| {"id": "phi_0001", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is utilitarianism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Utilitarianism judges acts by total happiness produced, while critics reply that rights and justice matter beyond sums.", "steps": ["Utilitarianism judges acts by total happiness produced, while critics reply that rights and justice matter beyond sums.", "So the answer stands: Utilitarianism judges acts by total happiness produced, while critics reply that rights and justice matter beyond sums."], "text": "Answer: Utilitarianism judges acts by total happiness produced, while critics reply that rights and justice matter beyond sums.\nSteps:\n1. Utilitarianism judges acts by total happiness produced, while critics reply that rights and justice matter beyond sums.\n2. So the answer stands: Utilitarianism judges acts by total happiness produced, while critics reply that rights and justice matter beyond sums."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0002", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is knowledge?", "choices": null, "answer": "Many define knowledge as justified true belief, though Gettier cases show the trio can still fail.", "steps": ["Many define knowledge as justified true belief, though Gettier cases show the trio can still fail.", "So the answer stands: Many define knowledge as justified true belief, though Gettier cases show the trio can still fail."], "text": "Answer: Many define knowledge as justified true belief, though Gettier cases show the trio can still fail.\nSteps:\n1. Many define knowledge as justified true belief, though Gettier cases show the trio can still fail.\n2. So the answer stands: Many define knowledge as justified true belief, though Gettier cases show the trio can still fail."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0003", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Show the row count of a truth table with 3 sentence letters.", "choices": null, "answer": "Rows: 8.", "steps": ["2 values each.", "2^3.", "= 8."], "text": "Answer: Rows: 8.\nSteps:\n1. 2 values each.\n2. 2^3.\n3. = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0004", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A functional system has 3 inputs and 3 outputs. Count the pairs.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 9.", "steps": ["Inputs: 3.", "Outputs: 3.", "3 × 3 = 9."], "text": "Answer: Count: 9.\nSteps:\n1. Inputs: 3.\n2. Outputs: 3.\n3. 3 × 3 = 9."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0005", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je spravedlnost?", "choices": null, "answer": "Teorie spravedlnosti se přou o dělení a práva, soupeří utilitaristé, libertariáni a rovnostáři.", "steps": ["Teorie spravedlnosti se přou o dělení a práva, soupeří utilitaristé, libertariáni a rovnostáři.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Teorie spravedlnosti se přou o dělení a práva, soupeří utilitaristé, libertariáni a rovnostáři."], "text": "Answer: Teorie spravedlnosti se přou o dělení a práva, soupeří utilitaristé, libertariáni a rovnostáři.\nSteps:\n1. Teorie spravedlnosti se přou o dělení a práva, soupeří utilitaristé, libertariáni a rovnostáři.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Teorie spravedlnosti se přou o dělení a práva, soupeří utilitaristé, libertariáni a rovnostáři."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0006", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je krása?", "choices": null, "answer": "Spory o krásu sahají od formy přes prožitek po kulturu.", "steps": ["Spory o krásu sahají od formy přes prožitek po kulturu.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Spory o krásu sahají od formy přes prožitek po kulturu."], "text": "Answer: Spory o krásu sahají od formy přes prožitek po kulturu.\nSteps:\n1. Spory o krásu sahají od formy přes prožitek po kulturu.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Spory o krásu sahají od formy přes prožitek po kulturu."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0007", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is deontology?", "choices": null, "answer": "Deontology judges acts by duty and rules, holding some acts wrong whatever good they bring, unlike pure consequentialism.", "steps": ["Deontology judges acts by duty and rules, holding some acts wrong whatever good they bring, unlike pure consequentialism.", "So the answer stands: Deontology judges acts by duty and rules, holding some acts wrong whatever good they bring, unlike pure consequentialism."], "text": "Answer: Deontology judges acts by duty and rules, holding some acts wrong whatever good they bring, unlike pure consequentialism.\nSteps:\n1. Deontology judges acts by duty and rules, holding some acts wrong whatever good they bring, unlike pure consequentialism.\n2. So the answer stands: Deontology judges acts by duty and rules, holding some acts wrong whatever good they bring, unlike pure consequentialism."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0008", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why Gettier problems?", "choices": null, "answer": "Gettier gave justified true beliefs that seem like luck, challenging the classic tripartite definition.", "steps": ["Gettier gave justified true beliefs that seem like luck, challenging the classic tripartite definition.", "So the answer stands: Gettier gave justified true beliefs that seem like luck, challenging the classic tripartite definition."], "text": "Answer: Gettier gave justified true beliefs that seem like luck, challenging the classic tripartite definition.\nSteps:\n1. Gettier gave justified true beliefs that seem like luck, challenging the classic tripartite definition.\n2. So the answer stands: Gettier gave justified true beliefs that seem like luck, challenging the classic tripartite definition."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0009", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Ukaž počet řádků pravdivostní tabulky s 3 písmeny.", "choices": null, "answer": "Řádků: 8.", "steps": ["2 hodnoty každé.", "2^3.", "= 8."], "text": "Answer: Řádků: 8.\nSteps:\n1. 2 hodnoty každé.\n2. 2^3.\n3. = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0010", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A functional system has 2 inputs and 3 outputs. How many input-output pairs?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "3", "C": "9", "D": "12"}, "answer": "Count: 6.", "steps": ["2 × 3.", "Pairs: 6.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: 6\nSteps:\n1. 2 × 3.\n2. Pairs: 6.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0011", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A council of 20 needs a majority. How many votes is that?", "choices": {"A": "11", "B": "10", "C": "12", "D": "13"}, "answer": "Majority is 11 votes.", "steps": ["Half of 20.", "Plus 1: 11.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: 11\nSteps:\n1. Half of 20.\n2. Plus 1: 11.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0012", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Galerie věší 6 obrazů rovnoměrně do 3 místností. Kolik na místnost?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "1", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "answer": "Počet: 2.", "steps": ["6 / 3.", "Na místnost: 2.", "Vyber možnost A."], "text": "Answer: 2\nSteps:\n1. 6 / 3.\n2. Na místnost: 2.\n3. Vyber možnost A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0013", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Čin přináší +10 užitku 6 lidem a −20 užitku 2 lidem. Spočítej čistý užitek.", "choices": null, "answer": "Čistý užitek: 20.", "steps": ["Zisky: 10×6 = 60.", "Ztráty: 20×2 = 40.", "60 − 40 = 20."], "text": "Answer: Čistý užitek: 20.\nSteps:\n1. Zisky: 10×6 = 60.\n2. Ztráty: 20×2 = 40.\n3. 60 − 40 = 20."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0014", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 13 are justified and 9 are both justified and true. Count the justified-but-false.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Justified: 13.", "Both: 9.", "13 − 9 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Count: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Justified: 13.\n2. Both: 9.\n3. 13 − 9 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0015", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is validity?", "choices": null, "answer": "An argument is valid when true premises guarantee a true conclusion, regardless of actual truth.", "steps": ["An argument is valid when true premises guarantee a true conclusion, regardless of actual truth.", "So the answer stands: An argument is valid when true premises guarantee a true conclusion, regardless of actual truth."], "text": "Answer: An argument is valid when true premises guarantee a true conclusion, regardless of actual truth.\nSteps:\n1. An argument is valid when true premises guarantee a true conclusion, regardless of actual truth.\n2. So the answer stands: An argument is valid when true premises guarantee a true conclusion, regardless of actual truth."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0016", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Funkční systém má 2 vstupy a 3 výstupy. Kolik je vstupně-výstupních dvojic?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "3", "C": "9", "D": "12"}, "answer": "Počet: 6.", "steps": ["2 × 3.", "Dvojic: 6.", "Vyber možnost A."], "text": "Answer: 6\nSteps:\n1. 2 × 3.\n2. Dvojic: 6.\n3. Vyber možnost A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0017", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A council of 22 needs a majority. Compute the majority size.", "choices": null, "answer": "Majority: 12.", "steps": ["Half: 11.", "Plus 1.", "= 12."], "text": "Answer: Majority: 12.\nSteps:\n1. Half: 11.\n2. Plus 1.\n3. = 12."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0018", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is beauty?", "choices": null, "answer": "Beauty debates span objective form, subjective pleasure, and cultural construction fairly.", "steps": ["Beauty debates span objective form, subjective pleasure, and cultural construction fairly.", "So the answer stands: Beauty debates span objective form, subjective pleasure, and cultural construction fairly."], "text": "Answer: Beauty debates span objective form, subjective pleasure, and cultural construction fairly.\nSteps:\n1. Beauty debates span objective form, subjective pleasure, and cultural construction fairly.\n2. So the answer stands: Beauty debates span objective form, subjective pleasure, and cultural construction fairly."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0019", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 6 people and −20 to 2 people. Compute the net utility.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net utility: 20.", "steps": ["Gains: 10×6 = 60.", "Losses: 20×2 = 40.", "60 − 40 = 20."], "text": "Answer: Net utility: 20.\nSteps:\n1. Gains: 10×6 = 60.\n2. Losses: 20×2 = 40.\n3. 60 − 40 = 20."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0020", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 12 are justified and 8 are both justified and true. How many are justified but false?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "3", "C": "5", "D": "6"}, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Justified 12.", "Minus both 8.", "Left: 4.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. Justified 12.\n2. Minus both 8.\n3. Left: 4.\n4. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0021", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 9 argument forms, 6 are valid. Count the invalid ones.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 3.", "steps": ["Total: 9.", "Valid: 6.", "9 − 6 = 3."], "text": "Answer: Count: 3.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 9.\n2. Valid: 6.\n3. 9 − 6 = 3."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0022", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is dualism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Dualism holds mind and body are distinct kinds, facing the puzzle of how they interact.", "steps": ["Dualism holds mind and body are distinct kinds, facing the puzzle of how they interact.", "So the answer stands: Dualism holds mind and body are distinct kinds, facing the puzzle of how they interact."], "text": "Answer: Dualism holds mind and body are distinct kinds, facing the puzzle of how they interact.\nSteps:\n1. Dualism holds mind and body are distinct kinds, facing the puzzle of how they interact.\n2. So the answer stands: Dualism holds mind and body are distinct kinds, facing the puzzle of how they interact."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0023", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A federation has 6 states with 2 votes each. Count all votes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 12.", "steps": ["States: 6.", "Each: 2.", "6 × 2 = 12."], "text": "Answer: Total: 12.\nSteps:\n1. States: 6.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 6 × 2 = 12."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0024", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Galerie věší 9 obrazů rovnoměrně do 3 místností. Spočítej obrazy na místnost.", "choices": null, "answer": "Na místnost: 3.", "steps": ["Celkem: 9.", "Místnosti: 3.", "9 / 3 = 3."], "text": "Answer: Na místnost: 3.\nSteps:\n1. Celkem: 9.\n2. Místnosti: 3.\n3. 9 / 3 = 3."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0025", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Čin přináší +10 užitku 5 lidem a −20 užitku 2 lidem. Jaký je čistý užitek?", "choices": {"A": "10", "B": "0", "C": "20", "D": "30"}, "answer": "Čistý užitek je 10.", "steps": ["Zisky 50.", "Ztráty 40.", "Čistý: 10.", "Vyber možnost A."], "text": "Answer: 10\nSteps:\n1. Zisky 50.\n2. Ztráty 40.\n3. Čistý: 10.\n4. Vyber možnost A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0026", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je vědění?", "choices": null, "answer": "Mnozí je vymezují jako zdůvodněné pravdivé přesvědčení, Gettierovy případy je zpochybňují.", "steps": ["Mnozí je vymezují jako zdůvodněné pravdivé přesvědčení, Gettierovy případy je zpochybňují.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Mnozí je vymezují jako zdůvodněné pravdivé přesvědčení, Gettierovy případy je zpochybňují."], "text": "Answer: Mnozí je vymezují jako zdůvodněné pravdivé přesvědčení, Gettierovy případy je zpochybňují.\nSteps:\n1. Mnozí je vymezují jako zdůvodněné pravdivé přesvědčení, Gettierovy případy je zpochybňují.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Mnozí je vymezují jako zdůvodněné pravdivé přesvědčení, Gettierovy případy je zpochybňují."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0027", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is soundness?", "choices": null, "answer": "Sound arguments are valid with true premises, giving the strongest rational support possible.", "steps": ["Sound arguments are valid with true premises, giving the strongest rational support possible.", "So the answer stands: Sound arguments are valid with true premises, giving the strongest rational support possible."], "text": "Answer: Sound arguments are valid with true premises, giving the strongest rational support possible.\nSteps:\n1. Sound arguments are valid with true premises, giving the strongest rational support possible.\n2. So the answer stands: Sound arguments are valid with true premises, giving the strongest rational support possible."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0028", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A thought experiment varies 3 factors with 2 levels each. Count the combinations.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 8.", "steps": ["2 levels each.", "2^3.", "= 8."], "text": "Answer: Count: 8.\nSteps:\n1. 2 levels each.\n2. 2^3.\n3. = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0029", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A tax takes 12% of 1000. Compute the tax amount.", "choices": null, "answer": "Tax: 120.", "steps": ["12% of 1000.", "1000×12/100.", "= 120."], "text": "Answer: Tax: 120.\nSteps:\n1. 12% of 1000.\n2. 1000×12/100.\n3. = 120."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0030", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A gallery hangs 6 paintings equally in 3 rooms. How many per room?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "1", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "answer": "Count: 2.", "steps": ["6 / 3.", "Per room: 2.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: 2\nSteps:\n1. 6 / 3.\n2. Per room: 2.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0031", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A trolley threatens 4 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. Compute net lives saved.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net saved: 3.", "steps": ["Saved: 4.", "Lost: 1.", "4 − 1 = 3."], "text": "Answer: Net saved: 3.\nSteps:\n1. Saved: 4.\n2. Lost: 1.\n3. 4 − 1 = 3."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0032", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A process gets 70 of 100 beliefs right. What is its reliability percent?", "choices": {"A": "65%", "B": "70%", "C": "75%", "D": "80%"}, "answer": "Reliability is 70%.", "steps": ["70 of 100.", "= 70%.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 70%\nSteps:\n1. 70 of 100.\n2. = 70%.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0033", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "How many rows does a truth table with 2 sentence letters have?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "2", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "answer": "The table has 4 rows.", "steps": ["2^2 rows.", "Total: 4.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. 2^2 rows.\n2. Total: 4.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0034", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 7 conceivability cases, 2 are zombies. Count the non-zombies.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 5.", "steps": ["Total: 7.", "Zombies: 2.", "7 − 2 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Count: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 7.\n2. Zombies: 2.\n3. 7 − 2 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0035", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A federation has 5 states with 2 votes each. How many votes total?", "choices": {"A": "8", "B": "10", "C": "12", "D": "14"}, "answer": "Total votes: 10.", "steps": ["5 × 2.", "Total: 10.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 10\nSteps:\n1. 5 × 2.\n2. Total: 10.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0036", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Proč definovat umění?", "choices": null, "answer": "Definice sahají od nápodoby přes výraz po instituce.", "steps": ["Definice sahají od nápodoby přes výraz po instituce.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Definice sahají od nápodoby přes výraz po instituce."], "text": "Answer: Definice sahají od nápodoby přes výraz po instituce.\nSteps:\n1. Definice sahají od nápodoby přes výraz po instituce.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Definice sahají od nápodoby přes výraz po instituce."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0037", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is virtue ethics?", "choices": null, "answer": "Virtue ethics asks what a good person would do, focusing on character rather than rules or outcomes alone.", "steps": ["Virtue ethics asks what a good person would do, focusing on character rather than rules or outcomes alone.", "So the answer stands: Virtue ethics asks what a good person would do, focusing on character rather than rules or outcomes alone."], "text": "Answer: Virtue ethics asks what a good person would do, focusing on character rather than rules or outcomes alone.\nSteps:\n1. Virtue ethics asks what a good person would do, focusing on character rather than rules or outcomes alone.\n2. So the answer stands: Virtue ethics asks what a good person would do, focusing on character rather than rules or outcomes alone."