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1
+
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+
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+ This is a retranscription of one of the first Project
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+ Gutenberg Etexts, offically dated December 31, 1974--
5
+ and now officially re-released on November 19, 1993--
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+ 130 years after it was spoken. We will rerelease the
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+ Inaugural Address of President Kennedy, officially on
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+ November 22, 1993, on the day of the 30th anniversary
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+ of his assassination.
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+
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+
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+
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+ Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, given November 19, 1863
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+ on the battlefield near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
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+
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+
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+ Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth
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+ upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and
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+ dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
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+
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+ Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether
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+ that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated. . .
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+ can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
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+
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+ We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place
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+ for those who here gave their lives that this nation might live.
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+ It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
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+
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+ But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we cannot consecrate. . .
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+ we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead,
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+ who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power
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+ to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember,
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+ what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
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+
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+ It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
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+ work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
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+ It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining
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+ before us. . .that from these honored dead we take increased devotion
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+ to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. . .
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+ that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. . .
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+ that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom. . .
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+ and that government of the people. . .by the people. . .for the people. . .
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+ shall not perish from this earth.
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ December, 1975 [Etext #5]
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+
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+
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+ *****The Project Gutenberg Etext of The U. S. Constitution*****
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+
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+ The following edition of The Consitution of the United States of America
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+ has been based on many hours of study of a variety of editions, and will
55
+ include certain variant spellings, punctuation, and captialization as we
56
+ have been able to reasonable ascertain belonged to the orginal. In case
57
+ of internal discrepancies in these matters, most or all have been left.
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+
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+ In our orginal editions the letters were all CAPITALS, and we did not do
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+ anything about capitalization, consistent or otherwise, nor with most of
61
+ the punctuation, since we had limited punctionation in those days.
62
+
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+ This document does NOT include the amendments, as the Bill of Rights was
64
+ one of our earlier Project Gutenberg Etexts, and the others will be sent
65
+ in a separate posting.
66
+
67
+ ***
68
+
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+ We would ask that any Consitutional scholars would please take a minute,
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+ or longer, to send us a note concerning possible corrections.
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+
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+ ***
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+
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+
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+
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+ THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1787
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+
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+
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+
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+ We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union,
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+ establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,
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+ promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves
83
+ and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
84
+ United States of America.
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+
86
+
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+ Article 1
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+
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+ Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a
90
+ Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and
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+ House of Representatives.
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+
93
+ Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members
94
+ chosen every second Year by the People of the several States,
95
+ and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite
96
+ for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.
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+
98
+ No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the
99
+ Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a citizen of the United States,
100
+ and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which
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+ he shall be chosen.
102
+
103
+ Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among
104
+ the several States which may be included within this Union,
105
+ according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined
106
+ by adding to the whole number of free Persons, including those
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+ bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed,
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+ three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made
109
+ within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the
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+ United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years,
111
+ in such Manner as they shall by law Direct. The number of
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+ Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand,
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+ but each State shall have at least one Representative;
114
+ and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
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+ shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island
116
+ and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six,
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+ New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six,
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+ Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
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+
120
+ When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive
121
+ Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
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+
123
+ The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers;
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+ and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
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+
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+ Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
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+ two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof,
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+ for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
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+
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+ Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election,
131
+ they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of
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+ the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the expiration of the
133
+ second Year, of the second Class at the expiration of the fourth Year,
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+ and of the third Class at the expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third
135
+ may be chosen every second Year; and if vacancies happen by Resignation,
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+ or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State,
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+ the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the
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+ next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
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+
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+ No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of
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+ thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States,
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+ and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State
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+ for which he shall be chosen.
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+
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+ The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate,
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+ but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
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+
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+ The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President
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+ pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
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+ exercise the Office of President of the United States.
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+
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+ The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments.
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+ When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation.
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+ When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice
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+ shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence
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+ of two thirds of the Members present.
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+
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+ Judgment in cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal
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+ from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor,
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+ Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall
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+ nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and
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+ Punishment, according to Law.
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+
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+ Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and
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+ Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof;
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+ but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations,
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+ except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
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+
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+ The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year,
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+ and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,
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+ unless they shall by law appoint a different Day.
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+
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+
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+ Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
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+ Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a
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+ Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business;
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+ but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day,
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+ and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members,
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+ in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
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+
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+ Each house may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,
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+ punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the
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+ Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a Member.
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+
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+ Each house shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings,
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+ and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may
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+ in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the
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+ Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of
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+ one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
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+
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+ Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the
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+ Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to
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+ any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
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+
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+ Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation
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+ for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury
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+ of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and
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+ Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance
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+ at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning
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+ from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House,
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+ they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
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+
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+ No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected,
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+ be appointed to any civil Office under the authority of the United States,
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+ which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been
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+ increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the
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+ United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance
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+ in Office.
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+
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+ Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the
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+ House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
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+ Amendments as on other Bills.
