| Interview Question,Real Work Job Analogue,Difference |
| What is SOLID?,Maintain and extend an object-oriented codebase following SOLID principles.,2 |
| Explain the Single Responsibility Principle.,Refactor a class with multiple responsibilities.,2 |
| Explain the Open/Closed Principle.,Extend existing functionality without modifying stable code.,2 |
| Explain the Liskov Substitution Principle.,Design interchangeable implementations of interfaces.,2 |
| Explain the Interface Segregation Principle.,Split large interfaces into focused abstractions.,2 |
| Explain the Dependency Inversion Principle.,Use dependency injection in a production application.,2 |
| What is encapsulation?,Design maintainable domain models.,1 |
| What is inheritance?,Reuse behavior through existing frameworks and libraries.,2 |
| What is polymorphism?,Implement interchangeable service implementations.,2 |
| What is abstraction?,Design clean APIs and service boundaries.,2 |
| What is composition over inheritance?,Build software using reusable components.,1 |
| What is dependency injection?,Register and consume services using an IoC container.,1 |
| What is inversion of control?,Configure application startup and dependency graphs.,2 |
| What is an interface?,Design contracts between application components.,1 |
| Abstract class vs interface?,Choose the appropriate abstraction while designing software.,2 |
| What is method overriding?,Extend framework classes or application services.,1 |
| Method overloading vs overriding?,Read and maintain existing object-oriented code.,2 |
| What is immutability?,Design thread-safe value objects.,2 |
| Mutable vs immutable objects?,Choose appropriate data models for concurrency.,2 |
| What is object identity?,Work with ORM entities and domain models.,2 |
| What is a linked list?,Use language collection libraries.,5 |
| Reverse a linked list.,Manipulate collections using built-in APIs.,5 |
| Detect a cycle in a linked list.,Debug graph-like relationships or dependency chains.,4 |
| Merge two sorted linked lists.,Merge sorted business data.,4 |
| Implement a stack.,Use built-in stack or deque collections.,5 |
| Implement a queue.,Use standard queue implementations.,5 |
| Implement a hash map.,Use language dictionary/map collections.,5 |
| Implement a binary search tree.,Use indexed collections or database indexes.,5 |
| Tree traversal.,Traverse hierarchical data structures.,3 |
| Graph traversal.,Process dependency graphs or workflows.,3 |
| Depth-first search.,Explore dependency trees.,3 |
| Breadth-first search.,Traverse hierarchical application structures.,3 |
| Binary search.,Search sorted business data.,2 |
| QuickSort.,Use standard library sorting functions.,5 |
| MergeSort.,Sort datasets using built-in APIs.,5 |
| HeapSort.,Sort collections using existing libraries.,5 |
| Bubble sort.,Use built-in sorting methods.,5 |
| Selection sort.,Use built-in sorting methods.,5 |
| Insertion sort.,Sort small in-memory collections.,4 |
| Big O notation.,Estimate scalability of algorithms.,2 |
| Time complexity.,Analyze application performance bottlenecks.,2 |
| Space complexity.,Optimize memory-intensive code.,2 |
| Recursion.,Implement tree or file-system traversal.,3 |
| Dynamic programming.,Optimize specialized computational problems.,5 |
| Greedy algorithms.,Optimize scheduling or allocation logic.,3 |
| Backtracking.,Implement search or configuration generators.,4 |
| Sliding window.,Process streams of sequential data.,3 |
| Two pointers technique.,Iterate efficiently over ordered collections.,3 |
| Kadane's algorithm.,Compute maximum values over sequences.,4 |
| Longest common subsequence.,Compare document revisions or DNA-like sequences.,5 |
| Binary tree height.,Work with hierarchical configuration trees.,3 |
| Lowest common ancestor.,Navigate hierarchical object structures.,4 |
| Topological sort.,Resolve dependency order in build systems.,2 |
| Dijkstra algorithm.,Implement routing or shortest-path features.,4 |
| Bellman-Ford algorithm.,Rare production graph optimization.,5 |
| Floyd-Warshall algorithm.,Rare graph analytics tasks.,5 |
| Union-Find.,Manage connected components in specialized systems.,5 |
| Trie.,Implement autocomplete or prefix search.,3 |
| Heap.,Use priority queues provided by libraries.,2 |
| Priority queue.,Schedule jobs by priority.,2 |
| Hash table collisions.,Understand hash-based collections.,3 |
| Explain REST.,Design and consume REST APIs.,1 |
| REST vs SOAP.,Integrate with external services.,2 |
| What is HTTP?,Build web applications and APIs.,1 |
| HTTP methods.,Implement REST endpoints.,1 |
| PUT vs PATCH.,Implement update operations correctly.,1 |
| GET vs POST.,Design HTTP endpoints.,1 |
| HTTP status codes.,Debug API responses.,1 |
| Cookies vs sessions.,Implement authentication flows.,2 |
| JWT authentication.,Secure API endpoints.,1 |
| OAuth2.,Integrate third-party authentication providers.,2 |
| OpenID Connect.,Implement single sign-on.,2 |
| What is CORS?,Configure frontend-backend communication.,1 |
| What is CSRF?,Protect web applications against request forgery.,2 |
| What is XSS?,Prevent cross-site scripting vulnerabilities.,2 |
| What is SQL?,Write production database queries.,1 |
| INNER JOIN.,Join relational tables in production.,1 |
| LEFT JOIN.,Retrieve optional related records.,1 |
| RIGHT JOIN.,Maintain legacy SQL systems.,2 |
| FULL OUTER JOIN.,Query multiple relational datasets.,2 |
| GROUP BY.,Generate reports and analytics.,1 |
| HAVING.,Filter aggregated query results.,1 |
| Indexes.,Optimize slow database queries.,1 |
| Primary key.,Design relational schemas.,1 |
| Foreign key.,Model relationships between tables.,1 |
| Normalization.,Design maintainable databases.,2 |
| Denormalization.,Optimize database performance.,2 |
| Transactions.,Implement reliable business operations.,1 |
| ACID.,Work with transactional databases.,2 |
| Isolation levels.,Debug concurrency issues.,2 |
| Deadlocks.,Investigate production database failures.,2 |
| Stored procedures.,Maintain legacy enterprise databases.,3 |
| Views.,Simplify repeated database queries.,1 |
| Explain Git branching.,Collaborate on software projects.,1 |
| Git merge vs rebase.,Maintain a clean project history.,2 |
| Resolve merge conflicts.,Integrate concurrent code changes.,1 |
| Cherry-pick in Git.,Move commits between branches.,2 |
| Git tags.,Manage software releases.,1 |
| Git bisect.,Debug regressions in source code.,2 |
| Git hooks.,Automate repository workflows.,2 |
| What happens during the Linux boot process?,Debug server startup failures.,3 |
| What is a process?,Monitor running backend services.,1 |
| What is a thread?,Debug multithreaded applications.,1 |
| Process vs thread.,Design concurrent software.,2 |
| What is a zombie process?,Investigate production server issues.,2 |
| What is an orphan process?,Debug process management problems.,3 |
| How does virtual memory work?,Investigate memory consumption.,3 |
| What is paging?,Analyze application memory usage.,3 |
| What is swapping?,Diagnose server performance degradation.,2 |