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0038", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Z přesvědčení myslitele je 12 zdůvodněných a 8 zdůvodněných i pravdivých. Kolik je zdůvodněných, ale nepravdivých?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "3", "C": "5", "D": "6"}, "answer": "Počet: 4.", "steps": ["Zdůvodněných 12.", "Minus obojí 8.", "Zbývá: 4.", "Vyber možnost A."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. Zdůvodněných 12.\n2. Minus obojí 8.\n3. Zbývá: 4.\n4. Vyber možnost A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0039", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A formula has 4 binary connectives. Count its subformulas.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 9.", "steps": ["Atoms: 5.", "Compounds: 4.", "5 + 4 = 9."], "text": "Answer: Count: 9.\nSteps:\n1. Atoms: 5.\n2. Compounds: 4.\n3. 5 + 4 = 9."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0040", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A thought experiment varies 2 factors with 2 levels each. How many combinations?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["2^2.", "Total: 4.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. 2^2.\n2. Total: 4.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0041", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is justice?", "choices": null, "answer": "Justice debates fair distribution and rights, with utilitarian, libertarian, and egalitarian rival theories.", "steps": ["Justice debates fair distribution and rights, with utilitarian, libertarian, and egalitarian rival theories.", "So the answer stands: Justice debates fair distribution and rights, with utilitarian, libertarian, and egalitarian rival theories."], "text": "Answer: Justice debates fair distribution and rights, with utilitarian, libertarian, and egalitarian rival theories.\nSteps:\n1. Justice debates fair distribution and rights, with utilitarian, libertarian, and egalitarian rival theories.\n2. So the answer stands: Justice debates fair distribution and rights, with utilitarian, libertarian, and egalitarian rival theories."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0042", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why define art?", "choices": null, "answer": "Definitions range from representation to expression to institutions, each facing counterexamples.", "steps": ["Definitions range from representation to expression to institutions, each facing counterexamples.", "So the answer stands: Definitions range from representation to expression to institutions, each facing counterexamples."], "text": "Answer: Definitions range from representation to expression to institutions, each facing counterexamples.\nSteps:\n1. Definitions range from representation to expression to institutions, each facing counterexamples.\n2. So the answer stands: Definitions range from representation to expression to institutions, each facing counterexamples."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0043", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 5 people and −20 to 2 people. What is the net utility?", "choices": {"A": "10", "B": "0", "C": "20", "D": "30"}, "answer": "Net utility is 10.", "steps": ["Gains 50.", "Losses 40.", "Net: 10.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: 10\nSteps:\n1. Gains 50.\n2. Losses 40.\n3. Net: 10.\n4. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0044", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is foundationalism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Foundationalism grounds all beliefs in basic self-justified ones, stopping infinite regress at bedrock.", "steps": ["Foundationalism grounds all beliefs in basic self-justified ones, stopping infinite regress at bedrock.", "So the answer stands: Foundationalism grounds all beliefs in basic self-justified ones, stopping infinite regress at bedrock."], "text": "Answer: Foundationalism grounds all beliefs in basic self-justified ones, stopping infinite regress at bedrock.\nSteps:\n1. Foundationalism grounds all beliefs in basic self-justified ones, stopping infinite regress at bedrock.\n2. So the answer stands: Foundationalism grounds all beliefs in basic self-justified ones, stopping infinite regress at bedrock."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0045", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why truth tables?", "choices": null, "answer": "Truth tables decide validity mechanically for propositional logic by exhausting all valuations.", "steps": ["Truth tables decide validity mechanically for propositional logic by exhausting all valuations.", "So the answer stands: Truth tables decide validity mechanically for propositional logic by exhausting all valuations."], "text": "Answer: Truth tables decide validity mechanically for propositional logic by exhausting all valuations.\nSteps:\n1. Truth tables decide validity mechanically for propositional logic by exhausting all valuations.\n2. So the answer stands: Truth tables decide validity mechanically for propositional logic by exhausting all valuations."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0046", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A functional system has 4 inputs and 3 outputs. Count the pairs.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 12.", "steps": ["Inputs: 4.", "Outputs: 3.", "4 × 3 = 12."], "text": "Answer: Count: 12.\nSteps:\n1. Inputs: 4.\n2. Outputs: 3.\n3. 4 × 3 = 12."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0047", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A council of 24 needs a majority. Compute the majority size.", "choices": null, "answer": "Majority: 13.", "steps": ["Half: 12.", "Plus 1.", "= 13."], "text": "Answer: Majority: 13.\nSteps:\n1. Half: 12.\n2. Plus 1.\n3. = 13."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0048", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A play has 3 acts with 2 scenes each. How many scenes total?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "10"}, "answer": "Total scenes: 6.", "steps": ["3 × 2.", "Total: 6.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 6\nSteps:\n1. 3 × 2.\n2. Total: 6.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0049", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why discuss the trolley?", "choices": null, "answer": "Trolley cases pit numbers against agency, since many approve diverting yet reject pushing, revealing moral psychology.", "steps": ["Trolley cases pit numbers against agency, since many approve diverting yet reject pushing, revealing moral psychology.", "So the answer stands: Trolley cases pit numbers against agency, since many approve diverting yet reject pushing, revealing moral psychology."], "text": "Answer: Trolley cases pit numbers against agency, since many approve diverting yet reject pushing, revealing moral psychology.\nSteps:\n1. Trolley cases pit numbers against agency, since many approve diverting yet reject pushing, revealing moral psychology.\n2. So the answer stands: Trolley cases pit numbers against agency, since many approve diverting yet reject pushing, revealing moral psychology."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0050", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is coherentism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Coherentism justifies beliefs by mutual support in a web, with no privileged foundations needed.", "steps": ["Coherentism justifies beliefs by mutual support in a web, with no privileged foundations needed.", "So the answer stands: Coherentism justifies beliefs by mutual support in a web, with no privileged foundations needed."], "text": "Answer: Coherentism justifies beliefs by mutual support in a web, with no privileged foundations needed.\nSteps:\n1. Coherentism justifies beliefs by mutual support in a web, with no privileged foundations needed.\n2. So the answer stands: Coherentism justifies beliefs by mutual support in a web, with no privileged foundations needed."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0051", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 8 argument forms, 5 are valid. How many are invalid?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5"}, "answer": "Count: 3.", "steps": ["Total 8.", "Minus valid 5.", "Invalid: 3.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 3\nSteps:\n1. Total 8.\n2. Minus valid 5.\n3. Invalid: 3.\n4. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0052", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is physicalism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Physicalism claims everything mental is ultimately physical, grounding mind in brain science.", "steps": ["Physicalism claims everything mental is ultimately physical, grounding mind in brain science.", "So the answer stands: Physicalism claims everything mental is ultimately physical, grounding mind in brain science."], "text": "Answer: Physicalism claims everything mental is ultimately physical, grounding mind in brain science.\nSteps:\n1. Physicalism claims everything mental is ultimately physical, grounding mind in brain science.\n2. So the answer stands: Physicalism claims everything mental is ultimately physical, grounding mind in brain science."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0053", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A federation has 7 states with 2 votes each. Count all votes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 14.", "steps": ["States: 7.", "Each: 2.", "7 × 2 = 14."], "text": "Answer: Total: 14.\nSteps:\n1. States: 7.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 7 × 2 = 14."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0054", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A gallery hangs 9 paintings equally in 3 rooms. Compute paintings per room.", "choices": null, "answer": "Per room: 3.", "steps": ["Total: 9.", "Rooms: 3.", "9 / 3 = 3."], "text": "Answer: Per room: 3.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 9.\n2. Rooms: 3.\n3. 9 / 3 = 3."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0055", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Behind the veil, 240 units are split equally among 2 groups. Compute one share.", "choices": null, "answer": "One share: 120.", "steps": ["Total 240.", "Groups 2.", "240 / 2 = 120."], "text": "Answer: One share: 120.\nSteps:\n1. Total 240.\n2. Groups 2.\n3. 240 / 2 = 120."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0056", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why reliabilism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Reliabilism counts beliefs as knowledge when formed by truth-tracking processes, whether or not reasons are cited.", "steps": ["Reliabilism counts beliefs as knowledge when formed by truth-tracking processes, whether or not reasons are cited.", "So the answer stands: Reliabilism counts beliefs as knowledge when formed by truth-tracking processes, whether or not reasons are cited."], "text": "Answer: Reliabilism counts beliefs as knowledge when formed by truth-tracking processes, whether or not reasons are cited.\nSteps:\n1. Reliabilism counts beliefs as knowledge when formed by truth-tracking processes, whether or not reasons are cited.\n2. So the answer stands: Reliabilism counts beliefs as knowledge when formed by truth-tracking processes, whether or not reasons are cited."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0057", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is a syllogism?", "choices": null, "answer": "A syllogism links two premises sharing a middle term to force a conclusion about extremes.", "steps": ["A syllogism links two premises sharing a middle term to force a conclusion about extremes.", "So the answer stands: A syllogism links two premises sharing a middle term to force a conclusion about extremes."], "text": "Answer: A syllogism links two premises sharing a middle term to force a conclusion about extremes.\nSteps:\n1. A syllogism links two premises sharing a middle term to force a conclusion about extremes.\n2. So the answer stands: A syllogism links two premises sharing a middle term to force a conclusion about extremes."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0058", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why the hard problem?", "choices": null, "answer": "Explaining why brain activity feels like anything resists functional stories, Chalmers argues.", "steps": ["Explaining why brain activity feels like anything resists functional stories, Chalmers argues.", "So the answer stands: Explaining why brain activity feels like anything resists functional stories, Chalmers argues."], "text": "Answer: Explaining why brain activity feels like anything resists functional stories, Chalmers argues.\nSteps:\n1. Explaining why brain activity feels like anything resists functional stories, Chalmers argues.\n2. So the answer stands: Explaining why brain activity feels like anything resists functional stories, Chalmers argues."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0059", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why the social contract?", "choices": null, "answer": "Contract theories ground authority in hypothetical consent, asking what free equals would accept.", "steps": ["Contract theories ground authority in hypothetical consent, asking what free equals would accept.", "So the answer stands: Contract theories ground authority in hypothetical consent, asking what free equals would accept."], "text": "Answer: Contract theories ground authority in hypothetical consent, asking what free equals would accept.\nSteps:\n1. Contract theories ground authority in hypothetical consent, asking what free equals would accept.\n2. So the answer stands: Contract theories ground authority in hypothetical consent, asking what free equals would accept."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0060", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 12 canon works, 5 are music. How many are not music?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "8", "C": "7", "D": "9"}, "answer": "Count: 7.", "steps": ["Total 12.", "Minus 5.", "Left: 7.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 7\nSteps:\n1. Total 12.\n2. Minus 5.\n3. Left: 7.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0061", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je utilitarismus?", "choices": null, "answer": "Utilitarismus soudí činy podle celkového štěstí, kritici namítají práva a spravedlnost.", "steps": ["Utilitarismus soudí činy podle celkového štěstí, kritici namítají práva a spravedlnost.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Utilitarismus soudí činy podle celkového štěstí, kritici namítají práva a spravedlnost."], "text": "Answer: Utilitarismus soudí činy podle celkového štěstí, kritici namítají práva a spravedlnost.\nSteps:\n1. Utilitarismus soudí činy podle celkového štěstí, kritici namítají práva a spravedlnost.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Utilitarismus soudí činy podle celkového štěstí, kritici namítají práva a spravedlnost."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0062", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is scepticism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Scepticism doubts that certainty is reachable, pressing claims about dreams, demons, and brains in vats.", "steps": ["Scepticism doubts that certainty is reachable, pressing claims about dreams, demons, and brains in vats.", "So the answer stands: Scepticism doubts that certainty is reachable, pressing claims about dreams, demons, and brains in vats."], "text": "Answer: Scepticism doubts that certainty is reachable, pressing claims about dreams, demons, and brains in vats.\nSteps:\n1. Scepticism doubts that certainty is reachable, pressing claims about dreams, demons, and brains in vats.\n2. So the answer stands: Scepticism doubts that certainty is reachable, pressing claims about dreams, demons, and brains in vats."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0063", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A formula has 3 binary connectives. How many subformulas does it have?", "choices": {"A": "5", "B": "9", "C": "7", "D": "11"}, "answer": "Count: 7.", "steps": ["Atoms 4.", "Plus 3 compounds.", "Total: 7.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 7\nSteps:\n1. Atoms 4.\n2. Plus 3 compounds.\n3. Total: 7.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0064", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 6 conceivability cases, 2 are zombies. How many are not zombies?", "choices": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "4", "D": "6"}, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Total 6.", "Minus 2.", "Left: 4.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. Total 6.\n2. Minus 2.\n3. Left: 4.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0065", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is liberty?", "choices": null, "answer": "Liberty splits into negative freedom from interference and positive power to act meaningfully.", "steps": ["Liberty splits into negative freedom from interference and positive power to act meaningfully.", "So the answer stands: Liberty splits into negative freedom from interference and positive power to act meaningfully."], "text": "Answer: Liberty splits into negative freedom from interference and positive power to act meaningfully.\nSteps:\n1. Liberty splits into negative freedom from interference and positive power to act meaningfully.\n2. So the answer stands: Liberty splits into negative freedom from interference and positive power to act meaningfully."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0066", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is aesthetic judgment?", "choices": null, "answer": "Kant called beauty purposeless yet universal, a puzzling blend of feeling and claim.", "steps": ["Kant called beauty purposeless yet universal, a puzzling blend of feeling and claim.", "So the answer stands: Kant called beauty purposeless yet universal, a puzzling blend of feeling and claim."], "text": "Answer: Kant called beauty purposeless yet universal, a puzzling blend of feeling and claim.\nSteps:\n1. Kant called beauty purposeless yet universal, a puzzling blend of feeling and claim.\n2. So the answer stands: Kant called beauty purposeless yet universal, a puzzling blend of feeling and claim."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0067", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is the doctrine of double effect?", "choices": null, "answer": "It permits foreseen harm only as a side effect of good acts, distinguishing intended means from accidents.", "steps": ["It permits foreseen harm only as a side effect of good acts, distinguishing intended means from accidents.", "So the answer stands: It permits foreseen harm only as a side effect of good acts, distinguishing intended means from accidents."], "text": "Answer: It permits foreseen harm only as a side effect of good acts, distinguishing intended means from accidents.\nSteps:\n1. It permits foreseen harm only as a side effect of good acts, distinguishing intended means from accidents.\n2. So the answer stands: It permits foreseen harm only as a side effect of good acts, distinguishing intended means from accidents."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0068", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why study perception?", "choices": null, "answer": "Perception links mind to world yet deceives in illusions, raising evidence questions for all senses.", "steps": ["Perception links mind to world yet deceives in illusions, raising evidence questions for all senses.", "So the answer stands: Perception links mind to world yet deceives in illusions, raising evidence questions for all senses."], "text": "Answer: Perception links mind to world yet deceives in illusions, raising evidence questions for all senses.\nSteps:\n1. Perception links mind to world yet deceives in illusions, raising evidence questions for all senses.\n2. So the answer stands: Perception links mind to world yet deceives in illusions, raising evidence questions for all senses."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0069", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what guarantees conclusions?", "choices": {"A": "Volume", "B": "Speed", "C": "Length", "D": "Validity"}, "answer": "The answer is Validity.", "steps": ["Form forces truth.", "So: Validity.