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+
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+ Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
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+ the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the
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+ President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it,
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+ but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House
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+ in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections
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+ at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it.
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+ If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that house
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+ shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent,
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+ together with the Objections, to the other House, by which
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+ it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds
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+ of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such Cases
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+ the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays,
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+ and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be
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+ entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill
228
+ shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted)
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+ after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law,
230
+ in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their
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+ Adjournment prevent its Return, in which case it shall not be a Law.
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+
233
+ Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate
234
+ and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question
235
+ of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States;
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+ and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him,
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+ or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of
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+ the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules
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+ and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
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+
241
+ Section 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties,
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+ Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence
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+ and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises
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+ shall be uniform throughout the United States;
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+
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+ To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
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+
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+ To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States,
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+ and with the Indian Tribes;
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+
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+ To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws
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+ on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
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+
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+ To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin,
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+ and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
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+
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+ To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities
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+ and current Coin of the United States;
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+
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+ To establish Post Offices and Post Roads;
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+
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+ To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing
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+ for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right
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+ to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
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+
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+ To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
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+
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+ To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas,
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+ and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
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+
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+ To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,
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+ and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
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+
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+ To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use
275
+ shall be for a longer term than two Years;
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+
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+ To provide and maintain a Navy;
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+
279
+ To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
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+
281
+ To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union,
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+ suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
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+
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+ To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for
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+ governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the
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+ United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment
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+ of the Officers, and the Authority of training the militia according
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+ to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
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+
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+ To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever,
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+ over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may,
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+ by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress,
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+ become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to
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+ exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent
295
+ of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be,
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+ for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dockyards,
297
+ and other needful Buildings;--And
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+
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+ To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
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+ into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested
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+ by this Constitution in the Government of the United States,
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+ or in any Department or Officer thereof.
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+
304
+ Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any
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+ of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not
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+ be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight
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+ hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importation,
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+ not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
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+
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+ The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless
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+ when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
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+
313
+ No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
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+
315
+ No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion
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+ to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
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+
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+ No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
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+
320
+ No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue
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+ to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to,
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+ or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
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+
324
+ No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence
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+ of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account
326
+ of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be
327
+ published from time to time.
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+
329
+ No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States;
330
+ and no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall,
331
+ without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument,
332
+ Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince,
333
+ or foreign State.
334
+
335
+ Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
336
+ Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money;
337
+ emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender
338
+ in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law,
339
+ or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
340
+
341
+ No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties
342
+ on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing
343
+ it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts,
344
+ laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury
345
+ of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision
346
+ and Controul of the Congress.
347
+
348
+
349
+ No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of
350
+ Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any
351
+ Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or
352
+ engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger
353
+ as will not admit of delay.
354
+
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+ ARTICLE 2
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+
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+ Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President
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+ of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during
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+ the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President
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+ chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:
361
+
362
+ Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct,
363
+ a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives
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+ to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or
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+ Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under
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+ the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
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+
368
+ The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot
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+ for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not lie an Inhabitant of
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+ the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of
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+ all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each;
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+ which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to
373
+ the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the
374
+ President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall,
375
+ in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
376
+ open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted.
377
+ The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President,
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+ if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed;
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+ and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal
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+ Number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately
381
+ chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have
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+ a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House
383
+ shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President,
384
+ the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State
385
+ having one Vote; a Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member
386
+ or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the
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+ States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice
388
+ of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of
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+ the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain
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+ two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them
391
+ by Ballot the Vice President.
392
+
393
+ The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors,
394
+ and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day
395
+ shall be the same throughout the United States.
396
+
397
+ No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States,
398
+ at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to
399
+ the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that
400
+ Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years,
401
+ and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
402
+
403
+ In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,
404
+ Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the
405
+ said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the
406
+ Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation
407
+ or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
408
+ Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly,
409
+ until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
410
+
411
+ The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services,
412
+ a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during
413
+ the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
414
+ within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
415
+
416
+ Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the
417
+ following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that
418
+ I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States,
419
+ and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the
420
+ Constitution of the United States."
421
+
422
+ Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army
423
+ and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States,
424
+ when called into the actual Service of the United States;
425
+ he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer
426
+ in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to
427
+ the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power
428
+ to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States,
429
+ except in Cases of impeachment.
430
+
431
+ He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the
432
+ Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators
433
+ present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice
434
+ and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public
435
+ Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other
436
+ Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein
437
+ otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law:
438
+ but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers,
439
+ as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law,
440
+ or in the Heads of Departments.
441
+
442
+ The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen
443
+ during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall
444
+ expire at the End of their next session.
445
+
446
+ Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress
447
+ Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their
448
+ Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;
449
+ he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either
450
+ of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to
451
+ the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall
452
+ think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers;
453
+ he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall
454
+ Commission all the Officers of the United States.
