25–35 millimetres (1–1+3⁄8 in) high, with four or five whorls.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined across species (0.6 mm to 38 cm). The crawling animal is longer than its shell.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range (garden snail)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (garden snail)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail", |
| "quote": "The smallest land snail, Angustopila psammion, was discovered in 2022 and measures 0.6 mm in diameter." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail", |
| "quote": "Several species of the genus Achatina and related genera are known as giant African land snails; some grow to 38 cm (15 in) from snout to tail, and weigh 1 kg (2 lb)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "an earthworm", |
| "typical_m": 0.148324, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.11, |
| 0.25 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (Lumbricus terrestris)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricus_terrestris", |
| "quote": "Lumbricus terrestris is relatively large, pinkish to reddish-brown in colour, generally 110–200 millimetres (4.3–7.9 in) in length and about 7–10 millimetres (0.28–0.39 in) in diameter.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Sources disagree: the 'Earthworm' article says L. terrestris grows to about 360 mm; the species article says 110–200 mm (20–25 cm extended). Reported as found.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of the 110–200 mm range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (110 mm to 25 cm extended)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricus_terrestris", |
| "quote": "Through much of Europe, it is the largest naturally occurring species of earthworm, typically reaching 20 to 25 cm in length when extended." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm", |
| "quote": "Depending on the species, an adult earthworm can be from 10 mm (0.39 in) long and 1 mm (0.039 in) wide to 3 m (9.8 ft) long and over 25 mm (0.98 in) wide, but the typical Lumbricus terrestris grows to about 360 mm (14 in) long." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a mouse", |
| "typical_m": 0.0866025, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.075, |
| 0.1 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "head-and-body length, tail excluded (house mouse)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_mouse", |
| "quote": "House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 centimetres (3–4 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2–4 in).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "With the tail the animal is 12.5–20 cm long.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a goldfish", |
| "typical_m": 0.162481, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.12, |
| 0.22 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "total length (wild goldfish)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish", |
| "quote": "Wild goldfish typically grow to between 4.7 inches (12 cm) and 8.7 inches (22 cm) but can reach 16 inches (41 cm).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Watch item: the sourced figure is for wild goldfish; pet goldfish in bowls are often smaller (not sourced), which would put them near a mouse or frog.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a frog", |
| "typical_m": 0.0734847, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.06, |
| 0.09 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (common frog, Rana temporaria, as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_frog", |
| "quote": "The adult common frog has a body length of 6 to 9 centimetres (2.4 to 3.5 in).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Frogs as a group span 7.7 mm–35 cm.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (archetype species)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog", |
| "quote": "Frogs range in size from a snout–vent length of 7.7 mm (0.30 in) (the Paedophryne amauensis of Papua New Guinea) to about 35 cm (14 in) (the goliath frog (Conraua goliath) of central Africa, which is about 3.3 kg (7.3 lb))." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a smartphone", |
| "typical_m": 0.1476, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.128348, |
| 0.16974 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "height (Apple iPhone 16 as the reference handset)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.apple.com/iphone-16/specs/", |
| "quote": "Height: 5.81 inches (147.6 mm)", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (one reference model)", |
| "range_rule": "range = typical ×/÷ 1.15 (assumption, not sourced: the source gives only a single typical value)", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a book", |
| "typical_m": 0.24, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.178, |
| 0.32 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "height (octavo, the commonest modern format)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_size", |
| "quote": "Today, octavo and quarto are the most common book sizes, but many books are produced in larger and smaller sizes as well.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "representative example (octavo page height)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: A-format paperback 178 mm to quarto 320 mm", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_size", |
| "quote": "An octavo page, oriented a quarter turn from the full sheet, would have height 240 mm (9+1⁄2 in)—1⁄2 in × 19—and width 160 mm (6+1⁄4 in)—1⁄4 in × 25." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_size", |
| "quote": "If a sheet 480 by 640 mm (19 by 25 in) is used to print a quarto, the resulting untrimmed pages, will be approximately half as large in each dimension: width 240 mm (9+1⁄2 in) and height 320 mm (12+1⁄2 in)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback", |
| "quote": "This includes the A-format books of 110 mm × 178 mm (4+3⁄8 in × 7 in), in the United Kingdom, and the \"pocketbook\" format books of a similar size, in the United States." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a newborn baby", |
| "typical_m": 0.499099, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.47, |
| 0.53 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length at birth", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human", |
| "quote": "In developed countries, infants are typically 3–4 kg (7–9 lb) in weight and 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in height at birth.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "The 'Infant' article gives an odd 35.6–50.8 cm; not used.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range (≈ the stated 50 cm average)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_height", |
| "quote": "In developed nations, the average total body length of a newborn is about 50 cm (20 in), although premature newborns may be much smaller." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a rabbit", |
| "typical_m": 0.369865, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.36, |
| 0.38 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (European rabbit)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_rabbit", |
| "quote": "Adult European rabbits typically range from 36 to 38 centimetres (14 to 15 inches) in length and weigh 1.5 to 3 kilograms (3.3 to 6.6 pounds).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Domestic breeds vary much more (dwarf to giant breeds; not sourced).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a cat", |
| "typical_m": 0.46, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.4, |
| 0.529 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "head-and-body length, tail excluded (domestic cat)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat", |
| "quote": "It averages about 46 cm (18 in) in head-to-body length and 23–25 cm (9.1–9.8 in) in height, with about 30 cm (12 in) long tails.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated average", |
| "range_rule": "range = typical ×/÷ 1.15 (assumption, not sourced: the source gives only a single typical value)", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a chicken", |
| "typical_m": 0.489898, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.4, |
| 0.6 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "overall length (domestic chicken)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.dimensions.com/element/domestic-chicken-gallus-gallus-domesticus", |
| "quote": "The body of the Domestic Chicken has an overall length between 15.75”-23.6” (40-60 cm), body width of 4.5”-7.1” (11.5-18 cm), and standing height of roughly 9.8”-14.6” (25-37 cm).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Source: dimensions.com (design-reference site). By mass a chicken (2.6–4.5 kg, same page) is several times heavier than a crow.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a pigeon", |
| "typical_m": 0.324037, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.3, |
| 0.35 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length, bill to tail (rock dove)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_dove", |
| "quote": "The adult of the nominate subspecies of the rock dove is 30 to 35 cm (12 to 14 in) long with a 62 to 68 cm (24 to 27 in) wingspan.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Wingspan (62–68 cm) exceeds body length.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a crow", |
| "typical_m": 0.460435, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.4, |
| 0.53 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length, bill to tail (American crow)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crow", |
| "quote": "They measure 40–53 cm (16–21 in) in length, of which the tail makes up about 40%.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Wingspan 85–100 cm (American crow article).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_crow", |
| "quote": "It can be distinguished from the common raven by its size, around 48–52 cm (19–20 in) in length, as compared to an average of 63 cm (25 in) for ravens, and from the hooded crow by its black plumage." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a laptop", |
| "typical_m": 0.321738, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.28, |
| 0.43 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "width (Apple MacBook Air 13-inch and 15-inch as reference models)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.apple.com/macbook-air/specs/", |
| "quote": "Width: 11.97 inches (30.41 cm)", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of the two reference widths", |
| "range_rule": "assumption: the sourced screen-diagonal range (280–430 mm) used as a proxy for device width", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.apple.com/macbook-air/specs/", |
| "quote": "Width: 13.40 inches (34.04 cm)" |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop", |
| "quote": "Laptops feature all the standard input and output components of a desktop computer in a single compact unit, including a display screen (usually 11–17 in or 280–430 mm in diagonal size), speakers, a keyboard, and a pointing device (usually a trackpad)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a chair", |
| "typical_m": 0.8382, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.8128, |
| 0.8636 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "overall height to top of backrest (dining chair)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.theinside.com/blog/how-to-pick-the-right-dining-chair-height/", |
| "quote": "As for the back of the chair, the standard height is between 32 to 34 inches, but you’ll see a lot more variation in the back heights than you will seat heights.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Source: The Inside (furniture retailer guide). Seat height alone is ~43 cm (Wikipedia 'Chair'); backrest height varies more than the source range suggests.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range (33 in)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (32–34 in)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair", |
| "quote": "Mass-produced chairs are typically 17 inches (43 cm) high." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a dog", |
| "typical_m": 0.986762, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.24, |
| 1.26 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "overall body length (Labrador Retriever as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.dimensions.com/element/labrador-retriever", |
| "quote": "The Labrador Retriever has an overall body length of roughly 36”-42” (91-107 cm), standing height between 28”-33” (71-84 cm), and a typical lifespan of 10-14 years.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined across breeds. dimensions.com measures 'body length' inconsistently between breeds (Great Dane body length ≈ Labrador's), so the range ends are rough.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of Labrador range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: Chihuahua body length (24 cm) to Great Dane overall height (126 cm)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog", |
| "quote": "Dogs are extremely variable in size, ranging from one of the largest breeds, the Great Dane, at 50–79 kg (110–174 lb) and 71–81 cm (28–32 in), to one of the smallest, the Chihuahua, at 0.5–3 kg (1.1–6.6 lb) and 13–20 cm (5.1–7.9 in)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.dimensions.com/element/chihuahua", |