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: Validity\nSteps:\n1. Form forces truth.\n2. So: Validity.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0070", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What are qualia?", "choices": null, "answer": "Qualia are the felt qualities of experience, like redness, central to anti-physicalist arguments.", "steps": ["Qualia are the felt qualities of experience, like redness, central to anti-physicalist arguments.", "So the answer stands: Qualia are the felt qualities of experience, like redness, central to anti-physicalist arguments."], "text": "Answer: Qualia are the felt qualities of experience, like redness, central to anti-physicalist arguments.\nSteps:\n1. Qualia are the felt qualities of experience, like redness, central to anti-physicalist arguments.\n2. So the answer stands: Qualia are the felt qualities of experience, like redness, central to anti-physicalist arguments."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0071", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why democracy?", "choices": null, "answer": "Democrats value equal say and error correction, while critics warn of populism and ignorance.", "steps": ["Democrats value equal say and error correction, while critics warn of populism and ignorance.", "So the answer stands: Democrats value equal say and error correction, while critics warn of populism and ignorance."], "text": "Answer: Democrats value equal say and error correction, while critics warn of populism and ignorance.\nSteps:\n1. Democrats value equal say and error correction, while critics warn of populism and ignorance.\n2. So the answer stands: Democrats value equal say and error correction, while critics warn of populism and ignorance."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0072", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A play has 4 acts with 2 scenes each. Count all scenes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 8.", "steps": ["Acts: 4.", "Each: 2.", "4 × 2 = 8."], "text": "Answer: Total: 8.\nSteps:\n1. Acts: 4.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 4 × 2 = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0073", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A trolley threatens 3 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. How many net lives are saved?", "choices": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "answer": "Net lives saved: 2.", "steps": ["Saved 3.", "Lost 1.", "Net: 2.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 2\nSteps:\n1. Saved 3.\n2. Lost 1.\n3. Net: 2.\n4. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0074", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Proces trefí 70 ze 100 přesvědčení. Jaká je jeho spolehlivost v procentech?", "choices": {"A": "65 %", "B": "70 %", "C": "75 %", "D": "80 %"}, "answer": "Spolehlivost je 70 %.", "steps": ["70 ze 100.", "= 70 %.", "Vyber možnost B."], "text": "Answer: 70 %\nSteps:\n1. 70 ze 100.\n2. = 70 %.\n3. Vyber možnost B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0075", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what expresses all/some?", "choices": {"A": "Quantifiers", "B": "Adjectives", "C": "Adverbs", "D": "Pronouns"}, "answer": "The answer is Quantifiers.", "steps": ["Scope made precise.", "So: Quantifiers.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Quantifiers\nSteps:\n1. Scope made precise.\n2. So: Quantifiers.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0076", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je dualismus?", "choices": null, "answer": "Dualismus tvrdí, že mysl a tělo jsou různé druhy.", "steps": ["Dualismus tvrdí, že mysl a tělo jsou různé druhy.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Dualismus tvrdí, že mysl a tělo jsou různé druhy."], "text": "Answer: Dualismus tvrdí, že mysl a tělo jsou různé druhy.\nSteps:\n1. Dualismus tvrdí, že mysl a tělo jsou různé druhy.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Dualismus tvrdí, že mysl a tělo jsou různé druhy."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0077", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A tax takes 13% of 1000. Compute the tax amount.", "choices": null, "answer": "Tax: 130.", "steps": ["13% of 1000.", "1000×13/100.", "= 130."], "text": "Answer: Tax: 130.\nSteps:\n1. 13% of 1000.\n2. 1000×13/100.\n3. = 130."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0078", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 13 canon works, 6 are music. Count the non-music works.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 7.", "steps": ["Total: 13.", "Music: 6.", "13 − 6 = 7."], "text": "Answer: Count: 7.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 13.\n2. Music: 6.\n3. 13 − 6 = 7."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0079", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 7 people and −20 to 3 people. Compute the net utility.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net utility: 10.", "steps": ["Gains: 10×7 = 70.", "Losses: 20×3 = 60.", "70 − 60 = 10."], "text": "Answer: Net utility: 10.\nSteps:\n1. Gains: 10×7 = 70.\n2. Losses: 20×3 = 60.\n3. 70 − 60 = 10."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0080", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A process gets 72 of 100 beliefs right. State its reliability percent.", "choices": null, "answer": "Reliability: 72%.", "steps": ["Right: 72.", "Of 100.", "= 72%."], "text": "Answer: Reliability: 72%.\nSteps:\n1. Right: 72.\n2. Of 100.\n3. = 72%."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0081", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Kolik řádků má pravdivostní tabulka s 2 písmeny?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "2", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "answer": "Tabulka má 4 řádky.", "steps": ["2^2 řádků.", "Celkem: 4.", "Vyber možnost A."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. 2^2 řádků.\n2. Celkem: 4.\n3. Vyber možnost A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0082", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why functionalism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Functionalism defines minds by causal roles, letting silicon and neurons both realize thought.", "steps": ["Functionalism defines minds by causal roles, letting silicon and neurons both realize thought.", "So the answer stands: Functionalism defines minds by causal roles, letting silicon and neurons both realize thought."], "text": "Answer: Functionalism defines minds by causal roles, letting silicon and neurons both realize thought.\nSteps:\n1. Functionalism defines minds by causal roles, letting silicon and neurons both realize thought.\n2. So the answer stands: Functionalism defines minds by causal roles, letting silicon and neurons both realize thought."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0083", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is legitimacy?", "choices": null, "answer": "Legitimacy asks when rule is rightful, answered by consent, fairness, or democratic procedure.", "steps": ["Legitimacy asks when rule is rightful, answered by consent, fairness, or democratic procedure.", "So the answer stands: Legitimacy asks when rule is rightful, answered by consent, fairness, or democratic procedure."], "text": "Answer: Legitimacy asks when rule is rightful, answered by consent, fairness, or democratic procedure.\nSteps:\n1. Legitimacy asks when rule is rightful, answered by consent, fairness, or democratic procedure.\n2. So the answer stands: Legitimacy asks when rule is rightful, answered by consent, fairness, or democratic procedure."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0084", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what blends feeling, claim?", "choices": {"A": "Hasty verdict", "B": "Coin toss", "C": "Blind guess", "D": "Aesthetic judgment"}, "answer": "The answer is Aesthetic judgment.", "steps": ["Kant puzzles beauty.", "So: Aesthetic judgment.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: Aesthetic judgment\nSteps:\n1. Kant puzzles beauty.\n2. So: Aesthetic judgment.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0085", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Behind the veil, 120 units are split equally among 2 groups. What is one share?", "choices": {"A": "50", "B": "70", "C": "60", "D": "80"}, "answer": "One share is 60.", "steps": ["Total 120.", "Divide by 2: 60.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 60\nSteps:\n1. Total 120.\n2. Divide by 2: 60.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0086", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Proč Gettierovy problémy?", "choices": null, "answer": "Gettier dal případy zdůvodněných pravd ze štěstí a napadl klasickou definici.", "steps": ["Gettier dal případy zdůvodněných pravd ze štěstí a napadl klasickou definici.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Gettier dal případy zdůvodněných pravd ze štěstí a napadl klasickou definici."], "text": "Answer: Gettier dal případy zdůvodněných pravd ze štěstí a napadl klasickou definici.\nSteps:\n1. Gettier dal případy zdůvodněných pravd ze štěstí a napadl klasickou definici.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Gettier dal případy zdůvodněných pravd ze štěstí a napadl klasickou definici."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0087", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "How many rows does a truth table with 3 sentence letters have?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "8", "C": "10", "D": "12"}, "answer": "The table has 8 rows.", "steps": ["2^3 rows.", "Total: 8.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 8\nSteps:\n1. 2^3 rows.\n2. Total: 8.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0088", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what claims two kinds?", "choices": {"A": "Monism", "B": "Pluralism", "C": "Nihilism", "D": "Dualism"}, "answer": "The answer is Dualism.", "steps": ["Interaction puzzled.", "So: Dualism.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: Dualism\nSteps:\n1. Interaction puzzled.\n2. So: Dualism.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0089", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Rada s 20 členy potřebuje většinu. Kolik hlasů to je?", "choices": {"A": "11", "B": "10", "C": "12", "D": "13"}, "answer": "Většina je 11 hlasů.", "steps": ["Polovina z 20.", "Plus 1: 11.", "Vyber možnost A."], "text": "Answer: 11\nSteps:\n1. Polovina z 20.\n2. Plus 1: 11.\n3. Vyber možnost A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0090", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what can protest norms?", "choices": {"A": "Ugly art", "B": "Pretty postcards", "C": "Sweet songs", "D": "Soft pillows"}, "answer": "The answer is Ugly art.", "steps": ["Beauty not sole aim.", "So: Ugly art.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Ugly art\nSteps:\n1. Beauty not sole aim.\n2. So: Ugly art.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0091", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A trolley threatens 5 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. Compute net lives saved.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net saved: 4.", "steps": ["Saved: 5.", "Lost: 1.", "5 − 1 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Net saved: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Saved: 5.\n2. Lost: 1.\n3. 5 − 1 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0092", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 5 peer experts, 2 dissent. How many agree?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "3", "D": "5"}, "answer": "Count: 3.", "steps": ["Total 5.", "Minus 2.", "Agree: 3.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 3\nSteps:\n1. Total 5.\n2. Minus 2.\n3. Agree: 3.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0093", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why study fallacies?", "choices": null, "answer": "Fallacy lists name common bad moves, training thinkers to spot weak reasoning fast.", "steps": ["Fallacy lists name common bad moves, training thinkers to spot weak reasoning fast.", "So the answer stands: Fallacy lists name common bad moves, training thinkers to spot weak reasoning fast."], "text": "Answer: Fallacy lists name common bad moves, training thinkers to spot weak reasoning fast.\nSteps:\n1. Fallacy lists name common bad moves, training thinkers to spot weak reasoning fast.\n2. So the answer stands: Fallacy lists name common bad moves, training thinkers to spot weak reasoning fast."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0094", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A thought experiment varies 4 factors with 2 levels each. Count the combinations.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 16.", "steps": ["2 levels each.", "2^4.", "= 16."], "text": "Answer: Count: 16.\nSteps:\n1. 2 levels each.\n2. 2^4.\n3. = 16."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0095", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Federace má 5 států se 2 hlasy. Kolik hlasů celkem?", "choices": {"A": "8", "B": "10", "C": "12", "D": "14"}, "answer": "Celkem hlasů: 10.", "steps": ["5 × 2.", "Celkem: 10.", "Vyber možnost B."], "text": "Answer: 10\nSteps:\n1. 5 × 2.\n2. Celkem: 10.\n3. Vyber možnost B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0096", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Hra má 3 dějství se 2 scénami. Kolik scén celkem?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "10"}, "answer": "Celkem scén: 6.", "steps": ["3 × 2.", "Celkem: 6.", "Vyber možnost B."], "text": "Answer: 6\nSteps:\n1. 3 × 2.\n2. Celkem: 6.\n3. Vyber možnost B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0097", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why care about intentions?", "choices": null, "answer": "Kantians hold intent fixes moral worth, while consequentialists counter that only results count in the end.", "steps": ["Kantians hold intent fixes moral worth, while consequentialists counter that only results count in the end.", "So the answer stands: Kantians hold intent fixes moral worth, while consequentialists counter that only results count in the end."], "text": "Answer: Kantians hold intent fixes moral worth, while consequentialists counter that only results count in the end.\nSteps:\n1. Kantians hold intent fixes moral worth, while consequentialists counter that only results count in the end.\n2. So the answer stands: Kantians hold intent fixes moral worth, while consequentialists counter that only results count in the end."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0098", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is testimony?", "choices": null, "answer": "Testimony is belief from others' words, and its justification divides reductionists from trusting non-reductionists.", "steps": ["Testimony is belief from others' words, and its justification divides reductionists from trusting non-reductionists.", "So the answer stands: Testimony is belief from others' words, and its justification divides reductionists from trusting non-reductionists."], "text": "Answer: Testimony is belief from others' words, and its justification divides reductionists from trusting non-reductionists.\nSteps:\n1. Testimony is belief from others' words, and its justification divides reductionists from trusting non-reductionists.\n2. So the answer stands: Testimony is belief from others' words, and its justification divides reductionists from trusting non-reductionists."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0099", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Show the row count of a truth table with 4 sentence letters.", "choices": null, "answer": "Rows: 16.", "steps": ["2 values each.", "2^4.", "= 16."], "text": "Answer: Rows: 16.\nSteps:\n1. 2 values each.\n2. 2^4.\n3. = 16."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0100", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is behaviourism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Behaviourism reduces mind talk to dispositions to behave, skipping inner states entirely.", "steps": ["Behaviourism reduces mind talk to dispositions to behave, skipping inner states entirely.", "So the answer stands: Behaviourism reduces mind talk to dispositions to behave, skipping inner states entirely."], "text": "Answer: Behaviourism reduces mind talk to dispositions to behave, skipping inner states entirely.\nSteps:\n1. Behaviourism reduces mind talk to dispositions to behave, skipping inner states entirely.\n2. So the answer stands: Behaviourism reduces mind talk to dispositions to behave, skipping inner states entirely."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0101", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Rada s 22 členy potřebuje většinu. Spočítej velikost většiny.", "choices": null, "answer": "Většina: 12.", "steps": ["Polovina: 11.", "Plus 1.", "= 12."], "text": "Answer: Většina: 12.\nSteps:\n1. Polovina: 11.\n2. Plus 1.\n3. = 12."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0102", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A gallery hangs 12 paintings equally in 3 rooms. Compute paintings per room.", "choices": null, "answer": "Per room: 4.", "steps": ["Total: 12.", "Rooms: 3.", "12 / 3 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Per room: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 12.\n2. Rooms: 3.\n3. 12 / 3 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0103", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je deontologie?", "choices": null, "answer": "Deontologie soudí činy podle povinností a pravidel, některé činy jsou špatné vždy.", "steps": ["Deontologie soudí činy podle povinností a pravidel, některé činy jsou špatné vždy.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Deontologie soudí činy podle povinností a pravidel, některé činy jsou špatné vždy."], "text": "Answer: Deontologie soudí činy podle povinností a pravidel, některé činy jsou špatné vždy.\nSteps:\n1. Deontologie soudí činy podle povinností a pravidel, některé činy jsou špatné vždy.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Deontologie soudí činy podle povinností a pravidel, některé činy jsou špatné vždy."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0104", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 6 peer experts, 2 dissent. Count those who agree.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Total: 6.", "Dissent: 2.", "6 − 2 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Count: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 6.\n2. Dissent: 2.\n3. 6 − 2 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0105", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is modus tollens?", "choices": null, "answer": "From not-Q and P-implies-Q it infers not-P, the contrapositive twin of modus ponens.", "steps": ["From not-Q and P-implies-Q it infers not-P, the contrapositive twin of modus ponens.", "So the answer stands: From not-Q and P-implies-Q it infers not-P, the contrapositive twin of modus ponens."], "text": "Answer: From not-Q and P-implies-Q it infers not-P, the contrapositive twin of modus ponens.\nSteps:\n1. From not-Q and P-implies-Q it infers not-P, the contrapositive twin of modus ponens.\n2. So the answer stands: From not-Q and P-implies-Q it infers not-P, the contrapositive twin of modus ponens."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0106", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 8 conceivability cases, 3 are zombies. Count the non-zombies.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 5.", "steps": ["Total: 8.", "Zombies: 3.", "8 − 3 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Count: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 8.\n2. Zombies: 3.\n3. 8 − 3 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0107", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A council of 26 needs a majority. Compute the majority size.", "choices": null, "answer": "Majority: 14.", "steps": ["Half: 13.", "Plus 1.", "= 14."], "text": "Answer: Majority: 14.\nSteps:\n1. Half: 13.\n2. Plus 1.\n3. = 14."