| What is a context switch?,Optimize concurrent workloads.,3 |
| User space vs kernel space.,Debug system-level problems.,3 |
| What is a file descriptor?,Work with sockets and files.,2 |
| How do pipes work?,Build shell automation scripts.,2 |
| Signals in Linux.,Gracefully terminate services.,2 |
| SIGTERM vs SIGKILL.,Stop production services correctly.,1 |
| What is fork()?,Understand process creation.,3 |
| What is exec()?,Understand Linux process execution.,3 |
| How does malloc work?,Debug memory-intensive applications.,4 |
| Memory leak.,Fix applications consuming excessive RAM.,1 |
| Segmentation fault.,Debug native applications.,2 |
| What is DNS?,Debug networking issues.,1 |
| How does DNS resolution work?,Investigate connection failures.,2 |
| What is TCP?,Develop reliable network applications.,1 |
| TCP vs UDP.,Choose transport protocol.,2 |
| Three-way handshake.,Debug connection establishment.,2 |
| TLS handshake.,Secure application communication.,2 |
| What is HTTPS?,Deploy secure APIs.,1 |
| What is an IP address?,Configure infrastructure.,1 |
| IPv4 vs IPv6.,Maintain cloud infrastructure.,2 |
| What is NAT?,Configure cloud networking.,2 |
| CIDR notation.,Configure VPC networking.,2 |
| Subnet.,Design cloud networks.,2 |
| Gateway.,Configure routing.,2 |
| Load balancer.,Deploy scalable services.,1 |
| Reverse proxy.,Deploy web applications.,1 |
| Forward proxy.,Configure enterprise networking.,3 |
| What is latency?,Measure service performance.,1 |
| Bandwidth vs latency.,Diagnose slow applications.,2 |
| Packet loss.,Investigate network instability.,2 |
| What is a socket?,Implement network communication.,2 |
| Docker image vs container.,Build containerized applications.,1 |
| Dockerfile.,Package applications for deployment.,1 |
| Docker volumes.,Persist application data.,1 |
| Docker networking.,Connect application containers.,1 |
| Docker Compose.,Run local development environments.,1 |
| Multi-stage Docker build.,Optimize container images.,1 |
| Container registry.,Publish deployment artifacts.,1 |
| What is Kubernetes?,Deploy cloud-native applications.,1 |
| Pod vs container.,Operate Kubernetes workloads.,1 |
| ReplicaSet.,Maintain service availability.,1 |
| Deployment.,Roll out application updates.,1 |
| DaemonSet.,Deploy node-level services.,2 |
| StatefulSet.,Deploy stateful databases.,2 |
| ConfigMap.,Externalize application configuration.,1 |
| Secret.,Manage credentials securely.,1 |
| Ingress.,Expose HTTP services.,1 |
| Service in Kubernetes.,Connect microservices.,1 |
| Horizontal Pod Autoscaler.,Scale applications automatically.,2 |
| Rolling update.,Deploy new software versions.,1 |
| Blue-green deployment.,Reduce deployment downtime.,2 |
| Canary deployment.,Gradually release new features.,2 |
| Helm.,Manage Kubernetes applications.,1 |
| What is CI/CD?,Automate software delivery.,1 |
| Continuous Integration.,Automatically build and test code.,1 |
| Continuous Delivery.,Prepare production releases.,1 |
| Continuous Deployment.,Deploy automatically after testing.,2 |
| Jenkins.,Maintain CI pipelines.,1 |
| GitHub Actions.,Automate builds and releases.,1 |
| GitLab CI.,Run automated pipelines.,1 |
| Azure DevOps Pipelines.,Deploy enterprise applications.,1 |
| Artifact repository.,Store build artifacts.,1 |
| Infrastructure as Code.,Manage cloud infrastructure.,1 |
| Terraform.,Provision cloud resources.,1 |
| Ansible.,Automate server configuration.,1 |
| What is AWS EC2?,Deploy virtual machines.,1 |
| AWS S3.,Store application files.,1 |
| AWS RDS.,Host relational databases.,1 |
| AWS Lambda.,Build serverless applications.,2 |
| AWS IAM.,Manage cloud permissions.,1 |
| AWS VPC.,Configure cloud networking.,1 |
| Azure Virtual Machine.,Deploy enterprise workloads.,1 |
| Azure Functions.,Develop serverless solutions.,2 |
| Azure Storage.,Store application data.,1 |
| Azure Active Directory.,Manage enterprise authentication.,1 |
| Google Cloud Compute Engine.,Deploy cloud services.,1 |
| Google Cloud Storage.,Store application assets.,1 |
| Google Kubernetes Engine.,Operate Kubernetes clusters.,1 |
| Serverless computing.,Build event-driven applications.,2 |
| Microservices.,Design distributed applications.,1 |
| Monolith vs microservices.,Choose application architecture.,2 |
| Message queues.,Implement asynchronous processing.,1 |
| Apache Kafka.,Process event streams.,2 |
| RabbitMQ.,Implement background job processing.,1 |
| Redis.,Implement caching and session storage.,1 |
| CDN.,Serve static assets efficiently.,1 |
| Caching strategies.,Improve application performance.,1 |
| Horizontal scaling.,Increase service capacity.,1 |
| Vertical scaling.,Increase server resources.,1 |
| Health checks.,Monitor service availability.,1 |
| Observability.,Monitor production systems.,1 |
| Distributed tracing.,Debug microservices.,2 |
| Centralized logging.,Investigate production failures.,1 |
| Prometheus.,Collect application metrics.,1 |
| Grafana.,Visualize operational metrics.,1 |
| OpenTelemetry.,Instrument distributed applications.,2 |
| What is the JVM?,Deploy and troubleshoot Java applications.,2 |
| What is the JDK?,Configure Java development environments.,1 |
| JDK vs JRE.,Maintain Java runtime environments.,2 |
| What is bytecode?,Understand Java application execution.,3 |
| How does garbage collection work?,Investigate memory usage and GC pauses.,2 |
| Heap vs Stack memory.,Debug memory-related production issues.,2 |
| What causes OutOfMemoryError?,Diagnose application crashes caused by memory exhaustion.,1 |
| Explain Java Memory Model.,Develop thread-safe backend applications.,3 |
| What is a ClassLoader?,Debug dependency and startup issues.,3 |
| Checked vs unchecked exceptions.,Design reliable exception handling.,1 |
| Throw vs throws.,Implement exception handling.,1 |
| What is finally?,Ensure resource cleanup.,1 |
| Try-with-resources.,Safely manage files and database connections.,1 |
| String vs StringBuilder.,Optimize string manipulation.,2 |
| String pool.,Understand Java memory optimization.,3 |
| Immutable String.,Design thread-safe code.,2 |
| equals() vs ==.,Implement object comparison correctly.,1 |
| hashCode().,Use HashMap and HashSet correctly.,2 |
| Comparable vs Comparator.,Sort business objects.,1 |
| Collections Framework.,Manipulate business collections.,1 |
| ArrayList vs LinkedList.,Choose suitable collection types.,2 |
| HashMap vs TreeMap.,Select appropriate map implementations.,2 |
| HashSet vs TreeSet.,Store unique business objects.,2 |
| ConcurrentHashMap.,Implement thread-safe caches.,2 |
| Iterator.,Traverse application collections.,1 |
| Streams API.,Process collections declaratively.,1 |
| Optional.,Handle nullable values safely.,1 |
| Lambda expressions.,Write concise backend logic.,1 |
| Functional interfaces.,Use Streams and callbacks.,2 |
| Method references.,Simplify Java code.,1 |
| Default interface methods.,Extend framework APIs.,2 |
| Reflection.,Build frameworks or dependency injection tools.,4 |
| Annotations.,Configure Spring applications.,1 |
| Generics.,Design reusable APIs.,2 |