| "quote": "The Chihuahua has an overall body length of roughly 9.5”-15” (24-38 cm), standing height of 8.5”-13” (22-33 cm), and a typical lifespan of 14-16 years." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.dimensions.com/element/great-dane-dog", |
| "quote": "The average Great Dane has an overall height of 42.5\"-49.5\" (108-126 cm), withers height of 28\"-32\" (71-81 cm), and body length of 35.5\"-43\" (90-109 cm)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a five-year-old child", |
| "typical_m": 1.097, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 1.005, |
| 1.187 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "standing height at exactly 5 years (WHO Child Growth Standards)", |
| "source_url": "https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/child-growth/child-growth-standards/indicators/length-height-for-age/sft_lhfa_boys_p_2_5.pdf", |
| "quote": "5: 0 | 60 | 101.2 | 105.2 | 110.0 | 114.8 | 118.7", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Quotes are rows of the WHO simplified field tables (height in cm).", |
| "typical_rule": "mean of boys' and girls' medians (110.0, 109.4 cm)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: girls' 3rd to boys' 97th percentile", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/child-growth/child-growth-standards/indicators/length-height-for-age/sft_lhfa_boys_p_2_5.pdf", |
| "quote": "Simplified field tables Height-for-age BOYS 2 to 5 years (percentiles)" |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/child-growth/child-growth-standards/indicators/length-height-for-age/sft_lhfa_boys_p_2_5.pdf", |
| "quote": "Year: Month | Months | 3rd | 15th | Median | 85th | 97th" |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/child-growth/child-growth-standards/indicators/length-height-for-age/sft_lhfa_girls_p_2_5.pdf", |
| "quote": "5: 0 | 60 | 100.5 | 104.5 | 109.4 | 114.4 | 118.4" |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a salmon", |
| "typical_m": 0.734575, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.3, |
| 1.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (Atlantic salmon)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon", |
| "quote": "After two years at sea, the fish average 71 to 76 cm (28 to 30 in) in length and 3.6 to 5.4 kg (7.9 to 11.9 lb) in weight.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of the two-sea-winter average", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: grilse lower bound (30 cm) to 1 m", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon", |
| "quote": "It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon", |
| "quote": "Some rivers allow you to keep between 1 or 2 grilse (30 cm to 63 cm), while some of the more prolific rivers (mainly on the north coast) will allow you to keep 1 salmon over 63 cm." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a pig", |
| "typical_m": 1.27279, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.9, |
| 1.8 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (domestic pig)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.dimensions.com/element/domestic-pig", |
| "quote": "The typical Domestic Pig has an overall height of 20”-38” (51-97 cm) and body length of 35\"-71” (.9-1.8 m).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Source: dimensions.com. Wikipedia 'Pig' gives only weights (140–300 kg).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "an adult human", |
| "typical_m": 1.65, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 1.4, |
| 1.9 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "standing height", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human", |
| "quote": "It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about 171 cm (5 ft 7 in), while the worldwide average height for adult human females is about 159 cm (5 ft 3 in).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "mean of male and female world averages", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human", |
| "quote": "The typical height of an adult human is between 1.4 and 1.9 m (4 ft 7 in and 6 ft 3 in), although this varies significantly depending on sex, ethnic origin, and family bloodlines." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a chimpanzee", |
| "typical_m": 1.5, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 1.30435, |
| 1.725 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "standing height (upright)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee", |
| "quote": "Adult chimpanzees have an average standing height of 150 cm (4 ft 11 in).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Chimpanzees are mostly quadrupedal; by mass (males ~40 kg, females ~30 kg, same article) they are lighter than adult humans. The 150 cm figure is on the high side of figures I have seen elsewhere (not checked here).", |
| "typical_rule": "stated average", |
| "range_rule": "range = typical ×/÷ 1.15 (assumption, not sourced: the source gives only a single typical value)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee", |
| "quote": "In exceptional cases, certain individuals may considerably exceed these measurements, standing over 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) on two legs and weighing up to 136 kg (300 lb) in captivity." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a dolphin", |
| "typical_m": 2.95804, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 2.0, |
| 4.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (common bottlenose dolphin as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin", |
| "quote": "In most parts of the world, adult length is between 2.5 and 3.5 m (8.2 and 11.5 ft); weight ranges between 200 and 500 kg (440 and 1,100 lb).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Dolphins span 1.7–9.5 m (the orca is a dolphin); bottlenose is the assumed archetype.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of the 'most parts of the world' range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin", |
| "quote": "The bottlenose is between 2 and 4 m (6.6 and 13.1 ft) long, and weighs between 150 and 650 kg (330 and 1,430 lb)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin", |
| "quote": "Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) long and 50 kg (110 lb) Maui's dolphin to the 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) and 10 t (11 short tons) orca." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a cow", |
| "typical_m": 2.59, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 2.44, |
| 2.79 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "nose-to-tail length (mature Holstein)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.ontario.ca/page/dairy-cow-comfort-free-stall-dimensions", |
| "quote": "For example, the cows had a rump height of 152 cm (60 in.), a nose-to-tail length of 2.6 m (8.5 ft) and a hook-bone width of 64 cm (25 in.).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Source: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture (OMAFRA) stall-design factsheet, Table 1.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (table)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (table)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.ontario.ca/page/dairy-cow-comfort-free-stall-dimensions", |
| "quote": "Nose-to-tail | Length 259 cm (102 in.) | Range 244–279 cm (96–110 in.) | 1.6 x rump height" |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_Friesian", |
| "quote": "A mature Holstein cow typically weighs 680–770 kg (1,500–1,700 lb), and stands 145–165 cm (57–65 in) tall at the shoulder." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a horse", |
| "typical_m": 2.4, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 2.08696, |
| 2.76 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "nose-to-tail length", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_length", |
| "quote": "A horse length, or simply length, is a unit of measurement for the length of a horse from nose to tail, approximately 8 feet (2.4 m).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Height at the withers is 1.42–1.63 m for light riding horses.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (racing convention)", |
| "range_rule": "range = typical ×/÷ 1.15 (assumption, not sourced: the source gives only a single typical value)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse", |
| "quote": "Light-riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a shark", |
| "typical_m": 4.08167, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 0.17, |
| 18.8 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "total length (great white shark as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark", |
| "quote": "Female white sharks are mature at 4.6–4.9 m (15–16 ft) while males are mature at 3.4–4.0 m (11–13 ft).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: shark species span two orders of magnitude; most species are under ~1.5 m (not sourced), while the stereotype is a large predatory shark.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of mature great white lengths (3.4–4.9 m)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: all sharks (17 cm to 18.8 m)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark", |
| "quote": "Sharks range in size from the small dwarf lanternshark (Etmopterus perryi), a deep sea species that is only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the largest fish in the world, which reaches approximately 12 metres (40 ft) to 18.8 metres (62 ft) in length." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a car", |
| "typical_m": 4.5, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 4.2, |
| 4.6 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "length (C-segment family car)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-segment", |
| "quote": "In practice, C-segment cars have been described as having a length of approximately 4.5 m (14.8 ft).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "City cars are shorter and large SUVs longer than this range (not sourced).", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (C-segment)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-segment", |
| "quote": "C-segment cars are typically 4.2 to 4.6 m (13.8 to 15.1 ft) long and are most often sold as hatchbacks and estates in Europe, though sedans predominate in North America and much of Asia." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "an elephant", |
| "typical_m": 5.97913, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 5.5, |
| 6.5 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "head-and-body length including trunk (Asian elephant)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant", |
| "quote": "Length of body and head including trunk is 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) with the tail being 1.2–1.5 m (3 ft 11 in – 4 ft 11 in) long.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Shoulder height ~2.4–3.4 m.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant", |
| "quote": "Under optimal conditions where individuals are capable of reaching full growth potential, fully grown mature males are about 3.20 m (10.5 ft) tall at the shoulder and weigh 6.0 t (6.6 short tons) on average (with 90% of fully grown males under optimal conditions being between 3.04–3.36 m (10.0–11.0 ft) and 5.2–6.9 t (5.7–7.6 short tons))." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a bus", |
| "typical_m": 11.4891, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 11.0, |
| 12.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "length (single-deck transit bus)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_bus", |
| "quote": "Generally, a transit bus will be 35 to 40 feet (11 to 12 m) long, with seats and standing room.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Articulated buses are 16–18 m (same article).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a tree", |
| "typical_m": 20.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 6.0, |
| 40.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "height of a mature tree (pedunculate oak as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur", |
| "quote": "Pedunculate oak is a deciduous tree, typically maturing at up to 20 m in height, and sometimes up to 40 metres (130 ft), with a single stout trunk typically reaching up to 4 m, sometimes exceeding 10 m (33 ft) in girth (circumference at breast height), or even reportedly 14 m in pollarded specimens.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: trees run from the 6 m definitional minimum to 116 m (Hyperion).", |
| "typical_rule": "stated typical mature height of the archetype (oak)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: definitional minimum (6 m) to oak maximum (40 m)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree", |
| "quote": "One widely followed definition provided by the tree guide author Alan Mitchell is \"a woody perennial plant which can attain a stature of 6 metres or more on a single stem\"; thus excluding non-woody herbaceous plants like bananas, but including larger palms." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree", |
| "quote": "It has been named Hyperion and is 115.85 m (380.1 ft) tall." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a whale", |
| "typical_m": 14.4914, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 2.6, |
| 29.9 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (humpback whale as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale", |