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0108", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why the sublime?", "choices": null, "answer": "The sublime mixes awe with fear before vastness, from mountains to mathematics.", "steps": ["The sublime mixes awe with fear before vastness, from mountains to mathematics.", "So the answer stands: The sublime mixes awe with fear before vastness, from mountains to mathematics."], "text": "Answer: The sublime mixes awe with fear before vastness, from mountains to mathematics.\nSteps:\n1. The sublime mixes awe with fear before vastness, from mountains to mathematics.\n2. So the answer stands: The sublime mixes awe with fear before vastness, from mountains to mathematics."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0109", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is moral relativism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Relativism ties rightness to culture or agent, while objectivists insist some acts are wrong everywhere.", "steps": ["Relativism ties rightness to culture or agent, while objectivists insist some acts are wrong everywhere.", "So the answer stands: Relativism ties rightness to culture or agent, while objectivists insist some acts are wrong everywhere."], "text": "Answer: Relativism ties rightness to culture or agent, while objectivists insist some acts are wrong everywhere.\nSteps:\n1. Relativism ties rightness to culture or agent, while objectivists insist some acts are wrong everywhere.\n2. So the answer stands: Relativism ties rightness to culture or agent, while objectivists insist some acts are wrong everywhere."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0110", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 16 are justified and 11 are both justified and true. Count the justified-but-false.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 5.", "steps": ["Justified: 16.", "Both: 11.", "16 − 11 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Count: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Justified: 16.\n2. Both: 11.\n3. 16 − 11 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0111", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why quantifiers?", "choices": null, "answer": "Quantifiers express all and some precisely, unlocking logic far beyond simple sentences.", "steps": ["Quantifiers express all and some precisely, unlocking logic far beyond simple sentences.", "So the answer stands: Quantifiers express all and some precisely, unlocking logic far beyond simple sentences."], "text": "Answer: Quantifiers express all and some precisely, unlocking logic far beyond simple sentences.\nSteps:\n1. Quantifiers express all and some precisely, unlocking logic far beyond simple sentences.\n2. So the answer stands: Quantifiers express all and some precisely, unlocking logic far beyond simple sentences."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0112", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what conceives darkness?", "choices": {"A": "Zombies", "B": "Ghosts", "C": "Angels", "D": "Robots"}, "answer": "The answer is Zombies.", "steps": ["Lights out argued.", "So: Zombies.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Zombies\nSteps:\n1. Lights out argued.\n2. So: Zombies.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0113", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why rights?", "choices": null, "answer": "Rights shield individuals from majorities, though grounding them divides naturalists and constructivists.", "steps": ["Rights shield individuals from majorities, though grounding them divides naturalists and constructivists.", "So the answer stands: Rights shield individuals from majorities, though grounding them divides naturalists and constructivists."], "text": "Answer: Rights shield individuals from majorities, though grounding them divides naturalists and constructivists.\nSteps:\n1. Rights shield individuals from majorities, though grounding them divides naturalists and constructivists.\n2. So the answer stands: Rights shield individuals from majorities, though grounding them divides naturalists and constructivists."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0114", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A gallery hangs 9 paintings equally in 3 rooms. How many per room?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5"}, "answer": "Count: 3.", "steps": ["9 / 3.", "Per room: 3.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 3\nSteps:\n1. 9 / 3.\n2. Per room: 3.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0115", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Behind the veil, 360 units are split equally among 3 groups. Compute one share.", "choices": null, "answer": "One share: 120.", "steps": ["Total 360.", "Groups 3.", "360 / 3 = 120."], "text": "Answer: One share: 120.\nSteps:\n1. Total 360.\n2. Groups 3.\n3. 360 / 3 = 120."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0116", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why peer disagreement?", "choices": null, "answer": "When equals disagree, some split the difference while steadfast views hold one's ground rationally.", "steps": ["When equals disagree, some split the difference while steadfast views hold one's ground rationally.", "So the answer stands: When equals disagree, some split the difference while steadfast views hold one's ground rationally."], "text": "Answer: When equals disagree, some split the difference while steadfast views hold one's ground rationally.\nSteps:\n1. When equals disagree, some split the difference while steadfast views hold one's ground rationally.\n2. So the answer stands: When equals disagree, some split the difference while steadfast views hold one's ground rationally."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0117", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Z 9 forem úsudku je 6 platných. Spočítej neplatné.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 3.", "steps": ["Celkem: 9.", "Platných: 6.", "9 − 6 = 3."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 3.\nSteps:\n1. Celkem: 9.\n2. Platných: 6.\n3. 9 − 6 = 3."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0118", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why eliminativism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Eliminativists claim folk mental concepts are false theories that neuroscience will replace.", "steps": ["Eliminativists claim folk mental concepts are false theories that neuroscience will replace.", "So the answer stands: Eliminativists claim folk mental concepts are false theories that neuroscience will replace."], "text": "Answer: Eliminativists claim folk mental concepts are false theories that neuroscience will replace.\nSteps:\n1. Eliminativists claim folk mental concepts are false theories that neuroscience will replace.\n2. So the answer stands: Eliminativists claim folk mental concepts are false theories that neuroscience will replace."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0119", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A federation has 8 states with 2 votes each. Count all votes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 16.", "steps": ["States: 8.", "Each: 2.", "8 × 2 = 16."], "text": "Answer: Total: 16.\nSteps:\n1. States: 8.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 8 × 2 = 16."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0120", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is taste?", "choices": null, "answer": "Taste names discriminating perception trained by exposure, though relativists deny expertise.", "steps": ["Taste names discriminating perception trained by exposure, though relativists deny expertise.", "So the answer stands: Taste names discriminating perception trained by exposure, though relativists deny expertise."], "text": "Answer: Taste names discriminating perception trained by exposure, though relativists deny expertise.\nSteps:\n1. Taste names discriminating perception trained by exposure, though relativists deny expertise.\n2. So the answer stands: Taste names discriminating perception trained by exposure, though relativists deny expertise."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0121", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why study metaethics?", "choices": null, "answer": "Metaethics asks what moral claims mean, whether truth exists there, and how moral language works.", "steps": ["Metaethics asks what moral claims mean, whether truth exists there, and how moral language works.", "So the answer stands: Metaethics asks what moral claims mean, whether truth exists there, and how moral language works."], "text": "Answer: Metaethics asks what moral claims mean, whether truth exists there, and how moral language works.\nSteps:\n1. Metaethics asks what moral claims mean, whether truth exists there, and how moral language works.\n2. So the answer stands: Metaethics asks what moral claims mean, whether truth exists there, and how moral language works."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0122", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A process gets 77 of 100 beliefs right. State its reliability percent.", "choices": null, "answer": "Reliability: 77%.", "steps": ["Right: 77.", "Of 100.", "= 77%."], "text": "Answer: Reliability: 77%.\nSteps:\n1. Right: 77.\n2. Of 100.\n3. = 77%."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0123", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Z 8 forem úsudku je 5 platných. Kolik je neplatných?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5"}, "answer": "Počet: 3.", "steps": ["Celkem 8.", "Minus platné 5.", "Neplatných: 3.", "Vyber možnost B."], "text": "Answer: 3\nSteps:\n1. Celkem 8.\n2. Minus platné 5.\n3. Neplatných: 3.\n4. Vyber možnost B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0124", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Funkční systém má 3 vstupy a 3 výstupy. Spočítej dvojice.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 9.", "steps": ["Vstupy: 3.", "Výstupy: 3.", "3 × 3 = 9."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 9.\nSteps:\n1. Vstupy: 3.\n2. Výstupy: 3.\n3. 3 × 3 = 9."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0125", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A tax takes 14% of 1000. Compute the tax amount.", "choices": null, "answer": "Tax: 140.", "steps": ["14% of 1000.", "1000×14/100.", "= 140."], "text": "Answer: Tax: 140.\nSteps:\n1. 14% of 1000.\n2. 1000×14/100.\n3. = 140."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0126", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A play has 4 acts with 2 scenes each. How many scenes total?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "10", "C": "8", "D": "12"}, "answer": "Total scenes: 8.", "steps": ["4 × 2.", "Total: 8.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 8\nSteps:\n1. 4 × 2.\n2. Total: 8.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0127", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what judges by totals?", "choices": {"A": "Deontology", "B": "Virtue ethics", "C": "Nihilism", "D": "Utilitarianism"}, "answer": "The answer is Utilitarianism.", "steps": ["Happiness sums decide.", "So: Utilitarianism.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: Utilitarianism\nSteps:\n1. Happiness sums decide.\n2. So: Utilitarianism.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0128", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what triad defines knowledge?", "choices": {"A": "Loud firm guess", "B": "Old fast habit", "C": "Bold blind leap", "D": "Justified true belief"}, "answer": "The answer is Justified true belief.", "steps": ["Gettier strains it.", "So: Justified true belief.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: Justified true belief\nSteps:\n1. Gettier strains it.\n2. So: Justified true belief.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0129", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 11 argument forms, 7 are valid. Count the invalid ones.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Total: 11.", "Valid: 7.", "11 − 7 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Count: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 11.\n2. Valid: 7.\n3. 11 − 7 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0130", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A functional system has 5 inputs and 3 outputs. Count the pairs.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 15.", "steps": ["Inputs: 5.", "Outputs: 3.", "5 × 3 = 15."], "text": "Answer: Count: 15.\nSteps:\n1. Inputs: 5.\n2. Outputs: 3.\n3. 5 × 3 = 15."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0131", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A tax takes 10% of 1000. How much is the tax?", "choices": {"A": "90", "B": "110", "C": "100", "D": "120"}, "answer": "The tax is 100.", "steps": ["10% of 1000.", "Tax: 100.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 100\nSteps:\n1. 10% of 1000.\n2. Tax: 100.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0132", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A play has 5 acts with 2 scenes each. Count all scenes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 10.", "steps": ["Acts: 5.", "Each: 2.", "5 × 2 = 10."], "text": "Answer: Total: 10.\nSteps:\n1. Acts: 5.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 5 × 2 = 10."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0133", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 8 people and −20 to 4 people. Compute the net utility.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net utility: 0.", "steps": ["Gains: 10×8 = 80.", "Losses: 20×4 = 80.", "80 − 80 = 0."], "text": "Answer: Net utility: 0.\nSteps:\n1. Gains: 10×8 = 80.\n2. Losses: 20×4 = 80.\n3. 80 − 80 = 0."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0134", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what updates by rule?", "choices": {"A": "Bayesianism", "B": "Stoicism", "C": "Epicureanism", "D": "Cynicism"}, "answer": "The answer is Bayesianism.", "steps": ["Priors meet evidence.", "So: Bayesianism.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Bayesianism\nSteps:\n1. Priors meet evidence.\n2. So: Bayesianism.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0135", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is a paradox?", "choices": null, "answer": "Paradoxes derive absurdity from plausible premises, forcing revisions of trusted principles.", "steps": ["Paradoxes derive absurdity from plausible premises, forcing revisions of trusted principles.", "So the answer stands: Paradoxes derive absurdity from plausible premises, forcing revisions of trusted principles."], "text": "Answer: Paradoxes derive absurdity from plausible premises, forcing revisions of trusted principles.\nSteps:\n1. Paradoxes derive absurdity from plausible premises, forcing revisions of trusted principles.\n2. So the answer stands: Paradoxes derive absurdity from plausible premises, forcing revisions of trusted principles."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0136", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is the Chinese room?", "choices": null, "answer": "Searle imagines rule-following without understanding, arguing syntax alone never yields semantics.", "steps": ["Searle imagines rule-following without understanding, arguing syntax alone never yields semantics.", "So the answer stands: Searle imagines rule-following without understanding, arguing syntax alone never yields semantics."], "text": "Answer: Searle imagines rule-following without understanding, arguing syntax alone never yields semantics.\nSteps:\n1. Searle imagines rule-following without understanding, arguing syntax alone never yields semantics.\n2. So the answer stands: Searle imagines rule-following without understanding, arguing syntax alone never yields semantics."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0137", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is the harm principle?", "choices": null, "answer": "Mill permits coercion only to prevent harm to others, defending wide personal liberty.", "steps": ["Mill permits coercion only to prevent harm to others, defending wide personal liberty.", "So the answer stands: Mill permits coercion only to prevent harm to others, defending wide personal liberty."], "text": "Answer: Mill permits coercion only to prevent harm to others, defending wide personal liberty.\nSteps:\n1. Mill permits coercion only to prevent harm to others, defending wide personal liberty.\n2. So the answer stands: Mill permits coercion only to prevent harm to others, defending wide personal liberty."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0138", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why fiction moves us?", "choices": null, "answer": "The paradox of fiction asks why unreal events stir real tears and fears.", "steps": ["The paradox of fiction asks why unreal events stir real tears and fears.", "So the answer stands: The paradox of fiction asks why unreal events stir real tears and fears."], "text": "Answer: The paradox of fiction asks why unreal events stir real tears and fears.\nSteps:\n1. The paradox of fiction asks why unreal events stir real tears and fears.\n2. So the answer stands: The paradox of fiction asks why unreal events stir real tears and fears."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0139", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A trolley threatens 6 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. Compute net lives saved.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net saved: 5.", "steps": ["Saved: 6.", "Lost: 1.", "6 − 1 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Net saved: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Saved: 6.\n2. Lost: 1.\n3. 6 − 1 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0140", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 7 peer experts, 3 dissent. Count those who agree.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Total: 7.", "Dissent: 3.", "7 − 3 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Count: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 7.\n2. Dissent: 3.\n3. 7 − 3 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0141", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je platnost úsudku?", "choices": null, "answer": "Úsudek je platný, když pravdivé předpoklady zaručují pravdivý závěr.", "steps": ["Úsudek je platný, když pravdivé předpoklady zaručují pravdivý závěr.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Úsudek je platný, když pravdivé předpoklady zaručují pravdivý závěr."], "text": "Answer: Úsudek je platný, když pravdivé předpoklady zaručují pravdivý závěr.\nSteps:\n1. Úsudek je platný, když pravdivé předpoklady zaručují pravdivý závěr.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Úsudek je platný, když pravdivé předpoklady zaručují pravdivý závěr."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0142", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A thought experiment varies 5 factors with 2 levels each. Count the combinations.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 32.", "steps": ["2 levels each.", "2^5.", "= 32."], "text": "Answer: Count: 32.\nSteps:\n1. 2 levels each.\n2. 2^5.\n3. = 32."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0143", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why distributive shares?", "choices": null, "answer": "Egalitarians favour equal or prioritarian shares, while libertarians stress entitlement and exchange.", "steps": ["Egalitarians favour equal or prioritarian shares, while libertarians stress entitlement and exchange.", "So the answer stands: Egalitarians favour equal or prioritarian shares, while libertarians stress entitlement and exchange."], "text": "Answer: Egalitarians favour equal or prioritarian shares, while libertarians stress entitlement and exchange.\nSteps:\n1. Egalitarians favour equal or prioritarian shares, while libertarians stress entitlement and exchange.\n2. So the answer stands: Egalitarians favour equal or prioritarian shares, while libertarians stress entitlement and exchange."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0144", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 15 canon works, 7 are music. Count the non-music works.