455
+
456
+ Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the
457
+ United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,
458
+ and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
459
+
460
+ ARTICLE THREE
461
+
462
+ Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested
463
+ in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may
464
+ from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme
465
+ and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good behavior,
466
+ and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation,
467
+ which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
468
+
469
+ Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity,
470
+ arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties
471
+ made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting
472
+ Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty
473
+ and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States
474
+ shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;--between a
475
+ State and Citizens of another State;--between Citizens of different States;
476
+ --between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of
477
+ different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof,
478
+ and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
479
+
480
+ In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
481
+ and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have
482
+ original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the
483
+ supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact,
484
+ with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
485
+
486
+ The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury;
487
+ and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall
488
+ have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial
489
+ shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
490
+
491
+ Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in
492
+ levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them
493
+ Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on
494
+ the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession
495
+ in open Court.
496
+
497
+ The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of Treason,
498
+ but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood,
499
+ or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
500
+
501
+
502
+ ARTICLE FOUR
503
+
504
+ Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the
505
+ public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.
506
+ And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts,
507
+ Records, and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
508
+
509
+
510
+ Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
511
+ Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
512
+
513
+ A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime,
514
+ who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State,
515
+ shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from
516
+ which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having
517
+ Jurisdiction of the Crime.
518
+
519
+ No person held to Service or Labor in one State, under the Laws thereof,
520
+ escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein,
521
+ be discharged from such Service or Labor, But shall be delivered up on Claim
522
+ of the Party to whom such Service or Labor may be due.
523
+
524
+
525
+ Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
526
+ but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction
527
+ of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two
528
+ or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the
529
+ Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
530
+
531
+ The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules
532
+ and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging
533
+ to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so
534
+ construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States,
535
+ or of any particular State.
536
+
537
+ Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
538
+ a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against
539
+ Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive
540
+ (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
541
+
542
+
543
+ ARTICLE FIVE
544
+
545
+ The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary,
546
+ shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of
547
+ the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention
548
+ for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents
549
+ and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures
550
+ of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths
551
+ thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by
552
+ the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the
553
+ Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect
554
+ the first and fourth Clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article;
555
+ and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of it's
556
+ equal Suffrage in the Senate.
557
+
558
+ ARTICLE SIX
559
+
560
+ All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption
561
+ of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States
562
+ under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
563
+
564
+ This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made
565
+ in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made,
566
+ under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
567
+ Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
568
+ any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary
569
+ notwithstanding.
570
+
571
+ The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the
572
+ several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers,
573
+ both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound
574
+ by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious
575
+ Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust
576
+ under the United States
577
+
578
+ ARTICLE SEVEN
579
+
580
+ The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the
581
+ Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
582
+
583
+ Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present
584
+ the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one
585
+ thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the Independence of the
586
+ United States of America the Twelfth In Witness whereof We have
587
+ hereunto subscribed our Names,
588
+
589
+ Go. WASHINGTON--
590
+ Presid. and deputy from Virginia
591
+
592
+ New Hampshire
593
+
594
+ John Langdon
595
+ Nicholas Gilman
596
+
597
+ Massachusetts
598
+
599
+ Nathaniel Gorham
600
+ Rufus King
601
+
602
+ Connecticut
603
+
604
+ Wm. Saml. Johnson
605
+ Roger herman
606
+
607
+ New York
608
+
609
+ Alexander Hamilton
610
+
611
+ New Jersey
612
+
613
+ Wil: Livingston
614
+ David Brearley
615
+ Wm. Paterson
616
+ Jona: Dayton
617
+
618
+ Pennsylvania
619
+
620
+ B Franklin
621
+ Thomas Mifflin
622
+ Robt Morris
623
+ Geo. Clymer
624
+ Thos FitzSimons
625
+ Jared Ingersoll
626
+ James Wilson
627
+ Gouv Morris
628
+
629
+ Delaware
630
+
631
+ Geo: Read
632
+ Gunning Bedford jun
633
+ John Dickinson
634
+ Richard Bassett
635
+ Jaco: Broom
636
+
637
+ Maryland
638
+
639
+ James Mchenry
640
+ Dan of St Thos. Jenifer
641
+ Danl Carroll
642
+
643
+ Virginia
644
+
645
+ John Blair--
646
+ James Madison Jr.
647
+
648
+ North Carolina
649
+
650
+ Wm. Blount
651
+ Rich'd Dobbs Spaight
652
+ Hu Williamson
653
+
654
+ South Carolina
655
+
656
+ J. Rutledge
657
+ Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
658
+ Charles Pinckney
659
+ Pierce Butler
660
+
661
+ Georgia
662
+
663
+ William Few
664
+ Abr Baldwin
665
+
666
+
667
+ Attest:
668
+ William Jackson, Secretary
669
+
670
+
671
+
672
+
673
+ December, 1975 [Etext #6]
674
+