| "quote": "The adult humpback whale is generally 14–15 m (46–49 ft) long, though individuals up to 16–17 m (52–56 ft) long have been recorded.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined, and nested with 'a blue whale' (a blue whale is a whale).", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of humpback 14–15 m", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: all whales (2.6–29.9 m)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale", |
| "quote": "Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) and 135 kilograms (298 lb) dwarf sperm whale to the 29.9 metres (98 ft) and 190 tonnes (210 short tons) blue whale, which is the largest known animal that has ever lived." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a house", |
| "typical_m": 12.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 8.0, |
| 20.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "largest horizontal dimension (detached single-family house)", |
| "source_url": "https://www.census.gov/construction/chars/highlights.html", |
| "quote": "The median size of a completed single-family home was 2,142 square feet.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Derivation: 2,142 sq ft ≈ 199 m² of floor area (US Census, new homes); over 1–2 storeys the footprint is ~100–199 m², i.e. ~10–14 m on a side; the height is ~2 storeys × 3.0 m plus roof ≈ 8–9 m. Typical 12 m and the range 8–20 m are my estimates. Ill-defined (cottage to mansion).", |
| "typical_rule": "ESTIMATE derived from sources (not a sourced value)", |
| "range_rule": "ESTIMATE (not sourced)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey", |
| "quote": "Generally this is around 3.0 m (10 ft) total; however, it varies widely from just under this figure to well over it." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a blue whale", |
| "typical_m": 23.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 20.49, |
| 29.9 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "body length (adult)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale", |
| "quote": "The average length of sexually mature female blue whales is 22.0 m (72.1 ft) for Eastern North Pacific blue whales, 24 m (79 ft) for central and western North Pacific blue whales, 21–24 m (68–78 ft) for North Atlantic blue whales, 25.4–26.6 m (83.4–87.3 ft) for Antarctic blue whales, 23.5 m (77.1 ft) for Chilean blue whales, and 21.3 m (69.9 ft) for pygmy blue whales.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "median of the six population means (22.0, 24, 22.5, 26.0, 23.5, 21.3 m)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: Gulf of California mean to maximum confirmed", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale", |
| "quote": "Length measurements of blue whales in the Gulf of California suggest a mean length of 20.49 m (67.2 ft) and a maximum length of 29.01 m (95.2 ft), which is comparable to Northeast Pacific blue whales." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale", |
| "quote": "Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9–30.5 m (98–100 ft) and weighing up to 190–200 t (190–200 long tons; 210–220 short tons), it is the largest animal known to have ever existed." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "an airliner", |
| "typical_m": 37.6, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 31.4, |
| 76.25 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "fuselage length (Airbus A320 as the narrow-body archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_family", |
| "quote": "The A320 is 37.6 m (123 ft) long and can accommodate 150 to 186 passengers.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Narrow-bodies (~31–45 m) vs wide-bodies (~60–76 m) differ ~2x, but no neighbour falls inside that band. By mass a blue whale (up to 190 t) outweighs an A320, though the airliner is longer.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (archetype model)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: A318 to 747-8", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_family", |
| "quote": "The 31.4 m (103 ft) long A318 typically accommodates 107 to 132 passengers." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-8", |
| "quote": "The two 747-8 variants feature a fuselage stretch of 18.3 ft (5.6 m) over the 747-400, bringing the total length to 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a football stadium", |
| "typical_m": 250.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 155.0, |
| 318.31 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "overall length of the stadium structure", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium", |
| "quote": "The stadium has a circumference of 1 km (0.62 mi).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: pitch (105 m) vs whole structure (~150–320 m); association vs American football. Typical 250 m is my estimate.", |
| "typical_rule": "ESTIMATE (not sourced)", |
| "range_rule": "lower ESTIMATE (105 m pitch + stands); upper derived: Wembley circumference 1 km / π ≈ 318 m", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium", |
| "quote": "With a span of 315 m (1,033 ft), the arch is the longest single-span roof structure in the world." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch", |
| "quote": "FIFA recommends that the field of play measures exactly 105 metres (115 yards) long and 68 metres (74 yards) wide; most – but not all – top-level professional pitches conform to these constraints." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a skyscraper", |
| "typical_m": 212.132, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 150.0, |
| 828.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "height", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper", |
| "quote": "Different organizations from the United States and Europe define skyscrapers as buildings at least 150 m (490 ft) in height or taller, with \"supertall\" skyscrapers for buildings higher than 300 m (984 ft) and \"megatall\" skyscrapers for those taller than 600 m (1,969 ft).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of the 150 m (skyscraper) and 300 m (supertall) thresholds", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: definition minimum to Burj Khalifa", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper", |
| "quote": "There are over seven thousand skyscrapers over 150 m (492 ft) in height worldwide, most of which were built in the 21st century." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper", |
| "quote": "The tallest skyscraper in the world is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, with a height of 828 m (2,717 ft)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a mountain", |
| "typical_m": 2304.08, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 300.0, |
| 8848.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "height (elevation/relief); the base width is usually several times larger", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain", |
| "quote": "John Whittow's Dictionary of Physical Geography states \"Some authorities regard eminences above 600 metres (1,969 ft) as mountains, those below being referred to as hills.\"", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined on two axes: which mountain, and which dimension. By height a mountain is smaller than a city; by base width or area it can be larger.", |
| "typical_rule": "geometric mean of the 600 m threshold and Everest", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: 300 m prominence to Everest", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain", |
| "quote": "Using this metric, Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain", |
| "quote": "In addition, some definitions also include a topographical prominence requirement, such as that the mountain rises 300 metres (984 ft) above the surrounding terrain." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a city", |
| "typical_m": 15818.5, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 6514.7, |
| 54115.2 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "equal-area diameter of the city", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris", |
| "quote": "Paris is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated city population of 2.04 million in an area of 105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi), as of January 2026, and a metropolitan population of 13.3 million (2023).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined (area vs diameter; town vs megacity). Equal-area diameter = 2·sqrt(area/π).", |
| "typical_rule": "DERIVED: geometric mean of Paris equal-area diameter (11.6 km) and Manhattan length (21.6 km)", |
| "range_rule": "DERIVED: 50,000 people at 1,500/km² → 33 km² → 6.5 km; Paris metro 2,300 km² → 54 km", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan", |
| "quote": "Manhattan Island is 22.7 sq mi (59 km2) in area, 13.4 mi (21.6 km) long and 2.3 mi (3.7 km) wide, at its widest point, near 14th Street." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City", |
| "quote": "The degree of urbanization is a modern metric to help define what comprises a city: \"a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants in contiguous dense grid cells (>1,500 inhabitants per square kilometer)\"." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris", |
| "quote": "The metropolitan area is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a country", |
| "typical_m": 1000000.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 748.482, |
| 9000000.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "largest extent (France as the archetype)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France", |
| "quote": "Its continental part covers about 1,000 km from north to south and from east to west.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: countries span four orders of magnitude; Russia (9,000 km) is wider than the Moon (3,474 km).", |
| "typical_rule": "stated extent of the archetype (France)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced/derived: Vatican 0.44 km² → 0.75 km equal-area diameter; Russia 9,000 km", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia", |
| "quote": "Russia lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W, extending some 9,000 km (5,600 mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000 km (1,600 to 2,500 mi) north to south." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City", |
| "quote": "With an area of 44 hectares (109 acres) and a population of about 882 in 2024, it is the smallest country in the world both by area and by population." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the Moon", |
| "typical_m": 3474000.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 3474000.0, |
| 3474000.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "diameter", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon", |
| "quote": "Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as the contiguous United States).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "single object", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the Earth", |
| "typical_m": 12742000.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 12713000.0, |
| 12756000.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "diameter (mean; range polar–equatorial)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", |
| "quote": "The orbital speed of Earth averages at 29.7827 km/s (107,218 km/h; 66,622 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance from Earth to the Moon, 384,400 km (238,855 mi), in about 3.5 hours.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (mean diameter)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced/derived: polar = equatorial − 43 km", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", |
| "quote": "Earth has a rounded shape, through hydrostatic equilibrium, with an equatorial diameter of 12,756 km (7,926 mi), making it the fifth-largest planetary-sized and largest terrestrial object of the Solar System, and 3.7 times larger than Earth's Moon." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", |
| "quote": "Due to Earth's rotation, its shape is that of an ellipsoid, bulging at its equator; its diameter is 43 km (27 mi) longer there than at its poles." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "Jupiter", |
| "typical_m": 142976000.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 133622000.0, |
| 142976000.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "equatorial diameter", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter", |
| "quote": "It is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of 142,976 km (88,841 mi) at its equator, giving it a volume 1,321 times that of the Earth.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "derived: polar diameter = equatorial / 1.07", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter", |
| "quote": "The equatorial radius is 7% longer than the polar radius." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the sun", |
| "typical_m": 1391400000.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 1391400000.0, |
| 1391400000.0 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "diameter", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun", |
| "quote": "It is the largest and most massive object in the Solar System; its diameter is about 1,391,400 km (864,600 mi), around 109 times that of Earth.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "single object", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the solar system", |
