200 Re). The high latitude magnetosphere is filled with plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with additional turbulence, density and speed in the solar wind. This flow is favoured by a southward component of the IMF, which can then directly connect to the high latitude geomagnetic field lines. The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is mainly from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side.","Aurora\n\nIn addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travels down along the Earth's magnetic field lines, gains additional energy and loses it to the atmosphere in the auroral zones. The cusps of the magnetosphere, separating geomagnetic field lines that close through the Earth from those that close remotely allow a small amount of solar wind to directly reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow. On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms. Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.","Aurora\n\nGeomagnetic storms that ignite auroras may occur more often during the months around the equinoxes. It is not well understood, but geomagnetic storms may vary with Earth's seasons. Two factors to consider are the tilt of both the solar and Earth’s axis to the ecliptic plane. As the Earth orbits throughout a year, it experiences an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from different latitudes of the Sun, which is tilted at 8 degrees. Similarly, the 23 degree tilt of the Earth’s axis about which the geomagnetic pole rotates with a diurnal variation, changes the daily average angle that the geomagnetic field presents to the incident IMF throughout a year. These factors combined can lead to minor cyclical changes in the detailed way that the IMF links to the magnetosphere. In turn, this affects the average probability of opening a door through which energy from the solar wind can reach the Earth's inner magnetosphere and thereby enhance auroras.","Aurora\n\nAuroral particle acceleration","Aurora\n\nThe electrons responsible for the brightest forms of aurora are well accounted for by their acceleration in the dynamic electric fields of plasma turbulence encountered during precipitation from the magnetosphere into the auroral atmosphere. In contrast, static electric fields are unable to transfer energy to the electrons due to their conservative nature. The electrons and ions that cause the diffuse aurora appear not to be accelerated during precipitation.\nThe increase in strength of magnetic field lines towards the Earth creates a ‘magnetic mirror’ that turns back many of the downward flowing electrons. The bright forms of auroras are produced when downward acceleration not only increases the energy of precipitating electrons but also reduces their pitch angles (angle between electron velocity and the local magnetic field vector). This greatly increases the rate of deposition of energy into the atmosphere, and thereby the rates of ionisation, excitation and consequent emission of auroral light. Acceleration also increases the electron current flowing between the atmosphere and magnetosphere.","Aurora\n\nOne early theory proposed for the acceleration of auroral electrons is based on an assumed static, or quasi-static, electric field creating a uni-directional potential drop. No mention is provided of either the necessary space-charge or equi-potential distribution, and these remain to be specified for the notion of acceleration by double layers to be credible. Fundamentally, Poisson’s equation indicates that there can be no configuration of charge resulting in a net potential drop. Inexplicably though, some authors still invoke quasi-static parallel electric fields as net accelerators of auroral electrons, citing interpretations of transient observations of fields and particles as supporting this theory as firm fact. In another example, there is little justification given for saying ’FAST observations demonstrate detailed quantitative agreement between the measured electric potentials and the ion beam energies...., leaving no doubt that parallel potential drops are a dominant source of auroral particle acceleration’.","Aurora\n\nAnother theory is based on acceleration by Landau resonance in the turbulent electric fields of the acceleration region. This process is essentially the same as that employed in plasma fusion laboratories throughout the world, and appears well able to account in principle for most – if not all – detailed properties of the electrons responsible for the brightest forms of auroras, above, below and within the acceleration region.","Aurora\n\nOther mechanisms have also been proposed, in particular, Alfvén waves, wave modes involving the magnetic field first noted by Hannes Alfvén (1942), which have been observed in the laboratory and in space. The question is whether these waves might just be a different way of looking at the above process, however, because this approach does not point out a different energy source, and many plasma bulk phenomena can also be described in terms of Alfvén waves.","Aurora\n\nOther processes are also involved in the aurora, and much remains to be learned. Auroral electrons created by large geomagnetic storms often seem to have energies below 1 keV, and are stopped higher up, near 200 km. Such low energies excite mainly the red line of oxygen, so that often such auroras are red. On the other hand, positive ions also reach the ionosphere at such time, with energies of 20–30 keV, suggesting they might be an \"overflow\" along magnetic field lines of the copious \"ring current\" ions accelerated at such times, by processes different from the ones described above.\nSome O+ ions (\"conics\") also seem accelerated in different ways by plasma processes associated with the aurora. These ions are accelerated by plasma waves in directions mainly perpendicular to the field lines. They therefore start at their \"mirror points\" and can travel only upward. As they do so, the \"mirror effect\" transforms their directions of motion, from perpendicular to the field line to a cone around it, which gradually narrows down, becoming increasingly parallel at large distances where the field is much weaker.","Aurora\n\nAuroral events of historical significance","Aurora\n\nThe auroras that resulted from the \"great geomagnetic storm\" on both 28 August and 2 September 1859 are thought to be the most spectacular in recent recorded history. In a paper to the Royal Society on 21 November 1861, Balfour Stewart described both auroral events as documented by a self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory and established the connection between the 2 September 1859 auroral storm and the Carrington-Hodgson flare event when he observed that, \"It is not impossible to suppose that in this case our luminary was taken in the act.\" The second auroral event, which occurred on 2 September 1859 as a result of the exceptionally intense Carrington-Hodgson white light solar flare on 1 September 1859, produced auroras, so widespread and extraordinarily bright, that they were seen and reported in published scientific measurements, ship logs, and newspapers throughout the United States, Europe, Japan, and Australia. It was reported by the New York Times that in Boston on Friday 2 September 1859 the aurora was \"so brilliant that at about one o'clock ordinary print could be read by the light\".","Aurora\n\nOne o'clock EST time on Friday 2 September, would have been 6:00 GMT and the self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory was recording the geomagnetic storm, which was then one hour old, at its full intensity. Between 1859 and 1862, Elias Loomis published a series of nine papers on the Great Auroral Exhibition of 1859 in the American Journal of Science where he collected world-wide reports of the auroral event.","Aurora\n\nThat aurora is thought to have been produced by one of the most intense coronal mass ejections in history. It is also notable for the fact that it is the first time where the phenomena of auroral activity and electricity were unambiguously linked. This insight was made possible not only due to scientific magnetometer measurements of the era, but also as a result of a significant portion of the 125000 mi of telegraph lines then in service being significantly disrupted for many hours throughout the storm. Some telegraph lines, however, seem to have been of the appropriate length and orientation to produce a sufficient geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field to allow for continued communication with the telegraph operator power supplies switched off. The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American Telegraph Line between Boston and Portland, Maine, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Traveler:","Aurora\n\nThe conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, and it was said that this was the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner. Such events led to the general conclusion that","Aurora\n\nHistorical theories, superstition and mythology","Aurora\n\nMagnetic control of the aurora was mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter, and Celsius described in 1741 evidence that large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead. It was also later realized that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated. Multiple superstitions and obsolete theories explaining the aurora have emerged over the centuries. * Seneca speaks diffusely on auroras in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones, drawing mainly from Aristotle; he classifies them \"putei\" or wells when they are circular and \"rim a large hole in the sky\", \"pithaei\" when they look like casks, \"chasmata\" from the same root of the English chasm, \"pogoniae\" when they are bearded, \"cyparissae\" when they look like cypresses), describes their manifold colors and asks himself whether they are above or below the clouds. He recalls that under Tiberius, an aurora formed above Ostia, so intense and so red that a cohort of the army, stationed nearby for fireman duty, galloped to the city.","Aurora\n\n* Walter William Bryant wrote in his book Kepler (1920) that Tycho Brahe \"seems to have been something of a homœopathist, for he recommends sulfur to cure infectious diseases “brought on by the sulphurous vapours of the Aurora Borealis.\" \n* Benjamin Franklin theorized that the \"mystery of the Northern Lights\" was caused by a concentration of electrical charges in the polar regions intensified by the snow and other moisture. *\nThe northern lights have had a number of names throughout history. The Cree called the phenomenon the \"Dance of the Spirits\". In Medieval Europe, the auroras were commonly believed to be a sign from God.","Aurora\n\nThere is the claim from 1855 that in Norse mythology:","Aurora\n\nWhile a striking notion, there is not a vast body of evidence in the Old Norse literature giving this interpretation, or even much reference to auroras. Although auroral activity is common over Scandinavia and Iceland today, it is possible that the Magnetic North Pole was considerably farther away from this region during the relevant period of Norse mythology. Today, the Northern Lights are visible in Iceland from September to April.","Aurora\n\nThe first Old Norse account of norðrljós is found in the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá from AD 1230, (long after the Viking age). The chronicler has heard about this phenomenon from compatriots returning from Greenland, and he gives three possible explanations: that the ocean was surrounded by vast fires, that the sun flares could reach around the world to its night side, or that glaciers could store energy so that they eventually became fluorescent.","Aurora\n\nIn ancient Roman mythology, Aurora is the goddess of the dawn, renewing herself every morning to fly across the sky, announcing the arrival of the sun. The persona of Aurora the goddess has been incorporated in the writings of Shakespeare, Lord Tennyson, and Thoreau. The name Aurora, however, simply comes from the Latin word for the dawn. The goddess was not associated with polar light phenomena, in Roman myth.","Aurora\n\nIn the traditions of Aboriginal Australians, the Aurora Australis is commonly associated with fire. For example, the Gunditjmara people of western Victoria called auroras \"Puae buae\", meaning \"ashes\", while the Gunai people of eastern Victoria perceived auroras as bushfires in the spirit world. When the Dieri people of South Australia said that an auroral display was \"Kootchee\", an evil spirit creating a large fire. Similarly, the Ngarrindjeri people of South Australia referred to auroras seen over Kangaroo Island as the campfires of spirits in the ‘Land of the Dead’. Aboriginal people in southwest Queensland believed the auroras to be the fires of the \"Oola Pikka\", ghostly spirits who spoke to the people through auroras. Sacred law forbade anyone except male elders from watching or interpreting the messages of ancestors they believed were transmitted through auroras.","Aurora\n\nAfter the Battle of Fredericksburg, the lights could be seen from the battlefield that night. The Confederate Army took it as a sign that God was on their side during the battle as it was very rare that one could see the lights in Virginia. The painting Aurora Borealis (see [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_1911.4.1.jpg Aurora Borealis]) (1865) by American landscape painter Frederic Edwin Church is widely interpreted to represent the conflict of the American Civil War.","Aurora\n\nA variety of Native American myths surround the spectacle. Early European explorer Samuel Hearne traveled with Chipewyan Dene in 1771 and recorded their views on the aurora borealis, or the \"ed-thin\", as they called it, meaning caribou. Dene experience was that stroking caribou fur created sparks much like the aurora. They also believed that the lights were the spirits of their departed friends dancing in the sky, and when the lights shined the brightest it meant that their deceased friends were very happy.","Aurora\n\nPlanetary auroras","Aurora\n\nBoth Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have extensive radiation belts. Auroras have been observed on both, most clearly with the Hubble Space Telescope. Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras.","Aurora\n\nThe auroras on the gas giants seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind. In addition, however, Jupiter's moons, especially Io, are powerful sources of auroras on Jupiter. These arise from electric currents along field lines (\"field aligned currents\"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon. Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, studied since 1955. Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, using the Hubble Space Telescope. Auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars. Because Venus has no intrinsic (planetary) magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc. Venusian auroras are produced by the impact of electrons originating from the solar wind and precipitating in the night-side atmosphere. An aurora was detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express. The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South.","Aurora\n\nThe total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high. By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized. This correlation indicates that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.","Aurora\n\nThe brown dwarf star LSR J1835+3259 was discovered to have auroras in July 2015, the first extra-solar auroras discovered. The aurora is a million times brighter than the Northern Lights, mainly red in colour, because the charged particles are interacting with hydrogen in its atmosphere. It is not known what the cause is. Some have speculated that material maybe being stripped off the surface of the brown dwarf via stellar winds to produce its own electrons. Another possible explanation is an as-yet-undetected planet or moon around the dwarf, which is throwing off material to light it up, as is the case with Jupiter and its moon Io."],"string":"[\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAn aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar light, is a natural light display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. Auroras are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma, mainly in the form of electrons and protons, precipitate them into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere), where their energy is lost. The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emits light of varying colour and complexity. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles. \\nPrecipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes. Different aspects of an aurora are elaborated in various sections below.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nOccurrence of terrestrial auroras\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nMost auroras occur in a band known as the auroral zone, which is typically 3° to 6° wide in latitude and between 10° and 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. A region that currently displays an aurora is called the auroral oval, a band displaced towards the nightside of the Earth. Day-to-day positions of the auroral ovals are posted on the internet. A geomagnetic storm causes the auroral ovals (north and south) to expand, and bring the aurora to lower latitudes. Early evidence for a geomagnetic connection comes from the statistics of auroral observations. Elias Loomis (1860), and later Hermann Fritz (1881) and S. Tromholt (1882) in more detail, established that the aurora appeared mainly in the \\\"auroral zone\\\", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around the Earth's magnetic pole. It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe instantaneous distribution of auroras (\\\"auroral oval\\\") is slightly different, being centered about 3–5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator when the magnetic pole in question is in between the observer and the Sun. The aurora can be seen best at this time, which is called magnetic midnight.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nIn northern latitudes, the effect is known as the aurora borealis (or the northern lights), named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas, by Galileo in 1619. Auroras seen within the auroral oval may be directly overhead, but from farther away they illuminate the poleward horizon as a greenish glow, or sometimes a faint red, as if the Sun were rising from an unusual direction.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nIts southern counterpart, the aurora australis (or the southern lights), has features that are almost identical to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern auroral zone. It is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, and Australia. Auroras also occur on other planets. Similar to the Earth's aurora, they are also visible close to the planets’ magnetic poles.\\nAuroras also occur poleward of the auroral zone as either diffuse patches or arcs, which can be sub-visual.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroras are occasionally seen in latitudes below the auroral zone, when a geomagnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval. Large geomagnetic storms are most common during the peak of the eleven-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after the peak. An aurora may appear overhead as a \\\"corona\\\" of rays, radiating from a distant and apparent central location, which results from perspective. An electron spirals (gyrates) about a field line at an angle that is determined by its velocity vectors, parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the local geomagnetic field vector B. This angle is known as the “pitch angle” of the particle. The distance, or radius, of the electron from the field line at any time is known as its Larmor radius. The pitch angle increases as the electron travels to a region of greater field strength nearer to the atmosphere. Thus it is possible for some particles to return, or mirror, if the angle becomes 90 degrees before entering the atmosphere to collide with the denser molecules there. Other particles that do not mirror enter the atmosphere and contribute to the auroral display over a range of altitudes.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nOther types of auroras have been observed from space, e.g.\\\"poleward arcs\\\" stretching sunward across the polar cap, the related \\\"theta aurora\\\", and \\\"dayside arcs\\\" near noon. These are relatively infrequent and poorly understood. There are other interesting effects such as flickering aurora, \\\"black aurora\\\" and sub-visual red arcs. In addition to all these, a weak glow (often deep red) observed around the two polar cusps, the field lines separating the ones that close through the Earth from those that are swept into the tail and close remotely.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nImages\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe altitudes where auroral emissions occur were revealed by Carl Størmer and his colleagues who used cameras to triangulate more than 12,000 auroras. They discovered that most of the light is produced between 90 and 150 km above the ground, while extending at times to more than 1000 km.\\nImages of auroras are significantly more common today than in the past due to the increase in use of digital cameras that have high enough sensitivities. Film and digital exposure to auroral displays is fraught with difficulties. Due to the different color spectrum present, and the temporal changes occurring during the exposure, the results are somewhat unpredictable. Different layers of the film emulsion respond differently to lower light levels, and choice of film can be very important. Longer exposures superimpose rapidly changing features, and often blanket the dynamic attribute of a display. Higher sensitivity creates issues with graininess.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nDavid Malin pioneered multiple exposure using multiple filters for astronomical photography, recombining the images in the laboratory to recreate the visual display more accurately. For scientific research, proxies are often used, such as ultra-violet, and color-correction to simulate the appearance to humans. Predictive techniques are also used, to indicate the extent of the display, a highly useful tool for aurora hunters. Terrestrial features often find their way into aurora images, making them more accessible and more likely to be published by major websites. It is possible to take excellent images with standard film (using ISO ratings between 100 and 400) and a single-lens reflex camera with full aperture, a fast lens (f1.4 50 mm, for example), and exposures between 10 and 30 seconds, depending on the aurora's brightness.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nEarly work on the imaging of the auroras was done in 1949 by the University of Saskatchewan using the SCR-270 radar.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nImage:Aurora Borealis from Expedition 6.ogg|Aurora borealis from the International Space Station\\nImage:Aurora Australis From ISS.JPG|Aurora during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on 24 May 2010. Taken from the ISS\\nImage:DEaurora.gif|Diffuse aurora observed by DE-1 satellite from high Earth orbit\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nVisual forms and colors\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe aurora frequently appears either as a diffuse glow or as \\\"curtains\\\" that extend approximately in the east-west direction. At some times, they form \\\"quiet arcs\\\"; at others (\\\"active aurora\\\"), they evolve and change constantly.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe most distinctive and brightest are the curtain-like auroral arcs. Each curtain consists of many parallel rays, each lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field, consistent with auroras being shaped by Earth's magnetic field. In-situ particle measurements confirm that auroral electrons are guided by the geomagnetic field, and spiral around them while moving toward Earth. The similarity of an auroral display to curtains is often enhanced by folds within the arcs. Arcs can fragment or ‘break-up’ into separate, at times rapidly changing, often rayed features that may fill the whole sky. These are the ‘discrete’ auroras, which are at times bright enough to read a newspaper by at night. and can display rapid sub-second variations in intensity. The ‘diffuse’ aurora, on the other hand, is a relatively featureless glow sometimes close to the limit of visibility. It can be distinguished from moonlit clouds by the fact that stars can be seen undiminished through the glow. Diffuse auroras are often composed of patches whose brightness exhibits regular or near-regular pulsations. The pulsation period can be typically many seconds, so is not always obvious. Often there black aurora i.e. narrow regions in diffuse aurora with reduced luminosity.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nA typical auroral display consists of these forms appearing in the above order throughout the night.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\n* Red: At the highest altitudes, excited atomic oxygen emits at 630.0 nm (red); low concentration of atoms and lower sensitivity of eyes at this wavelength make this color visible only under more intense solar activity. The low amount of oxygen atoms and their gradually diminishing concentration is responsible for the faint appearance of the top parts of the \\\"curtains\\\". Scarlet, crimson, and carmine are the most often-seen hues of red for the auroras. * Green: At lower altitudes the more frequent collisions suppress the 630.0 nm (red) mode: rather the 557.7 nm emission (green) dominates. Fairly high concentration of atomic oxygen and higher eye sensitivity in green make green auroras the most common. The excited molecular nitrogen (atomic nitrogen being rare due to high stability of the N2 molecule) plays a role here, as it can transfer energy by collision to an oxygen atom, which then radiates it away at the green wavelength. (Red and green can also mix together to produce pink or yellow hues.) The rapid decrease of concentration of atomic oxygen below about 100 km is responsible for the abrupt-looking end of the lower edges of the curtains.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nBoth the 557.7 and 630.0 nm wavelengths correspond to forbidden transitions of atomic oxygen, slow mechanism that is responsible for the graduality (0.7 s and 107 s respectively) of flaring and fading. * Blue: At yet lower altitudes, atomic oxygen is uncommon, and molecular nitrogen and ionized molecular nitrogen takes over in producing visible light emission; radiating at a large number of wavelengths in both red and blue parts of the spectrum, with 428 nm (blue) being dominant. Blue and purple emissions, typically at the lower edges of the \\\"curtains\\\", show up at the highest levels of solar activity. The molecular nitrogen transitions are much faster than the atomic oxygen ones. * Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet light from auroras (within the optical window but not visible to virtually all humans) has been observed with the requisite equipment. Ultraviolet auroras have also been seen on Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. * Infrared: Infrared light, in wavelengths that are within the optical window, is also part of many auroras. * Yellow and pink are a mix of red and green or blue. Other shades of red as well as orange may be seen on rare occasions; yellow-green is moderately common.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAs red, green, and blue are the primary colours of additive synthesis of colours, in theory practically any colour might be possible but the ones mentioned in this article comprise a virtually exhaustive list.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nOther auroral radiation\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nIn addition, the aurora and associated currents produce a strong radio emission around 150 kHz known as auroral kilometric radiation AKR, discovered in 1972. Ionospheric absorption makes AKR only observable from space. X-ray emissions, originating from the particles associated with auroras, have also been detected.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAurora noise\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAurora noise, similar to a hissing, or crackling noise, begins approximately 230 feet (70 meters) above the Earth’s surface and is caused by charged particles in an inversion layer of the atmosphere formed during a cold night. The charged particles discharge when particles from the Sun hit the inversion layer creating the noise.