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 8.", "steps": ["Total: 15.", "Music: 7.", "15 − 7 = 8."], "text": "Answer: Count: 8.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 15.\n2. Music: 7.\n3. 15 − 7 = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0145", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Trolejbus ohrožuje 4 lidi; odklon je zachrání, ale 1 zemře. Spočítej čistě zachráněné životy.", "choices": null, "answer": "Čistě zachráněno: 3 životy.", "steps": ["Zachráněno: 4.", "Ztracen: 1.", "4 − 1 = 3."], "text": "Answer: Čistě zachráněno: 3 životy.\nSteps:\n1. Zachráněno: 4.\n2. Ztracen: 1.\n3. 4 − 1 = 3."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0146", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 15 are justified and 10 are both justified and true. How many are justified but false?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "7"}, "answer": "Count: 5.", "steps": ["Justified 15.", "Minus both 10.", "Left: 5.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 5\nSteps:\n1. Justified 15.\n2. Minus both 10.\n3. Left: 5.\n4. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0147", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A formula has 5 binary connectives. Count its subformulas.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 11.", "steps": ["Atoms: 6.", "Compounds: 5.", "6 + 5 = 11."], "text": "Answer: Count: 11.\nSteps:\n1. Atoms: 6.\n2. Compounds: 5.\n3. 6 + 5 = 11."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0148", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why zombies?", "choices": null, "answer": "Zombies conceivable without consciousness would refute physicalism, though many deny the premise.", "steps": ["Zombies conceivable without consciousness would refute physicalism, though many deny the premise.", "So the answer stands: Zombies conceivable without consciousness would refute physicalism, though many deny the premise."], "text": "Answer: Zombies conceivable without consciousness would refute physicalism, though many deny the premise.\nSteps:\n1. Zombies conceivable without consciousness would refute physicalism, though many deny the premise.\n2. So the answer stands: Zombies conceivable without consciousness would refute physicalism, though many deny the premise."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0149", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what grounds in consent?", "choices": {"A": "Social ladder", "B": "Social media", "C": "Social club", "D": "Social contract"}, "answer": "The answer is Social contract.", "steps": ["Free equals imagine.", "So: Social contract.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: Social contract\nSteps:\n1. Free equals imagine.\n2. So: Social contract.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0150", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je estetický soud?", "choices": null, "answer": "Kant nazval krásu bezúčelnou a přesto obecnou.", "steps": ["Kant nazval krásu bezúčelnou a přesto obecnou.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Kant nazval krásu bezúčelnou a přesto obecnou."], "text": "Answer: Kant nazval krásu bezúčelnou a přesto obecnou.\nSteps:\n1. Kant nazval krásu bezúčelnou a přesto obecnou.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Kant nazval krásu bezúčelnou a přesto obecnou."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0151", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is the veil of ignorance?", "choices": null, "answer": "Rawls hides one's place to pick fair rules, arguing fairness emerges from impartial choice.", "steps": ["Rawls hides one's place to pick fair rules, arguing fairness emerges from impartial choice.", "So the answer stands: Rawls hides one's place to pick fair rules, arguing fairness emerges from impartial choice."], "text": "Answer: Rawls hides one's place to pick fair rules, arguing fairness emerges from impartial choice.\nSteps:\n1. Rawls hides one's place to pick fair rules, arguing fairness emerges from impartial choice.\n2. So the answer stands: Rawls hides one's place to pick fair rules, arguing fairness emerges from impartial choice."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0152", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 19 are justified and 13 are both justified and true. Count the justified-but-false.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 6.", "steps": ["Justified: 19.", "Both: 13.", "19 − 13 = 6."], "text": "Answer: Count: 6.\nSteps:\n1. Justified: 19.\n2. Both: 13.\n3. 19 − 13 = 6."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0153", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 10 argument forms, 6 are valid. How many are invalid?", "choices": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "4", "D": "6"}, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Total 10.", "Minus valid 6.", "Invalid: 4.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. Total 10.\n2. Minus valid 6.\n3. Invalid: 4.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0154", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A functional system has 3 inputs and 3 outputs. How many input-output pairs?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "9", "C": "12", "D": "15"}, "answer": "Count: 9.", "steps": ["3 × 3.", "Pairs: 9.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 9\nSteps:\n1. 3 × 3.\n2. Pairs: 9.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0155", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Proč společenská smlouva?", "choices": null, "answer": "Teorie zakládají autoritu na hypotetickém souhlasu rovných.", "steps": ["Teorie zakládají autoritu na hypotetickém souhlasu rovných.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Teorie zakládají autoritu na hypotetickém souhlasu rovných."], "text": "Answer: Teorie zakládají autoritu na hypotetickém souhlasu rovných.\nSteps:\n1. Teorie zakládají autoritu na hypotetickém souhlasu rovných.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Teorie zakládají autoritu na hypotetickém souhlasu rovných."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0156", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Hra má 4 dějství se 2 scénami. Spočítej všechny scény.", "choices": null, "answer": "Celkem: 8.", "steps": ["Dějství: 4.", "Každé: 2.", "4 × 2 = 8."], "text": "Answer: Celkem: 8.\nSteps:\n1. Dějství: 4.\n2. Každé: 2.\n3. 4 × 2 = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0157", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Behind the veil, 480 units are split equally among 4 groups. Compute one share.", "choices": null, "answer": "One share: 120.", "steps": ["Total 480.", "Groups 4.", "480 / 4 = 120."], "text": "Answer: One share: 120.\nSteps:\n1. Total 480.\n2. Groups 4.\n3. 480 / 4 = 120."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0158", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Z přesvědčení myslitele je 13 zdůvodněných a 9 zdůvodněných i pravdivých. Spočítej zdůvodněné, ale nepravdivé.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 4.", "steps": ["Zdůvodněných: 13.", "Obojí: 9.", "13 − 9 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Zdůvodněných: 13.\n2. Obojí: 9.\n3. 13 − 9 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0159", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A formula has 4 binary connectives. How many subformulas does it have?", "choices": {"A": "7", "B": "11", "C": "13", "D": "9"}, "answer": "Count: 9.", "steps": ["Atoms 5.", "Plus 4 compounds.", "Total: 9.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 9\nSteps:\n1. Atoms 5.\n2. Plus 4 compounds.\n3. Total: 9.\n4. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0160", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is panpsychism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Panpsychism grants experience to all matter, dissolving emergence at the cost of extravagance.", "steps": ["Panpsychism grants experience to all matter, dissolving emergence at the cost of extravagance.", "So the answer stands: Panpsychism grants experience to all matter, dissolving emergence at the cost of extravagance."], "text": "Answer: Panpsychism grants experience to all matter, dissolving emergence at the cost of extravagance.\nSteps:\n1. Panpsychism grants experience to all matter, dissolving emergence at the cost of extravagance.\n2. So the answer stands: Panpsychism grants experience to all matter, dissolving emergence at the cost of extravagance."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0161", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is the difference principle?", "choices": null, "answer": "Rawls permits inequality only when it aids the worst off, a controversial fairness rule.", "steps": ["Rawls permits inequality only when it aids the worst off, a controversial fairness rule.", "So the answer stands: Rawls permits inequality only when it aids the worst off, a controversial fairness rule."], "text": "Answer: Rawls permits inequality only when it aids the worst off, a controversial fairness rule.\nSteps:\n1. Rawls permits inequality only when it aids the worst off, a controversial fairness rule.\n2. So the answer stands: Rawls permits inequality only when it aids the worst off, a controversial fairness rule."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0162", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 14 canon works, 6 are music. How many are not music?", "choices": {"A": "7", "B": "9", "C": "10", "D": "8"}, "answer": "Count: 8.", "steps": ["Total 14.", "Minus 6.", "Left: 8.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 8\nSteps:\n1. Total 14.\n2. Minus 6.\n3. Left: 8.\n4. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0163", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what permits side-effect harm?", "choices": {"A": "Double effect", "B": "Single motive", "C": "Blind luck", "D": "Pure chance"}, "answer": "The answer is Double effect.", "steps": ["Intent versus accident.", "So: Double effect.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Double effect\nSteps:\n1. Intent versus accident.\n2. So: Double effect.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0164", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is Bayesianism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Bayesianism updates credences by evidence via Bayes' rule, modelling rational learning numerically.", "steps": ["Bayesianism updates credences by evidence via Bayes' rule, modelling rational learning numerically.", "So the answer stands: Bayesianism updates credences by evidence via Bayes' rule, modelling rational learning numerically."], "text": "Answer: Bayesianism updates credences by evidence via Bayes' rule, modelling rational learning numerically.\nSteps:\n1. Bayesianism updates credences by evidence via Bayes' rule, modelling rational learning numerically.\n2. So the answer stands: Bayesianism updates credences by evidence via Bayes' rule, modelling rational learning numerically."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0165", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Formule má 3 binárních spojek. Kolik má podformulí?", "choices": {"A": "5", "B": "9", "C": "7", "D": "11"}, "answer": "Počet: 7.", "steps": ["Atomy 4.", "Plus 3 složených.", "Celkem: 7.", "Vyber možnost C."], "text": "Answer: 7\nSteps:\n1. Atomy 4.\n2. Plus 3 složených.\n3. Celkem: 7.\n4. Vyber možnost C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0166", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 9 conceivability cases, 4 are zombies. Count the non-zombies.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 5.", "steps": ["Total: 9.", "Zombies: 4.", "9 − 4 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Count: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 9.\n2. Zombies: 4.\n3. 9 − 4 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0167", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why nationalism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Nationalists prize shared culture as political glue, while cosmopolitans stress universal humanity.", "steps": ["Nationalists prize shared culture as political glue, while cosmopolitans stress universal humanity.", "So the answer stands: Nationalists prize shared culture as political glue, while cosmopolitans stress universal humanity."], "text": "Answer: Nationalists prize shared culture as political glue, while cosmopolitans stress universal humanity.\nSteps:\n1. Nationalists prize shared culture as political glue, while cosmopolitans stress universal humanity.\n2. So the answer stands: Nationalists prize shared culture as political glue, while cosmopolitans stress universal humanity."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0168", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A gallery hangs 15 paintings equally in 3 rooms. Compute paintings per room.", "choices": null, "answer": "Per room: 5.", "steps": ["Total: 15.", "Rooms: 3.", "15 / 3 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Per room: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 15.\n2. Rooms: 3.\n3. 15 / 3 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0169", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 9 people and −20 to 2 people. Compute the net utility.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net utility: 50.", "steps": ["Gains: 10×9 = 90.", "Losses: 20×2 = 40.", "90 − 40 = 50."], "text": "Answer: Net utility: 50.\nSteps:\n1. Gains: 10×9 = 90.\n2. Losses: 20×2 = 40.\n3. 90 − 40 = 50."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0170", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A process gets 82 of 100 beliefs right. State its reliability percent.", "choices": null, "answer": "Reliability: 82%.", "steps": ["Right: 82.", "Of 100.", "= 82%."], "text": "Answer: Reliability: 82%.\nSteps:\n1. Right: 82.\n2. Of 100.\n3. = 82%."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0171", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why the liar paradox?", "choices": null, "answer": "This sentence is false creates a truth loop, challenging simple theories of truth.", "steps": ["This sentence is false creates a truth loop, challenging simple theories of truth.", "So the answer stands: This sentence is false creates a truth loop, challenging simple theories of truth."], "text": "Answer: This sentence is false creates a truth loop, challenging simple theories of truth.\nSteps:\n1. This sentence is false creates a truth loop, challenging simple theories of truth.\n2. So the answer stands: This sentence is false creates a truth loop, challenging simple theories of truth."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0172", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A functional system has 6 inputs and 3 outputs. Count the pairs.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 18.", "steps": ["Inputs: 6.", "Outputs: 3.", "6 × 3 = 18."], "text": "Answer: Count: 18.\nSteps:\n1. Inputs: 6.\n2. Outputs: 3.\n3. 6 × 3 = 18."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0173", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A council of 28 needs a majority. Compute the majority size.", "choices": null, "answer": "Majority: 15.", "steps": ["Half: 14.", "Plus 1.", "= 15."], "text": "Answer: Majority: 15.\nSteps:\n1. Half: 14.\n2. Plus 1.\n3. = 15."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0174", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what mixes awe, fear?", "choices": {"A": "The sublime", "B": "The mundane", "C": "The trivial", "D": "The boring"}, "answer": "The answer is The sublime.", "steps": ["Vastness faced.", "So: The sublime.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: The sublime\nSteps:\n1. Vastness faced.\n2. So: The sublime.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0175", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 6 people and −20 to 3 people. What is the net utility?", "choices": {"A": "-10", "B": "0", "C": "10", "D": "20"}, "answer": "Net utility is 0.", "steps": ["Gains 60.", "Losses 60.", "Net: 0.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 0\nSteps:\n1. Gains 60.\n2. Losses 60.\n3. Net: 0.\n4. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0176", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A process gets 75 of 100 beliefs right. What is its reliability percent?", "choices": {"A": "70%", "B": "80%", "C": "75%", "D": "85%"}, "answer": "Reliability is 75%.", "steps": ["75 of 100.", "= 75%.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 75%\nSteps:\n1. 75 of 100.\n2. = 75%.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0177", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what adds true premises?", "choices": {"A": "Soundness", "B": "Loudness", "C": "Brightness", "D": "Sweetness"}, "answer": "The answer is Soundness.", "steps": ["Strongest support.", "So: Soundness.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Soundness\nSteps:\n1. Strongest support.\n2. So: Soundness.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0178", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je fyzikalismus?", "choices": null, "answer": "Fyzikalismus tvrdí, že vše mentální je nakonec fyzické.", "steps": ["Fyzikalismus tvrdí, že vše mentální je nakonec fyzické.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Fyzikalismus tvrdí, že vše mentální je nakonec fyzické."], "text": "Answer: Fyzikalismus tvrdí, že vše mentální je nakonec fyzické.\nSteps:\n1. Fyzikalismus tvrdí, že vše mentální je nakonec fyzické.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Fyzikalismus tvrdí, že vše mentální je nakonec fyzické."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0179", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Federace má 6 států se 2 hlasy. Spočítej všechny hlasy.", "choices": null, "answer": "Celkem: 12.", "steps": ["Států: 6.", "Každý: 2.", "6 × 2 = 12."], "text": "Answer: Celkem: 12.\nSteps:\n1. Států: 6.\n2. Každý: 2.\n3. 6 × 2 = 12."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0180", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is depiction?", "choices": null, "answer": "Depiction theories explain how flat marks show depth, via resemblance or make-believe games.", "steps": ["Depiction theories explain how flat marks show depth, via resemblance or make-believe games.", "So the answer stands: Depiction theories explain how flat marks show depth, via resemblance or make-believe games."], "text": "Answer: Depiction theories explain how flat marks show depth, via resemblance or make-believe games.\nSteps:\n1. Depiction theories explain how flat marks show depth, via resemblance or make-believe games.\n2. So the answer stands: Depiction theories explain how flat marks show depth, via resemblance or make-believe games."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0181", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je etika ctností?", "choices": null, "answer": "Etika ctností se ptá, co by udělal dobrý člověk, a zaměřuje se na charakter.", "steps": ["Etika ctností se ptá, co by udělal dobrý člověk, a zaměřuje se na charakter.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Etika ctností se ptá, co by udělal dobrý člověk, a zaměřuje se na charakter."], "text": "Answer: Etika ctností se ptá, co by udělal dobrý člověk, a zaměřuje se na charakter.\nSteps:\n1. Etika ctností se ptá, co by udělal dobrý člověk, a zaměřuje se na charakter.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Etika ctností se ptá, co by udělal dobrý člověk, a zaměřuje se na charakter."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0182", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 8 peer experts, 4 dissent. Count those who agree.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Total: 8.", "Dissent: 4.", "8 − 4 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Count: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 8.\n2. Dissent: 4.\n3. 8 − 4 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0183", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what loops truth?", "choices": {"A": "Honest tale", "B": "Liar paradox", "C": "Plain fact", "D": "Calm story"}, "answer": "The answer is Liar paradox.", "steps": ["This sentence is false.", "So: Liar paradox.