| "typical_m": 8975870000000.0, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 8975870000000.0, |
| 5.98391e+16 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "diameter (typical = Neptune's orbit; upper = outer edge of the Oort cloud)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System", |
| "quote": "Jupiter, the largest planet, is 5.2 AU from the Sun and has a radius of 71,000 km (0.00047 AU; 44,000 mi), whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is 30 AU from the Sun.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined edge (planets, heliopause, Oort cloud). Order-safe: every reading lies between the Sun and the Milky Way. The same article puts the heliopause at 70–90 AU, which looks low next to the Voyager crossings (~120 AU; from memory, not checked here).", |
| "typical_rule": "derived: 2 × 30 AU", |
| "range_rule": "derived: 2 × 30 AU to 2 × 200,000 AU", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System", |
| "quote": "The Oort cloud is theorized to surround the Solar System from potentially ~2,000 AU from the Sun to up to ~200,000 AU." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the Milky Way", |
| "typical_m": 8.26868e+20, |
| "range_m": [ |
| 7.09555e+20, |
| 1.51372e+21 |
| ], |
| "dimension": "disc diameter (D25 isophotal)", |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way", |
| "quote": "The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a D25 isophotal diameter estimated at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years), but only about 1,000 light-years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bar).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: 75,000 ly (1978 estimate) to 160,000 ly (outer-disc rings)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way", |
| "quote": "An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way of about 23 kpc (75,000 ly)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way", |
| "quote": "A 2015 paper reported that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane, which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly), which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size." |
| } |
| ] |
| } |
| ], |
| "temperature": [ |
| { |
| "entity": "outer space", |
| "typical_c": -270.45, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -272.15, |
| -270.42 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space", |
| "quote": "The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvins (−270 °C; −455 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: the radiation temperature is 2.7 K, but the sparse gas of space has kinetic temperatures of thousands (thermosphere) to millions of kelvins (intergalactic plasma).", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (radiation baseline 2.7 K)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: 1 K (Boomerang Nebula) to 2.725 K (CMB)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space", |
| "quote": "For example, the temperature in the Boomerang Nebula is 1 K (−272 °C; −458 °F), while the solar corona reaches temperatures of 1,200,000–2,600,000 K (2,200,000–4,700,000 °F)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space", |
| "quote": "The plasma between galaxies is thought to account for about half of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in the observable universe, having a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a kinetic temperature of millions of kelvins." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosphere", |
| "quote": "Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity, and can rise to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F) or more." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "liquid nitrogen", |
| "typical_c": -196.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -210.0, |
| -196.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen", |
| "quote": "It has a boiling point of about −196 °C (−321 °F; 77 K).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (boiling point)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: freezing to boiling point", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen", |
| "quote": "The temperature of liquid nitrogen can readily be reduced to its freezing point −210 °C (−346 °F; 63 K) by placing it in a vacuum chamber pumped by a vacuum pump." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "dry ice", |
| "typical_c": -78.5, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -78.5, |
| -78.5 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice", |
| "quote": "Dry ice sublimes at 194.7 K (−78.5 °C; −109.2 °F) at Earth atmospheric pressure.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (sublimation point)", |
| "range_rule": "single value at 1 atm", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "Antarctica in winter", |
| "typical_c": -60.2, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -80.0, |
| -26.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station", |
| "quote": "Daily mean °C (°F) | −28.1 | (−18.6) | −40.7 | (−41.3) | −53.6 | (−64.5) | −57.4 | (−71.3) | −57.7 | (−71.9) | −58.1 | (−72.6) | −60.2 | (−76.4) | −59.7 | (−75.5) | −58.9 | (−74.0) | −50.9 | (−59.6) | −37.2 | (−35.0) | −27.3 | (−17.1) | −49.1 | (−56.5)", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: coast vs interior differ by ~35 °C in winter. Table months run Jan→Aug in the quote.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated: South Pole July daily mean (interior plateau as the archetype)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: inland winter extreme (−80 °C) to McMurdo August mean (−26 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station", |
| "quote": "Climate data for Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year" |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica", |
| "quote": "Near the coast, the temperature can exceed 10 °C in summer and fall to below −40 °C in winter." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica", |
| "quote": "Over the elevated inland, it can rise to about −30 °C in summer but fall below −80 °C in winter." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica", |
| "quote": "Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from −26 °C (−14.8 °F) in August to −3 °C (26.6 °F) in January." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a freezer", |
| "typical_c": -18.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -23.0, |
| -18.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator", |
| "quote": "The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends that the refrigerator be kept at or below 4 °C (40 °F) and that the freezer be regulated at −18 °C (0 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (FDA)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator", |
| "quote": "Most household freezers maintain temperatures from −23 to −18 °C (−9 to 0 °F), although some freezer-only units can achieve −34 °C (−29 °F) and lower." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "ice cream", |
| "typical_c": -13.33, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -20.56, |
| -12.22 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.idfa.org/tips-on-storing-handling-ice-cream", |
| "quote": "Ice cream is easy to dip between 6°F and 10°F, the ideal serving temperature range.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Source: International Dairy Foods Association. Ice cream is stored at ≤ −18 °C and served at −14 to −12 °C.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of the serving range (6–10 °F = −14.4 to −12.2 °C)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: freezer setting −5 °F (−20.6 °C) to 10 °F (−12.2 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.idfa.org/tips-on-storing-handling-ice-cream", |
| "quote": "The optimum temperature is 0°F (-18°C) or colder." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.idfa.org/tips-on-storing-handling-ice-cream", |
| "quote": "Your freezer should be set at between -5°F and 0°F." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "an ice cube", |
| "typical_c": -9.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -18.0, |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice", |
| "quote": "During the melting process, the temperature remains constant at 0 °C (32 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: fresh from the freezer (−18 °C) vs melting in a drink (0 °C).", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: freezer temperature to melting point", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cube", |
| "quote": "Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then placed in a freezer until the water freezes into ice, producing ice cubes." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator", |
| "quote": "The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends that the refrigerator be kept at or below 4 °C (40 °F) and that the freezer be regulated at −18 °C (0 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "snow", |
| "typical_c": -4.5, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -9.0, |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/snow/science-snow", |
| "quote": "Snow forms when the atmospheric temperature is at or below freezing (0°C or 32°F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Polar snow can be far colder; the range describes snow where people usually meet it.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (NSIDC; US Army Corps of Engineers)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/snow/science-snow", |
| "quote": "It is true, however, that most heavy snowfalls occur when there is relatively warm air near the ground—typically -9°C (15°F) or warmer—since warmer air can hold more water vapor." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/hmsdocs/hmstrm/snow-accumulation-and-melt/snow-properties", |
| "quote": "The snowpack temperature cannot be greater than 0°C (32°F), the temperature at which ice and water coexist." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a refrigerator", |
| "typical_c": 4.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 3.0, |
| 5.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator", |
| "quote": "Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary numbers by manufacturers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest), but generally 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F) is ideal for the refrigerator compartment and −18 °C (0 °F) for the freezer.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range (= FDA ≤4 °C)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a glass of cold water", |
| "typical_c": 5.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 0.0, |
| 10.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22693241", |
| "quote": "All studies reporting palatability (n = 10) indicated that cold (0-10 °C) or cool (10-22 °C) beverages were preferred to warmer ones (control, ≥22 °C).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Source: Burdon et al. 2012, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 22(3):199 (systematic review; abstract). Ill-defined: iced (0 °C), refrigerated (3–5 °C), or cold tap water; a duplicate of 'a cold drink'.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of the 'cold beverage' band", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: 'cold' = 0–10 °C", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a spring day", |
| "typical_c": 14.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 5.42, |
| 32.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom", |
| "quote": "Spring and autumn feel quite similar and the temperatures tend to stay above 14 °C (57 °F) – also the average annual daytime temperature.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: depends on climate, month and time of day.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (UK spring daytime)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: coldest UK spring mean to Indian spring average", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom", |
| "quote": "The coldest spring on record was in 1891 with a mean temperature of 5.42 °C (41.76 °F)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_%28season%29", |
| "quote": "The spring season in India is culturally in the months of March and April, with an average temperature of approx 32 °C." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a swimming pool", |
| "typical_c": 26.5, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 25.0, |
| 28.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool", |
| "quote": "The water must be kept at 25–28 °C (77–82 °F) and the lighting level at or greater than 1500 lux.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "This is the FINA rule for Olympic-size pools; unheated outdoor pools vary more (not sourced).", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (FINA Olympic-pool rule)", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a living room", |
| "typical_c": 21.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 18.0, |
| 24.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature", |
| "quote": "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language identifies room temperature as around 20–22 °C (68–72 °F; 293–295 K), while the Oxford English Dictionary states that it is \"conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F; 293 K)\".", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Taken as room temperature; real homes vary with season and climate.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of the dictionary 'room temperature' band", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (WHO comfort band)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature", |