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nCauses of auroras\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nA full understanding of the physical processes which lead to different types of auroras is still incomplete, but the basic cause involves the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth’s magnetosphere. The varying intensity of the solar wind produces effects of different magnitudes, but includes one or more of the following physical scenarios. # A quiescent solar wind flowing past the Earth’s magnetosphere steadily interacts with it and can both inject solar wind particles directly onto the geomagnetic field lines that are ‘open’, as opposed to being ‘closed’ in the opposite hemisphere, and provide diffusion through the bow shock. It can also cause particles already trapped in the radiation belts to precipitate into the atmosphere. Once particles are lost to the atmosphere from the radiation belts, under quiet conditions new ones replace them only slowly, and the loss-cone becomes depleted. In the magnetotail, however, particle trajectories seem constantly to reshuffle, probably when the particles cross the very weak magnetic field near the equator. As a result, the flow of electrons in that region is nearly the same in all directions (\\\"isotropic\\\"), and assures a steady supply of leaking electrons.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe leakage of electrons does not leave the tail positively charged, because each leaked electron lost to the atmosphere is replaced by a low energy electron drawn upward from the ionosphere. Such replacement of \\\"hot\\\" electrons by \\\"cold\\\" ones is in complete accord with the 2nd law of thermodynamics. The complete process, which also generates an electric ring current around the Earth, is uncertain. # Geomagnetic disturbance from an enhanced solar wind causes distortions of the magnetotail (\\\"magnetic substorms\\\"). These ‘substorms’ tend to occur after prolonged spells (hours) during which the interplanetary magnetic field has had an appreciable southward component. This leads to a higher rate of interconnection between its field lines and those of Earth. As a result, the solar wind moves magnetic flux (tubes of magnetic field lines, ‘locked’ together with their resident plasma) from the day side of Earth to the magnetotail, widening the obstacle it presents to the solar wind flow and constricting the tail on the night-side.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nUltimately some tail plasma can separate (\\\"magnetic reconnection\\\"); some blobs (\\\"plasmoids\\\") are squeezed downstream and are carried away with the solar wind; others are squeezed toward Earth where their motion feeds strong outbursts of auroras, mainly around midnight (\\\"unloading process\\\"). A geomagnetic storm resulting from greater interaction adds many more particles to the plasma trapped around Earth, also producing enhancement of the \\\"ring current\\\". Occasionally the resulting modification of the Earth's magnetic field can be so strong that it produces auroras visible at middle latitudes, on field lines much closer to the equator than those of the auroral zone. # Acceleration of auroral charged particles invariably accompanies a magnetospheric disturbance that causes an aurora. This mechanism, which is believed to predominantly arise from wave-particle interactions, raises the velocity of a particle in the direction of the guiding magnetic field. The pitch angle is thereby decreased, and increases the chance of it being precipitated into the atmosphere. Both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves, produced at the time of greater geomagnetic disturbances, make a significant contribution to the energising processes that sustain an aurora. Particle acceleration provides a complex intermediate process for transferring energy from the solar wind indirectly into the atmosphere.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe details of these phenomena are not fully understood. However it is clear that the prime source of auroral particles is the solar wind feeding the magnetosphere, the reservoir containing the radiation zones, and temporarily magnetically trapped, particles confined by the geomagnetic field, coupled with particle acceleration processes.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroral particles\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe immediate cause of the ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents leading to auroral emissions was discovered in 1960, when a pioneering rocket flight from Fort Churchill in Canada revealed a flux of electrons entering the atmosphere from above. Since then an extensive collection of measurements has been acquired painstakingly and with steadily improving resolution since the 1960s by many research teams using rockets and satellites to traverse the auroral zone. The main findings have been that auroral arcs and other bright forms are due to electrons that have been accelerated during the final few 10,000 km or so of their plunge into the atmosphere. These electrons often, but not always, exhibit a peak in their energy distribution, and are preferentially aligned along the local direction of the magnetic field.\\nElectrons mainly responsible for diffuse and pulsating auroras have, in contrast, a smoothly falling energy distribution, and an angular (pitch-angle) distribution favouring directions perpendicular to the local magnetic field. Pulsations were discovered to originate at or close to the equatorial crossing point of auroral zone magnetic field lines. Protons are also associated with auroras, both discrete and diffuse.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroras and the atmosphere\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroras result from emissions of photons in the Earth's upper atmosphere, above 80 km, from ionized nitrogen atoms regaining an electron, and oxygen atoms and nitrogen based molecules returning from an excited state to ground state. They are ionized or excited by the collision of particles precipitated into the atmosphere. Both incoming electrons and protons may be involved. Excitation energy is lost within the atmosphere by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule:\\n;oxygen emissions: green or orange-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed. ;nitrogen emissions: blue or red; blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized, red if returning to ground state from an excited state. Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take three quarters of a second to emit green light and up to two minutes to emit red. Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission. Because the highest atmosphere has a higher percentage of oxygen and is sparsely distributed such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nCollisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually even green light emissions are prevented. This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitudes oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/red, then finally nitrogen blue/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything. Green is the most common color. Then comes pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, then yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroras and the ionosphere\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nBright auroras are generally associated with Birkeland currents (Schield et al., 1969; Zmuda and Armstrong, 1973 ), which flow down into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km); the rest (\\\"region 2\\\") detours, leaving again through field lines closer to the equator and closing through the \\\"partial ring current\\\" carried by magnetically trapped plasma. The ionosphere is an ohmic conductor, so some consider that such currents require a driving voltage, which an, as yet unspecified, dynamo mechanism can supply. Electric field probes in orbit above the polar cap suggest voltages of the order of 40,000 volts, rising up to more than 200,000 volts during intense magnetic storms. In another interpretation the currents are the direct result of electron acceleration into the atmosphere by wave/particle interactions.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nIonospheric resistance has a complex nature, and leads to a secondary Hall current flow. By a strange twist of physics, the magnetic disturbance on the ground due to the main current almost cancels out, so most of the observed effect of auroras is due to a secondary current, the auroral electrojet. An auroral electrojet index (measured in nanotesla) is regularly derived from ground data and serves as a general measure of auroral activity. Kristian Birkeland deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named \\\"auroral electrojets\\\" (see also Birkeland currents).\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nInteraction of the solar wind with Earth\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona. The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm3 and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity. Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft. The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since Michael Faraday's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is induced within the conductor.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion. Dynamos make use of this basic process (\\\"the dynamo effect\\\"), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids. The IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane), known as the Parker spiral. The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge (\\\"limb\\\") of the visible Sun at any time. The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nHowever, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy is more effectively transferred by temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as magnetic reconnection. As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nMagnetosphere\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nEarth's magnetosphere is shaped by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field. This forms an obstacle to the flow, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), producing a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream. The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long \\\"magnetotail\\\" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re). The high latitude magnetosphere is filled with plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with additional turbulence, density and speed in the solar wind. This flow is favoured by a southward component of the IMF, which can then directly connect to the high latitude geomagnetic field lines. The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is mainly from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nIn addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travels down along the Earth's magnetic field lines, gains additional energy and loses it to the atmosphere in the auroral zones. The cusps of the magnetosphere, separating geomagnetic field lines that close through the Earth from those that close remotely allow a small amount of solar wind to directly reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow. On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms. Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nGeomagnetic storms that ignite auroras may occur more often during the months around the equinoxes. It is not well understood, but geomagnetic storms may vary with Earth's seasons. Two factors to consider are the tilt of both the solar and Earth’s axis to the ecliptic plane. As the Earth orbits throughout a year, it experiences an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from different latitudes of the Sun, which is tilted at 8 degrees. Similarly, the 23 degree tilt of the Earth’s axis about which the geomagnetic pole rotates with a diurnal variation, changes the daily average angle that the geomagnetic field presents to the incident IMF throughout a year. These factors combined can lead to minor cyclical changes in the detailed way that the IMF links to the magnetosphere. In turn, this affects the average probability of opening a door through which energy from the solar wind can reach the Earth's inner magnetosphere and thereby enhance auroras.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroral particle acceleration\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe electrons responsible for the brightest forms of aurora are well accounted for by their acceleration in the dynamic electric fields of plasma turbulence encountered during precipitation from the magnetosphere into the auroral atmosphere. In contrast, static electric fields are unable to transfer energy to the electrons due to their conservative nature. The electrons and ions that cause the diffuse aurora appear not to be accelerated during precipitation.\\nThe increase in strength of magnetic field lines towards the Earth creates a ‘magnetic mirror’ that turns back many of the downward flowing electrons. The bright forms of auroras are produced when downward acceleration not only increases the energy of precipitating electrons but also reduces their pitch angles (angle between electron velocity and the local magnetic field vector). This greatly increases the rate of deposition of energy into the atmosphere, and thereby the rates of ionisation, excitation and consequent emission of auroral light. Acceleration also increases the electron current flowing between the atmosphere and magnetosphere.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nOne early theory proposed for the acceleration of auroral electrons is based on an assumed static, or quasi-static, electric field creating a uni-directional potential drop. No mention is provided of either the necessary space-charge or equi-potential distribution, and these remain to be specified for the notion of acceleration by double layers to be credible. Fundamentally, Poisson’s equation indicates that there can be no configuration of charge resulting in a net potential drop. Inexplicably though, some authors still invoke quasi-static parallel electric fields as net accelerators of auroral electrons, citing interpretations of transient observations of fields and particles as supporting this theory as firm fact. In another example, there is little justification given for saying ’FAST observations demonstrate detailed quantitative agreement between the measured electric potentials and the ion beam energies...., leaving no doubt that parallel potential drops are a dominant source of auroral particle acceleration’.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAnother theory is based on acceleration by Landau resonance in the turbulent electric fields of the acceleration region. This process is essentially the same as that employed in plasma fusion laboratories throughout the world, and appears well able to account in principle for most – if not all – detailed properties of the electrons responsible for the brightest forms of auroras, above, below and within the acceleration region.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nOther mechanisms have also been proposed, in particular, Alfvén waves, wave modes involving the magnetic field first noted by Hannes Alfvén (1942), which have been observed in the laboratory and in space. The question is whether these waves might just be a different way of looking at the above process, however, because this approach does not point out a different energy source, and many plasma bulk phenomena can also be described in terms of Alfvén waves.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nOther processes are also involved in the aurora, and much remains to be learned. Auroral electrons created by large geomagnetic storms often seem to have energies below 1 keV, and are stopped higher up, near 200 km. Such low energies excite mainly the red line of oxygen, so that often such auroras are red. On the other hand, positive ions also reach the ionosphere at such time, with energies of 20–30 keV, suggesting they might be an \\\"overflow\\\" along magnetic field lines of the copious \\\"ring current\\\" ions accelerated at such times, by processes different from the ones described above.\\nSome O+ ions (\\\"conics\\\") also seem accelerated in different ways by plasma processes associated with the aurora. These ions are accelerated by plasma waves in directions mainly perpendicular to the field lines. They therefore start at their \\\"mirror points\\\" and can travel only upward. As they do so, the \\\"mirror effect\\\" transforms their directions of motion, from perpendicular to the field line to a cone around it, which gradually narrows down, becoming increasingly parallel at large distances where the field is much weaker.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAuroral events of historical significance\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe auroras that resulted from the \\\"great geomagnetic storm\\\" on both 28 August and 2 September 1859 are thought to be the most spectacular in recent recorded history. In a paper to the Royal Society on 21 November 1861, Balfour Stewart described both auroral events as documented by a self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory and established the connection between the 2 September 1859 auroral storm and the Carrington-Hodgson flare event when he observed that, \\\"It is not impossible to suppose that in this case our luminary was taken in the act.\\\" The second auroral event, which occurred on 2 September 1859 as a result of the exceptionally intense Carrington-Hodgson white light solar flare on 1 September 1859, produced auroras, so widespread and extraordinarily bright, that they were seen and reported in published scientific measurements, ship logs, and newspapers throughout the United States, Europe, Japan, and Australia. It was reported by the New York Times that in Boston on Friday 2 September 1859 the aurora was \\\"so brilliant that at about one o'clock ordinary print could be read by the light\\\".\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nOne o'clock EST time on Friday 2 September, would have been 6:00 GMT and the self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory was recording the geomagnetic storm, which was then one hour old, at its full intensity. Between 1859 and 1862, Elias Loomis published a series of nine papers on the Great Auroral Exhibition of 1859 in the American Journal of Science where he collected world-wide reports of the auroral event.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThat aurora is thought to have been produced by one of the most intense coronal mass ejections in history. It is also notable for the fact that it is the first time where the phenomena of auroral activity and electricity were unambiguously linked. This insight was made possible not only due to scientific magnetometer measurements of the era, but also as a result of a significant portion of the 125000 mi of telegraph lines then in service being significantly disrupted for many hours throughout the storm. Some telegraph lines, however, seem to have been of the appropriate length and orientation to produce a sufficient geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field to allow for continued communication with the telegraph operator power supplies switched off. The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American Telegraph Line between Boston and Portland, Maine, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Traveler:\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, and it was said that this was the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner. Such events led to the general conclusion that\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nHistorical theories, superstition and mythology\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nMagnetic control of the aurora was mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter, and Celsius described in 1741 evidence that large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead. It was also later realized that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated. Multiple superstitions and obsolete theories explaining the aurora have emerged over the centuries. * Seneca speaks diffusely on auroras in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones, drawing mainly from Aristotle; he classifies them \\\"putei\\\" or wells when they are circular and \\\"rim a large hole in the sky\\\", \\\"pithaei\\\" when they look like casks, \\\"chasmata\\\" from the same root of the English chasm, \\\"pogoniae\\\" when they are bearded, \\\"cyparissae\\\" when they look like cypresses), describes their manifold colors and asks himself whether they are above or below the clouds. He recalls that under Tiberius, an aurora formed above Ostia, so intense and so red that a cohort of the army, stationed nearby for fireman duty, galloped to the city.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\n* Walter William Bryant wrote in his book Kepler (1920) that Tycho Brahe \\\"seems to have been something of a homœopathist, for he recommends sulfur to cure infectious diseases “brought on by the sulphurous vapours of the Aurora Borealis.\\\" \\n* Benjamin Franklin theorized that the \\\"mystery of the Northern Lights\\\" was caused by a concentration of electrical charges in the polar regions intensified by the snow and other moisture. *\\nThe northern lights have had a number of names throughout history. The Cree called the phenomenon the \\\"Dance of the Spirits\\\". In Medieval Europe, the auroras were commonly believed to be a sign from God.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThere is the claim from 1855 that in Norse mythology:\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nWhile a striking notion, there is not a vast body of evidence in the Old Norse literature giving this interpretation, or even much reference to auroras. Although auroral activity is common over Scandinavia and Iceland today, it is possible that the Magnetic North Pole was considerably farther away from this region during the relevant period of Norse mythology. Today, the Northern Lights are visible in Iceland from September to April.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe first Old Norse account of norðrljós is found in the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá from AD 1230, (long after the Viking age). The chronicler has heard about this phenomenon from compatriots returning from Greenland, and he gives three possible explanations: that the ocean was surrounded by vast fires, that the sun flares could reach around the world to its night side, or that glaciers could store energy so that they eventually became fluorescent.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nIn ancient Roman mythology, Aurora is the goddess of the dawn, renewing herself every morning to fly across the sky, announcing the arrival of the sun. The persona of Aurora the goddess has been incorporated in the writings of Shakespeare, Lord Tennyson, and Thoreau. The name Aurora, however, simply comes from the Latin word for the dawn. The goddess was not associated with polar light phenomena, in Roman myth.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nIn the traditions of Aboriginal Australians, the Aurora Australis is commonly associated with fire. For example, the Gunditjmara people of western Victoria called auroras \\\"Puae buae\\\", meaning \\\"ashes\\\", while the Gunai people of eastern Victoria perceived auroras as bushfires in the spirit world. When the Dieri people of South Australia said that an auroral display was \\\"Kootchee\\\", an evil spirit creating a large fire. Similarly, the Ngarrindjeri people of South Australia referred to auroras seen over Kangaroo Island as the campfires of spirits in the ‘Land of the Dead’. Aboriginal people in southwest Queensland believed the auroras to be the fires of the \\\"Oola Pikka\\\", ghostly spirits who spoke to the people through auroras. Sacred law forbade anyone except male elders from watching or interpreting the messages of ancestors they believed were transmitted through auroras.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nAfter the Battle of Fredericksburg, the lights could be seen from the battlefield that night. The Confederate Army took it as a sign that God was on their side during the battle as it was very rare that one could see the lights in Virginia. The painting Aurora Borealis (see [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_1911.4.1.jpg Aurora Borealis]) (1865) by American landscape painter Frederic Edwin Church is widely interpreted to represent the conflict of the American Civil War.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nA variety of Native American myths surround the spectacle. Early European explorer Samuel Hearne traveled with Chipewyan Dene in 1771 and recorded their views on the aurora borealis, or the \\\"ed-thin\\\", as they called it, meaning caribou. Dene experience was that stroking caribou fur created sparks much like the aurora. They also believed that the lights were the spirits of their departed friends dancing in the sky, and when the lights shined the brightest it meant that their deceased friends were very happy.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nPlanetary auroras\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nBoth Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have extensive radiation belts. Auroras have been observed on both, most clearly with the Hubble Space Telescope. Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe auroras on the gas giants seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind. In addition, however, Jupiter's moons, especially Io, are powerful sources of auroras on Jupiter. These arise from electric currents along field lines (\\\"field aligned currents\\\"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon. Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, studied since 1955. Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, using the Hubble Space Telescope. Auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars. Because Venus has no intrinsic (planetary) magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc. Venusian auroras are produced by the impact of electrons originating from the solar wind and precipitating in the night-side atmosphere. An aurora was detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express. The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high. By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized. This correlation indicates that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.\",\n \"Aurora\\n\\nThe brown dwarf star LSR J1835+3259 was discovered to have auroras in July 2015, the first extra-solar auroras discovered. The aurora is a million times brighter than the Northern Lights, mainly red in colour, because the charged particles are interacting with hydrogen in its atmosphere. It is not known what the cause is. Some have speculated that material maybe being stripped off the surface of the brown dwarf via stellar winds to produce its own electrons. Another possible explanation is an as-yet-undetected planet or moon around the dwarf, which is throwing off material to light it up, as is the case with Jupiter and its moon Io.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2697,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qz_1293"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Batman"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["brucewayne","batman handbook ultimate training manual","batman bruce wayne","bat man","caped crusader","silver age batman","batman","batmarine","fictional history of batman","bat embargo","batdude","golden age batman","skills and abilities of batman","skills abilities resources and equipment of batman","batsy","history of batman","na na na na na na na na","batman war on crime","bruce wayne batman","bruno diaz","new look batman","batman comics","batman emblem","batman dc comics","bruce wayne","matches malone"],"string":"[\n \"brucewayne\",\n \"batman handbook ultimate training manual\",\n \"batman bruce wayne\",\n \"bat man\",\n \"caped crusader\",\n \"silver age batman\",\n \"batman\",\n \"batmarine\",\n \"fictional history of batman\",\n \"bat embargo\",\n \"batdude\",\n \"golden age batman\",\n \"skills and abilities of batman\",\n \"skills abilities resources and equipment of batman\",\n \"batsy\",\n \"history of batman\",\n \"na na na na na na na na\",\n \"batman war on crime\",\n \"bruce wayne batman\",\n \"bruno diaz\",\n \"new look batman\",\n \"batman comics\",\n \"batman emblem\",\n \"batman dc comics\",\n \"bruce wayne\",\n \"matches malone\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["Fathers 4 Justice\n\nFathers 4 Justice (or F4J) is a fathers’ rights organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded in 2002, the group aims to gain public and parliamentary support for changes in UK legislation on fathers' rights, mainly using stunts and protests, often conducted in costume.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nHistory","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nFathers 4 Justice was founded in the UK by Matt O'Connor, a marketing consultant.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nFathers for Justice's stated aim is to champion the causes of equal parenting, family law reform and equal contact for divorced parents with children. It is best known for its campaigning techniques of protest stunts, usually dressed as comic book superheroes, and frequently climbing public buildings, bridges and monuments.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nStunts have included supporters forcibly entering courts dressed in Father Christmas outfits, putting the Government's Minister for Children in handcuffs, and group member Jason Hatch climbing onto Buckingham Palace dressed as Batman. They have also protested by handcuffing two other government ministers. However, the group and the couple behind it, Matt and Nadine O'Connor, have been widely criticised for bullying, intimidation and harassment, which has included threats of rape, death and torture being made against a female MP, Caroline Nokes by their supporters. Former members of the group have claimed Fathers4Justice has now \"lost its way\" by being sidetracked from reforming family law, and descending into personal attacks, libel (for which they were sued) and illegal acts which included putting an MP under surveillance and tracking her movements with a GPS tracking unit.