| Wildcards in Generics.,Maintain generic libraries.,3 |
| Bounded Generics.,Develop reusable frameworks.,3 |
| Serialization.,Persist or transmit Java objects.,3 |
| Transient keyword.,Control object serialization.,3 |
| Volatile keyword.,Develop concurrent services.,3 |
| Synchronized keyword.,Protect shared state.,2 |
| ReentrantLock.,Implement advanced concurrency.,3 |
| wait() notify().,Coordinate worker threads.,4 |
| ExecutorService.,Run background jobs.,1 |
| CompletableFuture.,Implement asynchronous services.,2 |
| ForkJoinPool.,Parallelize computational workloads.,3 |
| Deadlock.,Debug multithreaded production systems.,2 |
| Race condition.,Investigate concurrency bugs.,2 |
| ThreadLocal.,Maintain request-scoped context.,2 |
| Spring IoC.,Configure enterprise applications.,1 |
| Spring Dependency Injection.,Register and inject application services.,1 |
| Spring Bean lifecycle.,Debug application startup.,2 |
| Spring Boot.,Develop REST APIs.,1 |
| @SpringBootApplication.,Bootstrap Spring applications.,1 |
| @Component.,Register application components.,1 |
| @Service.,Implement business services.,1 |
| @Repository.,Implement persistence layers.,1 |
| @Controller.,Develop MVC applications.,1 |
| @RestController.,Implement REST APIs.,1 |
| @RequestMapping.,Map HTTP endpoints.,1 |
| @GetMapping.,Implement GET endpoints.,1 |
| @PostMapping.,Implement POST endpoints.,1 |
| ExceptionHandler.,Handle API errors consistently.,1 |
| Spring Profiles.,Configure environments.,1 |
| Spring Configuration.,Manage application settings.,1 |
| @ConfigurationProperties.,Bind external configuration.,1 |
| Spring Security.,Secure REST APIs.,1 |
| Spring Data JPA.,Implement repositories.,1 |
| Hibernate.,Persist entities to relational databases.,1 |
| Entity lifecycle.,Work with ORM entities.,2 |
| Lazy loading.,Optimize database access.,2 |
| Eager loading.,Avoid unnecessary queries.,2 |
| N+1 query problem.,Optimize ORM performance.,1 |
| JPQL.,Write ORM queries.,1 |
| Criteria API.,Build dynamic database queries.,2 |
| Transactions in Spring.,Implement reliable business logic.,1 |
| @Transactional.,Manage database consistency.,1 |
| Optimistic locking.,Prevent concurrent update conflicts.,2 |
| Pessimistic locking.,Protect critical database operations.,2 |
| Bean scopes.,Configure service lifetimes.,2 |
| Prototype vs Singleton.,Design Spring services.,2 |
| Circular dependency.,Resolve application startup issues.,2 |
| REST client.,Consume external APIs.,1 |
| Feign Client.,Integrate with microservices.,1 |
| WebClient.,Implement reactive HTTP clients.,2 |
| RestTemplate.,Maintain legacy integrations.,2 |
| Jackson serialization.,Convert objects to JSON.,1 |
| JSON mapping.,Exchange API payloads.,1 |
| Validation annotations.,Validate API requests.,1 |
| Bean Validation.,Ensure data integrity.,1 |
| Maven.,Build Java projects.,1 |
| Gradle.,Automate Java builds.,1 |
| Dependency management.,Maintain project libraries.,1 |
| Multi-module projects.,Organize enterprise applications.,2 |
| Logging with SLF4J.,Investigate production problems.,1 |
| Logback.,Configure application logging.,1 |
| Spring Actuator.,Monitor production services.,1 |
| Health endpoint.,Integrate monitoring systems.,1 |
| Micrometer.,Collect application metrics.,1 |
| JUnit.,Write automated unit tests.,1 |
| Mockito.,Mock dependencies during testing.,1 |
| Integration testing.,Verify service interactions.,1 |
| Testcontainers.,Run database-backed tests.,1 |
| What is the CLR?,Deploy and troubleshoot .NET applications.,2 |
| What is the .NET runtime?,Maintain production .NET services.,2 |
| .NET Framework vs .NET Core.,Choose the appropriate runtime for enterprise applications.,2 |
| What is CIL (IL)?,Understand .NET application execution.,3 |
| Value type vs reference type.,Design efficient application models.,2 |
| Boxing vs unboxing.,Optimize performance-critical code.,3 |
| What is garbage collection?,Investigate memory usage and application performance.,2 |
| Generations in GC.,Diagnose GC pauses in production.,3 |
| IDisposable.,Release unmanaged resources correctly.,1 |
| using statement.,Safely manage files and database connections.,1 |
| What is nullable reference types?,Prevent NullReferenceException in production code.,1 |
| String vs StringBuilder.,Optimize string processing.,2 |
| Record vs class.,Model immutable business entities.,1 |
| Struct vs class.,Choose appropriate data models.,2 |
| What is an interface?,Design service abstractions.,1 |
| Abstract class vs interface.,Design extensible application architecture.,2 |
| Extension methods.,Extend existing APIs cleanly.,1 |
| Delegates.,Implement callback-based functionality.,2 |
| Events.,Implement event-driven application behavior.,2 |
| Lambda expressions.,Write concise LINQ queries.,1 |
| LINQ.,Query collections and databases.,1 |
| IEnumerable vs IQueryable.,Optimize Entity Framework queries.,2 |
| Deferred execution.,Avoid unnecessary database calls.,2 |
| yield return.,Implement efficient data streaming.,2 |
| async/await.,Implement asynchronous APIs.,1 |
| Task vs Thread.,Develop scalable backend services.,2 |
| CancellationToken.,Support request cancellation.,1 |
| lock statement.,Protect shared resources.,2 |
| ConcurrentDictionary.,Implement thread-safe caches.,2 |
| Monitor.,Synchronize multithreaded code.,3 |
| SemaphoreSlim.,Limit concurrent resource usage.,2 |
| Deadlock.,Debug multithreaded applications.,2 |
| Race condition.,Investigate concurrency bugs.,2 |
| Reflection.,Build frameworks or plugins.,4 |
| Attributes.,Configure frameworks declaratively.,1 |
| Generics.,Develop reusable libraries.,2 |
| Covariance vs contravariance.,Maintain generic APIs.,3 |
| Dependency Injection.,Register services in ASP.NET Core.,1 |
| Service lifetime.,"Configure scoped, singleton, and transient services.",1 |
| Middleware.,Implement request-processing pipelines.,1 |
| Minimal APIs.,Develop lightweight REST services.,1 |
| Controllers.,Implement REST endpoints.,1 |
| Model binding.,Map HTTP requests to models.,1 |
| Action filters.,Implement cross-cutting concerns.,2 |
| Exception filters.,Provide centralized error handling.,2 |
| Authentication.,Secure enterprise APIs.,1 |
| Authorization.,Control access to application resources.,1 |
| JWT authentication.,Protect REST APIs.,1 |
| Identity.,Manage users and authentication.,1 |
| Configuration.,Manage application settings.,1 |
| Options pattern.,Bind strongly typed configuration.,1 |
| Logging.,Investigate production issues.,1 |
| Serilog.,Implement structured logging.,1 |
| Dependency Injection container.,Configure enterprise applications.,1 |
| Entity Framework Core.,Persist business entities.,1 |
| DbContext.,Manage database access.,1 |
| DbSet.,Query relational data.,1 |
| Migration.,Evolve production databases.,1 |
| Code First.,Develop new database-backed applications.,1 |
| Database First.,Maintain legacy enterprise systems.,2 |
| Tracking vs NoTracking.,Optimize query performance.,2 |
| Lazy loading.,Reduce unnecessary database queries.,2 |