| "quote": "The World Health Organization in 1987 found that comfortable indoor temperatures of 18–24 °C (64–75 °F) were not associated with health risks for healthy adults with appropriate clothing, humidity, and other factors." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a human body", |
| "typical_c": 37.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 36.5, |
| 37.5 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_temperature", |
| "quote": "In humans, the average internal temperature is widely cited as 37 °C (98.6 °F), a \"normal\" temperature established in the 1800s.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_temperature", |
| "quote": "Normal human body temperature (normothermia, euthermia) is the typical temperature range found in humans, generally given as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a fever", |
| "typical_c": 39.3, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 37.6, |
| 41.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_temperature", |
| "quote": "37.6 °C (99.7 °F) — Classed as a slight fever.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Hotter than a normal human body by definition; the ranges do not overlap, so the pair is not a near-tie.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: slight fever (37.6 °C) to typical ceiling (41 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever", |
| "quote": "Fevers do not typically go higher than 41 to 42 °C (106 to 108 °F)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_temperature", |
| "quote": "An early morning temperature higher than 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) or a late afternoon temperature higher than 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) is normally considered a fever, assuming that the temperature is elevated due to a change in the hypothalamus's setpoint." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a hot bath", |
| "typical_c": 41.39, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 40.0, |
| 42.78 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190719173554.htm", |
| "quote": "Researchers in the Cockrell School of Engineering found that bathing 1-2 hours before bedtime in water of about 104-109 degrees Fahrenheit can significantly improve your sleep.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "ScienceDaily release on Haghayegh et al. 2019 (Sleep Med Rev). Western baths may be cooler (not sourced).", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range (104–109 °F = 40.0–42.8 °C)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathing", |
| "quote": "Bath water in Japan is much hotter than what is usual in Central Europe. The temperature is usually well above 40 °C (104 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a cup of hot coffee", |
| "typical_c": 73.5, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 68.0, |
| 79.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee", |
| "quote": "Ideal holding temperatures range from 85 to 88 °C (185 to 190 °F) to as high as 93 °C (199 °F), and the ideal serving temperature is 68 to 79 °C (154 to 174 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Serving temperature; people drink it cooler (~60–65 °C, see 'a cup of tea').", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of serving range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (serving)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebeck_v._McDonald%27s_Restaurants", |
| "quote": "Liebeck's attorneys argued that coffee should never be served hotter than 140 °F (60 °C), and that a number of other establishments served coffee at a substantially lower temperature than McDonald's." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a sauna", |
| "typical_c": 85.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 70.0, |
| 100.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna", |
| "quote": "A sauna session can be a social affair in which the participants disrobe and sit or recline in temperatures typically between 70 and 100 °C (158 and 212 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Air temperature.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "boiling water", |
| "typical_c": 100.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 93.4, |
| 100.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water", |
| "quote": "At sea level, the boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (sea level to 1,905 m altitude)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point", |
| "quote": "Because of this, water boils at 100 °C, rounded from scientific precision of 99.97 °C (211.95 °F), under standard pressure at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905 metres (6,250 ft) altitude." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a hot oven", |
| "typical_c": 220.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 200.0, |
| 240.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mark", |
| "quote": "6 | 400 | 200 | Moderately hot | 7 | 425 | 220 | Hot | 8 | 450 | 230 | Hot/Very hot | 9 | 475 | 240 | Very hot", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Wikipedia 'Gas mark' conversion table.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (gas mark 7 = 'Hot')", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: 'Moderately hot' (200 °C) to 'Very hot' (240 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mark", |
| "quote": "Conversion table[4][5] | Gas Mark | Fahrenheit | Celsius | Description" |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a candle flame", |
| "typical_c": 1000.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 600.0, |
| 1400.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle", |
| "quote": "On average, the flame temperature is about 1,000 °C (1,800 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated average", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: zone I (~600 °C) to the hottest point (~1,400 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle", |
| "quote": "The hottest part of a candle flame is just above the very dull blue part to one side of the flame, at the base. At this point, the flame is about 1,400 °C (2,550 °F)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle", |
| "quote": "Zone I – this is the non-luminous, lowest, and coolest part of the candle flame. It is located around the base of the wick where there is insufficient oxygen for fuel to burn. Temperatures are around 600 °C (1,112 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a campfire", |
| "typical_c": 630.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 250.0, |
| 800.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.alt-rd.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Thery-et-al-2025.pdf", |
| "quote": "To sum up, in an open fire structure such as the one we experimented with, the average temperatures recorded ranged from 250 °C to 550 °C and the average maximum temperatures from 460 °C to 800 °C, with no correlation with the variable tested (volume, number of logs, species).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Théry et al. 2025, J. Archaeol. Sci. Reports (experimental open hearths). Local flame temperatures can be higher; '◦ C' in the PDF text is read as '°C'.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of the average-maximum band (460–800 °C)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: lowest average to highest average maximum", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "lava", |
| "typical_c": 1000.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 800.0, |
| 1200.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava", |
| "quote": "The temperature of most types of molten lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) depending on the lava's chemical composition.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Basaltic (Hawaiian-type) lava runs 1,100–1,200 °C.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava", |
| "quote": "Pahoehoe lavas typically have a temperature of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "molten iron", |
| "typical_c": 1538.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 1146.85, |
| 1600.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron", |
| "quote": "As molten iron cools past its freezing point of 1538 °C, it crystallizes into its δ allotrope, which has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Molten pure iron is at or above 1,538 °C; molten pig iron can be ~400 °C cooler.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (freezing point of pure iron)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: pig-iron melting point (1420 K = 1147 °C) to blast-furnace combustion zone (1,600 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron", |
| "quote": "Pig iron has a melting point in the range of 1420–1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace", |
| "quote": "The main blast furnace has of three levels; the reduction zone (523–973 K (250–700 °C; 482–1,292 °F)), slag formation zone (1,073–1,273 K (800–1,000 °C; 1,472–1,832 °F)), and the combustion zone (1,773–1,873 K (1,500–1,600 °C; 2,732–2,912 °F))." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a light bulb filament", |
| "typical_c": 2376.85, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 1726.85, |
| 3026.85 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb", |
| "quote": "An electric current heats the filament to typically 2,000 to 3,300 K (1,730 to 3,030 °C; 3,140 to 5,480 °F), well below tungsten's melting point of 3,695 K (3,422 °C; 6,191 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the surface of the sun", |
| "typical_c": 5499.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 4126.85, |
| 6326.85 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere", |
| "quote": "The Sun's photosphere has a temperature between 4,400 and 6,600 K (4,130 and 6,330 °C) (with an effective temperature of 5,772 K (5,499 °C)) meaning human eyes perceive it as an overwhelmingly bright surface, and with a sufficiently strong neutral density filter, as a hueless, gray surface.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (effective temperature)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a lightning bolt", |
| "typical_c": 30000.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 27800.0, |
| 30000.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning", |
| "quote": "The air around the lightning flash rapidly heats to temperatures of about 30,000 °C (54,000 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "About five times hotter than the Sun's surface.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning", |
| "quote": "The core temperature of the plasma during the return stroke may exceed 27,800 °C (50,000 °F), causing it to radiate with a brilliant, blue-white color." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the core of the sun", |
| "typical_c": 15700000.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 10000000.0, |
| 15700000.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun", |
| "quote": "It has a density of up to 150 g/cm3 (about 150 times the density of liquid water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins (K).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (central temperature)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: core edge to centre", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_core", |
| "quote": "At 19% of the solar radius, near the edge of the core, temperatures are about 10 million kelvins and fusion power density is 6.9 W/m3, which is about 2.5% of the maximum value at the solar center." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the surface of Venus", |
| "typical_c": 464.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 462.0, |
| 467.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus", |
| "quote": "The surface pressure is 9.3 megapascals (93 bars), and the average surface temperature is 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F), above the critical points of both major constituents and making the surface atmosphere a supercritical fluid of mainly supercritical carbon dioxide and some supercritical nitrogen.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Hotter than a hot oven, and about as hot as a Neapolitan pizza oven.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated average", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus", |
| "quote": "The CO2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus", |
| "quote": "The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the surface of Mars", |
| "typical_c": -63.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -110.0, |
| 35.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Mars", |
| "quote": "Differing in situ values have been reported for the average temperature on Mars, with a common value being −63 °C (210 K; −81 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Very wide day/night and latitude range.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (common average)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars", |
| "quote": "Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −110 °C (−166 °F) to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a desert at noon", |