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: Liar paradox\nSteps:\n1. This sentence is false.\n2. So: Liar paradox.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0184", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Myšlenkový experiment mění 3 faktory se 2 úrovněmi. Spočítej kombinace.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 8.", "steps": ["2 úrovně každé.", "2^3.", "= 8."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 8.\nSteps:\n1. 2 úrovně každé.\n2. 2^3.\n3. = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0185", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what crosses borders?", "choices": {"A": "Cosmopolitanism", "B": "Nationalism", "C": "Regionalism", "D": "Localism"}, "answer": "The answer is Cosmopolitanism.", "steps": ["Humans first.", "So: Cosmopolitanism.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Cosmopolitanism\nSteps:\n1. Humans first.\n2. So: Cosmopolitanism.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0186", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what debates intent?", "choices": {"A": "Interpolation", "B": "Interpretation", "C": "Intermission", "D": "Interjection"}, "answer": "The answer is Interpretation.", "steps": ["Author versus reader.", "So: Interpretation.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: Interpretation\nSteps:\n1. Author versus reader.\n2. So: Interpretation.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0187", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A trolley threatens 4 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. How many net lives are saved?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "3", "D": "5"}, "answer": "Net lives saved: 3.", "steps": ["Saved 4.", "Lost 1.", "Net: 3.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 3\nSteps:\n1. Saved 4.\n2. Lost 1.\n3. Net: 3.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0188", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 22 are justified and 15 are both justified and true. Count the justified-but-false.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 7.", "steps": ["Justified: 22.", "Both: 15.", "22 − 15 = 7."], "text": "Answer: Count: 7.\nSteps:\n1. Justified: 22.\n2. Both: 15.\n3. 22 − 15 = 7."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0189", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Show the row count of a truth table with 5 sentence letters.", "choices": null, "answer": "Rows: 32.", "steps": ["2 values each.", "2^5.", "= 32."], "text": "Answer: Rows: 32.\nSteps:\n1. 2 values each.\n2. 2^5.\n3. = 32."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0190", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Myšlenkový experiment mění 2 faktory se 2 úrovněmi. Kolik je kombinací?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "answer": "Počet: 4.", "steps": ["2^2.", "Celkem: 4.", "Vyber možnost B."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. 2^2.\n2. Celkem: 4.\n3. Vyber možnost B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0191", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A federation has 9 states with 2 votes each. Count all votes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 18.", "steps": ["States: 9.", "Each: 2.", "9 × 2 = 18."], "text": "Answer: Total: 18.\nSteps:\n1. States: 9.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 9 × 2 = 18."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0192", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why music matters?", "choices": null, "answer": "Music moves without words, and theories cite expression, arousal, or pure form.", "steps": ["Music moves without words, and theories cite expression, arousal, or pure form.", "So the answer stands: Music moves without words, and theories cite expression, arousal, or pure form."], "text": "Answer: Music moves without words, and theories cite expression, arousal, or pure form.\nSteps:\n1. Music moves without words, and theories cite expression, arousal, or pure form.\n2. So the answer stands: Music moves without words, and theories cite expression, arousal, or pure form."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0193", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Behind the veil, 240 units are split equally among 3 groups. What is one share?", "choices": {"A": "70", "B": "90", "C": "100", "D": "80"}, "answer": "One share is 80.", "steps": ["Total 240.", "Divide by 3: 80.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 80\nSteps:\n1. Total 240.\n2. Divide by 3: 80.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0194", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A process gets 87 of 100 beliefs right. State its reliability percent.", "choices": null, "answer": "Reliability: 87%.", "steps": ["Right: 87.", "Of 100.", "= 87%."], "text": "Answer: Reliability: 87%.\nSteps:\n1. Right: 87.\n2. Of 100.\n3. = 87%."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0195", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Formule má 4 binárních spojek. Spočítej její podformule.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 9.", "steps": ["Atomy: 5.", "Složené: 4.", "5 + 4 = 9."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 9.\nSteps:\n1. Atomy: 5.\n2. Složené: 4.\n3. 5 + 4 = 9."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0196", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A thought experiment varies 3 factors with 2 levels each. How many combinations?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "10", "C": "8", "D": "12"}, "answer": "Count: 8.", "steps": ["2^3.", "Total: 8.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 8\nSteps:\n1. 2^3.\n2. Total: 8.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0197", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A council of 22 needs a majority. How many votes is that?", "choices": {"A": "11", "B": "12", "C": "13", "D": "14"}, "answer": "Majority is 12 votes.", "steps": ["Half of 22.", "Plus 1: 12.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: 12\nSteps:\n1. Half of 22.\n2. Plus 1: 12.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0198", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A play has 6 acts with 2 scenes each. Count all scenes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 12.", "steps": ["Acts: 6.", "Each: 2.", "6 × 2 = 12."], "text": "Answer: Total: 12.\nSteps:\n1. Acts: 6.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 6 × 2 = 12."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0199", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A trolley threatens 7 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. Compute net lives saved.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net saved: 6.", "steps": ["Saved: 7.", "Lost: 1.", "7 − 1 = 6."], "text": "Answer: Net saved: 6.\nSteps:\n1. Saved: 7.\n2. Lost: 1.\n3. 7 − 1 = 6."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0200", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 9 peer experts, 2 dissent. Count those who agree.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 7.", "steps": ["Total: 9.", "Dissent: 2.", "9 − 2 = 7."], "text": "Answer: Count: 7.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 9.\n2. Dissent: 2.\n3. 9 − 2 = 7."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0201", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "How many rows does a truth table with 4 sentence letters have?", "choices": {"A": "14", "B": "18", "C": "16", "D": "20"}, "answer": "The table has 16 rows.", "steps": ["2^4 rows.", "Total: 16.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 16\nSteps:\n1. 2^4 rows.\n2. Total: 16.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0202", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Proč tvrdý problém?", "choices": null, "answer": "Vysvětlit, proč je mozková činnost vůbec pociťována, se vzpírá.", "steps": ["Vysvětlit, proč je mozková činnost vůbec pociťována, se vzpírá.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Vysvětlit, proč je mozková činnost vůbec pociťována, se vzpírá."], "text": "Answer: Vysvětlit, proč je mozková činnost vůbec pociťována, se vzpírá.\nSteps:\n1. Vysvětlit, proč je mozková činnost vůbec pociťována, se vzpírá.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Vysvětlit, proč je mozková činnost vůbec pociťována, se vzpírá."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0203", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A federation has 6 states with 2 votes each. How many votes total?", "choices": {"A": "10", "B": "14", "C": "12", "D": "16"}, "answer": "Total votes: 12.", "steps": ["6 × 2.", "Total: 12.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 12\nSteps:\n1. 6 × 2.\n2. Total: 12.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0204", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is kitsch?", "choices": null, "answer": "Kitsch offers cheap easy sentiment, prized by some and scorned by critics as fake.", "steps": ["Kitsch offers cheap easy sentiment, prized by some and scorned by critics as fake.", "So the answer stands: Kitsch offers cheap easy sentiment, prized by some and scorned by critics as fake."], "text": "Answer: Kitsch offers cheap easy sentiment, prized by some and scorned by critics as fake.\nSteps:\n1. Kitsch offers cheap easy sentiment, prized by some and scorned by critics as fake.\n2. So the answer stands: Kitsch offers cheap easy sentiment, prized by some and scorned by critics as fake."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0205", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Behind the veil, 600 units are split equally among 2 groups. Compute one share.", "choices": null, "answer": "One share: 300.", "steps": ["Total 600.", "Groups 2.", "600 / 2 = 300."], "text": "Answer: One share: 300.\nSteps:\n1. Total 600.\n2. Groups 2.\n3. 600 / 2 = 300."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0206", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 6 peer experts, 3 dissent. How many agree?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "3"}, "answer": "Count: 3.", "steps": ["Total 6.", "Minus 3.", "Agree: 3.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 3\nSteps:\n1. Total 6.\n2. Minus 3.\n3. Agree: 3.\n4. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0207", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 12 argument forms, 7 are valid. How many are invalid?", "choices": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "7", "D": "5"}, "answer": "Count: 5.", "steps": ["Total 12.", "Minus valid 7.", "Invalid: 5.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 5\nSteps:\n1. Total 12.\n2. Minus valid 7.\n3. Invalid: 5.\n4. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0208", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why intentionality?", "choices": null, "answer": "Aboutness lets thoughts point beyond themselves, and naturalizing it challenges physicalists.", "steps": ["Aboutness lets thoughts point beyond themselves, and naturalizing it challenges physicalists.", "So the answer stands: Aboutness lets thoughts point beyond themselves, and naturalizing it challenges physicalists."], "text": "Answer: Aboutness lets thoughts point beyond themselves, and naturalizing it challenges physicalists.\nSteps:\n1. Aboutness lets thoughts point beyond themselves, and naturalizing it challenges physicalists.\n2. So the answer stands: Aboutness lets thoughts point beyond themselves, and naturalizing it challenges physicalists."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0209", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Daň činí 12 % z 1000. Spočítej výši daně.", "choices": null, "answer": "Daň: 120.", "steps": ["12 % z 1000.", "1000×12/100.", "= 120."], "text": "Answer: Daň: 120.\nSteps:\n1. 12 % z 1000.\n2. 1000×12/100.\n3. = 120."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0210", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 17 canon works, 8 are music. Count the non-music works.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 9.", "steps": ["Total: 17.", "Music: 8.", "17 − 8 = 9."], "text": "Answer: Count: 9.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 17.\n2. Music: 8.\n3. 17 − 8 = 9."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0211", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why discuss animal ethics?", "choices": null, "answer": "Singer extends sentience-based concern to animals, while others stress rationality or species duties instead.", "steps": ["Singer extends sentience-based concern to animals, while others stress rationality or species duties instead.", "So the answer stands: Singer extends sentience-based concern to animals, while others stress rationality or species duties instead."], "text": "Answer: Singer extends sentience-based concern to animals, while others stress rationality or species duties instead.\nSteps:\n1. Singer extends sentience-based concern to animals, while others stress rationality or species duties instead.\n2. So the answer stands: Singer extends sentience-based concern to animals, while others stress rationality or species duties instead."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0212", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 25 are justified and 17 are both justified and true. Count the justified-but-false.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 8.", "steps": ["Justified: 25.", "Both: 17.", "25 − 17 = 8."], "text": "Answer: Count: 8.\nSteps:\n1. Justified: 25.\n2. Both: 17.\n3. 25 − 17 = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0213", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je dokazatelnost?", "choices": null, "answer": "Dokazatelné úsudky jsou platné s pravdivými předpoklady.", "steps": ["Dokazatelné úsudky jsou platné s pravdivými předpoklady.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Dokazatelné úsudky jsou platné s pravdivými předpoklady."], "text": "Answer: Dokazatelné úsudky jsou platné s pravdivými předpoklady.\nSteps:\n1. Dokazatelné úsudky jsou platné s pravdivými předpoklady.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Dokazatelné úsudky jsou platné s pravdivými předpoklady."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0214", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of 7 conceivability cases, 3 are zombies. How many are not zombies?", "choices": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "4"}, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["Total 7.", "Minus 3.", "Left: 4.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. Total 7.\n2. Minus 3.\n3. Left: 4.\n4. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0215", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A tax takes 11% of 1000. How much is the tax?", "choices": {"A": "100", "B": "120", "C": "130", "D": "110"}, "answer": "The tax is 110.", "steps": ["11% of 1000.", "Tax: 110.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 110\nSteps:\n1. 11% of 1000.\n2. Tax: 110.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0216", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why public art?", "choices": null, "answer": "Public art claims shared space for meaning, sparking debates over taste and money.", "steps": ["Public art claims shared space for meaning, sparking debates over taste and money.", "So the answer stands: Public art claims shared space for meaning, sparking debates over taste and money."], "text": "Answer: Public art claims shared space for meaning, sparking debates over taste and money.\nSteps:\n1. Public art claims shared space for meaning, sparking debates over taste and money.\n2. So the answer stands: Public art claims shared space for meaning, sparking debates over taste and money."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0217", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what judges by duty?", "choices": {"A": "Deontology", "B": "Hedonism", "C": "Egoism", "D": "Relativism"}, "answer": "The answer is Deontology.", "steps": ["Rules bind regardless.", "So: Deontology.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Deontology\nSteps:\n1. Rules bind regardless.\n2. So: Deontology.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0218", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why internalism versus externalism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Internalists demand accessible reasons while externalists allow reliable blind processes to justify.", "steps": ["Internalists demand accessible reasons while externalists allow reliable blind processes to justify.", "So the answer stands: Internalists demand accessible reasons while externalists allow reliable blind processes to justify."], "text": "Answer: Internalists demand accessible reasons while externalists allow reliable blind processes to justify.\nSteps:\n1. Internalists demand accessible reasons while externalists allow reliable blind processes to justify.\n2. So the answer stands: Internalists demand accessible reasons while externalists allow reliable blind processes to justify."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0219", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 13 argument forms, 8 are valid. Count the invalid ones.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 5.", "steps": ["Total: 13.", "Valid: 8.", "13 − 8 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Count: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 13.\n2. Valid: 8.\n3. 13 − 8 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0220", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is the mark of mental?", "choices": null, "answer": "Brentano proposed intentionality as the mental signature, though pains and moods complicate.", "steps": ["Brentano proposed intentionality as the mental signature, though pains and moods complicate.", "So the answer stands: Brentano proposed intentionality as the mental signature, though pains and moods complicate."], "text": "Answer: Brentano proposed intentionality as the mental signature, though pains and moods complicate.\nSteps:\n1. Brentano proposed intentionality as the mental signature, though pains and moods complicate.\n2. So the answer stands: Brentano proposed intentionality as the mental signature, though pains and moods complicate."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0221", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je svoboda?", "choices": null, "answer": "Svoboda se dělí na negativní a pozitivní.", "steps": ["Svoboda se dělí na negativní a pozitivní.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Svoboda se dělí na negativní a pozitivní."], "text": "Answer: Svoboda se dělí na negativní a pozitivní.\nSteps:\n1. Svoboda se dělí na negativní a pozitivní.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Svoboda se dělí na negativní a pozitivní."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0222", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is authenticity?", "choices": null, "answer": "Authenticity values original touch and honest expression over copies and poses.", "steps": ["Authenticity values original touch and honest expression over copies and poses.", "So the answer stands: Authenticity values original touch and honest expression over copies and poses."], "text": "Answer: Authenticity values original touch and honest expression over copies and poses.\nSteps:\n1. Authenticity values original touch and honest expression over copies and poses.\n2. So the answer stands: Authenticity values original touch and honest expression over copies and poses."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0223", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what ties rightness to culture?", "choices": {"A": "Objectivism", "B": "Relativism", "C": "Absolutism", "D": "Universalism"}, "answer": "The answer is Relativism.", "steps": ["Objectivists resist.", "So: Relativism.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: Relativism\nSteps:\n1. Objectivists resist.\n2. So: Relativism.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0224", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is a priori?", "choices": null, "answer": "A priori knowledge rests on reason alone, like math, unlike a posteriori claims needing experience.", "steps": ["A priori knowledge rests on reason alone, like math, unlike a posteriori claims needing experience.", "So the answer stands: A priori knowledge rests on reason alone, like math, unlike a posteriori claims needing experience."], "text": "Answer: A priori knowledge rests on reason alone, like math, unlike a posteriori claims needing experience.