| Eager loading.,Retrieve related entities efficiently.,2 |
| Explicit loading.,Control entity loading behavior.,2 |
| LINQ to Entities.,Write production database queries.,1 |
| Raw SQL.,Optimize complex queries.,2 |
| Transactions.,Maintain database consistency.,1 |
| Optimistic concurrency.,Prevent conflicting updates.,2 |
| Stored procedures.,Maintain enterprise databases.,3 |
| ASP.NET Core pipeline.,Debug HTTP request flow.,2 |
| Kestrel.,Host ASP.NET Core applications.,2 |
| IHostedService.,Run background jobs.,1 |
| BackgroundService.,Implement scheduled processing.,1 |
| SignalR.,Develop real-time applications.,2 |
| gRPC.,Build high-performance service communication.,2 |
| Swagger/OpenAPI.,Document REST APIs.,1 |
| Health checks.,Monitor application availability.,1 |
| Caching.,Improve API performance.,1 |
| MemoryCache.,Cache frequently accessed data.,1 |
| Distributed cache.,Share cached data across servers.,2 |
| Redis integration.,Implement scalable caching.,1 |
| HttpClientFactory.,Consume external APIs reliably.,1 |
| Polly.,Implement resilient network communication.,2 |
| Retry policies.,Handle transient failures.,1 |
| Circuit breaker.,Protect downstream services.,2 |
| Unit testing.,Verify business logic automatically.,1 |
| xUnit.,Write automated tests.,1 |
| NUnit.,Maintain legacy test suites.,2 |
| Moq.,Mock dependencies in tests.,1 |
| Integration testing.,Verify application components together.,1 |
| WebApplicationFactory.,Test ASP.NET Core APIs.,1 |
| Dockerizing ASP.NET Core.,Deploy applications consistently.,1 |
| Azure App Service.,Host enterprise applications.,1 |
| Azure Functions.,Implement serverless workloads.,2 |
| Azure Service Bus.,Implement asynchronous messaging.,2 |
| Azure Key Vault.,Store secrets securely.,1 |
| Application Insights.,Monitor production applications.,1 |
| CI/CD for .NET.,Automate builds and deployments.,1 |
| Versioning REST APIs.,Maintain backward compatibility.,1 |
| What is JavaScript closure?,Maintain React hooks and callbacks.,2 |
| What is lexical scope?,Debug variable visibility issues.,2 |
| var vs let vs const.,Write modern JavaScript applications.,1 |
| What is hoisting?,Debug initialization bugs.,2 |
| What is the event loop?,Investigate asynchronous application behavior.,2 |
| What is a Promise?,Consume asynchronous APIs.,1 |
| Promise vs async/await.,Implement asynchronous frontend/backend logic.,1 |
| What is callback hell?,Refactor nested asynchronous code.,2 |
| What are microtasks?,Debug complex async execution order.,3 |
| What are macrotasks?,Understand browser scheduling behavior.,3 |
| What is this in JavaScript?,Maintain object-oriented JavaScript code.,2 |
| Arrow function vs function.,Write modern JavaScript.,1 |
| Function binding.,Fix callback context issues.,2 |
| call vs apply vs bind.,Integrate third-party JavaScript libraries.,3 |
| Prototype chain.,Debug inheritance behavior.,3 |
| Class vs prototype.,Maintain ES6 applications.,2 |
| Object.freeze.,Protect immutable configuration objects.,2 |
| Deep copy vs shallow copy.,Prevent unintended object mutations.,2 |
| Spread operator.,Merge application state.,1 |
| Destructuring.,Write concise application code.,1 |
| Rest parameters.,Build reusable utility functions.,1 |
| Template literals.,Generate dynamic strings.,1 |
| Modules.,Organize application code.,1 |
| ES Modules vs CommonJS.,Maintain Node.js projects.,2 |
| Tree shaking.,Optimize production bundles.,2 |
| TypeScript interfaces.,Define application contracts.,1 |
| Type aliases.,Model application data.,1 |
| Interface vs type.,Choose appropriate TypeScript abstractions.,2 |
| Generics in TypeScript.,Develop reusable frontend utilities.,2 |
| Union types.,Represent business state.,1 |
| Intersection types.,Compose application models.,2 |
| Enums.,Represent fixed business values.,1 |
| Optional chaining.,Safely access nested properties.,1 |
| Nullish coalescing.,Provide default values.,1 |
| Type narrowing.,Implement safe business logic.,2 |
| Unknown vs any.,Maintain type safety.,2 |
| Decorators.,Use framework metadata.,3 |
| What is JSX?,Build React user interfaces.,1 |
| Virtual DOM.,Understand React rendering.,2 |
| React reconciliation.,Optimize rendering performance.,2 |
| Functional components.,Develop React applications.,1 |
| Class components.,Maintain legacy React applications.,2 |
| React Hooks.,Implement component state.,1 |
| useState.,Manage component state.,1 |
| useEffect.,Handle side effects.,1 |
| useMemo.,Optimize rendering performance.,2 |
| useCallback.,Prevent unnecessary re-renders.,2 |
| useRef.,Access DOM elements and mutable state.,1 |
| Context API.,Share application state.,1 |
| Redux.,Manage complex application state.,2 |
| Redux Toolkit.,Implement scalable state management.,1 |
| MobX.,Maintain enterprise React applications.,2 |
| React Router.,Implement navigation.,1 |
| Lazy loading.,Improve application startup time.,2 |
| Code splitting.,Optimize frontend bundles.,2 |
| Error boundaries.,Prevent application crashes.,2 |
| Controlled components.,Implement web forms.,1 |
| Uncontrolled components.,Integrate legacy UI libraries.,2 |
| React keys.,Maintain stable list rendering.,1 |
| Memoization.,Optimize rendering performance.,2 |
| Next.js.,Build server-rendered React applications.,1 |
| SSR vs CSR.,Choose rendering strategy.,2 |
| Hydration.,Debug server-rendered applications.,3 |
| Static Site Generation.,Deploy documentation and marketing sites.,2 |
| Node.js event loop.,Develop backend services.,2 |
| Express.js.,Build REST APIs.,1 |
| Middleware in Express.,Implement request pipelines.,1 |
| Route handlers.,Implement HTTP endpoints.,1 |
| Body parsing.,Receive API requests.,1 |
| Authentication middleware.,Secure APIs.,1 |
| JWT in Node.js.,Implement authentication.,1 |
| Environment variables.,Configure applications.,1 |
| npm.,Manage project dependencies.,1 |
| yarn vs npm.,Maintain JavaScript projects.,2 |
| pnpm.,Optimize dependency management.,2 |
| Package.json.,Configure JavaScript applications.,1 |
| Semantic Versioning.,Maintain package compatibility.,1 |
| Webpack.,Build production bundles.,2 |
| Vite.,Develop modern frontend applications.,1 |
| Babel.,Transpile JavaScript code.,2 |
| ESLint.,Maintain code quality.,1 |
| Prettier.,Enforce formatting consistency.,1 |
| HTML semantic elements.,Build accessible web applications.,1 |
| Accessibility (ARIA).,Develop inclusive user interfaces.,1 |
| CSS Flexbox.,Create responsive layouts.,1 |
| CSS Grid.,Design application layouts.,1 |
| Responsive Design.,Support multiple screen sizes.,1 |
| Media queries.,Implement adaptive layouts.,1 |
| CSS specificity.,Debug styling conflicts.,2 |
| CSS variables.,Maintain design systems.,1 |
| Tailwind CSS.,Develop modern user interfaces.,1 |
| Bootstrap.,Maintain enterprise frontend applications.,2 |
| Cross-browser compatibility.,Test applications across browsers.,2 |
| LocalStorage vs SessionStorage.,Persist client-side state.,1 |
| Cookies.,Maintain authentication sessions.,1 |
| WebSockets.,Implement real-time applications.,2 |
| Fetch API.,Consume REST services.,1 |