| "typical_c": 45.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 38.0, |
| 50.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert", |
| "quote": "In hot deserts, the temperature during daytime can exceed 45 °C (113 °F) in summer and plunge below freezing point at night during winter.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: hot vs cold deserts, and season. The NPS table prints 116°F as '41°C' for July (116 °F is 46.7 °C) — quoted as found.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (hot-desert summer daytime)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: Death Valley May average high (38 °C) to Sahara maximum (50 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert", |
| "quote": "In the heat of the day in the Sahara, the temperature can rise to 50 °C (122 °F)." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/weather.htm", |
| "quote": "JAN | FEB | MAR | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | OCT | NOV | DEC | Year | Average High | 67°F | 19°C | 73°F | 23°C | 82°F | 27°C | 90°F | 32°C | 100°F | 38°C | 110°F | 43°C | 116°F | 41°C | 115°F | 46°C | 106°F | 41°C | 93°F | 34°C | 77°F | 25°C | 65°F | 18°C | 91°F | 33°C" |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a hot spring", |
| "typical_c": 42.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 21.0, |
| 98.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2292_how.html", |
| "quote": "Note that the bath water can be very hot, typically 40-44 degrees Celsius (or 104-111 degrees Fahrenheit).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: definitions run from >21 °C to >50 °C, and some springs are near boiling.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of the onsen bathing band (archetype)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: weakest definition (>21 °C) to near-boiling springs (98 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring", |
| "quote": "a natural spring of water whose temperature is greater than 21 °C (70 °F)" |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring", |
| "quote": "The Tamagawa Hot Spring feeds a 3 m (9.8 ft) wide stream with a temperature of 98 °C (208 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a cup of tea", |
| "typical_c": 63.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 55.0, |
| 70.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://foodsci.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/foodsci/attachments/hot-bev-temp.pdf", |
| "quote": "The averaged preferred drinking temperature was 63 °C (145 °F) with a range from 55 to 70 °C (131 to 158 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Abraham et al. 2019, J. Food Sci. (review). The figure is for coffee drinkers; the review says it should carry over to tea. This is drinking temperature, whereas the coffee entry uses serving temperature.", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (preferred drinking temperature)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://foodsci.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/foodsci/attachments/hot-bev-temp.pdf", |
| "quote": "It is expected that there would be similar preferred temperatures for other hot beverages (such as tea); we also expect that temperatures considered “too hot” for coffee would also be “too hot” for beverages such as tea." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a pizza oven", |
| "typical_c": 455.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 430.0, |
| 485.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.pizzanapoletana.org/en/ricetta_pizza_napoletana", |
| "quote": "The cooking must be done exclusively in a wood-fired oven, which has reached a temperature between 430-480C°.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Neapolitan wood-fired oven (AVPN rules). Home electric pizza ovens run cooler (not sourced).", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of the AVPN band", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (AVPN 430–480 °C; Wikipedia 485 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_pizza", |
| "quote": "The pizza must be baked for 60–90 seconds in a 485 °C (905 °F) wood-fired oven." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a blacksmith's forge", |
| "typical_c": 1095.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 930.0, |
| 1260.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging", |
| "quote": "Forging temperatures for aluminum are around 430 °C (806 °F), while steels and super alloys can be 930 to 1,260 °C (1,710 to 2,300 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "Temperature of the hot steel being worked; the fire itself is hotter (not sourced).", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of steel forging range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith", |
| "quote": "Iron, by contrast, is definitely a solid at 800 °F (427 °C), but over the next 1,500 °F (820 °C) it becomes increasingly plastic and more \"taffy-like\" as its temperature increases." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a jacuzzi", |
| "typical_c": 38.5, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 37.0, |
| 40.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_tub", |
| "quote": "Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommends that water temperatures never exceed 40 degrees Celsius (104 °F).", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "The article's '37 degrees Celsius (100 °F)' conversion is off (37 °C = 98.6 °F); quoted as found.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (safe band to the CPSC maximum)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_tub", |
| "quote": "A temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (100 °F) is considered safe for a healthy adult." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool", |
| "quote": "Water temperature is usually very warm to hot – 38 to 42 °C (100 to 108 °F) – so bathers usually stay in for only 20 to 30 minutes." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a cold drink", |
| "typical_c": 5.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| 0.0, |
| 10.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22693241", |
| "quote": "All studies reporting palatability (n = 10) indicated that cold (0-10 °C) or cool (10-22 °C) beverages were preferred to warmer ones (control, ≥22 °C).", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined (iced vs refrigerated), and a duplicate of 'a glass of cold water'.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of the 'cold beverage' band", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: 'cold' = 0–10 °C", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a snowman", |
| "typical_c": 0.0, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -9.0, |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowman", |
| "quote": "Snow becomes most suitable for packing when it approaches its melting point and becomes moist and compact.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated qualitatively (packing snow is near its melting point)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced (snow range, NSIDC)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/snow/science-snow", |
| "quote": "It is true, however, that most heavy snowfalls occur when there is relatively warm air near the ground—typically -9°C (15°F) or warmer—since warmer air can hold more water vapor." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "a glacier", |
| "typical_c": -8.5, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -17.0, |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier", |
| "quote": "Thermally, a temperate glacier is at a melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base.", |
| "ambiguous": true, |
| "note": "Ill-defined: temperate glaciers sit at 0 °C, polar glaciers well below it; ice-sheet surfaces are colder still (not sourced), so the lower bound is conservative.", |
| "typical_rule": "midpoint of sourced range", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: cold-based Antarctic glaciers (−17 °C basal) to temperate glaciers (0 °C)", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier", |
| "quote": "The ice of a polar glacier is always below the freezing threshold from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting." |
| }, |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacier-flow-2/glacial-processes/", |
| "quote": "Mean annual air temperature is around -19.8°C, and the majority of the local glaciers are cold throughout[17]. These glaciers have basal temperatures of around -17°C[17, 37], and no free running water[38]." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "entity": "the Arctic Ocean", |
| "typical_c": -1.8, |
| "range_c": [ |
| -1.8, |
| 3.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean", |
| "quote": "The temperature of the surface water of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant at approximately −1.8 °C (28.8 °F), near the freezing point of seawater.", |
| "ambiguous": false, |
| "note": "", |
| "typical_rule": "stated (surface water)", |
| "range_rule": "sourced: surface water to the Atlantic Water layer", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean", |
| "quote": "Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C [37 °F])." |
| } |
| ] |
| } |
| ], |
| "near_ties": { |
| "size": [ |
| [ |
| "a grain of sand", |
| "an amoeba", |
| 1.202 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a mosquito", |
| "an ant", |
| 1.155 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a mosquito", |
| "a fly", |
| 1.528 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an ant", |
| "a fly", |
| 1.323 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a frog", |
| "a mouse", |
| 1.179 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a smartphone", |
| "an earthworm", |
| 1.005 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a smartphone", |
| "a goldfish", |
| 1.101 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an earthworm", |
| "a goldfish", |
| 1.095 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an earthworm", |
| "a book", |
| 1.618 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a goldfish", |
| "a book", |
| 1.477 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a book", |
| "a laptop", |
| 1.341 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a book", |
| "a pigeon", |
| 1.35 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a pigeon", |
| 1.007 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a rabbit", |
| 1.15 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a cat", |
| 1.43 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a crow", |
| 1.431 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a chicken", |
| 1.523 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a rabbit", |
| "a salmon", |
| 1.986 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cat", |
| "a crow", |
| 1.001 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cat", |
| "a chicken", |
| 1.065 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cat", |
| "a newborn baby", |
| 1.085 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cat", |
| "a salmon", |
| 1.597 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a crow", |
| "a chicken", |
| 1.064 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a crow", |
| "a newborn baby", |
| 1.084 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a crow", |
| "a salmon", |
| 1.595 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chicken", |
| "a newborn baby", |
| 1.019 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chicken", |
| "a salmon", |
| 1.499 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a newborn baby", |
| "a salmon", |
| 1.472 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a newborn baby", |
| "a dog", |
| 1.977 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a salmon", |
| "a chair", |
| 1.141 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a salmon", |
| "a dog", |
| 1.343 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a salmon", |
| "a pig", |
| 1.733 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chair", |
| "a dog", |
| 1.177 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a dog", |
| "a five-year-old child", |
| 1.112 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a dog", |
| "a pig", |
| 1.29 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a five-year-old child", |
| "a pig", |
| 1.16 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pig", |
| "a chimpanzee", |
| 1.179 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pig", |
| "an adult human", |
| 1.296 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chimpanzee", |
| "an adult human", |
| 1.1 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a horse", |
| "a cow", |
| 1.079 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a horse", |
| "a dolphin", |
| 1.233 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a horse", |
| "a shark", |
| 1.701 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cow", |
| "a dolphin", |
| 1.142 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cow", |
| "a shark", |
| 1.576 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a dolphin", |
| "a shark", |
| 1.38 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a shark", |
| "a car", |
| 1.102 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a shark", |
| "an elephant", |
| 1.465 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a bus", |
| "a house", |
| 1.044 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a bus", |