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nMatt O'Connor","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nMatt O'Connor is from Thanet in Kent; his parents came from Ireland. Prior to launching Fathers4Justice, he was responsible for the marketing of Viennetta ice cream. O'Connor is the sole shareholder and a Director of Fathers For Justice Ltd.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nActivities","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 17 December 2002, O'Connor and a small group of supporters staged their first protest by storming the Lord Chancellor's Office dressed as Father Christmas. In January 2003, O'Connor officially founded Fathers 4 Justice. The group targeted the homes of family court judges, and family lawyers' homes and offices, with protests.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 21 October 2003, campaigners Eddie \"Goldtooth\" Gorecki and Jonathan \"Jolly\" Stanesby scaled the Royal Courts of Justice, dressed respectively as Batman and Robin. The following day, the group's members protested through London in a military tank in support of Goreckwi and Stanesby.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nNine days later, David Chick climbed a 120 ft crane near Tower Bridge, London while dressed as Spider-Man. The Metropolitan Police set up a cordon around the area that disrupted traffic through some of East London for several days. Chick was subsequently cleared of criminal charges and published a ghost-written autobiography in February 2006.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn the morning of 22 December 2003, four campaigners — Eddie Gorecki, Jolly Stanesby, Michael Sadeh and Steve Battlershill — dressed as Father Christmas and climbed Tower Bridge in London. They hung up a banner calling for the resignation of the Minister for Children, Margaret Hodge, whom they held responsible for perceived inequalities in family law. The four were charged with conspiracy, but the charge was dropped at the start of the trial a year later.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn 2004, Stanesby carried out a \"citizen's arrest\" of Hodge at a conference, handcuffing himself to her and stating \"Margaret Hodge, I'm arresting you for covering up child abuse.\" Both Stanseby and Jason Hatch (who had also attempted to handcuff himself to Hodge) were later cleared by a jury of charges of false imprisonment.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 19 May 2004, an alert was caused when two members of the group threw purple flour bombs at Tony Blair during Prime Minister's Questions at the House of Commons. Charged with public order offences, activist Guy Harrison was fined £600, and Ron Davis given a conditional discharge.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nFollowing the House of Commons incident, The Times wrote that the group \"has succeeded in becoming the most prominent guerrilla pressure group in Britain ... within eighteen months of its founding.\"","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn September 2004, member Jason Hatch climbed the walls of Buckingham Palace dressed as Batman. All charges relating to his protest were later dropped.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nAlso in September, David Chick climbed the London Eye, forcing the attraction to close. He was found not guilty of charges of causing a public nuisance.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn May 2005, campaigners dressed as superheroes protested on top of the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield during the World Snooker Championship. Five years later, campaigners interrupted an interview with Steve Davis, causing the BBC to cut to a pre-recorded video segment.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nProtester Ray Barry climbed St Peter's Collegiate Church in Wolverhampton on Fathers Day in 2005. He was cleared of a charge of a public order offence, and then repeated the protest on Christmas Day.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 27 September 2005, protester Guy Harrison climbed the Palace of Westminster unveiling a banner stating \"Does Blair care? For Fawkes sake change family law.\" A jury acquitted him of the charge of committing a public nuisance offence.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn November 2005, the group received negative publicity when the prime-time ITV programme Tonight With Trevor McDonald appeared to expose some of its members as violent and obnoxious in their behaviour. However, counter-claims have been made that these were never members in the first place and that the programme gave no right to reply. Some members were expelled but the organisation defended its position and attacked the documentary. On 23 November 2005, Fathers 4 Justice ended its truce with the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) and the Child Support Agency (CPS), calling for a public inquiry into family law.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nDuring January 2006, the British newspaper The Sun published a story in which it claimed F4J members planned to kidnap Leo Blair, the young son of former Prime Minister Tony Blair \"for a few hours as a symbolic gesture\". The police said they were aware of such a plan, but added it had probably never progressed beyond the \"chattering stage\". Downing Street refused to confirm or deny the existence of a plot as it does not comment on matters concerning the Prime Minister's children. Founder O'Connor condemned the alleged plot and threatened to shut down the group because of it. Within days, Fathers 4 Justice had been disbanded.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nThe group re-formed in May of the same year, and protested during the showing of the BBC lottery show The National Lottery: Jet Set. The show was taken off-air for several minutes after six Fathers 4 Justice protesters ran from the audience onto the stage displaying posters. The protesters were soon removed from the studio and the lottery draws were hurriedly finished in order to start coverage of the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. A group spokesman stated afterwards that the incident marked a \"dramatic return\" of Fathers 4 Justice.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn March 2006, F4J member and barrister Michael Cox was jailed for refusing to pay money he owed to the Child Support Agency. Cox told a hearing in Southampton he refused to pay on principle, as he had joint custody of his children, and his former wife wrote to the court in support of him.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 8 June 2008, two fathers from Fathers 4 Justice climbed onto the roof of Labour Party deputy leader Harriet Harman's house wearing superhero-style costumes and calling themselves \"Captain Conception\" and \"Cash Gordon\". One of the pair, Mark Harris, said he wanted fathers to have the same rights as their childen's mothers' new partners. He also said they would not come down unless Harman read his book, Family Court Hell. Harris later received a conditional discharge, while his colleague Jolly Stanesby was jailed for two months.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn the same month, Bristol Family Court was evacuated after a fire alarm was set off in the building during a F4J protest outside the building.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 9 July 2008, Fathers 4 Justice members Nigel Ace and Tony Ashby, this time in Spider-Man and Batman outfits, climbed Harman's roof and draped a banner that read \"Stop The War On Dads\". Ace, in the Spider-Man costume, called for legal reforms through a loudhailer on the roof.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn July 2011, F4J founder Matt O'Connor staged a hunger strike just outside UK Prime Minister David Cameron's home in Oxfordshire, demanding that Cameron honour what O'Connor said were pledges about grandparents' rights to see their grandchildren and over shared parenting.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn 2012, F4J staged a naked protest inside the Oxford Street branch of retailer Marks and Spencer in order to protest the shop's advertising on parenting website Mumsnet, which F4J believes \"promotes gender hatred\".","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn June 2013, Paul Manning glued a picture of his 11-year-old son to John Constable's 1821 painting The Hay Wain in the National Gallery in London. Two weeks earlier, Tim Haries had spraypainted the word \"Help\" on a portrait at Westminster Abbey of Queen Elizabeth. The group's founder, Matt O'Connor announced that he would target other art works in order to highlight his campaign. In January 2014, Fathers 4 Justice publicly withdrew support for Manning, following alleged breaches of their Terms & Conditions.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 9 August 2013, Fathers 4 Justice protester Martyn Judd climbed onto the balcony of the Hilton Birmingham Metropole Hotel to protest about what he asserted to be the inequality of fathers' treatment in family court cases during a CAFCASS conference at the hotel. The protest came to an end when sprinklers flooded the hotel.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn 8 January 2014, Tim Haries was found guilty of defacing the portrait of the Queen. On 5 February 2014, Haries was sentenced by Judge McCreath at Southwark Crown Court to 6 months in custody. During sentencing, McCreath said, \"You caused damage to the painting, disappointment to those who had come to see it… and almost certainly some degree of offence to many people who would regard an attack on a portrait of the monarch as unacceptable.\" Haries immediately began a hunger strike, claiming that he was now a political prisoner.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nOn November 30, 2015, two men involved with the group were arrested after a few hours of standing on the roof of Queens Gallery, an art gallery on Buckingham Palace grounds.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nChildren & Families Bill","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn April 2010, Fathers4Justice aligned themselves with the Conservative Party, as that party had promised legislation if they won a majority at the 2010 general election. However, the Conservatives did not win an overall majority and formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. The Coalition Agreement included aspects which Fathers4Justice regarded as favourable to their agenda. This included \"encouraging shared parenting\" and promised \"a comprehensive review of family law in order to increase the use of mediation when couples do break up, and to look at how best to provide greater access rights to non-resident parents and grandparents\". In accordance with the Coalition Agreement, the Government initiated a number of reviews, including the Family Justice Review conducted by David Norgrove, and the Co-operative Parenting Consultation, to which the Government responded.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nAfter the consultations, the Government brought forward the Children & Families Bill, designed to legislate on a number of areas, including the family legal system; specifically on contact orders, improving post-separation mediation, and, on the issue of shared parenting, plans to amend the Children Act 1989 to introduce a new presumption in favour of a child having a relationship with both parents — all areas upon which Fathers4Justice has campaigned, and on which the Conservative Party had agreed to act if elected to power. Whilst legal experts said these proposals were a considerable improvement on the previous situation, other experts expressed worry that the new legislation could put children at risk, if abusive or violent parents were given contact with the family.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nAnne Hurst, spokeswoman for Maypole Women, an organisation that supports women through divorce, said: \"The proposed change will increase children's exposure to conflict and abuse, increase economic inequality, and create no incentive for fathers' increased involvement from their child's birth. Children who actively reject a parent — either the abusive or non-abusive parent — usually do so in a context of high parental conflict and domestic abuse. Cutting off contact can be a response to alienation tactics, or a coping mechanism.\" It also did not fully reflect the position of Fathers4Justice, and the group criticised the Coalition for not implementing its agenda in full. The Justice Select Committee considered the draft Children & Families Bill in pre-legislative hearings, but F4J chose to not participate, applying 'late' to give oral evidence, and on issues outside the remit of the Committee. At point 144, the Select Committee's report noted \"The organisation Fathers 4 Justice contacted us in the late stages of our inquiry and asked for an invitation to provide oral evidence. They had not responded to our original Call for Evidence nor to the Government's Co-operative Parenting Consultation.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nWe offered them the opportunity to provide written evidence on matters within our terms of reference for the inquiry, but they declined. We have not, therefore, had the benefit of their views\". This meant the group's position on shared parenting was not reflected in the draft Bill, yet the group criticised the Bill nonetheless. The group later also refused offers from MPs sitting on the Bill Committee to table amendments on behalf of the group, meaning the group missed the chance of amending the Bill to better reflect its objectives.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nEarly Day Motion 210","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn June 2013, George Galloway sponsored the Shared Parenting Early Day Motion 210 in the House of Commons which mentioned Fathers4Justice:","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nThat this House notes that many fathers convicted of no criminal offence have very limited access to their children as a result of decisions made by the family courts following separation or divorce; further notes that the family courts operate in conditions of secrecy in which there is a lack of public accountability for the decisions they make; believes that mothers, children and fathers all have rights in relation to family contact and access where there has been family breakdown; further believes there should not be a presumption that family breakdown is the primary responsibility of either parent; further believes that where there is palpably no threat to children from their father in the context of family breakdown, the courts should try to maximise reasonable access in the interests of the children; and calls on the Government to review the operation of the family courts in general and their decision-making in relation to fathers' access to children in the context of family breakdown in particular, taking into account the testimony of the many thousands of fathers who feel their rights are being ignored or abused in relation to their children and in particular the organisation Fathers4Justice and the 36,000 families it represents.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nThe Early Day Motion attracted cross-party political support from MPs including David Blunkett, David Lammy, Gerald Kaufman, Frank Field, John Redwood, John Hemming and Caroline Lucas.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nHowever, none of the signatories of the EDM, including George Galloway who sponsored the EDM, actually spoke in the final debate on the Children & Families Bill on 10 February 2014, or objected to Lords' amendment 12, which 'watered down' the Bill's legislative powers on shared parenting. Nevertheless, non-signatories to the EDM, including MPs who were criticised by Fathers4Justice such as Caroline Nokes, did speak in favour of shared parenting, and criticised the amendment, saying, \"I was elected on a promise to seek a legal presumption in favour of automatic shared contact, something that the Bill achieved before the amendment was added, but clause 11, as amended, will not deliver what we promised.\" Nokes also said: \"The amendment plays into the hands of obstructive resident parents who wish to prevent a child from having a meaningful, ongoing relationship with an absent parent, and puts us back into a situation of winners and losers\".","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nCriticism","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nMembers of the group have been accused of conducting intimidating attacks in order to upset court staff, family lawyers and Members of Parliament. During protests outside the offices of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS), individual case workers were identified by name in a similar style to animal rights protesters. One office of CAFCASS was forcibly entered by F4J members, who detained an unnamed employee. No criminal proceedings are known to have resulted.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nFathers4Justice and Caroline Nokes MP","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nIn April 2010, Fathers4Justice members backed Caroline Nokes, Conservative candidate in Romsey & Southampton North, as her party had supported its campaign for change to family law, promising legislation if they won the 2010 General election. However, at the election, the Conservatives did not win an overall majority, and formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, based upon a 'Coalition Agreement' which included aspects of the Fathers4Justice agenda. This included encouraging shared parenting and promised a comprehensive review of family law in order to increase the use of mediation when couples do break up, and to look at how best to provide greater access rights to non-resident parents and grandparents. In accordance with the Coalition Agreement, the Government initiated a number of reviews, including the Family Justice Review (The Norgrove Report) and the Co-operative Parenting Consultation, to which the Government responded.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nAfter the consultations, the Government brought forward the Children & Families Bill, designed to legislate on a number of areas, including the family legal system; specifically on contact orders, improving post-separation mediation, and on the issue of shared parenting, plans to amend the Children Act (1989) to introduce a new presumption in favour of a child having a relationship with both parents — all areas upon which Fathers4Justice has campaigned, and on which the Conservative Party had agreed to act if elected to power. Whilst legal experts agreed these proposals were a considerable improvement on the previous situation, it did not fully reflect the position of Fathers4Justice, and the group criticised the Coalition for not implementing its agenda in full.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nImpact","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nFathers 4 Justice's main focus remains upon media coverage and legal treatment of fathers' rights issues in the UK. The use of high-profile and disruptive stunts has garnered significant UK media coverage, but the political aims of the group are as yet unachieved. The group has been accused of missing the opportunity to change legislation when it refused to table amendments to the Children and Families Bill in 2013. One of its central aims — the removal of secrecy surrounding family courts — is the subject of active political debate. In 2006, the Court of Appeal set a precedent allowing adults to discuss secret cases after they had concluded. This resulted in a number of high-profile scandals, chiefly concerning adoption. In February 2009, Justice Minister Jack Straw announced plans to reverse the ruling. In a landmark ruling in September 2013, Sir James Munby, President of the Family Division of the High Court of Justice in England and Wales, spoke in support of previously 'secret' courts being exposed to public scrutiny, with an order that permitted a family whose children had been removed to speak publicly about their treatment by child safety officials.","Fathers 4 Justice\n\nAn unintended result of the F4J campaign has been the exposure of flaws in security at Buckingham Palace, resulting in security enquiries or reviews there and at the House of Commons."],"string":"[\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nFathers 4 Justice (or F4J) is a fathers’ rights organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded in 2002, the group aims to gain public and parliamentary support for changes in UK legislation on fathers' rights, mainly using stunts and protests, often conducted in costume.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nFathers 4 Justice was founded in the UK by Matt O'Connor, a marketing consultant.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nFathers for Justice's stated aim is to champion the causes of equal parenting, family law reform and equal contact for divorced parents with children. It is best known for its campaigning techniques of protest stunts, usually dressed as comic book superheroes, and frequently climbing public buildings, bridges and monuments.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nStunts have included supporters forcibly entering courts dressed in Father Christmas outfits, putting the Government's Minister for Children in handcuffs, and group member Jason Hatch climbing onto Buckingham Palace dressed as Batman. They have also protested by handcuffing two other government ministers. However, the group and the couple behind it, Matt and Nadine O'Connor, have been widely criticised for bullying, intimidation and harassment, which has included threats of rape, death and torture being made against a female MP, Caroline Nokes by their supporters. Former members of the group have claimed Fathers4Justice has now \\\"lost its way\\\" by being sidetracked from reforming family law, and descending into personal attacks, libel (for which they were sued) and illegal acts which included putting an MP under surveillance and tracking her movements with a GPS tracking unit.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nMatt O'Connor\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nMatt O'Connor is from Thanet in Kent; his parents came from Ireland. Prior to launching Fathers4Justice, he was responsible for the marketing of Viennetta ice cream. O'Connor is the sole shareholder and a Director of Fathers For Justice Ltd.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nActivities\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 17 December 2002, O'Connor and a small group of supporters staged their first protest by storming the Lord Chancellor's Office dressed as Father Christmas. In January 2003, O'Connor officially founded Fathers 4 Justice. The group targeted the homes of family court judges, and family lawyers' homes and offices, with protests.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 21 October 2003, campaigners Eddie \\\"Goldtooth\\\" Gorecki and Jonathan \\\"Jolly\\\" Stanesby scaled the Royal Courts of Justice, dressed respectively as Batman and Robin. The following day, the group's members protested through London in a military tank in support of Goreckwi and Stanesby.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nNine days later, David Chick climbed a 120 ft crane near Tower Bridge, London while dressed as Spider-Man. The Metropolitan Police set up a cordon around the area that disrupted traffic through some of East London for several days. Chick was subsequently cleared of criminal charges and published a ghost-written autobiography in February 2006.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn the morning of 22 December 2003, four campaigners — Eddie Gorecki, Jolly Stanesby, Michael Sadeh and Steve Battlershill — dressed as Father Christmas and climbed Tower Bridge in London. They hung up a banner calling for the resignation of the Minister for Children, Margaret Hodge, whom they held responsible for perceived inequalities in family law. The four were charged with conspiracy, but the charge was dropped at the start of the trial a year later.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn 2004, Stanesby carried out a \\\"citizen's arrest\\\" of Hodge at a conference, handcuffing himself to her and stating \\\"Margaret Hodge, I'm arresting you for covering up child abuse.\\\" Both Stanseby and Jason Hatch (who had also attempted to handcuff himself to Hodge) were later cleared by a jury of charges of false imprisonment.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 19 May 2004, an alert was caused when two members of the group threw purple flour bombs at Tony Blair during Prime Minister's Questions at the House of Commons. Charged with public order offences, activist Guy Harrison was fined £600, and Ron Davis given a conditional discharge.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nFollowing the House of Commons incident, The Times wrote that the group \\\"has succeeded in becoming the most prominent guerrilla pressure group in Britain ... within eighteen months of its founding.\\\"\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn September 2004, member Jason Hatch climbed the walls of Buckingham Palace dressed as Batman. All charges relating to his protest were later dropped.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nAlso in September, David Chick climbed the London Eye, forcing the attraction to close. He was found not guilty of charges of causing a public nuisance.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn May 2005, campaigners dressed as superheroes protested on top of the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield during the World Snooker Championship. Five years later, campaigners interrupted an interview with Steve Davis, causing the BBC to cut to a pre-recorded video segment.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nProtester Ray Barry climbed St Peter's Collegiate Church in Wolverhampton on Fathers Day in 2005. He was cleared of a charge of a public order offence, and then repeated the protest on Christmas Day.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 27 September 2005, protester Guy Harrison climbed the Palace of Westminster unveiling a banner stating \\\"Does Blair care? For Fawkes sake change family law.\\\" A jury acquitted him of the charge of committing a public nuisance offence.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn November 2005, the group received negative publicity when the prime-time ITV programme Tonight With Trevor McDonald appeared to expose some of its members as violent and obnoxious in their behaviour. However, counter-claims have been made that these were never members in the first place and that the programme gave no right to reply. Some members were expelled but the organisation defended its position and attacked the documentary. On 23 November 2005, Fathers 4 Justice ended its truce with the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) and the Child Support Agency (CPS), calling for a public inquiry into family law.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nDuring January 2006, the British newspaper The Sun published a story in which it claimed F4J members planned to kidnap Leo Blair, the young son of former Prime Minister Tony Blair \\\"for a few hours as a symbolic gesture\\\". The police said they were aware of such a plan, but added it had probably never progressed beyond the \\\"chattering stage\\\". Downing Street refused to confirm or deny the existence of a plot as it does not comment on matters concerning the Prime Minister's children. Founder O'Connor condemned the alleged plot and threatened to shut down the group because of it. Within days, Fathers 4 Justice had been disbanded.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nThe group re-formed in May of the same year, and protested during the showing of the BBC lottery show The National Lottery: Jet Set. The show was taken off-air for several minutes after six Fathers 4 Justice protesters ran from the audience onto the stage displaying posters. The protesters were soon removed from the studio and the lottery draws were hurriedly finished in order to start coverage of the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. A group spokesman stated afterwards that the incident marked a \\\"dramatic return\\\" of Fathers 4 Justice.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn March 2006, F4J member and barrister Michael Cox was jailed for refusing to pay money he owed to the Child Support Agency. Cox told a hearing in Southampton he refused to pay on principle, as he had joint custody of his children, and his former wife wrote to the court in support of him.