| Axios.,Integrate external APIs.,1 |
| CORS.,Configure frontend-backend communication.,1 |
| Frontend performance optimization.,Improve application responsiveness.,1 |
| Lighthouse.,Measure web performance.,1 |
| Progressive Web Apps.,Develop installable web applications.,2 |
| Service Workers.,Enable offline functionality.,3 |
| What are Python decorators?,Implement reusable logging and authentication.,2 |
| What is a generator?,Process large datasets efficiently.,2 |
| Generator vs list.,Optimize memory usage.,2 |
| What is a Python iterator?,Iterate over custom collections.,2 |
| What is __iter__?,Implement iterable business objects.,3 |
| What is __next__?,Build custom iterators.,3 |
| What are context managers?,Safely work with files and database connections.,1 |
| What does with do?,Automatically release resources.,1 |
| What is GIL?,Understand multithreaded Python performance.,3 |
| List vs tuple.,Choose appropriate data structures.,1 |
| Dictionary vs OrderedDict.,Maintain ordered mappings.,2 |
| Set vs list.,Store unique business values.,1 |
| Lambda functions.,Write concise transformation logic.,2 |
| Map vs filter vs reduce.,Transform business collections.,2 |
| List comprehensions.,Process collections concisely.,1 |
| Dictionary comprehensions.,Build lookup structures.,1 |
| Exception handling.,Build reliable applications.,1 |
| Custom exceptions.,Represent domain-specific errors.,2 |
| Multiple inheritance.,Maintain framework code.,3 |
| MRO (Method Resolution Order).,Debug inheritance issues.,4 |
| What is monkey patching?,Maintain legacy Python systems.,4 |
| Shallow copy vs deep copy.,Prevent unintended mutations.,2 |
| Mutable default arguments.,Avoid Python bugs.,2 |
| *args and **kwargs.,Write reusable utility functions.,1 |
| Type hints.,Improve code readability and tooling.,1 |
| Dataclasses.,Model business entities.,1 |
| NamedTuple.,Represent immutable data.,2 |
| Enums.,Represent business constants.,1 |
| Properties.,Expose validated object fields.,1 |
| Descriptors.,Develop advanced libraries.,5 |
| Metaclasses.,Develop frameworks.,5 |
| AsyncIO.,Implement asynchronous services.,2 |
| Coroutine.,Write asynchronous backend logic.,2 |
| Await keyword.,Consume asynchronous APIs.,1 |
| Threading module.,Run background tasks.,2 |
| Multiprocessing.,Parallelize CPU-intensive workloads.,2 |
| Queue module.,Coordinate worker processes.,2 |
| Python packaging.,Publish reusable libraries.,2 |
| Virtual environments.,Manage project dependencies.,1 |
| pip.,Install project dependencies.,1 |
| Poetry.,Manage Python projects.,1 |
| Requirements.txt.,Pin project versions.,1 |
| PyPI.,Consume third-party packages.,1 |
| Django ORM.,Persist application data.,1 |
| Django Models.,Design business entities.,1 |
| Django Views.,Implement backend endpoints.,1 |
| Django Templates.,Render server-side HTML.,2 |
| Django Middleware.,Implement request processing.,1 |
| Django Signals.,React to application events.,2 |
| Django Admin.,Manage business data.,1 |
| Django Authentication.,Secure web applications.,1 |
| Django REST Framework.,Develop REST APIs.,1 |
| Serializers.,Convert objects to JSON.,1 |
| ViewSets.,Implement CRUD APIs.,1 |
| Routers.,Organize REST endpoints.,1 |
| Permissions.,Control API access.,1 |
| Authentication classes.,Implement login mechanisms.,1 |
| Flask.,Build lightweight APIs.,1 |
| Blueprints.,Organize Flask applications.,1 |
| Application factory.,Structure Flask projects.,2 |
| FastAPI.,Develop modern REST APIs.,1 |
| Pydantic.,Validate request models.,1 |
| Dependency Injection in FastAPI.,Build modular APIs.,1 |
| BackgroundTasks.,Run asynchronous processing.,2 |
| Uvicorn.,Host FastAPI services.,1 |
| Gunicorn.,Deploy Python web applications.,1 |
| WSGI vs ASGI.,Choose deployment architecture.,2 |
| Celery.,Implement background jobs.,1 |
| Redis with Celery.,Coordinate distributed tasks.,1 |
| Pandas DataFrame.,Analyze business datasets.,1 |
| Merge DataFrames.,Combine business information.,1 |
| GroupBy in Pandas.,Generate analytics.,1 |
| Pivot tables.,Summarize business metrics.,1 |
| NumPy arrays.,Perform numerical computations.,2 |
| Vectorization.,Optimize data processing.,2 |
| Matplotlib.,Generate engineering reports.,1 |
| Plotly.,Create interactive dashboards.,2 |
| OpenPyXL.,Generate Excel reports.,1 |
| CSV module.,Process business data files.,1 |
| JSON module.,Read and write API payloads.,1 |
| Requests library.,Consume external APIs.,1 |
| HTTPX.,Implement asynchronous HTTP clients.,1 |
| BeautifulSoup.,Extract structured website data.,3 |
| Selenium.,Automate browser interactions.,2 |
| PyTest.,Write automated tests.,1 |
| Fixtures in PyTest.,Share test setup.,1 |
| Mocking.,Isolate dependencies during tests.,1 |
| Coverage.,Measure test completeness.,1 |
| Logging module.,Investigate production issues.,1 |
| Environment variables.,Configure deployments.,1 |
| Dockerize a Python app.,Deploy consistently.,1 |
| SQLAlchemy.,Build database-backed applications.,1 |
| Alembic.,Manage schema migrations.,1 |
| Connection pooling.,Improve database performance.,2 |
| Database transactions.,Maintain consistency.,1 |
| Caching in Python.,Improve application performance.,1 |
| LRU Cache.,Avoid repeated expensive computations.,2 |
| Profiling Python code.,Find performance bottlenecks.,2 |
| Memory profiling.,Investigate excessive memory usage.,2 |
| What is database normalization?,Design maintainable relational schemas.,2 |
| First Normal Form (1NF).,Design production database tables.,2 |
| Second Normal Form (2NF).,Reduce duplicated business data.,2 |
| Third Normal Form (3NF).,Maintain normalized relational databases.,2 |
| BCNF.,Design complex enterprise databases.,3 |
| When should you denormalize?,Optimize read-heavy applications.,2 |
| Primary key.,Design relational schemas.,1 |
| Foreign key.,Maintain data integrity.,1 |
| Unique constraint.,Prevent duplicate business records.,1 |
| Check constraint.,Validate stored business data.,1 |
| Composite key.,Model many-to-many relationships.,2 |
| Clustered index.,Optimize database access.,2 |
| Non-clustered index.,Improve query performance.,2 |
| Covering index.,Optimize frequently executed queries.,2 |
| Composite index.,Support multi-column filtering.,2 |
| Execution plan.,Diagnose slow SQL queries.,1 |
| Why is my query slow?,Optimize production database performance.,1 |
| Full table scan.,Investigate inefficient queries.,2 |
| Index seek vs scan.,Tune database performance.,2 |
| Cardinality.,Understand optimizer decisions.,3 |
| INNER JOIN.,Retrieve related business records.,1 |
| LEFT JOIN.,Return optional related data.,1 |
| RIGHT JOIN.,Maintain legacy SQL systems.,2 |
| FULL OUTER JOIN.,Merge independent datasets.,2 |
| SELF JOIN.,Query hierarchical relationships.,2 |
| CROSS JOIN.,Generate combinations for reporting.,3 |
| UNION vs UNION ALL.,Combine datasets efficiently.,1 |
| GROUP BY.,Generate reports.,1 |
| HAVING.,Filter aggregated results.,1 |
| Window Functions.,Produce rankings and analytical reports.,2 |
| ROW_NUMBER().,Paginate business results.,2 |