| "a whale", |
| 1.261 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a bus", |
| "a tree", |
| 1.741 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a house", |
| "a whale", |
| 1.208 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a house", |
| "a tree", |
| 1.667 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a whale", |
| "a tree", |
| 1.38 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a whale", |
| "a blue whale", |
| 1.587 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a tree", |
| "a blue whale", |
| 1.15 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a tree", |
| "an airliner", |
| 1.88 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a skyscraper", |
| "a football stadium", |
| 1.179 |
| ] |
| ], |
| "temperature": [ |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "Antarctica in winter", |
| 2.8 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a freezer", |
| "ice cream", |
| 4.67 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a freezer", |
| "an ice cube", |
| 9.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "ice cream", |
| "an ice cube", |
| 4.33 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "ice cream", |
| "a glacier", |
| 4.83 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an ice cube", |
| "a glacier", |
| 0.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an ice cube", |
| "snow", |
| 4.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an ice cube", |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| 7.2 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an ice cube", |
| "a snowman", |
| 9.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an ice cube", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| 14.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an ice cube", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 14.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a glacier", |
| "snow", |
| 4.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a glacier", |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| 6.7 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a glacier", |
| "a snowman", |
| 8.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a glacier", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| 13.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a glacier", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 13.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "snow", |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| 2.7 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "snow", |
| "a snowman", |
| 4.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "snow", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| 9.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "snow", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 9.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| "a snowman", |
| 1.8 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| "a refrigerator", |
| 5.8 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| 6.8 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 6.8 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a snowman", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| 5.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a snowman", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 5.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a refrigerator", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| 1.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a refrigerator", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 1.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| "a spring day", |
| 9.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cold drink", |
| "a spring day", |
| 9.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a spring day", |
| "a living room", |
| 7.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a spring day", |
| "a swimming pool", |
| 12.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a human body", |
| "a jacuzzi", |
| 1.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a human body", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 5.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a jacuzzi", |
| "a fever", |
| 0.8 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a jacuzzi", |
| "a hot bath", |
| 2.89 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a jacuzzi", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 3.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a jacuzzi", |
| "a desert at noon", |
| 6.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a fever", |
| "a hot bath", |
| 2.09 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a fever", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 2.7 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a fever", |
| "a desert at noon", |
| 5.7 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a hot bath", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 0.61 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a hot bath", |
| "a desert at noon", |
| 3.61 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a hot spring", |
| "a desert at noon", |
| 3.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cup of tea", |
| "a cup of hot coffee", |
| 10.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cup of hot coffee", |
| "a sauna", |
| 11.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a sauna", |
| "boiling water", |
| 15.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pizza oven", |
| "the surface of Venus", |
| 9.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a candle flame", |
| "lava", |
| 0.0 |
| ] |
| ] |
| }, |
| "proposed_replacements": [ |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "an amoeba", |
| "with": "a red blood cell", |
| "typical": 7.13022e-06, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 6.2e-06, |
| 8.2e-06 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell", |
| "quote": "A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2–8.2 μm and a maximum thickness of 2–2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8–1 μm, being much smaller than most other human cells.", |
| "note": "Well-defined cell size that also fills the bacterium → sand-grain gap. (If the giant amoeba is wanted, 'Amoeba proteus' is 220–760 µm, but it ties with a sand grain.)", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a snail", |
| "with": "a garden snail", |
| "typical": 0.0316228, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 0.025, |
| 0.04 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_aspersum", |
| "quote": "The adult bears a hard, thin calcareous shell 25–40 millimetres (1–1+5⁄8 in) in diameter and 25–35 millimetres (1–1+3⁄8 in) high, with four or five whorls.", |
| "note": "Shell diameter.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a dog", |
| "with": "a Labrador retriever", |
| "typical": 0.986762, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 0.91, |
| 1.07 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.dimensions.com/element/labrador-retriever", |
| "quote": "The Labrador Retriever has an overall body length of roughly 36”-42” (91-107 cm), standing height between 28”-33” (71-84 cm), and a typical lifespan of 10-14 years.", |
| "note": "Overall body length.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a shark", |
| "with": "a great white shark", |
| "typical": 4.08167, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 3.4, |
| 4.9 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark", |
| "quote": "Female white sharks are mature at 4.6–4.9 m (15–16 ft) while males are mature at 3.4–4.0 m (11–13 ft).", |
| "note": "Mature adults. Still a near-tie with a car (4.5 m).", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a tree", |
| "with": "an oak tree", |
| "typical": 20.0, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 20.0, |
| 40.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur", |
| "quote": "Pedunculate oak is a deciduous tree, typically maturing at up to 20 m in height, and sometimes up to 40 metres (130 ft), with a single stout trunk typically reaching up to 4 m, sometimes exceeding 10 m (33 ft) in girth (circumference at breast height), or even reportedly 14 m in pollarded specimens.", |
| "note": "Mature height. The range covers mature trees only.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a whale", |
| "with": "a humpback whale", |
| "typical": 14.4914, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 14.0, |
| 17.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale", |
| "quote": "The adult humpback whale is generally 14–15 m (46–49 ft) long, though individuals up to 16–17 m (52–56 ft) long have been recorded.", |
| "note": "Removes the whale/blue-whale nesting; the ranges no longer overlap.", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale", |
| "quote": "Adults range in length from 14–17 m (46–56 ft) and weigh up to 40 metric tons (44 short tons)." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a house", |
| "with": "a 40-foot shipping container", |
| "typical": 12.2, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 12.2, |
| 12.2 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container", |
| "quote": "About 90% of the world's containers are either nominal 20-foot (6.1 m) or 40-foot (12.2 m) long, although the United States and Canada also use longer units of 45 ft (13.7 m), 48 ft (14.6 m) and 53 ft (16.2 m).", |
| "note": "Standardised length in the same size band. Alternative: drop 'a house' (the 10–40 m band is already crowded).", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a football stadium", |
| "with": "a football pitch", |
| "typical": 105.0, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 100.0, |
| 110.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch", |
| "quote": "FIFA recommends that the field of play measures exactly 105 metres (115 yards) long and 68 metres (74 yards) wide; most – but not all – top-level professional pitches conform to these constraints.", |
| "note": "Length of the playing field.", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch", |
| "quote": "For international matches the field dimensions are more tightly constrained; the goal lines are between 70–80 yards (64–73 m) wide and the touchlines are between 110–120 yards (100–110 m) long." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a mountain", |
| "with": "Mount Everest", |
| "typical": 8848.0, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 8848.0, |
| 8848.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain", |
| "quote": "Using this metric, Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft).", |
| "note": "Fixes which mountain, not which dimension: its height is 8.8 km but its base is far wider, so comparisons with cities or countries remain dimension-mismatched.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a city", |
| "with": "Manhattan", |
| "typical": 21600.0, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 21600.0, |
| 21600.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan", |
| "quote": "Manhattan Island is 22.7 sq mi (59 km2) in area, 13.4 mi (21.6 km) long and 2.3 mi (3.7 km) wide, at its widest point, near 14th Street.", |
| "note": "Length of the island.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "a country", |
| "with": "France", |
| "typical": 1000000.0, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 1000000.0, |
| 1000000.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France", |
| "quote": "Its continental part covers about 1,000 km from north to south and from east to west.", |
| "note": "Extent of metropolitan France.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "size", |
| "replace": "the solar system", |
| "with": "the orbit of Neptune", |
| "typical": 8975870000000.0, |
| "unit": "m", |
| "range": [ |
| 8945950000000.0, |
| 9125470000000.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System", |
| "quote": "Neptune (29.9–30.5 AU) is the furthest planet known in the Solar System.", |
| "note": "Diameter = 2 × orbital distance (1 AU = 1.495978707e11 m).", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "outer space", |
| "with": "the cosmic microwave background", |
| "typical": -270.42, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| -270.42, |
| -270.42 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background", |
| "quote": "The color temperature Tr of the CMB as a function of redshift, z, can be shown to be proportional to the color temperature of the CMB as observed in the present day (2.725 K or 0.2348 meV):", |
| "note": "A single well-defined radiation temperature.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "Antarctica in winter", |
| "with": "the South Pole in winter", |
| "typical": -60.2, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| -60.2, |
| -58.1 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station", |
| "quote": "Daily mean °C (°F) | −28.1 | (−18.6) | −40.7 | (−41.3) | −53.6 | (−64.5) | −57.4 | (−71.3) | −57.7 | (−71.9) | −58.1 | (−72.6) | −60.2 | (−76.4) | −59.7 | (−75.5)", |
| "note": "June–August daily means: −58.1, −60.2, −59.7 °C. Still a near-tie with the surface of Mars (−63 °C).", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "a spring day", |
| "with": "Earth's average surface temperature", |
| "typical": 14.76, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 14.76, |
| 15.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", |
| "quote": "This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure.", |