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 8 June 2008, two fathers from Fathers 4 Justice climbed onto the roof of Labour Party deputy leader Harriet Harman's house wearing superhero-style costumes and calling themselves \\\"Captain Conception\\\" and \\\"Cash Gordon\\\". One of the pair, Mark Harris, said he wanted fathers to have the same rights as their childen's mothers' new partners. He also said they would not come down unless Harman read his book, Family Court Hell. Harris later received a conditional discharge, while his colleague Jolly Stanesby was jailed for two months.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn the same month, Bristol Family Court was evacuated after a fire alarm was set off in the building during a F4J protest outside the building.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 9 July 2008, Fathers 4 Justice members Nigel Ace and Tony Ashby, this time in Spider-Man and Batman outfits, climbed Harman's roof and draped a banner that read \\\"Stop The War On Dads\\\". Ace, in the Spider-Man costume, called for legal reforms through a loudhailer on the roof.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn July 2011, F4J founder Matt O'Connor staged a hunger strike just outside UK Prime Minister David Cameron's home in Oxfordshire, demanding that Cameron honour what O'Connor said were pledges about grandparents' rights to see their grandchildren and over shared parenting.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn 2012, F4J staged a naked protest inside the Oxford Street branch of retailer Marks and Spencer in order to protest the shop's advertising on parenting website Mumsnet, which F4J believes \\\"promotes gender hatred\\\".\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn June 2013, Paul Manning glued a picture of his 11-year-old son to John Constable's 1821 painting The Hay Wain in the National Gallery in London. Two weeks earlier, Tim Haries had spraypainted the word \\\"Help\\\" on a portrait at Westminster Abbey of Queen Elizabeth. The group's founder, Matt O'Connor announced that he would target other art works in order to highlight his campaign. In January 2014, Fathers 4 Justice publicly withdrew support for Manning, following alleged breaches of their Terms & Conditions.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 9 August 2013, Fathers 4 Justice protester Martyn Judd climbed onto the balcony of the Hilton Birmingham Metropole Hotel to protest about what he asserted to be the inequality of fathers' treatment in family court cases during a CAFCASS conference at the hotel. The protest came to an end when sprinklers flooded the hotel.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn 8 January 2014, Tim Haries was found guilty of defacing the portrait of the Queen. On 5 February 2014, Haries was sentenced by Judge McCreath at Southwark Crown Court to 6 months in custody. During sentencing, McCreath said, \\\"You caused damage to the painting, disappointment to those who had come to see it… and almost certainly some degree of offence to many people who would regard an attack on a portrait of the monarch as unacceptable.\\\" Haries immediately began a hunger strike, claiming that he was now a political prisoner.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nOn November 30, 2015, two men involved with the group were arrested after a few hours of standing on the roof of Queens Gallery, an art gallery on Buckingham Palace grounds.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nChildren & Families Bill\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn April 2010, Fathers4Justice aligned themselves with the Conservative Party, as that party had promised legislation if they won a majority at the 2010 general election. However, the Conservatives did not win an overall majority and formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. The Coalition Agreement included aspects which Fathers4Justice regarded as favourable to their agenda. This included \\\"encouraging shared parenting\\\" and promised \\\"a comprehensive review of family law in order to increase the use of mediation when couples do break up, and to look at how best to provide greater access rights to non-resident parents and grandparents\\\". In accordance with the Coalition Agreement, the Government initiated a number of reviews, including the Family Justice Review conducted by David Norgrove, and the Co-operative Parenting Consultation, to which the Government responded.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nAfter the consultations, the Government brought forward the Children & Families Bill, designed to legislate on a number of areas, including the family legal system; specifically on contact orders, improving post-separation mediation, and, on the issue of shared parenting, plans to amend the Children Act 1989 to introduce a new presumption in favour of a child having a relationship with both parents — all areas upon which Fathers4Justice has campaigned, and on which the Conservative Party had agreed to act if elected to power. Whilst legal experts said these proposals were a considerable improvement on the previous situation, other experts expressed worry that the new legislation could put children at risk, if abusive or violent parents were given contact with the family.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nAnne Hurst, spokeswoman for Maypole Women, an organisation that supports women through divorce, said: \\\"The proposed change will increase children's exposure to conflict and abuse, increase economic inequality, and create no incentive for fathers' increased involvement from their child's birth. Children who actively reject a parent — either the abusive or non-abusive parent — usually do so in a context of high parental conflict and domestic abuse. Cutting off contact can be a response to alienation tactics, or a coping mechanism.\\\" It also did not fully reflect the position of Fathers4Justice, and the group criticised the Coalition for not implementing its agenda in full. The Justice Select Committee considered the draft Children & Families Bill in pre-legislative hearings, but F4J chose to not participate, applying 'late' to give oral evidence, and on issues outside the remit of the Committee. At point 144, the Select Committee's report noted \\\"The organisation Fathers 4 Justice contacted us in the late stages of our inquiry and asked for an invitation to provide oral evidence. They had not responded to our original Call for Evidence nor to the Government's Co-operative Parenting Consultation.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nWe offered them the opportunity to provide written evidence on matters within our terms of reference for the inquiry, but they declined. We have not, therefore, had the benefit of their views\\\". This meant the group's position on shared parenting was not reflected in the draft Bill, yet the group criticised the Bill nonetheless. The group later also refused offers from MPs sitting on the Bill Committee to table amendments on behalf of the group, meaning the group missed the chance of amending the Bill to better reflect its objectives.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nEarly Day Motion 210\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn June 2013, George Galloway sponsored the Shared Parenting Early Day Motion 210 in the House of Commons which mentioned Fathers4Justice:\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nThat this House notes that many fathers convicted of no criminal offence have very limited access to their children as a result of decisions made by the family courts following separation or divorce; further notes that the family courts operate in conditions of secrecy in which there is a lack of public accountability for the decisions they make; believes that mothers, children and fathers all have rights in relation to family contact and access where there has been family breakdown; further believes there should not be a presumption that family breakdown is the primary responsibility of either parent; further believes that where there is palpably no threat to children from their father in the context of family breakdown, the courts should try to maximise reasonable access in the interests of the children; and calls on the Government to review the operation of the family courts in general and their decision-making in relation to fathers' access to children in the context of family breakdown in particular, taking into account the testimony of the many thousands of fathers who feel their rights are being ignored or abused in relation to their children and in particular the organisation Fathers4Justice and the 36,000 families it represents.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nThe Early Day Motion attracted cross-party political support from MPs including David Blunkett, David Lammy, Gerald Kaufman, Frank Field, John Redwood, John Hemming and Caroline Lucas.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nHowever, none of the signatories of the EDM, including George Galloway who sponsored the EDM, actually spoke in the final debate on the Children & Families Bill on 10 February 2014, or objected to Lords' amendment 12, which 'watered down' the Bill's legislative powers on shared parenting. Nevertheless, non-signatories to the EDM, including MPs who were criticised by Fathers4Justice such as Caroline Nokes, did speak in favour of shared parenting, and criticised the amendment, saying, \\\"I was elected on a promise to seek a legal presumption in favour of automatic shared contact, something that the Bill achieved before the amendment was added, but clause 11, as amended, will not deliver what we promised.\\\" Nokes also said: \\\"The amendment plays into the hands of obstructive resident parents who wish to prevent a child from having a meaningful, ongoing relationship with an absent parent, and puts us back into a situation of winners and losers\\\".\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nCriticism\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nMembers of the group have been accused of conducting intimidating attacks in order to upset court staff, family lawyers and Members of Parliament. During protests outside the offices of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS), individual case workers were identified by name in a similar style to animal rights protesters. One office of CAFCASS was forcibly entered by F4J members, who detained an unnamed employee. No criminal proceedings are known to have resulted.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nFathers4Justice and Caroline Nokes MP\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nIn April 2010, Fathers4Justice members backed Caroline Nokes, Conservative candidate in Romsey & Southampton North, as her party had supported its campaign for change to family law, promising legislation if they won the 2010 General election. However, at the election, the Conservatives did not win an overall majority, and formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, based upon a 'Coalition Agreement' which included aspects of the Fathers4Justice agenda. This included encouraging shared parenting and promised a comprehensive review of family law in order to increase the use of mediation when couples do break up, and to look at how best to provide greater access rights to non-resident parents and grandparents. In accordance with the Coalition Agreement, the Government initiated a number of reviews, including the Family Justice Review (The Norgrove Report) and the Co-operative Parenting Consultation, to which the Government responded.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nAfter the consultations, the Government brought forward the Children & Families Bill, designed to legislate on a number of areas, including the family legal system; specifically on contact orders, improving post-separation mediation, and on the issue of shared parenting, plans to amend the Children Act (1989) to introduce a new presumption in favour of a child having a relationship with both parents — all areas upon which Fathers4Justice has campaigned, and on which the Conservative Party had agreed to act if elected to power. Whilst legal experts agreed these proposals were a considerable improvement on the previous situation, it did not fully reflect the position of Fathers4Justice, and the group criticised the Coalition for not implementing its agenda in full.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nImpact\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nFathers 4 Justice's main focus remains upon media coverage and legal treatment of fathers' rights issues in the UK. The use of high-profile and disruptive stunts has garnered significant UK media coverage, but the political aims of the group are as yet unachieved. The group has been accused of missing the opportunity to change legislation when it refused to table amendments to the Children and Families Bill in 2013. One of its central aims — the removal of secrecy surrounding family courts — is the subject of active political debate. In 2006, the Court of Appeal set a precedent allowing adults to discuss secret cases after they had concluded. This resulted in a number of high-profile scandals, chiefly concerning adoption. In February 2009, Justice Minister Jack Straw announced plans to reverse the ruling. In a landmark ruling in September 2013, Sir James Munby, President of the Family Division of the High Court of Justice in England and Wales, spoke in support of previously 'secret' courts being exposed to public scrutiny, with an order that permitted a family whose children had been removed to speak publicly about their treatment by child safety officials.\",\n \"Fathers 4 Justice\\n\\nAn unintended result of the F4J campaign has been the exposure of flaws in security at Buckingham Palace, resulting in security enquiries or reviews there and at the House of Commons.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2698,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qz_1294"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which English city stands on the river Nene?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Peterborough"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["municipal borough of peterborough","weather in peterborough","peterborough united kingdom","city of peterborough","peterborough cambridgeshire","magna park peterborough","peterborough cambs","peterborough district","peterborough england","peterborough borough","petreborough","county of peterborough","peterborough ua","peterborough"],"string":"[\n \"municipal borough of peterborough\",\n \"weather in peterborough\",\n \"peterborough united kingdom\",\n \"city of peterborough\",\n \"peterborough cambridgeshire\",\n \"magna park peterborough\",\n \"peterborough cambs\",\n \"peterborough district\",\n \"peterborough england\",\n \"peterborough borough\",\n \"petreborough\",\n \"county of peterborough\",\n \"peterborough ua\",\n \"peterborough\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["River Nene\n\nThe River Nene or-see below) is a river in the east of England that rises from three sources in the county of Northamptonshire. The tidal river forms the border between Cambridgeshire and Norfolk for about . It is the tenth longest river in the United Kingdom, and is navigable for 88 mi from Northampton to The Wash.","River Nene\n\nCourse","River Nene\n\nThe River Nene is the tenth longest river in the United Kingdom. From its source at Arbury Hill to Northampton the river falls a total of 300 ft in 17 mi. For the remainder of its course, the Nene falls less than 200 ft. It has a catchment area of 631 sqmi and a mean flow of 328 cuft per second. The final 88 mi from Northampton to the Wash is navigable.","River Nene\n\nThe river's most westerly source can be found near the village of Badby near Daventry. On the eastern slope of Arbury Hill and in pools between Arbury Hill and Sharmans Hill there are three tributaries that converge at Dodford mill to form the upper reaches of the Daventry Nene. The two northern streams flow through the villages of Badby and Newnham to the convergence, whilst the southerly stream runs through Fawsley Park and through the village of Everdon before the convergence. From Dodford the river passes through the village of Weedon where it flows under the main west coast railway line, the Grand Union Canal, and Watling Street. A little west of Weedon the river converges with its tributary source from Yelvertoft from the north. This tributary, the Yelvertoft Nene, is formed from a great many streams. The river now flows towards Northampton, passing through Flore and Nether Heyford, where it is joined by small streams on either bank. A little past Bugbrooke Mill the Nene passes under the M1 motorway and falls over a weir towards Kislingbury.","River Nene\n\nAnother tributary merges from the south at Kislingbury. The Nene's course is closely followed by the Grand Union Canal’s Northampton arm at Upton Mill.","River Nene\n\nNorthampton","River Nene\n\nAt Upton Mill, another tributary, called Wooton Brook, joins the river from the south.\nThe River Nene now approaches Northampton town from the west, passing between the southern suburbs of St. James (locally known as Jimmy's End), Cotton End and Far Cotton. The Nene’s third northern source, the Naseby Source or Brampton Nene, converges at the Carlsberg Brewery. This tributary flows through the north of Northampton where several streams join. Three of these streams supply water for reservoirs at Pitsford, Hollowell and Ravensthorpe, north of Northampton, before joining the Brampton Nene. At Cotton End, the Nene passes under South Bridge, then through Beckett's Park and past the disused and now demolished Northampton Power Station in the Nunn Mills area of the town on the south bank of the river opposite Midsummer Meadow on the north banks. Northampton Sea Cadets is based in Nunn Mills, and uses the river for the training of boating skills. Following the training schemes of the Royal Yachting Association (RYA), British Rowing (BR), and the British Canoe Union (BCU). A short way downstream a weir can divert some of the Nene's flow to supply the Nene Whitewater Centre.","River Nene\n\nThe Nene Valley","River Nene\n\nFrom Northampton, the river flows along a broad valley, formed by the enormous amount of water released by the melting ice during the Ice Age, towards the east coast. The Nene now meanders through this wide, flat valley with flood plains, lakes, pools and mature gravel pits on either bank, a by-product of the large glacial deposits in the valley. At Great Billing is Billing Aquadrome, a popular caravan and camping park with leisure facilities and a funfair, which is based around the river and various mature gravel pits. The park is popular with fishermen and water skiers alike. The river's landscape is now dominated by mature gravel pit lakes. Some gravel extraction still takes place along the valley's basin. At Cogenhoe (pronounced 'cook-no' locally ) the river passes through a watermill. The mill is a red brick building built in the late nineteenth century, with a slate roof, from which all the machinery has been removed. Adjacent is a Mill House, built of coursed limestone rubble, and dated 1725. At Earls Barton the river again passes an area of mature gravel pit lakes and lock gates numbers 9 and 10.","River Nene\n\nFurther on the river passes through Doddington Lock No 11 and the nearby Hardwater Watermill. This watermill, mentioned in the Domesday Book, has ground wheat into flour for almost 1000 years. Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, used the mill as a hiding place after escaping from Northampton Castle in 1164 and fleeing down the Nene to be sheltered by the miller before fleeing to France. The watermill ceased grinding flour after the Second World War. The present buildings date from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and have been converted into dwellings.","River Nene\n\nWellingborough","River Nene\n\nThe river's course turns north easterly, passing the town of Wellingborough on its north bank and the village of Little Irchester to the south. At Wellingborough the river passes through Victoria Mills. Founded in 1886 by the Whitworth family, they are still run by the firm today, producing fine flours for the bakery trade. In front of the mill there remains a jetty from the days when the river was used for transportation of goods to and from the mills. A little further on the river is joined from the north by the River Ise. On the opposite bank are the remains of the Roman town of Irchester. The river now passes under a viaduct that carries the Midland Main Line which links London St. Pancras International to Sheffield Midland station in northern England via Luton, Bedford, Kettering, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham and Chesterfield.","River Nene\n\nPassing Irthlingborough on its north western bank, the Nene now flows past Nene Park, the former ground of Rushden and Diamonds Football Club. Further on the river is crossed by the disused track bed of the Northampton and Peterborough Railway which was constructed in 1845. The river is now characterised by large curving meanders passing the villages of Little Addington Great Addington and Denford.","River Nene\n\nThrapston","River Nene\n\nAt Denford the river divides into two channels, one of which is used for navigation. The channels approach the town of Thrapston, passing under two adjacent viaducts. One carries the busy A14 trunk road; the other carries the disused railway track bed. Between the town of Thrapston and the village of Islip, the Nene is spanned by a low nine-arched bridge. Just north of Thrapston the river forms part of the 73 ha of Titchmarsh Nature Reserve. The reserve, designated in 1989, consists of two lakes, a woodland, river banks and areas of grass and scrub in which some ponds have been dug. The reserve is operated by Northamptonshire County Council, with the approval of the Nature Conservancy Council. At Aldwincle another tributary, called Harpers Brook, joins the Nene from the north west. Harpers Brook flows between gravel pit lagoons before converging with the river. The river flows south of Oundle passing Barnwell Country Park and [http://oundlemarina.com/localinfo.html Oundle Marina] under a bridge of the A605 road. At , the Romans bridged the river with Ermine Street in the first century. Between Oundle marina and Peterborough the Nene falls towards Peterborough, navigation passing through 11 locks on the way.","River Nene\n\nPeterborough","River Nene\n\nHaving passed among the gentle hills of Northamptonshire the river enters the rural part of the City of Peterborough, passing the Nene Valley Railway and through the Nene Valley Country Park. Half a mile upstream of the city centre is Woodston Wharf—the site of the old sea lock—originally the extent of the tidal River Nene until the Dog in a Doublet lock at Whittlesey was opened in 1937. To the east of Peterborough city centre a branch of the river passes under the former Great Eastern Railway, now connected to the main East Coast main line and running through to Cambridge via Whittlesey and Ely. This branch terminates, for navigation, at Stanground Lock, a connection to the Middle Levels, the drainage system of the Fens through which access is possible to the River Great Ouse. Below Peterborough, the river forms the border between Cambridgeshire and Norfolk for about .","River Nene\n\nContinuing downstream leads to the impressive 'Embankment' area and after the cathedral city itself, passing through Whittlesey the landscape changes to the Nene Washes in The Fens and their vast horizons. Beyond Flag Fen the river flows through Wisbech, then Sutton Bridge in Lincolnshire, and it finally enters The Wash between two towers known as \"the lighthouses\".","River Nene\n\nThe Nene links the Grand Union Canal to the River Great Ouse, via the Middle Level Navigations. Much of its route has been upgraded to a wide canal with locks at regular intervals. Some sections where artificial cuts run adjacent to the course of the river are known as the \"Nene Navigation\".","River Nene\n\nOrigins of the Name","River Nene\n\nPronunciation of the river's name varies with the locality. In Northamptonshire it is usually, and around Peterborough usually. The spelling was \"Nenn\" (as seen in Cole-Roper's 1810 engraving) or \"Nyn\" until the beginning of the 20th century, and the point at which the pronunciation changes has been moving further inland for many years; the current edition of the Imray \"Map Of The River Nene\" suggests that the cut-off point is Thrapston.","River Nene\n\nThere is no certain etymology for the name. It has been suggested that it is Celtic: certainly many major rivers in England show pre-Anglo-Saxon origins, such as the Ouse and Avon; the same name appears in the 'Neen', the former name of the river Rea in Shropshire, which is retained in the hamlet of Neen Savage. A.D. Mills however considers the name 'obscure' and suggests that it may even be pre-Celtic.","River Nene\n\nThe river gave its name to the former Nene College of Higher Education in Northampton, now the University of Northampton, and also to the Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine, Rolls-Royce's practice being to name their gas turbine designs after British rivers. This may also be linked to the fact that Sir Henry Royce was born in Alwalton, a village which is by the river Nene near Peterborough.","River Nene\n\nNavigation","River Nene\n\nThe Nene is navigable from just above its junction with the Northampton Arm of the Grand Union Canal to the sea. Most leisure use is between Northampton and Peterborough, where it makes a junction with the Middle Level Navigations at Stanground Sluice, which give access to the Bedfordshire River Ouse. There is no longer any significant commercial traffic.","River Nene\n\nAbove Peterborough","River Nene\n\nThe first recorded attempts to improve the upper river for navigation occurred in 1567 and 1606, when the people of Northampton commissioned surveys. In 1653, a printed pamphlet suggested that 33 locks to bypass the mills could be built for £8,000, to make the river navigable. Eventually, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1713, which appointed large numbers of Commissioners, but stated that work could only proceed if any nine of them could find someone to make the entire river navigable. No-one was prepared to take on the task, although it appears from the Act that the river was navigable from Peterborough to Alwalton at the time. The Act was superseded by a second one obtained in 1724, which allowed the river to be improved in stages, the work to be carried out at the contractor's expense, with the cost to be recouped from tolls. Robert Wright and Thomas Squire agreed to these terms for the section from Peterborough to the bridge at Oundle North in September 1726, and completed the work by 1730. Squire then agreed to the same terms for the next section to Thrapston in 1736, and completed it by late 1737.","River Nene\n\nThis part of the river was then designated as the Eastern Division.","River Nene\n\nA failure to find anyone prepared to work on the Western Division from Thrapston to Northampton resulted in a third Act being obtained in 1756, which allowed the Commissioners to borrow money to finance the work. Lenders would become Proprietors of the Navigation, and the work was to begin at Thrapston and extend the navigable section towards Northampton. It took the Commissioners two years to agree who should carry out the work, but on 22 June 1758, John Smith jnr from Attercliffe, Yorkshire was contracted to construct 20 pound locks, 20 horse haling bridges and various other works at a cost of £14,070. The river opened to navigation in stages over the next three years, with a great celebration being held at Northampton on 7 August 1761 when the work was completed.","River Nene\n\nThe proprietors had the right to use tolls as they saw fit, and the Commissioners found that they had no powers to ensure the navigation was maintained in good order. They obtained another Act of Parliament in 1794, which aimed to rectify the situation, but it was not until 1801 that Thomas Wright replied to their requests, and some repairs were made. There was little traffic and income from tolls was low, at just £488 per year between 1801 and 1804. The Commissioners were also keen to see a link constructed from Northampton to the Grand Junction Canal, but the canal company argued that there was an insufficient supply of water. It was agreed that a link would be built in two halves, but that there would be 1 mi of railway in the middle. When built, the canal company constructed the entire link as a railway, which opened in 1805. In a bid to get a navigable link, the Commissioners opposed the bill to build a link between the Grand Junction Canal and the Old Union Canal, but relented when they had a firm agreement that a navigable link to Northampton would be built.","River Nene\n\nThe link cost £35,000, was supervised by Benjamin Bevan, and was built between 1812 and 1815. It was nearly 5 mi long, and dropped 107 ft through 17 locks.","River Nene\n\nTolls rose to a little over £1,000 per year, but the Commissioners decided that the canal boats damaged the locks, and all traffic had to be transferred to river barges. This order was withdrawn in 1827, but the condition of the river gradually deteriorated, and the arrival of the Blisworth to Peterborough Railway in 1845 further reduced profitability. Flooding was also a problem, but the Commissioners had no powers to act as Commissioners of Sewers, to address the problems of drainage. With serious flooding in December 1848, a public meeting was held, and a committee was elected to consider Nene drainage. The main problem was a restriction at