| RANK() vs DENSE_RANK().,Generate leaderboards and rankings.,2 |
| LEAD().,Compare sequential business events.,2 |
| LAG().,Analyze historical trends.,2 |
| CTE (WITH).,Simplify complex SQL queries.,1 |
| Recursive CTE.,Traverse hierarchical business data.,3 |
| Subquery.,Build production SQL queries.,1 |
| Correlated subquery.,Implement advanced reporting logic.,2 |
| EXISTS.,Check related records efficiently.,1 |
| IN vs EXISTS.,Optimize filtering queries.,2 |
| ANY vs ALL.,Implement specialized filtering.,3 |
| Stored procedure.,Maintain enterprise databases.,3 |
| User-defined function.,Reuse database logic.,2 |
| Trigger.,Automate database events.,3 |
| View.,Simplify repeated queries.,1 |
| Materialized View.,Optimize reporting systems.,2 |
| Partitioning.,Scale very large databases.,2 |
| Sharding.,Scale distributed databases.,3 |
| Replication.,Improve availability.,2 |
| Master-replica architecture.,Support read-heavy systems.,2 |
| Database backup.,Protect production data.,1 |
| Point-in-time recovery.,Restore production databases.,2 |
| Transaction.,Implement reliable business operations.,1 |
| ACID properties.,Ensure transactional consistency.,2 |
| Isolation levels.,Handle concurrent transactions.,2 |
| Dirty read.,Understand concurrency issues.,3 |
| Non-repeatable read.,Debug concurrent updates.,3 |
| Phantom read.,Maintain transactional correctness.,3 |
| Deadlock.,Investigate production failures.,2 |
| Optimistic locking.,Prevent update conflicts.,2 |
| Pessimistic locking.,Protect critical data.,2 |
| Connection pooling.,Improve backend scalability.,1 |
| ORM vs raw SQL.,Choose appropriate persistence strategies.,2 |
| N+1 problem.,Optimize ORM performance.,1 |
| Pagination.,Implement scalable APIs.,1 |
| Offset vs cursor pagination.,Scale APIs handling large datasets.,2 |
| Soft delete.,Maintain audit history.,1 |
| Audit logging.,Track business changes.,1 |
| Database migrations.,Evolve production schemas.,1 |
| Versioned migrations.,Coordinate team deployments.,1 |
| REST API design.,Develop production APIs.,1 |
| Resource naming.,Design intuitive endpoints.,1 |
| HTTP idempotency.,Implement safe REST operations.,2 |
| Idempotency keys.,Prevent duplicate payment requests.,2 |
| Versioning APIs.,Maintain backward compatibility.,1 |
| OpenAPI specification.,Document production APIs.,1 |
| GraphQL basics.,Expose flexible APIs.,2 |
| GraphQL vs REST.,Choose integration architecture.,2 |
| Pagination in GraphQL.,Build scalable GraphQL services.,2 |
| gRPC basics.,Implement efficient service communication.,2 |
| Protocol Buffers.,Exchange structured service messages.,2 |
| Webhooks.,Integrate external SaaS platforms.,1 |
| Message queues.,Build asynchronous workflows.,1 |
| Kafka consumer groups.,Scale event processing.,2 |
| Kafka partitions.,Increase message throughput.,2 |
| Exactly-once delivery.,Implement reliable messaging.,3 |
| At-least-once delivery.,Build resilient distributed systems.,2 |
| At-most-once delivery.,Optimize low-latency processing.,3 |
| Event sourcing.,Maintain complete business history.,4 |
| CQRS.,Separate read and write workloads.,4 |
| Outbox pattern.,Guarantee reliable event publishing.,3 |
| Saga pattern.,Coordinate distributed transactions.,4 |
| API Gateway.,Manage microservice traffic.,1 |
| Rate limiting.,Protect public APIs.,1 |
| Circuit breaker.,Prevent cascading failures.,2 |
| Bulkhead pattern.,Isolate service failures.,3 |
| Retry pattern.,Handle transient errors.,1 |
| Timeout strategy.,Improve service reliability.,1 |
| Design Twitter.,Design a scalable internal social or messaging platform.,3 |
| Design Facebook.,Design a large-scale collaborative application.,3 |
| Design Instagram.,Design a media-sharing backend service.,3 |
| Design YouTube.,Design a scalable video processing platform.,4 |
| Design Netflix.,Design a distributed media delivery system.,4 |
| Design WhatsApp.,Design a real-time messaging service.,3 |
| Design Slack.,Design a team communication platform.,2 |
| Design Discord.,Design a real-time communication system.,3 |
| Design Uber.,Design a location-aware dispatch system.,4 |
| Design Airbnb.,Design a booking platform with transactional workflows.,3 |
| Design Dropbox.,Build a distributed file storage service.,4 |
| Design Google Drive.,Implement cloud document storage.,4 |
| Design Google Docs.,Build collaborative document editing.,5 |
| Design TinyURL.,Develop an internal URL shortening service.,2 |
| Design Bitly.,Implement scalable link management.,2 |
| Design Pastebin.,Develop a text-sharing application.,2 |
| Design Reddit.,Build a discussion platform.,3 |
| Design Stack Overflow.,Implement a Q&A knowledge platform.,3 |
| Design GitHub.,Design a collaborative code hosting platform.,4 |
| Design Jira.,Develop issue tracking software.,2 |
| Design Trello.,Implement a Kanban board application.,2 |
| Design Zoom.,Develop a video conferencing platform.,5 |
| Design Google Meet.,Implement real-time communication infrastructure.,5 |
| Design Microsoft Teams.,Design enterprise collaboration software.,4 |
| Design Spotify.,Develop a music streaming backend.,4 |
| Design Amazon.,Build a scalable e-commerce platform.,3 |
| Design an online banking system.,Implement secure financial workflows.,2 |
| Design an ATM system.,Develop banking transaction services.,2 |
| Design an online payment gateway.,Implement payment processing APIs.,2 |
| Design PayPal.,Build secure payment infrastructure.,3 |
| Design Stripe.,Develop payment processing services.,3 |
| Design a notification service.,"Implement email, SMS, and push notifications.",1 |
| Design an email service.,Build enterprise messaging infrastructure.,4 |
| Design Gmail.,Develop scalable email systems.,5 |
| Design a logging platform.,Build centralized logging infrastructure.,2 |
| Design a monitoring system.,Implement production observability.,2 |
| Design a metrics platform.,Collect and visualize operational metrics.,2 |
| Design Prometheus.,Implement time-series monitoring.,3 |
| Design a cache.,Implement Redis caching for production services.,1 |
| Design Redis.,Develop an in-memory data platform.,4 |
| Design Memcached.,Implement distributed caching.,3 |
| Design a CDN.,Deploy global content delivery.,3 |
| Design CloudFront.,Configure CDN infrastructure.,2 |
| Design a search engine.,Implement enterprise search functionality.,5 |
| Design Elasticsearch.,Deploy search infrastructure.,2 |
| Design Solr.,Maintain enterprise search platforms.,3 |
| Design a recommendation engine.,Develop personalized recommendation features.,4 |
| Design a news feed.,Build timeline generation services.,4 |
| Design a chat application.,Implement WebSocket-based communication.,2 |
| Design a collaborative editor.,Develop collaborative business applications.,5 |
| Design a scheduler.,Implement background job scheduling.,2 |
| Design cron service.,Schedule recurring backend tasks.,2 |
| Design a job queue.,Implement asynchronous processing.,1 |
| Design Kafka.,Deploy distributed messaging infrastructure.,3 |