| "note": "Fills the same mild slot with a single sourced value.", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", |
| "quote": "Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (−0.4 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form." |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "a desert at noon", |
| "with": "Death Valley on a summer afternoon", |
| "typical": 46.67, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 43.33, |
| 48.89 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/weather.htm", |
| "quote": "Summer temperatures often top 120°F (49°C) in the shade with overnight lows dipping into the 90s°F (mid-30s°C.)", |
| "note": "Typical = July average high 116 °F (46.7 °C); range June average high (110 °F) to 'often top 120°F'. The NPS table prints 41°C next to 116°F, which is a misprint.", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/weather.htm", |
| "quote": "JAN | FEB | MAR | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | OCT | NOV | DEC | Year | Average High | 67°F | 19°C | 73°F | 23°C | 82°F | 27°C | 90°F | 32°C | 100°F | 38°C | 110°F | 43°C | 116°F | 41°C | 115°F | 46°C | 106°F | 41°C | 93°F | 34°C | 77°F | 25°C | 65°F | 18°C | 91°F | 33°C" |
| } |
| ] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "a hot spring", |
| "with": "an onsen bath", |
| "typical": 42.0, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 40.0, |
| 44.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2292_how.html", |
| "quote": "Note that the bath water can be very hot, typically 40-44 degrees Celsius (or 104-111 degrees Fahrenheit).", |
| "note": "Bathing water of a Japanese hot-spring bath. Ties with a hot bath, a jacuzzi and a fever.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "an ice cube", |
| "with": "a melting ice cube", |
| "typical": 0.0, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 0.0, |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice", |
| "quote": "During the melting process, the temperature remains constant at 0 °C (32 °F).", |
| "note": "Physically fixed at 0 °C.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "a glacier", |
| "with": "a temperate glacier", |
| "typical": 0.0, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 0.0, |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier", |
| "quote": "Thermally, a temperate glacier is at a melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base.", |
| "note": "At the (pressure) melting point throughout, i.e. ~0 °C. Plainer alternative: 'an Alpine glacier', which is mostly temperate (not sourced).", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "a glass of cold water", |
| "with": "a glass of water from the refrigerator", |
| "typical": 4.0, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 3.0, |
| 5.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator", |
| "quote": "Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary numbers by manufacturers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest), but generally 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F) is ideal for the refrigerator compartment and −18 °C (0 °F) for the freezer.", |
| "note": "Equals refrigerator temperature, so it is a deliberate tie with 'a refrigerator'. Dropping it is also fine.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "a cold drink", |
| "with": "a glass of ice water", |
| "typical": 0.0, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 0.0, |
| 0.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice", |
| "quote": "As the ice melts, it absorbs heat and keeps the drink near 0 °C (32 °F).", |
| "note": "Option A (like-for-like). It ties exactly with 'a melting ice cube' and 'a snowman'.", |
| "extra_sources": [] |
| }, |
| { |
| "scale": "temperature", |
| "replace": "a cold drink", |
| "with": "the Sun's corona", |
| "typical": 1500000.0, |
| "unit": "°C", |
| "range": [ |
| 999700.0, |
| 2600000.0 |
| ], |
| "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun", |
| "quote": "The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000–2,000,000 K.", |
| "note": "Option B (gap-filler). 'A cold drink' duplicates 'a glass of cold water', while the scale has no entity between a lightning bolt (3×10^4 °C) and the core of the Sun (1.6×10^7 °C).", |
| "extra_sources": [ |
| { |
| "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space", |
| "quote": "For example, the temperature in the Boomerang Nebula is 1 K (−272 °C; −458 °F), while the solar corona reaches temperatures of 1,200,000–2,600,000 K (2,200,000–4,700,000 °F)." |
| } |
| ] |
| } |
| ], |
| "order": { |
| "size_smallest_to_largest": [ |
| "an atom", |
| "a virus", |
| "a bacterium", |
| "a grain of sand", |
| "an amoeba", |
| "a mosquito", |
| "an ant", |
| "a fly", |
| "a bee", |
| "a snail", |
| "a frog", |
| "a mouse", |
| "a smartphone", |
| "an earthworm", |
| "a goldfish", |
| "a book", |
| "a laptop", |
| "a pigeon", |
| "a rabbit", |
| "a cat", |
| "a crow", |
| "a chicken", |
| "a newborn baby", |
| "a salmon", |
| "a chair", |
| "a dog", |
| "a five-year-old child", |
| "a pig", |
| "a chimpanzee", |
| "an adult human", |
| "a horse", |
| "a cow", |
| "a dolphin", |
| "a shark", |
| "a car", |
| "an elephant", |
| "a bus", |
| "a house", |
| "a whale", |
| "a tree", |
| "a blue whale", |
| "an airliner", |
| "a skyscraper", |
| "a football stadium", |
| "a mountain", |
| "a city", |
| "a country", |
| "the Moon", |
| "the Earth", |
| "Jupiter", |
| "the sun", |
| "the solar system", |
| "the Milky Way" |
| ], |
| "temperature_coldest_to_hottest": [ |
| "outer space", |
| "liquid nitrogen", |
| "dry ice", |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "Antarctica in winter", |
| "a freezer", |
| "ice cream", |
| "an ice cube", |
| "a glacier", |
| "snow", |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| "a snowman", |
| "a refrigerator", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| "a cold drink", |
| "a spring day", |
| "a living room", |
| "a swimming pool", |
| "a human body", |
| "a jacuzzi", |
| "a fever", |
| "a hot bath", |
| "a hot spring", |
| "a desert at noon", |
| "a cup of tea", |
| "a cup of hot coffee", |
| "a sauna", |
| "boiling water", |
| "a hot oven", |
| "a pizza oven", |
| "the surface of Venus", |
| "a campfire", |
| "a candle flame", |
| "lava", |
| "a blacksmith's forge", |
| "molten iron", |
| "a light bulb filament", |
| "the surface of the sun", |
| "a lightning bolt", |
| "the core of the sun" |
| ] |
| }, |
| "range_overlap_beyond_near_tie_rule": { |
| "size": [ |
| [ |
| "a bacterium", |
| "an amoeba", |
| 268.794 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an earthworm", |
| "a dog", |
| 6.653 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an earthworm", |
| "a shark", |
| 27.519 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a goldfish", |
| "a shark", |
| 25.121 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a book", |
| "a salmon", |
| 3.061 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a book", |
| "a dog", |
| 4.112 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a book", |
| "a shark", |
| 17.007 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a salmon", |
| 2.283 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a dog", |
| 3.067 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a laptop", |
| "a shark", |
| 12.686 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pigeon", |
| "a salmon", |
| 2.267 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pigeon", |
| "a dog", |
| 3.045 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pigeon", |
| "a shark", |
| 12.596 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a rabbit", |
| "a dog", |
| 2.668 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a rabbit", |
| "a shark", |
| 11.036 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cat", |
| "a dog", |
| 2.145 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cat", |
| "a shark", |
| 8.873 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a crow", |
| "a dog", |
| 2.143 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a crow", |
| "a shark", |
| 8.865 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chicken", |
| "a dog", |
| 2.014 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chicken", |
| "a shark", |
| 8.332 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a newborn baby", |
| "a shark", |
| 8.178 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a salmon", |
| "a shark", |
| 5.557 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chair", |
| "a shark", |
| 4.87 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a dog", |
| "a shark", |
| 4.136 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a five-year-old child", |
| "a shark", |
| 3.721 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pig", |
| "a shark", |
| 3.207 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a chimpanzee", |
| "a shark", |
| 2.721 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an adult human", |
| "a shark", |
| 2.474 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a horse", |
| "a whale", |
| 6.038 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cow", |
| "a whale", |
| 5.595 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a dolphin", |
| "a whale", |
| 4.899 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a shark", |
| "a bus", |
| 2.815 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a shark", |
| "a house", |
| 2.94 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a shark", |
| "a whale", |
| 3.55 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a shark", |
| "a tree", |
| 4.9 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a car", |
| "a whale", |
| 3.22 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an elephant", |
| "a whale", |
| 2.424 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "an elephant", |
| "a tree", |
| 3.345 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a skyscraper", |
| "a mountain", |
| 10.862 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a skyscraper", |
| "a country", |
| 4714.045 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a football stadium", |
| "a mountain", |
| 9.216 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a mountain", |
| "a city", |
| 6.865 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a mountain", |
| "a country", |
| 434.012 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a city", |
| "a country", |
| 63.217 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a country", |
| "the Moon", |
| 3.474 |
| ] |
| ], |
| "temperature": [ |
| [ |
| "dry ice", |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| 15.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "dry ice", |
| "Antarctica in winter", |
| 18.3 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a freezer", |
| 45.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "ice cream", |
| 49.67 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "an ice cube", |
| 54.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a glacier", |
| 54.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "snow", |
| 58.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "the Arctic Ocean", |
| 61.2 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a snowman", |
| 63.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a refrigerator", |
| 67.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a glass of cold water", |
| 68.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a cold drink", |
| 68.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a spring day", |
| 77.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a living room", |
| 84.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a swimming pool", |
| 89.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Mars", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 105.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a spring day", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 28.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a living room", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 21.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a swimming pool", |
| "a hot spring", |
| 15.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a hot spring", |
| "a cup of tea", |
| 21.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a hot spring", |
| "a cup of hot coffee", |
| 31.5 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a hot spring", |
| "a sauna", |
| 43.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a hot spring", |
| "boiling water", |
| 58.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a cup of tea", |
| "a sauna", |
| 22.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a pizza oven", |
| "a campfire", |
| 175.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "the surface of Venus", |
| "a campfire", |
| 166.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a campfire", |
| "a candle flame", |
| 370.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a campfire", |
| "lava", |
| 370.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a candle flame", |
| "a blacksmith's forge", |
| 95.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a candle flame", |
| "molten iron", |
| 538.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "lava", |
| "a blacksmith's forge", |
| 95.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "lava", |
| "molten iron", |
| 538.0 |
| ], |
| [ |
| "a blacksmith's forge", |
| "molten iron", |
| 443.0 |
| ] |
| ] |
| } |
| } |
|
|