Wisbech, and the engineer James Rendel estimated that £120,000 was required to reconstruct the river below Peterborough. The Nene Valley Drainage and Improvement Act was obtained in 1852, to allow this work to be completed.","River Nene\n\nBelow Peterborough","River Nene\n\nBelow Peterborough, the river meandered to Tydd Gote, where it shared an outfall to the Wash with the River Great Ouse. Once the latter was diverted to King's Lynn in 1236, the Nene outfall deteriorated. Navigation was improved in the 1470s when Morton's Leam, a straight channel between Peterborough and Wisbech, was constructed by Bishop Morton. It was improved in 1570 and 1631, and was largely superseded by Smith's Leam, a straight cut from Peterborough to Guyhirn made by the Bedford Level Corporation in 1728. In order to improve the mouth of the river, which followed a tortuous route through salt marshes, the construction of a new channel was proposed by Nathaniel Kinderley, and work started on it in 1721. It was nearly completed when Wisbech Corporation's support turned to opposition, and they destroyed the work. The cut was eventually completed in 1773, but was not long enough to be a complete success.","River Nene\n\nVarious proposals for improvements near Wisbech were made, notably in 1814 by John Rennie and again in 1821 by Thomas Telford, but all were opposed by Wisbech Corporation. An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1827 to enable the works and Wisbech contributed £30,000 to the project. The contractors for the new cut below Wisbech were Jolliffe and Banks, who charged £149,259 for the channel. Once the old channel was dammed up, the tidal scour in the new channel was sufficient to remove silt deposits, and large volumes of stone were needed to stabilise the banks. The effects on the port of Wisbech were immediate, with tonnage rising from 63,180 tons in 1830 to 159,678 tons in 1845.","River Nene\n\nThe 1852 Drainage and Improvement Act gave the Commissioners wide powers to manage the river, but created an administrative structure that was too complex to be workable. With the river in a poor state, James Rendel was appointed as engineer, and began dredging the channel and raising the banks, which cost £124,000. Another Act of Parliament was obtained in 1854, to allow the Commissioners to borrow £325,000 to pay for the work. A new iron swing bridge was built in Wisbech, to replace a narrow stone bridge which restricted the flow of the river, and although it was tested on installation, it was not operated subsequently. Dams across the river were built at Waldersea and Guyhirn, and an underwater weir was constructed below the bridge at Wisbech. Wisbech Corporation took the Commissioners to court in 1859 for obstructing the river, and when an initial judgement was made in their favour, gangs of men destroyed most of the Waldersea dam overnight. An appeal to the Court of Chancery by the Commissioners also failed, and the dams were removed, as was the Wisbech weir, after an accident involving a train of lighters.","River Nene\n\nNavigation was always hampered by the Northey Gravel shoal near Dog-in-a-Doublet. Together with a sluice, this prevented salt water from entering the Thorney River, and the Duke of Bedford had obtained an injunction in 1865 to prevent interference with it. An appeal to have the injunction removed in 1880 failed. A dock covering 13 acre was built at Sutton Bridge at this time, but the outer wall collapsed on 9 June 1881, a few days before it was officially opened, and the estimated repair costs of £160,000 resulted in the project failing. Sporadic traffic managed to use the river, but its condition continued to deteriorate.","River Nene\n\nReconstruction","River Nene\n\nBy the time the Nene Catchment Board took control of the river, as a result of the passing of the Land Drainage Act (1930), the river was \"in unparalleled decay and dilapidation\". They rebuilt all of the locks, and replaced the remaining staunches with locks. A new lock and sluice were built at Dog-in-a-Doublet, to prevent salt water passing up the river, and to maintain water levels to Peterborough. The Thorney River was closed for navigation, arrangements were made for the supply of fresh water to the Thorney Estate, and the Northey Gravel shoal was blown up with dynamite. The banks of the river at Wisbech were protected with piling for a distance of 2 mi, and a new quay was built. The benefits of the new works were proved in the floods of 1947, when land bordering the Nene was not inundated.","River Nene\n\nThe new locks resulted in some commercial traffic returning to the river. The port of Wisbech can handle ships up to 260 by long and with a draught of 17 ft, and remains a commercial port in 2009. It also caters for smaller boats, with a major expansion of the facilities at the yacht harbour completed in May 2000.","River Nene\n\nOperation","River Nene\n\nThere are canal locks at fairly regular intervals which will accommodate boats up to 78 by, with a draught of 4 ft, although most of the boats on the upper river are canal-type narrowboats and river cruisers. Below Peterborough, boats are restricted by the size of Dog in a Doublet lock, which is 130 by with draught, while below Wisbech, small ships can be accommodated. All but a handful of the locks have conventional mitre gates at the upstream end and a single vertically lifting guillotine gate at the downstream end. This arrangement permits the use of the locks as additional weirs in time of flood, when the mitre gates are chained open and the guillotines lifted to allow the water to flow straight through. This precludes navigation at these times.","River Nene\n\nTraditionally the guillotines were manually operated by turning a large wheel some 150 times to raise or lower the gate; since the locks have to be left empty this operation will always have to be done twice to pass through. In recent years the Environment Agency, who are the navigation authority for the river, have been installing electric operation of the guillotines and in some cases replacing them altogether with mitre gates.","River Nene\n\nEaster 1998 floods","River Nene\n\nOn 8 and 9 April 1998 constant torrential rain caused flooding across large parts of the English Midlands. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, the floods peaked and many rivers burst their banks. The Nene was badly affected, flooding low-lying parts of Northampton, Wellingborough, Earls Barton and other settlements on its banks. The town centre of Northampton lies on the northern slope of the Nene Valley and escapes the river's flooding. However, the Cotton End, Far Cotton and St. James End areas of the town occupy the flood plain and have borne the brunt of severe flooding over the years, culminating in the 1998 Easter floods. In 2002, a siren warning system was installed in Northampton to warn residents in the event of further flooding, and embankments and flood walls were bolstered to protect the town. In Kislingbury village, a flood alleviation scheme was completed in 2004.","River Nene\n\nIn 2007, the British Government announced it would spend £6 million on flood defences at Upton Mill in the west of Northampton; wetland areas and embankments were to be constructed along the river.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with a population measured as 183,631 in 2011. Historically part of Northamptonshire, for ceremonial purposes it now falls within the county of Cambridgeshire. Situated 75 mi north of London, the city stands on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea approximately 30 mi to the north-east. The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The unitary authority borders Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and non-metropolitan Cambridgeshire to the south and east.","Peterborough\n\nThe local topography is flat and in some places lies below sea level, for example in the Fens that lie to the east of Peterborough. Human settlement in the area began before the Bronze Age, as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre also with evidence of Roman occupation. The Anglo-Saxon period saw the establishment of a monastery, Medeshamstede, which later became Peterborough Cathedral.","Peterborough\n\nThe population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture. Following the Second World War, growth was limited until designation as a New Town in the 1960s. Housing and population are expanding and a £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding area is underway. In common with much of the United Kingdom, industrial employment has fallen, with a significant proportion of new jobs in financial services and distribution.","Peterborough\n\nHistory","Peterborough\n\n;Etymology\nThe town's name changed to Burgh from the late tenth century, possibly after Abbot Kenulf had built a defensive wall around the abbey, and eventually developed into the form Peterborough; the town does not appear to have been a borough until the 12th century. The contrasting form Gildenburgh is also found in the 12th century history of the abbey, the Peterborough version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (see Peterborough Chronicle below) and in a history of the abbey by the monk Hugh Candidus.","Peterborough\n\nEarly history","Peterborough\n\nPresent-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its site where the Nene leaves large areas of permanently drained land for the fens. Remains of Bronze Age settlement and what is thought to be religious activity can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the city centre. The Romans established a fortified garrison town at Durobrivae on Ermine Street, five miles (8 km) to the west in Water Newton, around the middle of the 1st century AD. Durobrivae's earliest appearance among surviving records is in the Antonine Itinerary of the late 2nd century. There was also a large 1st century Roman fort at Longthorpe, designed to house half a legion, or about 3,000 soldiers; it may have been established as early as around AD 44–48. Peterborough was an important area of ceramic production in the Roman period, providing Nene Valley Ware that was traded as far away as Cornwall and the Antonine Wall, Caledonia.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough is shown by its original name Medeshamstede to have possibly been an Anglian settlement before AD 655, when Saxwulf founded a monastery on land granted to him for that purpose by Peada of Mercia, who converted to Christianity and was briefly ruler of the smaller Middle Angles sub-group. His brother Wulfhere murdered his own sons, similarly converted and then finished the monastery by way of atonement.","Peterborough\n\nHereward, the outlaw, wake or exile, set off with supporters from his exile in Flanders and rampaged through the town in 1069 or 1070. Outraged, Abbot Turold erected a fort or castle, which, from his name, was called Mont Turold: this mound, or hill, is on the outside of the deanery garden, now called Tout Hill, although in 1848 Tot-hill or Toot Hill. Scheduled Ancient Monument: Touthill and site of castle bailey The abbey church was rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the 12th century.Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, The English Cathedral, New Holland (2002) ISBN 1-84330-120-2 The Peterborough Chronicle, a version of the Anglo-Saxon one, contains unique information about the history of England after the Norman conquest, written here by monks in the 12th century. This is the only known prose history in English between the conquest and the later 14th century. The burgesses received their first charter from \"Abbot Robert\" – probably Robert of Sutton (1262–1273).Chisholm, Hugh (ed.) Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) vol.21 Cambridge University Press, 1911 (text in the public domain).","Peterborough\n\nThe place suffered materially in the war between John I and the confederate barons, many of whom took refuge in the monastery here and in Crowland Abbey, from which sanctuaries they were forced by the king's soldiers, who plundered the religious houses and carried off great treasures. The abbey church became one of Henry VIII's retained, more secular, cathedrals in 1541, having been assessed at the Dissolution (in the King's Books) as having revenue at £1,972.7.¾ per annum.","Peterborough\n\nWhen civil war broke out, Peterborough was divided between supporters of King Charles I (Cavaliers) and supporters of the Long Parliament (Roundheads). The city lay on the border of the Eastern Association of counties which sided with Parliament, and the war reached Peterborough in 1643 when soldiers arrived in the city to attack Royalist strongholds at Stamford and Crowland. The Royalist forces were defeated within a few weeks and retreated to Burghley House, where they were captured and sent to Cambridge. While the Parliamentary soldiers were in Peterborough, however, they ransacked the cathedral, destroying the Lady Chapel, chapter house, cloister, high altar and choir stalls, as well as mediaeval decoration and records.","Peterborough\n\nHousing and sanitary improvements were effected under the provisions of an Act of Parliament passed in 1790 and an act to build a gaol to replace the two that previously stood, was passed in 1839. After the dissolution the dean and chapter, who succeeded the abbot as lords of the manor, appointed a high bailiff and the constables and other borough officers were elected at their court leet; but this ended when the municipal borough was incorporated in 1874 under the government of a mayor, six aldermen and eighteen councillors. Among the privileges claimed by the abbot as early as the 13th century was that of having a prison for felons taken in the Soke of Peterborough. In 1576 Bishop Edmund Scambler sold the lordship of the hundred of Nassaburgh, which was coextensive with the Soke, to Queen Elizabeth I, who gave it to Lord Burghley, and from that time until the 19th century he and his descendants, the Earls and Marquesses of Exeter, had a separate gaol for prisoners arrested in the Soke. The abbot formerly held four fairs, of which two, St.","Peterborough\n\nPeter's Fair, granted in 1189 and later held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday in July, and the Brigge Fair, granted in 1439 and later held on the first Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in October, were purchased by the corporation from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1876. The Bridge Fair, as it is now known, granted to the abbey by King Henry VI, survives. Prayers for the opening of the fair were once said at the morning service in the cathedral, followed by a civic proclamation and a sausage lunch at the town hall which still takes place. The mayor traditionally leads a procession from the town hall to the fair where the proclamation is read, asking all persons to \"behave soberly and civilly, and to pay their just dues and demands according to the laws of the realm and the rights of the City of Peterborough\".","Peterborough\n\nModern history","Peterborough\n\nRailway lines began operating locally during the 1840s, but it was the 1850 opening of the Great Northern Railway's main line from London to York that transformed Peterborough from a market town to an industrial centre. Lord Exeter had opposed the railway passing through Stamford, so Peterborough, situated between two main terminals at London and Doncaster, increasingly developed as a regional hub.","Peterborough\n\nCoupled with vast local clay deposits, the railway enabled large-scale brick-making and distribution to take place. The area was the UK's leading producer of bricks for much of the twentieth century. Brick-making had been a small seasonal craft since the early nineteenth century, but during the 1890s successful experiments at Fletton using the harder clays from a lower level had resulted in a much more efficient process. The market dominance during this period of the London Brick Company, founded by the prolific Scottish builder and architect John Cathles Hill, gave rise to some of the country's most well-known landmarks, all built using the ubiquitous Fletton Brick. Perkins Engines was established in Peterborough in 1932 by Frank Perkins, creator of the Perkins diesel engine. Thirty years later it employed more than a tenth of the population of Peterborough, mainly at Eastfield. Baker Perkins had relocated from London to Westwood, now the site of HM Prison Peterborough, in 1903, followed by Peter Brotherhood to Walton in 1906; both manufacturers of industrial machinery, they too became major employers in the city. British Sugar remains headquartered in Woodston, although the beet sugar factory, which opened there in 1926, was closed in 1991.","Peterborough\n\nFounded at the Corn Exchange in 1860, Norwich and Peterborough (N&P) was the ninth largest building society at the time of its merger into the Yorkshire Group in 2011. N&P continues to operate under its own brand administered at Lynch Wood. Until it merged with the Midlands Co-op in 2013, Anglia Regional, the UK's fifth largest co-operative society, was also based in Peterborough, where it was established in 1876. The combined society began trading as Central England Co-operative in 2014.","Peterborough\n\nDesignated a New Town in 1967, Peterborough Development Corporation was formed in partnership with the city and county councils to house London's overspill population in new townships sited around the existing urban area. There were to be four townships, one each at Bretton (originally to be called Milton, a hamlet in the Middle Ages), Orton, Paston/ Werrington and Castor. The last of these was never built, but a fourth, called Hampton, is now taking shape south of the city. It was decided that the city should have a major indoor shopping centre at its heart. Planning permission was received in late summer 1976 and Queensgate, containing over 90 stores and including parking for 2,300 cars, was opened by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in 1982. 34 miles (55 km) of urban roads were planned and a network of high-speed landscaped thoroughfares, known as parkways, was constructed.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough's population grew by 45.4% between 1971 and 1991. New service-sector companies like Thomas Cook and Pearl Assurance were attracted to the city, ending the dominance of the manufacturing industry as employers. An urban regeneration company named Opportunity Peterborough, under the chairmanship of Lord Mawhinney, was set up by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister in 2005 to oversee Peterborough's future development. Between 2006 and 2012 a £1 billion redevelopment of the city centre and surrounding areas was planned. The master plan provides guidelines on the physical shaping of the city centre over the next 15–20 years. Proposals are still progressing for the north of Westgate, the south bank and the station quarter, where Network Rail is preparing a major mixed use development.[http://www.gpp-peterborough.org.uk/regions/documents/ThePlanforPeterboroughCityCentreFebruary2005.pdf The Plan for Peterborough City Centre] Peterborough City Council, East of England Development Agency and English Partnerships, February 2005. Whilst recognising that the reconfiguration of the relationship between the city and station was critical, English Heritage found the current plans for Westgate unconvincing and felt more thought should be given to the vitality of the historic core.","Peterborough\n\nWith the city expanding, in July 2005 the council adopted a new statutory development plan. Its aim is to accommodate an additional 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people living in Peterborough by 2020. The newly developing Hampton township will be completed, there will be a 1,500-home development at Stanground and a further 1,200-home development at Paston.","Peterborough\n\nAdministration","Peterborough\n\nPolitics","Peterborough\n\nThe city formed a parliamentary borough returning two members from 1541, with the rest of the Soke being part of Northamptonshire parliamentary county. The Great Reform Act did not affect the borough, although the remaining, rural portion of the Soke was transferred to the northern division of Northamptonshire. In 1885, the borough's representation was reduced to one member, and in 1918, the boundaries were adjusted to include the whole Soke. The serving member for Peterborough is the Conservative, Stewart Jackson MP, who defeated Labour's Helen Clark in the 2005 general election. In 1997, the North West Cambridgeshire constituency was formed, incorporating parts of the city and neighbouring Huntingdonshire. The serving member is the Conservative, Shailesh Vara MP, who succeeded Sir Brian Mawhinney, former Secretary of State for Transport and Chairman of the Conservative Party, in 2005. Dr Mawhinney, who had previously served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979, was created Baron Mawhinney of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire later that year. Peterborough and North West Cambridgeshire are included in the East of England constituency for elections to the European Parliament.","Peterborough\n\nThe East of England currently elects seven MEPs, using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation, in common with all seats in England, Scotland and Wales.","Peterborough\n\nLocal government","Peterborough\n\nFrom 1889, the ancient Soke of Peterborough formed an administrative county in its own right with boundaries similar, although not identical, to the current unitary authority. The area however remained geographically part of Northamptonshire until 1965, when the Soke was merged with Huntingdonshire to form the county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Following a review of local government in 1974, Huntingdon and Peterborough was abolished and the current district created by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Peterborough with Peterborough Rural District, Barnack Rural District, Thorney Rural District, Old Fletton Urban District and part of the Norman Cross Rural District, which had each existed since 1894. This became part of the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire. Letters patent were granted continuing the status of city over the greater area. In 1998, the city became autonomous of Cambridgeshire county council as a unitary authority, but it continues to form part of that county for ceremonial purposes. The leader and cabinet model of decision-making, first adopted by the city council in 2001, is similar to national government.","Peterborough\n\nPolicing in the city remains the responsibility of Cambridgeshire Constabulary; and firefighting, the responsibility of Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service. Nowadays the Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, one of few of its kind, effectively functions as a retained fire station. The Royal Anglian Regiment serves as the county regiment for Cambridgeshire. Peterborough formed its first territorial army unit, the 6th Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, in 1860.","Peterborough\n\nHealth service","Peterborough\n\nAs part of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Clinical Commissioning Group became the main commissioner of health services in the city. Adult social care functions of NHS Peterborough transferred back to the city council in 2012 and public health transferred in 2013. The responsibility of guided primary care services (general practitioners, dentists, opticians and pharmacists) transferred to NHS England. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough is one of the biggest CCGs in the country with 108 GP practices, over 800 GPs and a budget of £854 million in 2013/14. The CCG is made up of eight local commissioning groups: Borderline, Peterborough, Cam Health, CATCH, Hunts Health, Hunts Care Partners, Isle of Ely and Wisbech. Both Peterborough (over 107,000 registered patients) and Borderline (over 137,000 registered patients) local commissioning groups have GP practices within the unitary authority area.","Peterborough\n\nPreviously, NHS Peterborough (the public-facing name of Peterborough Primary Care Trust) guided primary care services in the city, directly provided adult social care and services in the community such as health visiting and physiotherapy and also funded hospital care and other specialist treatments. Prior to the forming of the PCT, the North West Anglia Healthcare NHS Trust provided health functions within the city and before that, Peterborough Health Authority.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust became one of the first ten English NHS foundation trusts in 2004. Although a £300 million health investment plan has seen the transfer of the city's two hospitals into a single site, Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has been plagued by financial problems since the move. The full planning application for the redevelopment of the former Edith Cavell Hospital was approved by the council in 2006. Planning permission for the development of an integrated care centre on the site of the former Fenland Wing at Peterborough District Hospital was granted in 2003. The City Care Centre finally opened in 2009 and the first patients were treated at the new Peterborough City Hospital in 2010. The private Fitzwilliam Hospital run by Ramsay Health Care UK is situated in the landscaped grounds of the Milton Estate. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, a designated University of Cambridge teaching trust, provides services to those who suffer from mental health problems. Following merger of the Cambridgeshire, then East Anglian Ambulance Services, the East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust is responsible for the provision of statutory emergency medical services (EMS) in Peterborough.","Peterborough\n\nThe East Anglian Air Ambulance provides helicopter EMS across the region.","Peterborough\n\nPublic utilities","Peterborough\n\nThe council's budget for the financial year 2015/16 is £437.2 million.[https://www.peterborough.gov.uk/upload/www.peterborough.gov.uk/council/council-tax/CouncilTaxSummary20152016.pdf?inline\ntrue Council Tax Summary and A–Z Guide] Peterborough City Council, 1 April 2015. The main source of non-school funding is the formula grant, which is paid by central government to local authorities based on the services they provide. This has been reduced by nearly 40% during the course of the 2010-15 parliament. The remainder, to which the police and fire authorities (and parish council where this exists) set a precept, is raised from council tax and business rates. This amounts to £59.5 million in 2015/16. Mains water and sewerage services are provided by Anglian Water, a former nationalised industry and natural monopoly, privatised in 1989 and now regulated by OFWAT.","Peterborough\n\nFollowing deregulation, the consumer has a choice of energy supplier. Electricity was formerly provided by Eastern Electricity, which was privatised in 1990. In 2002, the supply business was sold to Powergen (now E.ON UK) and the distribution rights to EDF Energy who sold them to UK Power Networks in 2010. Natural gas was (and still is) supplied by British Gas, which was privatised in 1986; distribution (and gas and electricity transmission) is the responsibility of the National Grid, having been demerged as Transco in 1997. These industries are regulated by OFGEM. Peterborough Power Station is a 367 MWe gas-fired plant in Fengate operated by Centrica Energy.","Peterborough\n\nBritish Telecommunications, privatised in 1984, provides fixed ADSL enabled (8 Mbit/s) telephone lines. Local loop unbundling, giving other internet service providers direct access, is completed at four out of 12 exchanges. The city is cabled by Virgin Media (previously Peterborough Cablevision, Cable and Wireless and NTL). These businesses are regulated by OFCOM. Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council are embarking on a superfast broadband project to deliver access to improved connectivity to areas where it is acknowledged that the market is unlikely to deliver.","Peterborough\n\nEconomy","Peterborough\n\nRegeneration","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough has a history of successful economic growth and continues to act as an attractor for investment and an engine of growth. The overarching ambition is to achieve sustainable growth, which can be maintained without creating significant economic problems.","Peterborough\n\nThe city has experienced an economic boom compared to the rest of the country, believed in part to be due to the regeneration plan which ran to 2012. In 2005, growth was on average 5.5%, whilst in Peterborough it was 6.9%, the highest in the UK. The city has also led in business population growth, with a 3.78% increase between April and September 2006, according to Royal Mail's Business Barometer.","Peterborough\n\nFigures plotting growth from 1995 to 2004, revealed that Peterborough had become the most successful economy among unitary authorities in the East of England. They also revealed that the city's economy had grown faster than the regional average and any other economy in the region. It has a strong economy in the environmental goods and services sector and has the largest cluster of environmental businesses in the UK.","Peterborough\n\nIn 1994, Peterborough was designated one of four environment cities in the UK and it is now working to become the country's acknowledged environment capital. Peterborough Environment City Trust, an independent charity, was set up at the same time to work towards this goal, delivering projects promoting healthier and sustainable living in the city. The council and regional development agency have taken advice on regeneration issues from a number of internationally recognised experts, including Benjamin Barber (formerly an adviser to President Bill Clinton), Jan Gustav Strandenaes (United Nations adviser on environmental issues) and Patama Roorakwit (a Thai \"community architect\").Salman, Saba [http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/oct/08/regeneration.peterborough \"The civic engineer\"], The Guardian, London and Manchester, 8 October 2008.","Peterborough\n\nEmployment","Peterborough\n\nAccording to the 2001 census, the workplace population of 90,656 is divided into 60,118 people who live in Peterborough and 30,358 people who commute in. A further 13,161 residents commute out of the city to work. Earnings in Peterborough are lower than average. Median earnings for full-time workers were £11.93 per hour in 2014, less than the regional median for the East of England of £13.62 and the median hourly rate of £13.15 for Great Britain as a whole. As part of the government's M11 corridor, Peterborough is committed to creating 17,500 jobs with the population growing to 200,000 by 2020.","Peterborough\n\nFuture employment will also be created through the plan for the city centre launched by the council in 2003. Predictions of the levels and types of employment created were published in 2005. These include 1,421 jobs created in retail; 1,067 created in a variety of leisure and cultural developments; 338 in three hotels; and a further 4,847 jobs created in offices and other workspaces. Recent relocations of large employers include both Tesco (1,070 employees) and Debenhams (850 employees) distribution centres. A further 2,500 jobs are to be created in the £140 million Gateway warehouse and distribution park. This is expected to compensate for the 6,000 job losses as a result of the decline in manufacturing, anticipated in a report cited by the cabinet member for economic growth and regeneration in 2006.","Peterborough\n\nWith traditionally low levels of unemployment, Peterborough is a popular destination for workers and has seen significant growth through migration since the post-war period. The leader of the council said in August 2006 that he believed that 80% of the 65,000 people who had arrived in East Anglia from the states that joined the European Union in 2004 were living in Peterborough. To help cope with this influx, the council put forward plans to construct an average of 1,300 homes each year until 2021. Demand for short term employees remains high and the market supports up to 20 high street recruitment agencies at any given time. Peterborough Trades Council, formed in 1898, is affiliated to the Trades Union Congress.","Peterborough\n\nTransport","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line, 45–50 minutes' journey time from central London, with high-speed intercity services from King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley operated by the Virgin Trains East Coast at around a 20-minute frequency, and slower commuter services terminating at Peterborough operated by Great Northern. It is a major railway junction where a number of cross-country routes converge. East Midlands Trains operates the Peterborough to Lincoln Line and a route from Norwich to Liverpool Lime Street via the main line north of Peterborough, CrossCountry operates the Birmingham to Peterborough Line through to Cambridge and Stansted Airport while Abellio Greater Anglia operates the Ely to Peterborough Line with a service to Ipswich. Peterborough has a business airport with a paved runway at Holme and a recreational airfield hosting a parachute school at Sibson.","Peterborough\n\nThe River Nene, made navigable from the port at Wisbech to Northampton by 1761, passes through the city centre and a green viaduct carries the railway over the river. It was built in 1847 by William Cubitt and Joseph Cubitt, who was more famous for his bridges in Australia, India and South America. Apart from some minor repairs in 1910 and 1914 (the steel bands and cross braces around the fluted legs) the bridge remains as he built it. Now a listed structure, it is the oldest surviving cast iron railway bridge in the UK. By the Town Bridge, the Customs House, built in the early eighteenth century, is a visible reminder of the city's past function as an inland port. The Environment Agency navigation starts at the junction with the Northampton arm of the Grand Union Canal and extends for 91 miles (147 km) ending at Bevis Hall just upstream of Wisbech. The tidal limit used to be Woodston Wharf until the Dog-in-a-Doublet lock was built five miles (8 km) downstream in 1937.","Peterborough\n\nThe A1/A1(M) primary route (part of European route E15) broadly follows the path of the historic Great North Road from St Paul's Cathedral in the heart of London, through Peterborough (Junction 17), continuing north a further 335 miles (539 km) to central Edinburgh. In 1899 the British Electric Traction Company sought permission for a tramway joining the northern suburbs with the city centre. The system, which operated under the name Peterborough Electric Traction Company, opened in 1903 and was abandoned in favour of motor buses in 1930, when it was merged into the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company. Today, bus services in the city are operated by several companies including Stagecoach (formerly Cambus and Viscount) and Delaine Buses. Despite its large-scale growth, Peterborough has the fastest peak and off-peak travel times for a city of its size in the UK, due to the construction of the parkways. The Local Transport Plan anticipated expenditure totalling around £180 million for the period up to 2010 on major road schemes to accommodate development.","Peterborough\n\nThe combination of rail connections to the Port of Felixstowe and to the East Coast Main Line as well as a road connection via the A1(M) has led to Peterborough being proposed as the site of a 334 acres rail-road logistics and distribution centre to be known as Magna Park.","Peterborough\n\nThe Peterborough Millennium Green Wheel is a 50-mile (80 km) network of cycleways, footpaths and bridleways which provide safe, continuous routes around the city with radiating spokes connecting to the city centre. The project has also created a sculpture trail, which provides functional, landscape artworks along the Green Wheel route and a Living Landmarks project involving the local community in the creation of local landscape features such as mini woodlands, ponds and hedgerows. Another long-distance footpath, the Hereward Way, runs from Oakham in Rutland, through Peterborough, to East Harling in Norfolk.","Peterborough\n\nDemography","Peterborough\n\nPopulation","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough has a population of (), forecast to rise variously to 190,700 in 2020 by the Office for National Statistics and 204,000 in 2021 by Cambridgeshire County Council Research Group. The city's population recorded at each census since 1901 is as follows:","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough's population growth was reportedly the second fastest of any British city over the ten years from 2004 to 2013, driven partly by immigration.","Peterborough\n\nEthnicity","Peterborough\n\nAccording to the 2011 Census, 82.5% of Peterborough's residents categorised themselves as white, 2.8% of mixed ethnic groups, 11.7% Asian, 2.3 per cent black and 0.8% other. Amongst the white population, the largest categories were English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British (70.9%) and other white (10.6%). Those of Pakistani ethnicity accounted for 6.6% of the population and those of Indian ethnicity 2.5.%. The largest black group were those of African ethnicity (1.4%).","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough is home to one of the largest concentrations of Italian immigrants in the UK. This is mainly as a result of labour recruitment in the 1950s by the London Brick Company in the southern Italian regions of Apulia and Campania. By 1960, approximately 3,000 Italian men were employed by London Brick, mostly at the Fletton works. In 1962, the Scalabrini Fathers, who first arrived in 1956, purchased an old school and converted it into a mission church named after the patron saint of workers Saint Joseph (San Giuseppe). By 1991, over 3,000 christenings of second-generation Italians had been carried out there. In 1996, it was estimated that the Italian community of Peterborough numbered 7,000, making it the third largest in the UK after London and Bedford. The 2011 Census recorded 1,179 residents born in Italy.","Peterborough\n\nIn the late twentieth century the main source of immigration was from new Commonwealth countries. The 2011 Census showed that a total of 24,166 migrants moved to Peterborough between 2001 and 2011. The city has experienced significant immigration from the A8 countries that joined the European Union in 2004, and in 2011, 14,134 residents of the city were people born in Central and Eastern Europe.","Peterborough\n\nAccording to a report published by the police in 2007, recent migration had resulted in increased translation costs and a change in the nature of crime in the county, with an increase in drink-driving offences, knife crime and an international dimension added to activities such as running cannabis factories and human trafficking. The number of foreign nationals arrested in the north of the county rose from 894 in 2003, to 2,435 in 2006, but the report also said that \"inappropriately negative\" community perceptions about migrant workers often complicate routine incidents, raising tensions and turning them \"critical\". It also noted there was \"little evidence that the increased numbers of migrant workers have caused significant or systematic problems in respect of community safety or cohesion\". In 2007, Julie Spence, the then Chief Constable emphasised that the fact that the demographic profile of Cambridgeshire had changed dramatically from one where 95% of teenagers were white four years previously to one of the country's fastest growing diverse populations, had had a positive impact on jobs and economic development.","Peterborough\n\nIn 2008, the BBC broadcast The Poles are Coming!, a controversial documentary on the impact of Polish migration to Peterborough by Tim Samuels, as part of its White Season.","Peterborough\n\nIn 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks, white teenager Ross Parker was murdered by a gang of Pakistanis in a racially motivated crime. In May 2004, groups of young Pakistani men clashed with Afghan and Iraqi asylum seekers in the multicultural Millfield area of the city. In the \"running street battles,\" houses and cars were set alight and windows were smashed. In July 2004, a festival organised by the Indian community to celebrate the city's diversity turned violent. Pakistanis and Iraqis clashed over the weekend and one man, injured in the fighting, was taken to hospital. In the aftermath of the 2001 Bradford riots, the Government Office for the East of England commissioned a study to identify possible \"hotspots\" where violence might occur in the region. The report, which focused on Peterborough and Luton, was not published. However, it was reported that it criticised Peterborough City Council for being \"blind\" to problems of race relations in the city. Research published by the Institute of Race Relations has highlighted racism and racist attacks suffered by asylum seekers, migrant workers and more long-standing minority communities in Peterborough over the decade to 2012.","Peterborough\n\nThe number of incidents in Peterborough reported to the police as being racially motived has dropped significantly since 2005, falling from 356 in that year to 97 in 2011, although the director of the Peterborough Racial Equality Council argued in 2012, that there was \"a very serious problem in under reporting race hate crime\".","Peterborough\n\nThe number of languages in use is growing where previously few languages other than English were spoken. , Peterborough offered classes in Italian, Urdu and Punjabi in its primary schools.","Peterborough\n\nReligion","Peterborough\n\nChristianity has the largest following in Peterborough, in particular the Church of England, with a significant number of parish churches and a cathedral. 56.7% of Peterborough's residents classified themselves as Christian in the 2011 Census. Recent immigration to the city has also seen the Roman Catholic population increase substantially. Other denominations are also in evidence; the latest church to be constructed is a £7 million \"superchurch,\" KingsGate, formerly Peterborough Community Church, which can seat up to 1,800 worshippers. In comparison with the rest of England, Peterborough has a lower proportion of Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews and Sikhs. The city has a higher percentage of Muslims than England as a whole (9.4% compared to 5% nationally). The majority of Muslims reside in the Millfield and New England areas of the city, where two large mosques (including the Faidhan-e-Madina Mosque) are based. Peterborough also has both Hindu (Bharat Hindu Samaj) and Sikh (Singh Sabha Gurdwara) temples in these areas.","Peterborough\n\nThe Anglican Diocese of Peterborough covers roughly 1,200 square miles (3,100 km²), including the whole of Northamptonshire, Rutland and the Soke of Peterborough. The parts of the city that lie south of the river, which were historically in Huntingdonshire, fall within the Diocese of Ely, which covers the remainder of Cambridgeshire and western Norfolk. The current Bishop of Peterborough has been appointed Assistant Bishop in the Diocese of Ely, with pastoral care for these parishes delegated to him by the Bishop of Ely. The city falls wholly within the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia (which has its seat at the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Baptist, Norwich) and is served by Saint Peter and All Souls Church, built in 1896 and decorated in the Gothic style. The Greek Orthodox Community of Saint Cyril, Patriarch of Jerusalem was established in 1991 under the Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.","Peterborough\n\nCulture","Peterborough\n\nEducation","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough has one independent boarding school: The Peterborough School at Westwood House, founded in 1895. The school caters for girls and now boys up to the age of 18. Peterborough's state schools have recently undergone immense change. Five of the city's 15 secondary schools were closed in July 2007, to be demolished over the coming years. John Mansfield (now an adult learning centre), Hereward (formerly Eastholm, now City of Peterborough Academy, sponsored by the Greenwood Dale Foundation Trust) and Deacon's were replaced with the flagship Thomas Deacon Academy, designed by Lord Foster of Thames Bank which opened in September 2007.","Peterborough\n\nThe Voyager School, which has specialist media arts status, replaced Bretton Woods and Walton comprehensive. The schools that remain have been extended and enlarged. Over £200 million was spent and the changes on-going to 2010. The King's School is one of seven schools established, or in some cases re-endowed and renamed, by King Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries to pray for his soul. In 2006, 39.4% of Peterborough local education authority pupils attained five grades A* to C, including English and Mathematics, in the General Certificate of Secondary Education, lower than the national average of 45.8%.","Peterborough\n\nThe city has two colleges of further and higher education, Peterborough Regional College (established in 1946 as Peterborough Technical College) and City College Peterborough (known as Peterborough College of Adult Education until 2010). , Peterborough Regional College attracts over 15,000 students each year from the UK and abroad and is ranked in the top five per cent of colleges in the UK. Greater Peterborough University Technical College is a new education facility set to open in September 2015.","Peterborough\n\nThe city is currently without a university, after Loughborough University closed its Peterborough campus in 2003. Consequently, it became the second largest centre of population in the UK (after Swindon) without its own higher education institution. In 2006, however, Peterborough Regional College began talks with Anglia Ruskin University to develop a new university campus for the city. The college and the university completed the legal contracts for the creation of a new joint venture company in 2007, marking the culmination of legal negotiations and securing of funds required in order to build the new higher education centre. University Centre Peterborough opened to the first 850 students in 2009.","Peterborough\n\nThe former public library on Broadway was funded by Scottish philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and opened in 1906; Carnegie was made first freeman of the city on the day of the opening ceremony.","Peterborough\n\nArts","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough enjoys a wide range of events including the annual East of England Show, Peterborough Festival and CAMRA beer festival, which takes place on the river embankment in late August.","Peterborough\n\nThe Key Theatre, built in 1973, is situated on the embankment, next to the River Nene. The theatre aims to provide entertainment, enlightenment and education by reflecting the rich culture Peterborough has to offer. The programme is made up of home-grown productions, national touring shows, local community productions and one-off concerts. There is disabled access, an infrared hearing system for the deaf and hard of hearing and there are also regular signed performances.","Peterborough\n\nIn 1937, the Odeon Cinema opened on Broadway, where it operated successfully for more than half a century. In 1991, the Odeon showed its last film to the public and was left to fall into a state of disrepair, until 1997, when a local entrepreneur purchased the building as part of a larger project, including a restaurant and art gallery. The Broadway, designed by Tim Foster Architects, was one of the largest theatres in the region and offered a selection of live entertainment, including music, comedy and films. In 2009, it was severely damaged by arsonists, resulting in closure when its insurers refused to pay the claim due to faulty fire detection systems. The Embassy Theatre, a large Art Deco building designed by David Evelyn Nye, also opened on Broadway in 1937. Nye was usually a cinema architect, and this was his only theatre. The Embassy was converted into a cinema in 1953, becoming the ABC and later the Cannon Cinema, before it was closed in 1989. Since 1996, the premises have been occupied by the Edwards bar chain.","Peterborough\n\nThe John Clare Theatre within the new central library, again on Broadway, is home to the Peterborough Film Society. One of the region's leading venues, the Cresset in Bretton, provides a wide range of events for the residents of the city and beyond, including theatre, comedy, music and dance. Peterborough has a 13-screen Showcase Cinema, an ice rink and two indoor swimming pools open to the general public. A diverse range of restaurants can be found throughout the city, including Chinese & Cantonese, Indian & Nepalese, Thai and many Italian restaurants. Peterborough has recently been used as the setting in popular literature: A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian by Marina Lewycka, A Spot of Bother by Mark Haddon and, the first in a projected series, Long Way Home, a debut novel by Eva Doran.","Peterborough\n\nSport","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough United Football Club, known as The Posh, has been the local football team since 1934. The ground is situated at London Road on the south bank of the River Nene. Peterborough United have a history of cup giant-killings. They set the record for the highest number of league goals (134, Terry Bly alone scoring 52) in the 1960-61 season, which was their first season in the Football League, in which they won the Fourth Division title. The club's highest finish position to date was tenth place in Division One, then the second tier of English football, in the 1992-93 season. Irish property developer Darragh MacAnthony was appointed chairman in 2006 and is now owner, having undertaken a lengthy purchase from Barry Fry who remains director of football, having also been manager of the club from 1996 to 2005. Peterborough also has two non-league football teams. Peterborough Northern Star FC, play at Chestnut Avenue, Dogsthorpe and compete in the United Counties League. Peterborough Sports FC play at Lincoln Road and compete one division below Peterborough Northern Star in the United Counties League.","Peterborough\n\nAs well as football, Peterborough has teams competing in rugby, cricket, hockey, ice hockey, rowing, athletics, American and Australian rules football. Although Cambridgeshire is not a first-class cricket county, Northamptonshire staged some home matches in the city between 1906 and 1974. Peterborough Town Cricket Club and the City of Peterborough Hockey Club compete at their shared ground in Westwood.","Peterborough\n\nAfter reforming in 2005, rugby union club Peterborough Lions RFC now compete in National League 3 Midlands. Meanwhile, the city's oldest rugby team, Peterborough RUFC, play at Second Drove (otherwise known as \"Fortress Fengate\"), and have struggled in recent seasons. Relegation in 2013/14 season, from Midlands 1 East, has been followed by a season in the lower-mid table of the Midlands 2 East (South).","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough City Rowing Club moved from its riverside setting to the current Thorpe Meadows location in 1983. The spring and summer regattas held there attract rowers and scullers from competing clubs all over the country. Every February the adjacent River Nene is host to the head of the river race, which again attracts hundreds of entries. Peterborough Athletic Club train and compete at the embankment athletics arena. In 2006, after 10 years, the Great Eastern Run returned to the racing calendar. Around 3,000 runners raced through the flat streets of Peterborough for the half-marathon, supported by thousands of spectators along the course.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough Phantoms are the city's ice hockey team, playing in the English Premier League at the East of England Ice Rink. Motorcycle speedway is also a popular sport in Peterborough, with race meetings held at the East of England Showground. The team, known as the Peterborough Panthers, have operated regularly in the Elite League. The Showground hosts the annual British Motorcycle Federation Rally each May. In 2009, Peterborough hosted one of the first rounds of the Tour Series, a new series of televised town and city centre cycling races. , the city has hosted a round of the Tour Series each year since, with the exception of 2013.","Peterborough\n\nMedia","Peterborough\n\nThere is a major radio transmitter at Morborne, approximately eight miles (13 km) west of Peterborough, for national FM radio (BBC Radios 1–4 and Classic FM) and BBC Radio Cambridgeshire. This facility includes a 154 metre (505 ft) high guyed radio mast which collapsed in 2004 after a fire and has since been re-built. Another transmission site at Gunthorpe in the north east of the city transmits AM/MW and local FM radio. The site is only 3 metres (10 ft) above sea level and has an 83 metre (270 ft) high active insulated guyed mast situated on it.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough is the largest city in the UK without any local radio of its own, although it is covered by four local radio stations and one regional station. Heart Cambridgeshire, the original independent local radio station launched as Hereward Radio in 1980 and becoming Heart Peterborough in 2009, still holds a large section of the market on 102.7 MHz but relocated to Cambridge in 2012, where it began sharing the localised programming (of mainly national output) with Heart Cambridge. Hereward's sister station, WGMS, was launched on the old 1332 kHz (225 meters) frequency in 1992; known as Classic Gold from 1994 to 2007, it is now part of Heart's sister Smooth Radio network, but has no programming made in Peterborough. Connect Radio (from 1999 to 2010, known as Lite FM), was the city's second commercial station on 106.8 MHz, but is now broadcast partly from Kettering and partly from Southend.","Peterborough\n\nRadio Cambridgeshire, the BBC local radio station, began broadcasting in 1992 on 95.7 MHz (and, originally, 1449 kHz) in the north of the county; it maintains a studio in Priestgate, having moved from Broadway in 2012. Kiss 105-108 is the regional station for the East of England, broadcasting, since 2006, on 107.7 MHz in Peterborough. NOW Peterborough is the local DAB multiplex; BBC National DAB and the national commercial multiplex, Digital One, are also available in the city. Peterborough is in the Anglia Television transmission area for Independent Television, with a small studio in the city (although it borders ITV Central). This is broadcast with BBC One and Two (East), Channel 4 and Channel 5 from Sandy Heath. The digital switchover in the East of England took place in 2011. Shopping channel Ideal World is broadcast nationwide on Freeview from studios in Newark Road, Fengate.","Peterborough\n\nThe Peterborough Telegraph (established 1948) is the city's newspaper, published on Thursdays and, until 2012, six days a week as the Evening Telegraph, with jobs, property, motors and entertainment supplements. The Telegraph is now owned by East Midlands Newspapers, part of Johnston Press of Edinburgh. Its website, Peterborough Today, is updated six days a week. The PT's sister paper, the Peterborough Citizen (1898), is a weekly paper delivered free to many homes in the city. The Peterborough Herald and Post (1989, a replacement for the Peterborough Standard, established 1872) ceased publication in 2008. The publisher Emap, which specialises in the production of magazines and the organisation of business events and conferences, traces its origins back to Peterborough in 1854. The 33rd Mayor of Peterborough, Sir Richard Winfrey JP, founder of what would become the East Midland Allied Press, was perhaps the last person to read the Riot Act in 1914.