| Design RabbitMQ.,Operate enterprise messaging systems.,2 |
| Design an API Gateway.,Route traffic across backend services.,1 |
| Design service discovery.,Implement dynamic microservice registration.,2 |
| Design Consul.,Deploy service discovery infrastructure.,3 |
| Design ZooKeeper.,Maintain distributed coordination systems.,4 |
| Design Kubernetes control plane.,Operate Kubernetes clusters.,4 |
| Design Docker Hub.,Implement container registry infrastructure.,4 |
| Design CI/CD platform.,Develop deployment automation pipelines.,2 |
| Design GitHub Actions.,Build workflow automation systems.,3 |
| Design Jenkins.,Maintain build automation infrastructure.,2 |
| Design a feature flag system.,Roll out software incrementally.,1 |
| Design an A/B testing platform.,Implement controlled feature experiments.,2 |
| Design a rate limiter.,Protect APIs from abuse.,2 |
| Design a distributed lock.,Coordinate distributed services.,4 |
| Design leader election.,Maintain high-availability systems.,4 |
| Design consistent hashing.,Distribute requests across servers.,4 |
| Design a distributed cache.,Scale cached application data.,3 |
| Design object storage.,Develop cloud file storage.,4 |
| Design blob storage.,Store large binary files.,3 |
| Design audit logging.,Track sensitive business operations.,1 |
| Design authentication service.,Implement centralized identity management.,2 |
| Design authorization service.,Manage user permissions.,2 |
| Design Single Sign-On.,Implement enterprise authentication.,2 |
| Design OAuth platform.,Provide delegated authentication.,2 |
| Design API key management.,Secure public APIs.,1 |
| Design secrets management.,Store production credentials securely.,2 |
| Design configuration service.,Centralize application configuration.,2 |
| Design inventory system.,Build warehouse management software.,2 |
| Design order processing.,Implement transactional commerce workflows.,2 |
| Design warehouse management.,Develop logistics software.,2 |
| Design supply chain platform.,Coordinate enterprise operations.,3 |
| Design hospital management system.,Build healthcare information systems.,2 |
| Design student information system.,Develop education management software.,2 |
| Design CRM.,Implement customer relationship management.,2 |
| Design ERP.,Develop enterprise resource planning software.,3 |
| Design ticket booking system.,Implement reservation workflows.,2 |
| Design ride-sharing backend.,Coordinate drivers and passengers.,4 |
| Design IoT platform.,Collect and process device telemetry.,3 |
| Design telemetry pipeline.,Process operational metrics.,2 |
| Design analytics platform.,Generate business insights.,2 |
| Design data warehouse.,Support enterprise reporting.,3 |
| Design ETL pipeline.,Transform production business data.,2 |
| Design event-driven architecture.,Implement asynchronous backend workflows.,2 |
| Design microservices architecture.,Split monolithic applications into services.,2 |
| Design scalable backend.,Architect production web services.,2 |
| Design highly available system.,Improve application reliability.,2 |
| CAP Theorem.,Choose database consistency strategies.,3 |
| Explain Consistency in CAP.,Design distributed data storage.,3 |
| Explain Availability in CAP.,Improve service uptime.,2 |
| Explain Partition Tolerance.,Design resilient cloud systems.,3 |
| Strong vs Eventual Consistency.,Select storage architecture.,3 |
| Linearizability.,Design financial systems.,4 |
| Consensus algorithms.,Maintain distributed coordination.,4 |
| Raft algorithm.,Operate distributed databases.,4 |
| Paxos algorithm.,Understand distributed consensus implementations.,5 |
| Leader election.,Operate distributed clusters.,3 |
| Distributed transactions.,Coordinate microservices.,3 |
| Two-Phase Commit.,Maintain legacy distributed systems.,4 |
| Three-Phase Commit.,Study distributed transaction protocols.,5 |
| Saga Pattern.,Implement business workflows.,3 |
| CQRS.,Separate read/write workloads.,4 |
| Event Sourcing.,Maintain event-driven systems.,4 |
| Outbox Pattern.,Guarantee reliable event publishing.,3 |
| Inbox Pattern.,Prevent duplicate event processing.,3 |
| Idempotency.,Build reliable APIs.,2 |
| Exactly-once processing.,Implement payment pipelines.,3 |
| At-least-once delivery.,Consume event streams.,2 |
| At-most-once delivery.,Optimize telemetry ingestion.,3 |
| Message ordering.,Maintain event processing correctness.,2 |
| Kafka partitions.,Scale messaging throughput.,2 |
| Kafka replication.,Improve message durability.,2 |
| Consumer groups.,Scale event consumers.,1 |
| Backpressure.,Prevent service overload.,2 |
| Event-driven architecture.,Build asynchronous systems.,2 |
| Pub/Sub architecture.,Integrate distributed services.,2 |
| WebSockets at scale.,Develop real-time systems.,3 |
| Long polling.,Maintain legacy real-time applications.,3 |
| Server-Sent Events.,Push live updates to browsers.,2 |
| Sticky sessions.,Configure load balancers.,2 |
| Session replication.,Support multiple application servers.,2 |
| Horizontal scaling.,Increase system capacity.,1 |
| Vertical scaling.,Upgrade server resources.,1 |
| Auto Scaling.,Configure cloud infrastructure.,1 |
| Load balancing.,Distribute incoming traffic.,1 |
| Health checks.,Detect unhealthy instances.,1 |
| Circuit Breaker.,Prevent cascading failures.,2 |
| Retry strategy.,Handle transient failures.,1 |
| Exponential backoff.,Retry failed requests responsibly.,2 |
| Bulkhead pattern.,Isolate failing components.,3 |
| Fail Fast.,Terminate invalid requests early.,2 |
| Graceful degradation.,Keep critical features available.,2 |
| Chaos Engineering.,Validate production resilience.,3 |
| Blue-Green Deployment.,Release software safely.,2 |
| Canary Deployment.,Gradually deploy new versions.,2 |
| Rolling Deployment.,Update services without downtime.,1 |
| Feature Toggles.,Release incomplete functionality safely.,1 |
| Database failover.,Recover from infrastructure failures.,2 |
| Disaster Recovery.,Restore production environments.,2 |
| RPO vs RTO.,Plan recovery objectives.,3 |
| High Availability.,Design resilient services.,2 |
| Fault Tolerance.,Reduce service interruptions.,2 |
| Observability.,Monitor distributed systems.,1 |
| Monitoring vs Logging.,Operate production systems.,1 |
| Distributed tracing.,Debug microservices.,2 |
| OpenTelemetry.,Instrument production services.,2 |
| Prometheus metrics.,Monitor application health.,1 |
| Grafana dashboards.,Visualize operational metrics.,1 |
| SLIs.,Measure service quality.,2 |
| SLOs.,Define engineering objectives.,2 |
| SLAs.,Meet contractual uptime guarantees.,2 |
| Latency percentiles.,Analyze production performance.,2 |
| P50 vs P95 vs P99.,Interpret latency metrics.,3 |
| Throughput.,Measure service capacity.,1 |
| Tail latency.,Optimize user experience.,3 |
| Connection pooling.,Improve backend efficiency.,1 |
| Thread pools.,Optimize concurrent processing.,2 |
| Async programming.,Build scalable services.,1 |
| Locks.,Protect shared resources.,2 |
| Read-write locks.,Improve concurrent performance.,3 |
| Deadlocks.,Debug production failures.,2 |