\nSteps:\n1. A priori knowledge rests on reason alone, like math, unlike a posteriori claims needing experience.\n2. So the answer stands: A priori knowledge rests on reason alone, like math, unlike a posteriori claims needing experience."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0225", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is modal logic?", "choices": null, "answer": "Modal logic formalizes necessity and possibility, modelling must and might rigorously.", "steps": ["Modal logic formalizes necessity and possibility, modelling must and might rigorously.", "So the answer stands: Modal logic formalizes necessity and possibility, modelling must and might rigorously."], "text": "Answer: Modal logic formalizes necessity and possibility, modelling must and might rigorously.\nSteps:\n1. Modal logic formalizes necessity and possibility, modelling must and might rigorously.\n2. So the answer stands: Modal logic formalizes necessity and possibility, modelling must and might rigorously."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0226", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Ze 6 případů myslitelnosti je 2 zombie. Kolik není zombie?", "choices": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "4", "D": "6"}, "answer": "Počet: 4.", "steps": ["Celkem 6.", "Minus 2.", "Zbývá: 4.", "Vyber možnost C."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. Celkem 6.\n2. Minus 2.\n3. Zbývá: 4.\n4. Vyber možnost C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0227", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A tax takes 15% of 1000. Compute the tax amount.", "choices": null, "answer": "Tax: 150.", "steps": ["15% of 1000.", "1000×15/100.", "= 150."], "text": "Answer: Tax: 150.\nSteps:\n1. 15% of 1000.\n2. 1000×15/100.\n3. = 150."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0228", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why ugly art?", "choices": null, "answer": "Ugly art can reveal truth or protest norms, showing beauty is not art's sole aim.", "steps": ["Ugly art can reveal truth or protest norms, showing beauty is not art's sole aim.", "So the answer stands: Ugly art can reveal truth or protest norms, showing beauty is not art's sole aim."], "text": "Answer: Ugly art can reveal truth or protest norms, showing beauty is not art's sole aim.\nSteps:\n1. Ugly art can reveal truth or protest norms, showing beauty is not art's sole aim.\n2. So the answer stands: Ugly art can reveal truth or protest norms, showing beauty is not art's sole aim."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0229", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is effective altruism?", "choices": null, "answer": "It urges doing the most good with evidence, while critics warn against neglecting justice and community.", "steps": ["It urges doing the most good with evidence, while critics warn against neglecting justice and community.", "So the answer stands: It urges doing the most good with evidence, while critics warn against neglecting justice and community."], "text": "Answer: It urges doing the most good with evidence, while critics warn against neglecting justice and community.\nSteps:\n1. It urges doing the most good with evidence, while critics warn against neglecting justice and community.\n2. So the answer stands: It urges doing the most good with evidence, while critics warn against neglecting justice and community."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0230", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what challenges the triad?", "choices": {"A": "Gettier cases", "B": "Lucky charms", "C": "Tall tales", "D": "Wild dreams"}, "answer": "The answer is Gettier cases.", "steps": ["Luck mimics knowledge.", "So: Gettier cases.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Gettier cases\nSteps:\n1. Luck mimics knowledge.\n2. So: Gettier cases.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0231", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A formula has 6 binary connectives. Count its subformulas.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 13.", "steps": ["Atoms: 7.", "Compounds: 6.", "7 + 6 = 13."], "text": "Answer: Count: 13.\nSteps:\n1. Atoms: 7.\n2. Compounds: 6.\n3. 7 + 6 = 13."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0232", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what claims all physical?", "choices": {"A": "Physicalism", "B": "Idealism", "C": "Animism", "D": "Mysticism"}, "answer": "The answer is Physicalism.", "steps": ["Brain grounds mind.", "So: Physicalism.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Physicalism\nSteps:\n1. Brain grounds mind.\n2. So: Physicalism.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0233", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is cosmopolitanism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Cosmopolitans hold duties cross borders, urging global justice beyond mere states.", "steps": ["Cosmopolitans hold duties cross borders, urging global justice beyond mere states.", "So the answer stands: Cosmopolitans hold duties cross borders, urging global justice beyond mere states."], "text": "Answer: Cosmopolitans hold duties cross borders, urging global justice beyond mere states.\nSteps:\n1. Cosmopolitans hold duties cross borders, urging global justice beyond mere states.\n2. So the answer stands: Cosmopolitans hold duties cross borders, urging global justice beyond mere states."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0234", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A gallery hangs 18 paintings equally in 3 rooms. Compute paintings per room.", "choices": null, "answer": "Per room: 6.", "steps": ["Total: 18.", "Rooms: 3.", "18 / 3 = 6."], "text": "Answer: Per room: 6.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 18.\n2. Rooms: 3.\n3. 18 / 3 = 6."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0235", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 7 people and −20 to 4 people. What is the net utility?", "choices": {"A": "-20", "B": "0", "C": "-10", "D": "10"}, "answer": "Net utility is -10.", "steps": ["Gains 70.", "Losses 80.", "Net: -10.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: -10\nSteps:\n1. Gains 70.\n2. Losses 80.\n3. Net: -10.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0236", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Z 5 expertů-rovných 2 nesouhlasí. Kolik souhlasí?", "choices": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "3", "D": "5"}, "answer": "Počet: 3.", "steps": ["Celkem 5.", "Minus 2.", "Souhlasí: 3.", "Vyber možnost C."], "text": "Answer: 3\nSteps:\n1. Celkem 5.\n2. Minus 2.\n3. Souhlasí: 3.\n4. Vyber možnost C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0237", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why many-valued logic?", "choices": null, "answer": "It adds truth values beyond true/false, modelling vagueness and future contingents.", "steps": ["It adds truth values beyond true/false, modelling vagueness and future contingents.", "So the answer stands: It adds truth values beyond true/false, modelling vagueness and future contingents."], "text": "Answer: It adds truth values beyond true/false, modelling vagueness and future contingents.\nSteps:\n1. It adds truth values beyond true/false, modelling vagueness and future contingents.\n2. So the answer stands: It adds truth values beyond true/false, modelling vagueness and future contingents."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0238", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A thought experiment varies 6 factors with 2 levels each. Count the combinations.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 64.", "steps": ["2 levels each.", "2^6.", "= 64."], "text": "Answer: Count: 64.\nSteps:\n1. 2 levels each.\n2. 2^6.\n3. = 64."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0239", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Rada s 24 členy potřebuje většinu. Spočítej velikost většiny.", "choices": null, "answer": "Většina: 13.", "steps": ["Polovina: 12.", "Plus 1.", "= 13."], "text": "Answer: Většina: 13.\nSteps:\n1. Polovina: 12.\n2. Plus 1.\n3. = 13."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0240", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Z 12 děl kánonu je 5 hudebních. Kolik není hudebních?", "choices": {"A": "6", "B": "8", "C": "7", "D": "9"}, "answer": "Počet: 7.", "steps": ["Celkem 12.", "Minus 5.", "Zbývá: 7.", "Vyber možnost C."], "text": "Answer: 7\nSteps:\n1. Celkem 12.\n2. Minus 5.\n3. Zbývá: 7.\n4. Vyber možnost C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0241", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why distinguish acts and omissions?", "choices": null, "answer": "Many judge killing worse than letting die, though consequentialists often deny the moral gap.", "steps": ["Many judge killing worse than letting die, though consequentialists often deny the moral gap.", "So the answer stands: Many judge killing worse than letting die, though consequentialists often deny the moral gap."], "text": "Answer: Many judge killing worse than letting die, though consequentialists often deny the moral gap.\nSteps:\n1. Many judge killing worse than letting die, though consequentialists often deny the moral gap.\n2. So the answer stands: Many judge killing worse than letting die, though consequentialists often deny the moral gap."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0242", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what rests on reason?", "choices": {"A": "A Finn", "B": "A priori", "C": "A choir", "D": "A storm"}, "answer": "The answer is A priori.", "steps": ["Math needs no senses.", "So: A priori.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: A priori\nSteps:\n1. Math needs no senses.\n2. So: A priori.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0243", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Show the row count of a truth table with 6 sentence letters.", "choices": null, "answer": "Rows: 64.", "steps": ["2 values each.", "2^6.", "= 64."], "text": "Answer: Rows: 64.\nSteps:\n1. 2 values each.\n2. 2^6.\n3. = 64."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0244", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why personal identity?", "choices": null, "answer": "Identity asks what makes a person persist, with memory, body, and narrative rival answers.", "steps": ["Identity asks what makes a person persist, with memory, body, and narrative rival answers.", "So the answer stands: Identity asks what makes a person persist, with memory, body, and narrative rival answers."], "text": "Answer: Identity asks what makes a person persist, with memory, body, and narrative rival answers.\nSteps:\n1. Identity asks what makes a person persist, with memory, body, and narrative rival answers.\n2. So the answer stands: Identity asks what makes a person persist, with memory, body, and narrative rival answers."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0245", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what splits two freedoms?", "choices": {"A": "Liberty theory", "B": "Gravity theory", "C": "String theory", "D": "Game theory"}, "answer": "The answer is Liberty theory.", "steps": ["Negative versus positive.", "So: Liberty theory.", "Select option A."], "text": "Answer: Liberty theory\nSteps:\n1. Negative versus positive.\n2. So: Liberty theory.\n3. Select option A.\nAnswer: (A)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0246", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is interpretation?", "choices": null, "answer": "Interpretation debates author intent versus reader creation of meaning.", "steps": ["Interpretation debates author intent versus reader creation of meaning.", "So the answer stands: Interpretation debates author intent versus reader creation of meaning."], "text": "Answer: Interpretation debates author intent versus reader creation of meaning.\nSteps:\n1. Interpretation debates author intent versus reader creation of meaning.\n2. So the answer stands: Interpretation debates author intent versus reader creation of meaning."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0247", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A trolley threatens 5 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. How many net lives are saved?", "choices": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "4"}, "answer": "Net lives saved: 4.", "steps": ["Saved 5.", "Lost 1.", "Net: 4.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. Saved 5.\n2. Lost 1.\n3. Net: 4.\n4. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0248", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je fundacionalismus?", "choices": null, "answer": "Fundacionalismus zakládá vše na základních přesvědčeních a staví regres.", "steps": ["Fundacionalismus zakládá vše na základních přesvědčeních a staví regres.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Fundacionalismus zakládá vše na základních přesvědčeních a staví regres."], "text": "Answer: Fundacionalismus zakládá vše na základních přesvědčeních a staví regres.\nSteps:\n1. Fundacionalismus zakládá vše na základních přesvědčeních a staví regres.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Fundacionalismus zakládá vše na základních přesvědčeních a staví regres."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0249", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 15 argument forms, 9 are valid. Count the invalid ones.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 6.", "steps": ["Total: 15.", "Valid: 9.", "15 − 9 = 6."], "text": "Answer: Count: 6.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 15.\n2. Valid: 9.\n3. 15 − 9 = 6."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0250", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what grants all experience?", "choices": {"A": "Atheism", "B": "Panpsychism", "C": "Stoicism", "D": "Cynicism"}, "answer": "The answer is Panpsychism.", "steps": ["Combination puzzled.", "So: Panpsychism.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: Panpsychism\nSteps:\n1. Combination puzzled.\n2. So: Panpsychism.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0251", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why civil disobedience?", "choices": null, "answer": "It breaks law openly for justice, defended when legal channels fail and protest stays nonviolent.", "steps": ["It breaks law openly for justice, defended when legal channels fail and protest stays nonviolent.", "So the answer stands: It breaks law openly for justice, defended when legal channels fail and protest stays nonviolent."], "text": "Answer: It breaks law openly for justice, defended when legal channels fail and protest stays nonviolent.\nSteps:\n1. It breaks law openly for justice, defended when legal channels fail and protest stays nonviolent.\n2. So the answer stands: It breaks law openly for justice, defended when legal channels fail and protest stays nonviolent."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0252", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Z 13 děl kánonu je 6 hudebních. Spočítej nehudební díla.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 7.", "steps": ["Celkem: 13.", "Hudba: 6.", "13 − 6 = 7."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 7.\nSteps:\n1. Celkem: 13.\n2. Hudba: 6.\n3. 13 − 6 = 7."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0253", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "An act gives +10 happiness to 10 people and −20 to 3 people. Compute the net utility.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net utility: 40.", "steps": ["Gains: 10×10 = 100.", "Losses: 20×3 = 60.", "100 − 60 = 40."], "text": "Answer: Net utility: 40.\nSteps:\n1. Gains: 10×10 = 100.\n2. Losses: 20×3 = 60.\n3. 100 − 60 = 40."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0254", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Proces trefí 72 ze 100 přesvědčení. Udej jeho spolehlivost v procentech.", "choices": null, "answer": "Spolehlivost: 72 %.", "steps": ["Správně: 72.", "Ze 100.", "= 72 %."], "text": "Answer: Spolehlivost: 72 %.\nSteps:\n1. Správně: 72.\n2. Ze 100.\n3. = 72 %."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0255", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is a proof system?", "choices": null, "answer": "Proof systems derive theorems by fixed rules, making logical consequence checkable.", "steps": ["Proof systems derive theorems by fixed rules, making logical consequence checkable.", "So the answer stands: Proof systems derive theorems by fixed rules, making logical consequence checkable."], "text": "Answer: Proof systems derive theorems by fixed rules, making logical consequence checkable.\nSteps:\n1. Proof systems derive theorems by fixed rules, making logical consequence checkable.\n2. So the answer stands: Proof systems derive theorems by fixed rules, making logical consequence checkable."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0256", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Ze 7 případů myslitelnosti je 2 zombie. Spočítej ty, co nejsou zombie.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 5.", "steps": ["Celkem: 7.", "Zombie: 2.", "7 − 2 = 5."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 5.\nSteps:\n1. Celkem: 7.\n2. Zombie: 2.\n3. 7 − 2 = 5."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0257", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is punishment for?", "choices": null, "answer": "Retributivists repay wrongs while consequentialists deter and reform, dividing penal theory.", "steps": ["Retributivists repay wrongs while consequentialists deter and reform, dividing penal theory.", "So the answer stands: Retributivists repay wrongs while consequentialists deter and reform, dividing penal theory."], "text": "Answer: Retributivists repay wrongs while consequentialists deter and reform, dividing penal theory.\nSteps:\n1. Retributivists repay wrongs while consequentialists deter and reform, dividing penal theory.\n2. So the answer stands: Retributivists repay wrongs while consequentialists deter and reform, dividing penal theory."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0258", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A play has 7 acts with 2 scenes each. Count all scenes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 14.", "steps": ["Acts: 7.", "Each: 2.", "7 × 2 = 14."], "text": "Answer: Total: 14.\nSteps:\n1. Acts: 7.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 7 × 2 = 14."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0259", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Trolejbus ohrožuje 3 lidi; odklon je zachrání, ale 1 zemře. Kolik životů se čistě zachrání?", "choices": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "answer": "Čistě zachráněno: 2 životy.", "steps": ["Zachráněno 3.", "Ztracen 1.", "Čistý zisk: 2.", "Vyber možnost B."], "text": "Answer: 2\nSteps:\n1. Zachráněno 3.\n2. Ztracen 1.\n3. Čistý zisk: 2.\n4. Vyber možnost B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0260", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why the problem of induction?", "choices": null, "answer": "Hume noted past success never entails future order, leaving science's predictions philosophically puzzling.", "steps": ["Hume noted past success never entails future order, leaving science's predictions philosophically puzzling.", "So the answer stands: Hume noted past success never entails future order, leaving science's predictions philosophically puzzling."], "text": "Answer: Hume noted past success never entails future order, leaving science's predictions philosophically puzzling.\nSteps:\n1. Hume noted past success never entails future order, leaving science's predictions philosophically puzzling.\n2. So the answer stands: Hume noted past success never entails future order, leaving science's predictions philosophically puzzling."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0261", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Proč pravdivostní tabulky?", "choices": null, "answer": "Tabulky rozhodují platnost mechanicky vyčerpáním všech ohodnocení.", "steps": ["Tabulky rozhodují platnost mechanicky vyčerpáním všech ohodnocení.