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough has been used as a location for various television programmes and films. The 1982 BBC production of The Barchester Chronicles was filmed largely in and around Peterborough. In 1983 opening scenes for the 13th 007 film, Octopussy, starring Sir Roger Moore, were filmed at Orton Mere. A music video for the song BreakThru by the band Queen was also shot on the preserved Nene Valley Railway in 1989. In 1995 Pierce Brosnan filmed train crash sequences for the 17th James Bond film, GoldenEye, at the former sugar beet factory. A scene for the film The Da Vinci Code was filmed at Burghley House during five weeks secret filming in 2006; and actor, Lee Marvin, found himself camping in Ferry Meadows during the filming of The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission in 1985. In October 2008 Hollywood returned to Wansford for the filming of the musical Nine, starring Penélope Cruz and Daniel Day-Lewis.","Peterborough\n\nLandmarks","Peterborough\n\nThe Cathedral Church of Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Andrew, whose statues look down from the three high gables of the West Front, was originally founded as a monastery in AD 655 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238. It has been the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough since the diocese was created in 1541, when the last abbot was made the first bishop and the abbot's house was converted into the episcopal palace. Peterborough Cathedral is one of the most intact large Norman buildings in England and is renowned for its imposing early English Gothic West Front which, with its three enormous arches, is without architectural precedent and with no direct successor. The cathedral has the distinction of having had two queens buried beneath its paving: Katherine of Aragon and Mary, Queen of Scots. The remains of Queen Mary were removed to Westminster Abbey by her son James I when he became King of England.Sweeting, Walter Debenham The Cathedral Church of Peterborough: A Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See (pp.3–35) G. Bell & Sons, London, 1898 ([http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13618 facsimile of the 1926 reprint of the 2nd ed.","Peterborough\n\nof Bell's Cathedrals] from Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 23 April 2007).","Peterborough\n\nThe general layout of Peterborough is attributed to Martin de Vecti who, as abbot from 1133 to 1155, rebuilt the settlement on dry limestone to the west of the monastery, rather than the often-flooded marshlands to the east. Abbot Martin was responsible for laying out the market place and the wharf beside the river. Peterborough's 17th-century Guildhall was built in 1671 by John Lovin, who also restored the bishop's palace shortly after the restoration of King Charles II. It stands on columns, providing an open ground floor for the butter and poultry markets which used to be held there. The Market Place was renamed Cathedral Square and the adjacent Gates Memorial Fountain moved to Bishop's Road Gardens in 1963, when the (then weekly) market was transferred to the site of the old cattle market.","Peterborough\n\nPeterscourt on City Road was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1864, housing St. Peter's Teacher Training College for men until 1938. The building is mainly listed for the 18th century doorway, brought from the London Guildhall following war damage. Nearby Tout Hill, the site of a castle bailey, is a scheduled monument. The city has a large Victorian park containing formal gardens, children's play areas, an aviary, bowling green, tennis courts, pitch and putt course and tea rooms. The park has been awarded the Green Flag Award, the national standard for parks and green spaces, by the Civic Trust. A Cross of Sacrifice was erected in Broadway cemetery by the Imperial War Graves Commission in the early 1920s. The Lido, a striking building with elements of art deco design, was opened in 1936 and is one of the few survivors of its type still in use.","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough Museum and Art Gallery, built in 1816, housed the city's first infirmary from 1857 to 1928. The museum has a collection of some 227,000 objects, including local archaeology and social history, from the products of the Roman pottery industry to Britain's oldest known murder victim; a collection of marine fossil remains from the Jurassic period of international importance; the manuscripts of John Clare, the \"Northamptonshire Peasant Poet\" as he was commonly known in his own time; and the Norman Cross collection of items made by French prisoners of war. These prisoners were kept at Norman Cross on the outskirts of Peterborough from 1797 to 1814, in what is believed to be the world's first purpose built prisoner of war camp. The art collection contains an impressive variety of paintings, prints and drawings dating from the 1600s to the present day. Peterborough Museum also holds regular temporary exhibitions, weekend events and guided tours.","Peterborough\n\nBurghley House to the north of Peterborough, near Stamford, was built and mostly designed by Sir William Cecil, later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign. The country house, with a park laid out by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown in the 18th century, is one of the principal examples of 16th-century English architecture. The estate, still home to his descendants, hosts the Burghley Horse Trials, an annual three-day event. Another Grade I listed building, Milton Hall near Castor, ancestral home of the Barons and later Earls Fitzwilliam, also dates from the same period. For two centuries following the restoration the city was a pocket borough of this family.","Peterborough\n\nThe John Clare Cottage in the village of Helpston was purchased by the John Clare Trust in 2005. The cottage, home of John Clare from his birth in 1793 until 1832, has been restored using traditional building methods to create a resource where visitors can learn about the poet, his works and how rural people lived in the early 19th century. The John Clare Cottage and Thorney Heritage Museum form part of the Greater Fens Museum Partnership, along with Peterborough Museum and Flag Fen.","Peterborough\n\nLongthorpe Tower, a 14th-century three-storey tower and fortified manor house in the care of English Heritage, is situated about 2 mi west of the city centre. It is a scheduled monument, and contains the finest and most complete set of domestic paintings of their period in northern Europe. Nearby Thorpe Hall is one of the few mansions built in the Commonwealth period. A maternity hospital from 1943 to 1970, it was acquired by the Sue Ryder Foundation in 1986 and is currently in use as a hospice.","Peterborough\n\nFlag Fen, the Bronze Age archaeological site, was discovered in 1982, when a team led by Dr Francis Pryor carried out a survey of dykes in the area. Probably religious, it comprises a large number of poles arranged in five long rows, connecting Whittlesey with Peterborough across the wet fenland. The museum exhibits many of the artefacts found, including what is believed to be the oldest wheel in Britain. An exposed section of the Roman road known as the Fen Causeway also crosses the site.","Peterborough\n\nThe Nene Valley Railway, which is now a 7.5-mile (12 km) heritage railway, was one of the last passenger lines to fall under the Beeching Axe in 1966, although it remained open for freight traffic until 1972. In 1974, the former development corporation bought the line, which runs from the city centre to Yarwell Junction just west of Wansford via Orton Mere and the 500 acre (202 ha) Ferry Meadows country park, and leased it to the Peterborough Railway Society. Railworld is a railway museum located beside Peterborough Nene Valley railway station.","Peterborough\n\nThe Nene Park, which opened in 1978, covers a site long, from slightly west of Castor to the centre of Peterborough. The park has three lakes, one of which houses a watersports centre. Ferry Meadows, one of the major destinations and attractions signposted on the Green Wheel, occupies a large portion of Nene Park. Orton Mere provides access to the east of the park.","Peterborough\n\nSouthey Wood, once included in the Royal Forest of Rockingham, is a mixed woodland maintained by the Forestry Commission between the villages of Upton and Ufford. Nearby, Castor Hanglands, Barnack Hills and Holes and Bedford Purlieus national nature reserves are each sites of special scientific interest. In 2002, the Hills and Holes, one of Natural England's 35 spotlight reserves, was designated a special area of conservation as part of the Natura 2000 network of sites throughout the European Union.","Peterborough\n\nNotable people","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough is the birthplace of many notable people, including Alex Whyte, international ice hockey superstar, the astronomer George Alcock, one of the most successful visual discoverers of novas and comets; John Clare, from Helpston, now considered to be one of the most important poets of the nineteenth century; artist, Christopher Perkins – brother of Frank; and Sir Henry Royce, 1st Baronet of Seaton, engineer and co-founder of Rolls-Royce. Physician, actor and author, \"Sir\" John Hill, credited with 76 separate works in the Dictionary of National Biography, the most valuable of which dealing with botany, is also said to have been born here. The socialist writer and illustrator, Frank Horrabin, who was born in the city, was elected its member of parliament in 1929.","Peterborough\n\nThe utilitarian philosopher, Dr Richard Cumberland, was 14th Lord Bishop of Peterborough from 1691 until his death in 1718; and Norfolk-born nurse and humanitarian, Edith Cavell, who received part of her education at Laurel Court in the Minster Precinct, is commemorated by a plaque in the Cathedral and by the name of the hospital. Two prominent historical figures were born locally, Hereward the Wake, an outlaw who led resistance to the Norman Conquest and now lends his name to several places and businesses in the city; and St. John Payne, one of the group of prominent Catholics martyred between 1535 and 1679 and later designated the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, who was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 and canonised with the other 39 by Pope Paul VI in 1970.","Peterborough\n\nMusicians include Sir Thomas Armstrong, organist, conductor and former principal of the Royal Academy of Music; Andy Bell, lead vocalist of the electronic pop duo Erasure; Barrie Forgie, leader of the BBC Big Band; Don Lusher, trombonist and former professor of the Royal College of Music and the Royal Marines School of Music; Paul Nicholas, actor and singer; Maxim Reality and Gizz Butt of dance act The Prodigy and Aston Merrygold of Brit Award-winning pop group JLS. Comedian Ernie Wise lived on Thorpe Avenue for many years, next door to Canadian baritone and actor Edmund Hockridge. Sir Jimmy Savile also lived in the city in the early 1990s.","Peterborough\n\nOther media personalities include actors Simon Bamford, known for the 'Hellraiser' franchise, Adrian Lyne, Oscar nominated director of Fatal Attraction, Oscar Jacques, known for playing Tom Tupper in the CBBC Series M.I. High, Luke Pasqualino, known for his roles in Skins and The Musketeers; television presenter, Sarah Cawood, who grew up in Maxey; BBC Formula One presenter, Jake Humphrey; football journalist and Talksport radio presenter, Adrian Durham; and the biologist, author and broadcaster, Prof. Brian J. Ford, who attended the King's School and still lives in Eastrea near Whittlesey. Local businessman, Peter Boizot, founder of the Pizza Express restaurant chain and Deputy Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, has supported the cultural and sporting life of Peterborough and received its highest accolade, the freedom of the city. The thalidomide victim Terry Wiles, subject of the 1979 film On Giant's Shoulders, was born in the city.","Peterborough\n\nIn the sporting world, Tottenham Hotspur and England footballer, David Bentley, was born in the city. Motorcycle racer, Craig Jones, lived in city until his death after a high-speed crash at Brands Hatch; as does Louis Smith, who at the 2008 games became Great Britain's first gymnast to win an individual Olympic medal in a century. Chelsea Football player, currently on loan at Vitesse Arnhem footballer Isaiah Brown, was born in Peterborough, before joining Leicester City and later West Bromwich Albion, becoming the second youngest player to play in the Premier League.","Peterborough\n\nGeography","Peterborough\n\nClimate","Peterborough\n\nAccording to the Köppen classification the British Isles experience a maritime climate characterised by relatively cool summers and mild winters. Compared with other parts of the country, East Anglia is slightly warmer and sunnier in the summer and colder and frostier in the winter. Owing to its inland position, furthest from the landfall of most Atlantic depressions, Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in the UK, receiving, on average, around 600 mm (2 ft) of rain per year. The Met Office weather station at Wittering, within the unitary authority of Peterborough, recorded a maximum temperature of on 1 July 2015. The lowest temperature in recent years was during February 2012.","Peterborough\n\nTopography","Peterborough\n\nEast Anglia is most notable for being almost flat. During the Ice Age much of the region was covered by ice sheets and this has influenced the topography and nature of the soils. Much of Cambridgeshire is low-lying, in some places below present-day mean sea level. The lowest point on land is supposedly just to the south of the city at Holme Fen, which is 2.75 metres (9 ft) below sea level. The largest of the many settlements along the Fen edge, Peterborough has been called the Gateway to the Fens. Before they were drained the Fens were liable to periodic flooding so arable farming was limited to the higher areas of the Fen edge, with the rest of the Fenland dedicated to pastoral farming. In this way, the mediaeval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of southern England, which was primarily arable. Since the advent of modern drainage in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the Fens have been radically transformed such that arable farming has almost entirely replaced pastoral.","Peterborough\n\nThe unitary authority extends north west to the settlements of Wothorpe and Wittering and east beyond Thorney into the Fens, and it includes the Ortons, south of the River Nene. It borders Northamptonshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and the Cambridgeshire districts of Fenland and Huntingdonshire to the south and east. The city centre is located at 52°35'N latitude 0°15'W longitude or Ordnance Survey national grid reference TL 185 998.","Peterborough\n\nUrban areas of the city\nTownships are in bold type. In addition to the surrounding villages, Bretton, Orton Longueville and Orton Waterville are parished. The city council also works closely with Werrington neighbourhood association which operates on a similar basis to a parish council.\nBretton – Dogsthorpe – Eastfield – Eastgate – Fengate – Fletton – Gunthorpe – The Hamptons – Longthorpe – Millfield – Netherton – Newark – New England – The Ortons – Parnwell – Paston – Ravensthorpe – Stanground – Walton – Werrington – West Town – Westwood – Woodston","Peterborough\n\nSurrounding villages in the district\nCivil parishes do not cover the whole of England and mostly exist in rural hinterland. They are usually administered by parish councils which have various local responsibilities.\nAilsworth – Bainton – Barnack – Borough Fen – Castor – Deeping Gate – Etton – Eye – Eye Green – Glinton – Helpston – Marholm – Maxey – Newborough – Northborough – Peakirk – Southorpe – St. Martin's Without – Sutton – Thorney – Thornhaugh – Ufford – Upton – Wansford – Wittering – Wothorpe","Peterborough\n\nThese are further arranged into 24 electoral wards for the purposes of local government. 15 wards comprise the Peterborough constituency for elections to the House of Commons, while the remaining nine fall within the North West Cambridgeshire constituency.","Peterborough\n\nLinguistics","Peterborough\n\nPeterborough lies in the middle of several distinct regional accent groups and as such has a hybrid of Fenland East Anglian, East Midland and London Estuary English features. The city falls just north of the A vowel isogloss and as such most native speakers will use the flat A, as found in cat, in words such as last. Yod-dropping is often heard from Peterborians, as in the rest of East Anglia, for example new as. However, the large number of newcomers has impacted greatly on the English spoken by the younger generation. Common so-called Estuary English features such as L-vocalisation, T glottalisation and Th-fronting give today's Peterborough accent a definite south-eastern sound.","Peterborough\n\nAffiliations","Peterborough\n\nTown twinning started in Europe after the Second World War. Its purpose was to promote friendship and greater understanding between the people of different European cities. A twinning link is a formal, long-term friendship agreement involving co-operation between two communities in different countries and endorsed by both local authorities. The two communities organise projects and activities addressing a range of issues and develop an understanding of historical, cultural, lifestyle similarities and differences. Peterborough is twinned with the following municipalities:","Peterborough\n\n* Alcalá de Henares, Spain (birthplace of Queen Katherine, 1986)\n* Bourges, France (1957) \n* Forlì, Italy (1981)\n* Viersen, Germany (1981)\n* Vinnytsia, Ukraine (1991)","Peterborough\n\nBourges and Forlì are also twinned with each other. The city also has more informal friendship links with Foggia, Italy; Kwe Kwe, Zimbabwe; Pécs, Hungary; and all Peterboroughs around the world. The county of Cambridgeshire has been twinned with Kreis Viersen, Germany since 1983."],"string":"[\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe River Nene or-see below) is a river in the east of England that rises from three sources in the county of Northamptonshire. The tidal river forms the border between Cambridgeshire and Norfolk for about . It is the tenth longest river in the United Kingdom, and is navigable for 88 mi from Northampton to The Wash.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nCourse\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe River Nene is the tenth longest river in the United Kingdom. From its source at Arbury Hill to Northampton the river falls a total of 300 ft in 17 mi. For the remainder of its course, the Nene falls less than 200 ft. It has a catchment area of 631 sqmi and a mean flow of 328 cuft per second. The final 88 mi from Northampton to the Wash is navigable.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe river's most westerly source can be found near the village of Badby near Daventry. On the eastern slope of Arbury Hill and in pools between Arbury Hill and Sharmans Hill there are three tributaries that converge at Dodford mill to form the upper reaches of the Daventry Nene. The two northern streams flow through the villages of Badby and Newnham to the convergence, whilst the southerly stream runs through Fawsley Park and through the village of Everdon before the convergence. From Dodford the river passes through the village of Weedon where it flows under the main west coast railway line, the Grand Union Canal, and Watling Street. A little west of Weedon the river converges with its tributary source from Yelvertoft from the north. This tributary, the Yelvertoft Nene, is formed from a great many streams. The river now flows towards Northampton, passing through Flore and Nether Heyford, where it is joined by small streams on either bank. A little past Bugbrooke Mill the Nene passes under the M1 motorway and falls over a weir towards Kislingbury.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nAnother tributary merges from the south at Kislingbury. The Nene's course is closely followed by the Grand Union Canal’s Northampton arm at Upton Mill.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nNorthampton\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nAt Upton Mill, another tributary, called Wooton Brook, joins the river from the south.\\nThe River Nene now approaches Northampton town from the west, passing between the southern suburbs of St. James (locally known as Jimmy's End), Cotton End and Far Cotton. The Nene’s third northern source, the Naseby Source or Brampton Nene, converges at the Carlsberg Brewery. This tributary flows through the north of Northampton where several streams join. Three of these streams supply water for reservoirs at Pitsford, Hollowell and Ravensthorpe, north of Northampton, before joining the Brampton Nene. At Cotton End, the Nene passes under South Bridge, then through Beckett's Park and past the disused and now demolished Northampton Power Station in the Nunn Mills area of the town on the south bank of the river opposite Midsummer Meadow on the north banks. Northampton Sea Cadets is based in Nunn Mills, and uses the river for the training of boating skills. Following the training schemes of the Royal Yachting Association (RYA), British Rowing (BR), and the British Canoe Union (BCU). A short way downstream a weir can divert some of the Nene's flow to supply the Nene Whitewater Centre.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe Nene Valley\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nFrom Northampton, the river flows along a broad valley, formed by the enormous amount of water released by the melting ice during the Ice Age, towards the east coast. The Nene now meanders through this wide, flat valley with flood plains, lakes, pools and mature gravel pits on either bank, a by-product of the large glacial deposits in the valley. At Great Billing is Billing Aquadrome, a popular caravan and camping park with leisure facilities and a funfair, which is based around the river and various mature gravel pits. The park is popular with fishermen and water skiers alike. The river's landscape is now dominated by mature gravel pit lakes. Some gravel extraction still takes place along the valley's basin. At Cogenhoe (pronounced 'cook-no' locally ) the river passes through a watermill. The mill is a red brick building built in the late nineteenth century, with a slate roof, from which all the machinery has been removed. Adjacent is a Mill House, built of coursed limestone rubble, and dated 1725. At Earls Barton the river again passes an area of mature gravel pit lakes and lock gates numbers 9 and 10.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nFurther on the river passes through Doddington Lock No 11 and the nearby Hardwater Watermill. This watermill, mentioned in the Domesday Book, has ground wheat into flour for almost 1000 years. Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, used the mill as a hiding place after escaping from Northampton Castle in 1164 and fleeing down the Nene to be sheltered by the miller before fleeing to France. The watermill ceased grinding flour after the Second World War. The present buildings date from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and have been converted into dwellings.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nWellingborough\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe river's course turns north easterly, passing the town of Wellingborough on its north bank and the village of Little Irchester to the south. At Wellingborough the river passes through Victoria Mills. Founded in 1886 by the Whitworth family, they are still run by the firm today, producing fine flours for the bakery trade. In front of the mill there remains a jetty from the days when the river was used for transportation of goods to and from the mills. A little further on the river is joined from the north by the River Ise. On the opposite bank are the remains of the Roman town of Irchester. The river now passes under a viaduct that carries the Midland Main Line which links London St. Pancras International to Sheffield Midland station in northern England via Luton, Bedford, Kettering, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham and Chesterfield.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nPassing Irthlingborough on its north western bank, the Nene now flows past Nene Park, the former ground of Rushden and Diamonds Football Club. Further on the river is crossed by the disused track bed of the Northampton and Peterborough Railway which was constructed in 1845. The river is now characterised by large curving meanders passing the villages of Little Addington Great Addington and Denford.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThrapston\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nAt Denford the river divides into two channels, one of which is used for navigation. The channels approach the town of Thrapston, passing under two adjacent viaducts. One carries the busy A14 trunk road; the other carries the disused railway track bed. Between the town of Thrapston and the village of Islip, the Nene is spanned by a low nine-arched bridge. Just north of Thrapston the river forms part of the 73 ha of Titchmarsh Nature Reserve. The reserve, designated in 1989, consists of two lakes, a woodland, river banks and areas of grass and scrub in which some ponds have been dug. The reserve is operated by Northamptonshire County Council, with the approval of the Nature Conservancy Council. At Aldwincle another tributary, called Harpers Brook, joins the Nene from the north west. Harpers Brook flows between gravel pit lagoons before converging with the river. The river flows south of Oundle passing Barnwell Country Park and [http://oundlemarina.com/localinfo.html Oundle Marina] under a bridge of the A605 road. At , the Romans bridged the river with Ermine Street in the first century. Between Oundle marina and Peterborough the Nene falls towards Peterborough, navigation passing through 11 locks on the way.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nPeterborough\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nHaving passed among the gentle hills of Northamptonshire the river enters the rural part of the City of Peterborough, passing the Nene Valley Railway and through the Nene Valley Country Park. Half a mile upstream of the city centre is Woodston Wharf—the site of the old sea lock—originally the extent of the tidal River Nene until the Dog in a Doublet lock at Whittlesey was opened in 1937. To the east of Peterborough city centre a branch of the river passes under the former Great Eastern Railway, now connected to the main East Coast main line and running through to Cambridge via Whittlesey and Ely. This branch terminates, for navigation, at Stanground Lock, a connection to the Middle Levels, the drainage system of the Fens through which access is possible to the River Great Ouse. Below Peterborough, the river forms the border between Cambridgeshire and Norfolk for about .\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nContinuing downstream leads to the impressive 'Embankment' area and after the cathedral city itself, passing through Whittlesey the landscape changes to the Nene Washes in The Fens and their vast horizons. Beyond Flag Fen the river flows through Wisbech, then Sutton Bridge in Lincolnshire, and it finally enters The Wash between two towers known as \\\"the lighthouses\\\".\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe Nene links the Grand Union Canal to the River Great Ouse, via the Middle Level Navigations. Much of its route has been upgraded to a wide canal with locks at regular intervals. Some sections where artificial cuts run adjacent to the course of the river are known as the \\\"Nene Navigation\\\".\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nOrigins of the Name\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nPronunciation of the river's name varies with the locality. In Northamptonshire it is usually, and around Peterborough usually. The spelling was \\\"Nenn\\\" (as seen in Cole-Roper's 1810 engraving) or \\\"Nyn\\\" until the beginning of the 20th century, and the point at which the pronunciation changes has been moving further inland for many years; the current edition of the Imray \\\"Map Of The River Nene\\\" suggests that the cut-off point is Thrapston.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThere is no certain etymology for the name. It has been suggested that it is Celtic: certainly many major rivers in England show pre-Anglo-Saxon origins, such as the Ouse and Avon; the same name appears in the 'Neen', the former name of the river Rea in Shropshire, which is retained in the hamlet of Neen Savage. A.D. Mills however considers the name 'obscure' and suggests that it may even be pre-Celtic.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe river gave its name to the former Nene College of Higher Education in Northampton, now the University of Northampton, and also to the Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine, Rolls-Royce's practice being to name their gas turbine designs after British rivers. This may also be linked to the fact that Sir Henry Royce was born in Alwalton, a village which is by the river Nene near Peterborough.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nNavigation\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe Nene is navigable from just above its junction with the Northampton Arm of the Grand Union Canal to the sea. Most leisure use is between Northampton and Peterborough, where it makes a junction with the Middle Level Navigations at Stanground Sluice, which give access to the Bedfordshire River Ouse. There is no longer any significant commercial traffic.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nAbove Peterborough\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe first recorded attempts to improve the upper river for navigation occurred in 1567 and 1606, when the people of Northampton commissioned surveys. In 1653, a printed pamphlet suggested that 33 locks to bypass the mills could be built for £8,000, to make the river navigable. Eventually, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1713, which appointed large numbers of Commissioners, but stated that work could only proceed if any nine of them could find someone to make the entire river navigable. No-one was prepared to take on the task, although it appears from the Act that the river was navigable from Peterborough to Alwalton at the time. The Act was superseded by a second one obtained in 1724, which allowed the river to be improved in stages, the work to be carried out at the contractor's expense, with the cost to be recouped from tolls. Robert Wright and Thomas Squire agreed to these terms for the section from Peterborough to the bridge at Oundle North in September 1726, and completed the work by 1730. Squire then agreed to the same terms for the next section to Thrapston in 1736, and completed it by late 1737.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThis part of the river was then designated as the Eastern Division.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nA failure to find anyone prepared to work on the Western Division from Thrapston to Northampton resulted in a third Act being obtained in 1756, which allowed the Commissioners to borrow money to finance the work. Lenders would become Proprietors of the Navigation, and the work was to begin at Thrapston and extend the navigable section towards Northampton. It took the Commissioners two years to agree who should carry out the work, but on 22 June 1758, John Smith jnr from Attercliffe, Yorkshire was contracted to construct 20 pound locks, 20 horse haling bridges and various other works at a cost of £14,070. The river opened to navigation in stages over the next three years, with a great celebration being held at Northampton on 7 August 1761 when the work was completed.