| Livelocks.,Investigate concurrency issues.,4 |
| Race conditions.,Fix synchronization bugs.,2 |
| Atomic operations.,Implement thread-safe code.,2 |
| Memory barriers.,Understand concurrent execution.,4 |
| False sharing.,Optimize high-performance systems.,5 |
| CPU cache.,Investigate performance bottlenecks.,3 |
| Cache locality.,Improve computational efficiency.,4 |
| Garbage Collection tuning.,Optimize backend performance.,3 |
| Heap profiling.,Diagnose memory leaks.,2 |
| Memory fragmentation.,Investigate native application issues.,4 |
| Flame graphs.,Analyze CPU utilization.,2 |
| Profiling tools.,Optimize slow applications.,1 |
| Benchmarking.,Measure software performance.,1 |
| Stress testing.,Evaluate production capacity.,1 |
| Load testing.,Validate scalability.,1 |
| Soak testing.,Detect long-running stability issues.,2 |
| Chaos testing.,Evaluate resilience under failures.,3 |
| Rate limiting.,Protect backend APIs.,1 |
| Token Bucket algorithm.,Implement API throttling.,3 |
| Leaky Bucket algorithm.,Implement traffic shaping.,3 |
| Bloom Filter.,Optimize membership checks.,4 |
| Consistent hashing.,Distribute requests across nodes.,4 |
| What is an LLM?,Use GitHub Copilot or ChatGPT during development.,1 |
| What is Prompt Engineering?,Write effective prompts for AI coding assistants.,1 |
| What is Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)?,Build AI-powered search or knowledge systems.,2 |
| What are embeddings?,Implement semantic search.,2 |
| What is a vector database?,Deploy semantic search infrastructure.,2 |
| Explain cosine similarity.,Rank semantic search results.,3 |
| How does ChatGPT work?,Understand AI-assisted development tools.,2 |
| How do transformers work?,Understand capabilities and limitations of LLMs.,4 |
| Attention mechanism.,Understand modern AI architectures.,4 |
| Fine-tuning vs prompting.,Choose AI customization strategy.,2 |
| What is hallucination?,Validate AI-generated code.,1 |
| Context window.,Manage large codebases with AI.,1 |
| Few-shot prompting.,Improve AI responses.,2 |
| Zero-shot prompting.,Use AI assistants effectively.,1 |
| Chain-of-thought prompting.,Break down complex engineering tasks.,2 |
| Function calling.,Integrate LLMs with software systems.,2 |
| AI agents.,Build autonomous development workflows.,2 |
| Model Context Protocol (MCP).,Integrate AI with developer tools.,2 |
| Tool calling.,Connect AI systems with APIs.,2 |
| Temperature in LLMs.,Tune AI output consistency.,2 |
| Top-p sampling.,Configure generative AI behavior.,3 |
| Prompt injection.,Secure AI applications.,2 |
| AI code review.,Review pull requests with AI assistance.,1 |
| GitHub Copilot.,Accelerate software development.,1 |
| Code generation.,Generate boilerplate implementation.,1 |
| AI-assisted debugging.,Investigate software defects.,1 |
| AI-assisted testing.,Generate unit tests automatically.,1 |
| AI-assisted documentation.,Produce technical documentation.,1 |
| AI-assisted refactoring.,Modernize legacy code.,1 |
| AI pair programming.,Collaborate with AI tools.,1 |
| Explain Clean Code.,Write maintainable software.,1 |
| Code smells.,Identify maintainability problems.,1 |
| Refactoring.,Improve existing production code.,1 |
| Technical debt.,Plan engineering improvements.,1 |
| Cyclomatic complexity.,Measure code maintainability.,2 |
| Code review best practices.,Review teammates' pull requests.,1 |
| Pull request workflow.,Collaborate using Git.,1 |
| Branching strategy.,Manage feature development.,1 |
| Trunk-based development.,Organize team workflows.,2 |
| GitFlow.,Maintain release processes.,2 |
| Continuous refactoring.,Improve long-lived systems.,1 |
| Domain-Driven Design.,Model complex business domains.,2 |
| Bounded Context.,Separate business capabilities.,2 |
| Aggregate Root.,Design domain models.,2 |
| Repository Pattern.,Implement persistence abstraction.,2 |
| Unit of Work.,Coordinate database changes.,2 |
| Hexagonal Architecture.,Separate business logic from infrastructure.,2 |
| Clean Architecture.,Structure enterprise applications.,2 |
| Onion Architecture.,Maintain modular backend systems.,2 |
| Layered Architecture.,Organize enterprise software.,1 |
| Dependency Rule.,Reduce coupling between modules.,2 |
| Inversion of Control.,Build extensible systems.,2 |
| SOLID in practice.,Maintain object-oriented applications.,1 |
| YAGNI.,Avoid unnecessary implementation.,1 |
| KISS Principle.,Keep solutions simple.,1 |
| DRY Principle.,Reduce duplicated logic.,1 |
| Composition over inheritance.,Build reusable components.,1 |
| Law of Demeter.,Reduce coupling between classes.,2 |
| Design by Contract.,Specify application behavior clearly.,3 |
| OWASP Top 10.,Develop secure web applications.,1 |
| SQL Injection.,Prevent database attacks.,1 |
| Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).,Sanitize user input.,1 |
| Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF).,Protect authenticated requests.,1 |
| Broken Authentication.,Implement secure login systems.,1 |
| SSRF.,Protect backend infrastructure.,2 |
| Remote Code Execution.,Prevent critical vulnerabilities.,2 |
| Secure password storage.,Hash and salt user passwords.,1 |
| HTTPS everywhere.,Deploy secure web applications.,1 |
| Secrets management.,Protect API keys and credentials.,1 |
| Least Privilege Principle.,Limit application permissions.,1 |
| Principle of Defense in Depth.,Design secure systems.,2 |
| Static code analysis.,Detect bugs automatically.,1 |
| Dynamic analysis.,Test running applications.,2 |
| Software Composition Analysis.,Identify vulnerable dependencies.,1 |
| Dependency scanning.,Monitor third-party libraries.,1 |
| Container scanning.,Secure Docker images.,1 |
| SBOM.,Track software dependencies.,2 |
| Observability.,Monitor production systems.,1 |
| Root Cause Analysis.,Investigate production incidents.,1 |
| Incident response.,Restore production services.,1 |
| Postmortem analysis.,Learn from outages.,1 |
| Blameless postmortem.,Improve engineering culture.,1 |
| Error budgets.,Balance reliability and feature delivery.,2 |
| Engineering metrics.,Measure team effectiveness.,2 |
| DORA metrics.,Evaluate software delivery performance.,2 |
| Mean Time To Recovery (MTTR).,Measure operational performance.,1 |
| Deployment frequency.,Improve software delivery.,1 |
| Lead time for changes.,Optimize engineering workflow.,1 |
| Change failure rate.,Reduce deployment risk.,1 |
| Feature flags.,Deploy features safely.,1 |
| Dark launches.,Test new functionality gradually.,2 |
| Backward compatibility.,Support existing users.,1 |
| API deprecation strategy.,Retire old services safely.,1 |
| Versioning strategy.,Maintain long-lived APIs.,1 |
| Scalable architecture.,Design systems for future growth.,2 |
| Maintainability.,Keep software easy to evolve.,1 |
| Reliability engineering.,Operate production services.,1 |
| Performance optimization.,Reduce latency and resource usage.,1 |
| Debugging methodology.,Investigate software defects systematically.,1 |
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