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Tabulky rozhodují platnost mechanicky vyčerpáním všech ohodnocení."], "text": "Answer: Tabulky rozhodují platnost mechanicky vyčerpáním všech ohodnocení.\nSteps:\n1. Tabulky rozhodují platnost mechanicky vyčerpáním všech ohodnocení.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Tabulky rozhodují platnost mechanicky vyčerpáním všech ohodnocení."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0262", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Funkční systém má 4 vstupy a 3 výstupy. Spočítej dvojice.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 12.", "steps": ["Vstupy: 4.", "Výstupy: 3.", "4 × 3 = 12."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 12.\nSteps:\n1. Vstupy: 4.\n2. Výstupy: 3.\n3. 4 × 3 = 12."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0263", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Choose: what breaks law openly?", "choices": {"A": "Civil engineering", "B": "Civil disobedience", "C": "Civil wedding", "D": "Civil service"}, "answer": "The answer is Civil disobedience.", "steps": ["Nonviolence kept.", "So: Civil disobedience.", "Select option B."], "text": "Answer: Civil disobedience\nSteps:\n1. Nonviolence kept.\n2. So: Civil disobedience.\n3. Select option B.\nAnswer: (B)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0264", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 19 canon works, 9 are music. Count the non-music works.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 10.", "steps": ["Total: 19.", "Music: 9.", "19 − 9 = 10."], "text": "Answer: Count: 10.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 19.\n2. Music: 9.\n3. 19 − 9 = 10."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0265", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Proč trolejbusové dilema?", "choices": null, "answer": "Případy staví počty proti jednání a odhalují morální psychologii.", "steps": ["Případy staví počty proti jednání a odhalují morální psychologii.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Případy staví počty proti jednání a odhalují morální psychologii."], "text": "Answer: Případy staví počty proti jednání a odhalují morální psychologii.\nSteps:\n1. Případy staví počty proti jednání a odhalují morální psychologii.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Případy staví počty proti jednání a odhalují morální psychologii."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0266", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Of a thinker's beliefs, 18 are justified and 12 are both justified and true. How many are justified but false?", "choices": {"A": "5", "B": "7", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "answer": "Count: 6.", "steps": ["Justified 18.", "Minus both 12.", "Left: 6.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 6\nSteps:\n1. Justified 18.\n2. Minus both 12.\n3. Left: 6.\n4. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0267", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je sylogismus?", "choices": null, "answer": "Sylogismus spojuje dva předpoklady se středním termínem.", "steps": ["Sylogismus spojuje dva předpoklady se středním termínem.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Sylogismus spojuje dva předpoklady se středním termínem."], "text": "Answer: Sylogismus spojuje dva předpoklady se středním termínem.\nSteps:\n1. Sylogismus spojuje dva předpoklady se středním termínem.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Sylogismus spojuje dva předpoklady se středním termínem."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0268", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A functional system has 4 inputs and 3 outputs. How many input-output pairs?", "choices": {"A": "9", "B": "15", "C": "12", "D": "18"}, "answer": "Count: 12.", "steps": ["4 × 3.", "Pairs: 12.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 12\nSteps:\n1. 4 × 3.\n2. Pairs: 12.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0269", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A council of 24 needs a majority. How many votes is that?", "choices": {"A": "12", "B": "14", "C": "13", "D": "15"}, "answer": "Majority is 13 votes.", "steps": ["Half of 24.", "Plus 1: 13.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 13\nSteps:\n1. Half of 24.\n2. Plus 1: 13.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0270", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A gallery hangs 12 paintings equally in 3 rooms. How many per room?", "choices": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "4", "D": "6"}, "answer": "Count: 4.", "steps": ["12 / 3.", "Per room: 4.", "Select option C."], "text": "Answer: 4\nSteps:\n1. 12 / 3.\n2. Per room: 4.\n3. Select option C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0271", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A trolley threatens 8 people; diverting saves them all but 1 dies. Compute net lives saved.", "choices": null, "answer": "Net saved: 7.", "steps": ["Saved: 8.", "Lost: 1.", "8 − 1 = 7."], "text": "Answer: Net saved: 7.\nSteps:\n1. Saved: 8.\n2. Lost: 1.\n3. 8 − 1 = 7."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0272", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Z 6 expertů-rovných 2 nesouhlasí. Spočítej ty, kdo souhlasí.", "choices": null, "answer": "Počet: 4.", "steps": ["Celkem: 6.", "Nesouhlasí: 2.", "6 − 2 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Počet: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Celkem: 6.\n2. Nesouhlasí: 2.\n3. 6 − 2 = 4."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0273", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A formula has 7 binary connectives. Count its subformulas.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 15.", "steps": ["Atoms: 8.", "Compounds: 7.", "8 + 7 = 15."], "text": "Answer: Count: 15.\nSteps:\n1. Atoms: 8.\n2. Compounds: 7.\n3. 8 + 7 = 15."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0274", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 10 conceivability cases, 2 are zombies. Count the non-zombies.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 8.", "steps": ["Total: 10.", "Zombies: 2.", "10 − 2 = 8."], "text": "Answer: Count: 8.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 10.\n2. Zombies: 2.\n3. 10 − 2 = 8."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0275", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why free speech?", "choices": null, "answer": "Free speech aids truth and autonomy, though hate and lies test its principled limits.", "steps": ["Free speech aids truth and autonomy, though hate and lies test its principled limits.", "So the answer stands: Free speech aids truth and autonomy, though hate and lies test its principled limits."], "text": "Answer: Free speech aids truth and autonomy, though hate and lies test its principled limits.\nSteps:\n1. Free speech aids truth and autonomy, though hate and lies test its principled limits.\n2. So the answer stands: Free speech aids truth and autonomy, though hate and lies test its principled limits."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0276", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A gallery hangs 21 paintings equally in 3 rooms. Compute paintings per room.", "choices": null, "answer": "Per room: 7.", "steps": ["Total: 21.", "Rooms: 3.", "21 / 3 = 7."], "text": "Answer: Per room: 7.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 21.\n2. Rooms: 3.\n3. 21 / 3 = 7."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0277", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Za závojem se 240 jednotek dělí rovně mezi 2 skupiny. Spočítej jeden podíl.", "choices": null, "answer": "Jeden podíl: 120.", "steps": ["Celkem 240.", "Skupin: 2.", "240 / 2 = 120."], "text": "Answer: Jeden podíl: 120.\nSteps:\n1. Celkem 240.\n2. Skupin: 2.\n3. 240 / 2 = 120."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0278", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is fallibilism?", "choices": null, "answer": "Fallibilism holds all beliefs revisable, reconciling knowledge claims with human error gracefully.", "steps": ["Fallibilism holds all beliefs revisable, reconciling knowledge claims with human error gracefully.", "So the answer stands: Fallibilism holds all beliefs revisable, reconciling knowledge claims with human error gracefully."], "text": "Answer: Fallibilism holds all beliefs revisable, reconciling knowledge claims with human error gracefully.\nSteps:\n1. Fallibilism holds all beliefs revisable, reconciling knowledge claims with human error gracefully.\n2. So the answer stands: Fallibilism holds all beliefs revisable, reconciling knowledge claims with human error gracefully."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0279", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Show the row count of a truth table with 7 sentence letters.", "choices": null, "answer": "Rows: 128.", "steps": ["2 values each.", "2^7.", "= 128."], "text": "Answer: Rows: 128.\nSteps:\n1. 2 values each.\n2. 2^7.\n3. = 128."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0280", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is free will?", "choices": null, "answer": "Free will debates whether determinism allows responsibility, splitting compatibilists from libertarians.", "steps": ["Free will debates whether determinism allows responsibility, splitting compatibilists from libertarians.", "So the answer stands: Free will debates whether determinism allows responsibility, splitting compatibilists from libertarians."], "text": "Answer: Free will debates whether determinism allows responsibility, splitting compatibilists from libertarians.\nSteps:\n1. Free will debates whether determinism allows responsibility, splitting compatibilists from libertarians.\n2. So the answer stands: Free will debates whether determinism allows responsibility, splitting compatibilists from libertarians."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0281", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A council of 30 needs a majority. Compute the majority size.", "choices": null, "answer": "Majority: 16.", "steps": ["Half: 15.", "Plus 1.", "= 16."], "text": "Answer: Majority: 16.\nSteps:\n1. Half: 15.\n2. Plus 1.\n3. = 16."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0282", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why aesthetic education?", "choices": null, "answer": "Schiller tied beauty to freedom and morals, urging art's role in human growth.", "steps": ["Schiller tied beauty to freedom and morals, urging art's role in human growth.", "So the answer stands: Schiller tied beauty to freedom and morals, urging art's role in human growth."], "text": "Answer: Schiller tied beauty to freedom and morals, urging art's role in human growth.\nSteps:\n1. Schiller tied beauty to freedom and morals, urging art's role in human growth.\n2. So the answer stands: Schiller tied beauty to freedom and morals, urging art's role in human growth."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0283", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is moral luck?", "choices": null, "answer": "Moral luck means outcomes beyond control affect blame, puzzling views that judge will alone.", "steps": ["Moral luck means outcomes beyond control affect blame, puzzling views that judge will alone.", "So the answer stands: Moral luck means outcomes beyond control affect blame, puzzling views that judge will alone."], "text": "Answer: Moral luck means outcomes beyond control affect blame, puzzling views that judge will alone.\nSteps:\n1. Moral luck means outcomes beyond control affect blame, puzzling views that judge will alone.\n2. So the answer stands: Moral luck means outcomes beyond control affect blame, puzzling views that judge will alone."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0284", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "cs", "kind": "concept", "question": "Co je koherentismus?", "choices": null, "answer": "Koherentismus zdůvodňuje vzájemnou oporou v síti bez výsadních základů.", "steps": ["Koherentismus zdůvodňuje vzájemnou oporou v síti bez výsadních základů.", "Odpověď tedy platí: Koherentismus zdůvodňuje vzájemnou oporou v síti bez výsadních základů."], "text": "Answer: Koherentismus zdůvodňuje vzájemnou oporou v síti bez výsadních základů.\nSteps:\n1. Koherentismus zdůvodňuje vzájemnou oporou v síti bez výsadních základů.\n2. Odpověď tedy platí: Koherentismus zdůvodňuje vzájemnou oporou v síti bez výsadních základů."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0285", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why completeness?", "choices": null, "answer": "Completeness means every truth is provable, a prized match between meaning and proof.", "steps": ["Completeness means every truth is provable, a prized match between meaning and proof.", "So the answer stands: Completeness means every truth is provable, a prized match between meaning and proof."], "text": "Answer: Completeness means every truth is provable, a prized match between meaning and proof.\nSteps:\n1. Completeness means every truth is provable, a prized match between meaning and proof.\n2. So the answer stands: Completeness means every truth is provable, a prized match between meaning and proof."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0286", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A thought experiment varies 4 factors with 2 levels each. How many combinations?", "choices": {"A": "14", "B": "18", "C": "20", "D": "16"}, "answer": "Count: 16.", "steps": ["2^4.", "Total: 16.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 16\nSteps:\n1. 2^4.\n2. Total: 16.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0287", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A federation has 7 states with 2 votes each. How many votes total?", "choices": {"A": "12", "B": "16", "C": "18", "D": "14"}, "answer": "Total votes: 14.", "steps": ["7 × 2.", "Total: 14.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 14\nSteps:\n1. 7 × 2.\n2. Total: 14.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0288", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A play has 8 acts with 2 scenes each. Count all scenes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 16.", "steps": ["Acts: 8.", "Each: 2.", "8 × 2 = 16."], "text": "Answer: Total: 16.\nSteps:\n1. Acts: 8.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 8 × 2 = 16."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0289", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "Why care about consent?", "choices": null, "answer": "Consent transforms wrongs into permitted acts in many views, grounding medicine, sex, and contract ethics.", "steps": ["Consent transforms wrongs into permitted acts in many views, grounding medicine, sex, and contract ethics.", "So the answer stands: Consent transforms wrongs into permitted acts in many views, grounding medicine, sex, and contract ethics."], "text": "Answer: Consent transforms wrongs into permitted acts in many views, grounding medicine, sex, and contract ethics.\nSteps:\n1. Consent transforms wrongs into permitted acts in many views, grounding medicine, sex, and contract ethics.\n2. So the answer stands: Consent transforms wrongs into permitted acts in many views, grounding medicine, sex, and contract ethics."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0290", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A process gets 92 of 100 beliefs right. State its reliability percent.", "choices": null, "answer": "Reliability: 92%.", "steps": ["Right: 92.", "Of 100.", "= 92%."], "text": "Answer: Reliability: 92%.\nSteps:\n1. Right: 92.\n2. Of 100.\n3. = 92%."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0291", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Of 17 argument forms, 10 are valid. Count the invalid ones.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 7.", "steps": ["Total: 17.", "Valid: 10.", "17 − 10 = 7."], "text": "Answer: Count: 7.\nSteps:\n1. Total: 17.\n2. Valid: 10.\n3. 17 − 10 = 7."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0292", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A functional system has 7 inputs and 3 outputs. Count the pairs.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 21.", "steps": ["Inputs: 7.", "Outputs: 3.", "7 × 3 = 21."], "text": "Answer: Count: 21.\nSteps:\n1. Inputs: 7.\n2. Outputs: 3.\n3. 7 × 3 = 21."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0293", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Daň činí 10 % z 1000. Kolik činí daň?", "choices": {"A": "90", "B": "110", "C": "100", "D": "120"}, "answer": "Daň činí 100.", "steps": ["10 % z 1000.", "Daň: 100.", "Vyber možnost C."], "text": "Answer: 100\nSteps:\n1. 10 % z 1000.\n2. Daň: 100.\n3. Vyber možnost C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0294", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A play has 5 acts with 2 scenes each. How many scenes total?", "choices": {"A": "8", "B": "12", "C": "14", "D": "10"}, "answer": "Total scenes: 10.", "steps": ["5 × 2.", "Total: 10.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 10\nSteps:\n1. 5 × 2.\n2. Total: 10.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0295", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "ethics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "Za závojem se 120 jednotek dělí rovně mezi 2 skupiny. Jaký je jeden podíl?", "choices": {"A": "50", "B": "70", "C": "60", "D": "80"}, "answer": "Jeden podíl je 60.", "steps": ["Celkem 120.", "Děl 2: 60.", "Vyber možnost C."], "text": "Answer: 60\nSteps:\n1. Celkem 120.\n2. Děl 2: 60.\n3. Vyber možnost C.\nAnswer: (C)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0296", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "epistemology", "lang": "en", "kind": "multiple_choice", "question": "A process gets 80 of 100 beliefs right. What is its reliability percent?", "choices": {"A": "75%", "B": "85%", "C": "90%", "D": "80%"}, "answer": "Reliability is 80%.", "steps": ["80 of 100.", "= 80%.", "Select option D."], "text": "Answer: 80%\nSteps:\n1. 80 of 100.\n2. = 80%.\n3. Select option D.\nAnswer: (D)"} | |
| {"id": "phi_0297", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "logic", "lang": "en", "kind": "concept", "question": "What is Gödel's theorem?", "choices": null, "answer": "Gödel showed rich systems cannot prove all truths nor their own consistency.", "steps": ["Gödel showed rich systems cannot prove all truths nor their own consistency.", "So the answer stands: Gödel showed rich systems cannot prove all truths nor their own consistency."], "text": "Answer: Gödel showed rich systems cannot prove all truths nor their own consistency.\nSteps:\n1. Gödel showed rich systems cannot prove all truths nor their own consistency.\n2. So the answer stands: Gödel showed rich systems cannot prove all truths nor their own consistency."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0298", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "mind", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A thought experiment varies 7 factors with 2 levels each. Count the combinations.", "choices": null, "answer": "Count: 128.", "steps": ["2 levels each.", "2^7.", "= 128."], "text": "Answer: Count: 128.\nSteps:\n1. 2 levels each.\n2. 2^7.\n3. = 128."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0299", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "political_philosophy", "lang": "en", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "A federation has 10 states with 2 votes each. Count all votes.", "choices": null, "answer": "Total: 20.", "steps": ["States: 10.", "Each: 2.", "10 × 2 = 20."], "text": "Answer: Total: 20.\nSteps:\n1. States: 10.\n2. Each: 2.\n3. 10 × 2 = 20."} | |
| {"id": "phi_0300", "subject": "philosophy", "topic": "aesthetics", "lang": "cs", "kind": "worked_example", "question": "Galerie věší 12 obrazů rovnoměrně do 3 místností. Spočítej obrazy na místnost.", "choices": null, "answer": "Na místnost: 4.", "steps": ["Celkem: 12.", "Místnosti: 3.", "12 / 3 = 4."], "text": "Answer: Na místnost: 4.\nSteps:\n1. Celkem: 12.\n2. Místnosti: 3.\n3. 12 / 3 = 4."} | |