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe proprietors had the right to use tolls as they saw fit, and the Commissioners found that they had no powers to ensure the navigation was maintained in good order. They obtained another Act of Parliament in 1794, which aimed to rectify the situation, but it was not until 1801 that Thomas Wright replied to their requests, and some repairs were made. There was little traffic and income from tolls was low, at just £488 per year between 1801 and 1804. The Commissioners were also keen to see a link constructed from Northampton to the Grand Junction Canal, but the canal company argued that there was an insufficient supply of water. It was agreed that a link would be built in two halves, but that there would be 1 mi of railway in the middle. When built, the canal company constructed the entire link as a railway, which opened in 1805. In a bid to get a navigable link, the Commissioners opposed the bill to build a link between the Grand Junction Canal and the Old Union Canal, but relented when they had a firm agreement that a navigable link to Northampton would be built.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe link cost £35,000, was supervised by Benjamin Bevan, and was built between 1812 and 1815. It was nearly 5 mi long, and dropped 107 ft through 17 locks.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nTolls rose to a little over £1,000 per year, but the Commissioners decided that the canal boats damaged the locks, and all traffic had to be transferred to river barges. This order was withdrawn in 1827, but the condition of the river gradually deteriorated, and the arrival of the Blisworth to Peterborough Railway in 1845 further reduced profitability. Flooding was also a problem, but the Commissioners had no powers to act as Commissioners of Sewers, to address the problems of drainage. With serious flooding in December 1848, a public meeting was held, and a committee was elected to consider Nene drainage. The main problem was a restriction at Wisbech, and the engineer James Rendel estimated that £120,000 was required to reconstruct the river below Peterborough. The Nene Valley Drainage and Improvement Act was obtained in 1852, to allow this work to be completed.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nBelow Peterborough\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nBelow Peterborough, the river meandered to Tydd Gote, where it shared an outfall to the Wash with the River Great Ouse. Once the latter was diverted to King's Lynn in 1236, the Nene outfall deteriorated. Navigation was improved in the 1470s when Morton's Leam, a straight channel between Peterborough and Wisbech, was constructed by Bishop Morton. It was improved in 1570 and 1631, and was largely superseded by Smith's Leam, a straight cut from Peterborough to Guyhirn made by the Bedford Level Corporation in 1728. In order to improve the mouth of the river, which followed a tortuous route through salt marshes, the construction of a new channel was proposed by Nathaniel Kinderley, and work started on it in 1721. It was nearly completed when Wisbech Corporation's support turned to opposition, and they destroyed the work. The cut was eventually completed in 1773, but was not long enough to be a complete success.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nVarious proposals for improvements near Wisbech were made, notably in 1814 by John Rennie and again in 1821 by Thomas Telford, but all were opposed by Wisbech Corporation. An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1827 to enable the works and Wisbech contributed £30,000 to the project. The contractors for the new cut below Wisbech were Jolliffe and Banks, who charged £149,259 for the channel. Once the old channel was dammed up, the tidal scour in the new channel was sufficient to remove silt deposits, and large volumes of stone were needed to stabilise the banks. The effects on the port of Wisbech were immediate, with tonnage rising from 63,180 tons in 1830 to 159,678 tons in 1845.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe 1852 Drainage and Improvement Act gave the Commissioners wide powers to manage the river, but created an administrative structure that was too complex to be workable. With the river in a poor state, James Rendel was appointed as engineer, and began dredging the channel and raising the banks, which cost £124,000. Another Act of Parliament was obtained in 1854, to allow the Commissioners to borrow £325,000 to pay for the work. A new iron swing bridge was built in Wisbech, to replace a narrow stone bridge which restricted the flow of the river, and although it was tested on installation, it was not operated subsequently. Dams across the river were built at Waldersea and Guyhirn, and an underwater weir was constructed below the bridge at Wisbech. Wisbech Corporation took the Commissioners to court in 1859 for obstructing the river, and when an initial judgement was made in their favour, gangs of men destroyed most of the Waldersea dam overnight. An appeal to the Court of Chancery by the Commissioners also failed, and the dams were removed, as was the Wisbech weir, after an accident involving a train of lighters.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nNavigation was always hampered by the Northey Gravel shoal near Dog-in-a-Doublet. Together with a sluice, this prevented salt water from entering the Thorney River, and the Duke of Bedford had obtained an injunction in 1865 to prevent interference with it. An appeal to have the injunction removed in 1880 failed. A dock covering 13 acre was built at Sutton Bridge at this time, but the outer wall collapsed on 9 June 1881, a few days before it was officially opened, and the estimated repair costs of £160,000 resulted in the project failing. Sporadic traffic managed to use the river, but its condition continued to deteriorate.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nReconstruction\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nBy the time the Nene Catchment Board took control of the river, as a result of the passing of the Land Drainage Act (1930), the river was \\\"in unparalleled decay and dilapidation\\\". They rebuilt all of the locks, and replaced the remaining staunches with locks. A new lock and sluice were built at Dog-in-a-Doublet, to prevent salt water passing up the river, and to maintain water levels to Peterborough. The Thorney River was closed for navigation, arrangements were made for the supply of fresh water to the Thorney Estate, and the Northey Gravel shoal was blown up with dynamite. The banks of the river at Wisbech were protected with piling for a distance of 2 mi, and a new quay was built. The benefits of the new works were proved in the floods of 1947, when land bordering the Nene was not inundated.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThe new locks resulted in some commercial traffic returning to the river. The port of Wisbech can handle ships up to 260 by long and with a draught of 17 ft, and remains a commercial port in 2009. It also caters for smaller boats, with a major expansion of the facilities at the yacht harbour completed in May 2000.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nOperation\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nThere are canal locks at fairly regular intervals which will accommodate boats up to 78 by, with a draught of 4 ft, although most of the boats on the upper river are canal-type narrowboats and river cruisers. Below Peterborough, boats are restricted by the size of Dog in a Doublet lock, which is 130 by with draught, while below Wisbech, small ships can be accommodated. All but a handful of the locks have conventional mitre gates at the upstream end and a single vertically lifting guillotine gate at the downstream end. This arrangement permits the use of the locks as additional weirs in time of flood, when the mitre gates are chained open and the guillotines lifted to allow the water to flow straight through. This precludes navigation at these times.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nTraditionally the guillotines were manually operated by turning a large wheel some 150 times to raise or lower the gate; since the locks have to be left empty this operation will always have to be done twice to pass through. In recent years the Environment Agency, who are the navigation authority for the river, have been installing electric operation of the guillotines and in some cases replacing them altogether with mitre gates.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nEaster 1998 floods\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nOn 8 and 9 April 1998 constant torrential rain caused flooding across large parts of the English Midlands. On Good Friday, 10 April 1998, the floods peaked and many rivers burst their banks. The Nene was badly affected, flooding low-lying parts of Northampton, Wellingborough, Earls Barton and other settlements on its banks. The town centre of Northampton lies on the northern slope of the Nene Valley and escapes the river's flooding. However, the Cotton End, Far Cotton and St. James End areas of the town occupy the flood plain and have borne the brunt of severe flooding over the years, culminating in the 1998 Easter floods. In 2002, a siren warning system was installed in Northampton to warn residents in the event of further flooding, and embankments and flood walls were bolstered to protect the town. In Kislingbury village, a flood alleviation scheme was completed in 2004.\",\n \"River Nene\\n\\nIn 2007, the British Government announced it would spend £6 million on flood defences at Upton Mill in the west of Northampton; wetland areas and embankments were to be constructed along the river.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with a population measured as 183,631 in 2011. Historically part of Northamptonshire, for ceremonial purposes it now falls within the county of Cambridgeshire. Situated 75 mi north of London, the city stands on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea approximately 30 mi to the north-east. The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The unitary authority borders Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and non-metropolitan Cambridgeshire to the south and east.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe local topography is flat and in some places lies below sea level, for example in the Fens that lie to the east of Peterborough. Human settlement in the area began before the Bronze Age, as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre also with evidence of Roman occupation. The Anglo-Saxon period saw the establishment of a monastery, Medeshamstede, which later became Peterborough Cathedral.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture. Following the Second World War, growth was limited until designation as a New Town in the 1960s. Housing and population are expanding and a £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding area is underway. In common with much of the United Kingdom, industrial employment has fallen, with a significant proportion of new jobs in financial services and distribution.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nHistory\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\n;Etymology\\nThe town's name changed to Burgh from the late tenth century, possibly after Abbot Kenulf had built a defensive wall around the abbey, and eventually developed into the form Peterborough; the town does not appear to have been a borough until the 12th century. The contrasting form Gildenburgh is also found in the 12th century history of the abbey, the Peterborough version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (see Peterborough Chronicle below) and in a history of the abbey by the monk Hugh Candidus.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nEarly history\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPresent-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its site where the Nene leaves large areas of permanently drained land for the fens. Remains of Bronze Age settlement and what is thought to be religious activity can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the city centre. The Romans established a fortified garrison town at Durobrivae on Ermine Street, five miles (8 km) to the west in Water Newton, around the middle of the 1st century AD. Durobrivae's earliest appearance among surviving records is in the Antonine Itinerary of the late 2nd century. There was also a large 1st century Roman fort at Longthorpe, designed to house half a legion, or about 3,000 soldiers; it may have been established as early as around AD 44–48. Peterborough was an important area of ceramic production in the Roman period, providing Nene Valley Ware that was traded as far away as Cornwall and the Antonine Wall, Caledonia.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough is shown by its original name Medeshamstede to have possibly been an Anglian settlement before AD 655, when Saxwulf founded a monastery on land granted to him for that purpose by Peada of Mercia, who converted to Christianity and was briefly ruler of the smaller Middle Angles sub-group. His brother Wulfhere murdered his own sons, similarly converted and then finished the monastery by way of atonement.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nHereward, the outlaw, wake or exile, set off with supporters from his exile in Flanders and rampaged through the town in 1069 or 1070. Outraged, Abbot Turold erected a fort or castle, which, from his name, was called Mont Turold: this mound, or hill, is on the outside of the deanery garden, now called Tout Hill, although in 1848 Tot-hill or Toot Hill. Scheduled Ancient Monument: Touthill and site of castle bailey The abbey church was rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the 12th century.Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, The English Cathedral, New Holland (2002) ISBN 1-84330-120-2 The Peterborough Chronicle, a version of the Anglo-Saxon one, contains unique information about the history of England after the Norman conquest, written here by monks in the 12th century. This is the only known prose history in English between the conquest and the later 14th century. The burgesses received their first charter from \\\"Abbot Robert\\\" – probably Robert of Sutton (1262–1273).Chisholm, Hugh (ed.) Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) vol.21 Cambridge University Press, 1911 (text in the public domain).\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe place suffered materially in the war between John I and the confederate barons, many of whom took refuge in the monastery here and in Crowland Abbey, from which sanctuaries they were forced by the king's soldiers, who plundered the religious houses and carried off great treasures. The abbey church became one of Henry VIII's retained, more secular, cathedrals in 1541, having been assessed at the Dissolution (in the King's Books) as having revenue at £1,972.7.¾ per annum.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nWhen civil war broke out, Peterborough was divided between supporters of King Charles I (Cavaliers) and supporters of the Long Parliament (Roundheads). The city lay on the border of the Eastern Association of counties which sided with Parliament, and the war reached Peterborough in 1643 when soldiers arrived in the city to attack Royalist strongholds at Stamford and Crowland. The Royalist forces were defeated within a few weeks and retreated to Burghley House, where they were captured and sent to Cambridge. While the Parliamentary soldiers were in Peterborough, however, they ransacked the cathedral, destroying the Lady Chapel, chapter house, cloister, high altar and choir stalls, as well as mediaeval decoration and records.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nHousing and sanitary improvements were effected under the provisions of an Act of Parliament passed in 1790 and an act to build a gaol to replace the two that previously stood, was passed in 1839. After the dissolution the dean and chapter, who succeeded the abbot as lords of the manor, appointed a high bailiff and the constables and other borough officers were elected at their court leet; but this ended when the municipal borough was incorporated in 1874 under the government of a mayor, six aldermen and eighteen councillors. Among the privileges claimed by the abbot as early as the 13th century was that of having a prison for felons taken in the Soke of Peterborough. In 1576 Bishop Edmund Scambler sold the lordship of the hundred of Nassaburgh, which was coextensive with the Soke, to Queen Elizabeth I, who gave it to Lord Burghley, and from that time until the 19th century he and his descendants, the Earls and Marquesses of Exeter, had a separate gaol for prisoners arrested in the Soke. The abbot formerly held four fairs, of which two, St.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeter's Fair, granted in 1189 and later held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday in July, and the Brigge Fair, granted in 1439 and later held on the first Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in October, were purchased by the corporation from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1876. The Bridge Fair, as it is now known, granted to the abbey by King Henry VI, survives. Prayers for the opening of the fair were once said at the morning service in the cathedral, followed by a civic proclamation and a sausage lunch at the town hall which still takes place. The mayor traditionally leads a procession from the town hall to the fair where the proclamation is read, asking all persons to \\\"behave soberly and civilly, and to pay their just dues and demands according to the laws of the realm and the rights of the City of Peterborough\\\".\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nModern history\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nRailway lines began operating locally during the 1840s, but it was the 1850 opening of the Great Northern Railway's main line from London to York that transformed Peterborough from a market town to an industrial centre. Lord Exeter had opposed the railway passing through Stamford, so Peterborough, situated between two main terminals at London and Doncaster, increasingly developed as a regional hub.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nCoupled with vast local clay deposits, the railway enabled large-scale brick-making and distribution to take place. The area was the UK's leading producer of bricks for much of the twentieth century. Brick-making had been a small seasonal craft since the early nineteenth century, but during the 1890s successful experiments at Fletton using the harder clays from a lower level had resulted in a much more efficient process. The market dominance during this period of the London Brick Company, founded by the prolific Scottish builder and architect John Cathles Hill, gave rise to some of the country's most well-known landmarks, all built using the ubiquitous Fletton Brick. Perkins Engines was established in Peterborough in 1932 by Frank Perkins, creator of the Perkins diesel engine. Thirty years later it employed more than a tenth of the population of Peterborough, mainly at Eastfield. Baker Perkins had relocated from London to Westwood, now the site of HM Prison Peterborough, in 1903, followed by Peter Brotherhood to Walton in 1906; both manufacturers of industrial machinery, they too became major employers in the city. British Sugar remains headquartered in Woodston, although the beet sugar factory, which opened there in 1926, was closed in 1991.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nFounded at the Corn Exchange in 1860, Norwich and Peterborough (N&P) was the ninth largest building society at the time of its merger into the Yorkshire Group in 2011. N&P continues to operate under its own brand administered at Lynch Wood. Until it merged with the Midlands Co-op in 2013, Anglia Regional, the UK's fifth largest co-operative society, was also based in Peterborough, where it was established in 1876. The combined society began trading as Central England Co-operative in 2014.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nDesignated a New Town in 1967, Peterborough Development Corporation was formed in partnership with the city and county councils to house London's overspill population in new townships sited around the existing urban area. There were to be four townships, one each at Bretton (originally to be called Milton, a hamlet in the Middle Ages), Orton, Paston/ Werrington and Castor. The last of these was never built, but a fourth, called Hampton, is now taking shape south of the city. It was decided that the city should have a major indoor shopping centre at its heart. Planning permission was received in late summer 1976 and Queensgate, containing over 90 stores and including parking for 2,300 cars, was opened by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in 1982. 34 miles (55 km) of urban roads were planned and a network of high-speed landscaped thoroughfares, known as parkways, was constructed.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough's population grew by 45.4% between 1971 and 1991. New service-sector companies like Thomas Cook and Pearl Assurance were attracted to the city, ending the dominance of the manufacturing industry as employers. An urban regeneration company named Opportunity Peterborough, under the chairmanship of Lord Mawhinney, was set up by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister in 2005 to oversee Peterborough's future development. Between 2006 and 2012 a £1 billion redevelopment of the city centre and surrounding areas was planned. The master plan provides guidelines on the physical shaping of the city centre over the next 15–20 years. Proposals are still progressing for the north of Westgate, the south bank and the station quarter, where Network Rail is preparing a major mixed use development.[http://www.gpp-peterborough.org.uk/regions/documents/ThePlanforPeterboroughCityCentreFebruary2005.pdf The Plan for Peterborough City Centre] Peterborough City Council, East of England Development Agency and English Partnerships, February 2005. Whilst recognising that the reconfiguration of the relationship between the city and station was critical, English Heritage found the current plans for Westgate unconvincing and felt more thought should be given to the vitality of the historic core.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nWith the city expanding, in July 2005 the council adopted a new statutory development plan. Its aim is to accommodate an additional 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people living in Peterborough by 2020. The newly developing Hampton township will be completed, there will be a 1,500-home development at Stanground and a further 1,200-home development at Paston.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAdministration\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPolitics\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe city formed a parliamentary borough returning two members from 1541, with the rest of the Soke being part of Northamptonshire parliamentary county. The Great Reform Act did not affect the borough, although the remaining, rural portion of the Soke was transferred to the northern division of Northamptonshire. In 1885, the borough's representation was reduced to one member, and in 1918, the boundaries were adjusted to include the whole Soke. The serving member for Peterborough is the Conservative, Stewart Jackson MP, who defeated Labour's Helen Clark in the 2005 general election. In 1997, the North West Cambridgeshire constituency was formed, incorporating parts of the city and neighbouring Huntingdonshire. The serving member is the Conservative, Shailesh Vara MP, who succeeded Sir Brian Mawhinney, former Secretary of State for Transport and Chairman of the Conservative Party, in 2005. Dr Mawhinney, who had previously served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979, was created Baron Mawhinney of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire later that year. Peterborough and North West Cambridgeshire are included in the East of England constituency for elections to the European Parliament.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe East of England currently elects seven MEPs, using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation, in common with all seats in England, Scotland and Wales.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nLocal government\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nFrom 1889, the ancient Soke of Peterborough formed an administrative county in its own right with boundaries similar, although not identical, to the current unitary authority. The area however remained geographically part of Northamptonshire until 1965, when the Soke was merged with Huntingdonshire to form the county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Following a review of local government in 1974, Huntingdon and Peterborough was abolished and the current district created by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Peterborough with Peterborough Rural District, Barnack Rural District, Thorney Rural District, Old Fletton Urban District and part of the Norman Cross Rural District, which had each existed since 1894. This became part of the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire. Letters patent were granted continuing the status of city over the greater area. In 1998, the city became autonomous of Cambridgeshire county council as a unitary authority, but it continues to form part of that county for ceremonial purposes. The leader and cabinet model of decision-making, first adopted by the city council in 2001, is similar to national government.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPolicing in the city remains the responsibility of Cambridgeshire Constabulary; and firefighting, the responsibility of Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service. Nowadays the Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, one of few of its kind, effectively functions as a retained fire station. The Royal Anglian Regiment serves as the county regiment for Cambridgeshire. Peterborough formed its first territorial army unit, the 6th Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, in 1860.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nHealth service\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAs part of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Clinical Commissioning Group became the main commissioner of health services in the city. Adult social care functions of NHS Peterborough transferred back to the city council in 2012 and public health transferred in 2013. The responsibility of guided primary care services (general practitioners, dentists, opticians and pharmacists) transferred to NHS England. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough is one of the biggest CCGs in the country with 108 GP practices, over 800 GPs and a budget of £854 million in 2013/14. The CCG is made up of eight local commissioning groups: Borderline, Peterborough, Cam Health, CATCH, Hunts Health, Hunts Care Partners, Isle of Ely and Wisbech. Both Peterborough (over 107,000 registered patients) and Borderline (over 137,000 registered patients) local commissioning groups have GP practices within the unitary authority area.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPreviously, NHS Peterborough (the public-facing name of Peterborough Primary Care Trust) guided primary care services in the city, directly provided adult social care and services in the community such as health visiting and physiotherapy and also funded hospital care and other specialist treatments. Prior to the forming of the PCT, the North West Anglia Healthcare NHS Trust provided health functions within the city and before that, Peterborough Health Authority.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust became one of the first ten English NHS foundation trusts in 2004. Although a £300 million health investment plan has seen the transfer of the city's two hospitals into a single site, Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has been plagued by financial problems since the move. The full planning application for the redevelopment of the former Edith Cavell Hospital was approved by the council in 2006. Planning permission for the development of an integrated care centre on the site of the former Fenland Wing at Peterborough District Hospital was granted in 2003. The City Care Centre finally opened in 2009 and the first patients were treated at the new Peterborough City Hospital in 2010. The private Fitzwilliam Hospital run by Ramsay Health Care UK is situated in the landscaped grounds of the Milton Estate. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, a designated University of Cambridge teaching trust, provides services to those who suffer from mental health problems. Following merger of the Cambridgeshire, then East Anglian Ambulance Services, the East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust is responsible for the provision of statutory emergency medical services (EMS) in Peterborough.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe East Anglian Air Ambulance provides helicopter EMS across the region.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPublic utilities\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe council's budget for the financial year 2015/16 is £437.2 million.[https://www.peterborough.gov.uk/upload/www.peterborough.gov.uk/council/council-tax/CouncilTaxSummary20152016.pdf?inline\\ntrue Council Tax Summary and A–Z Guide] Peterborough City Council, 1 April 2015. The main source of non-school funding is the formula grant, which is paid by central government to local authorities based on the services they provide. This has been reduced by nearly 40% during the course of the 2010-15 parliament. The remainder, to which the police and fire authorities (and parish council where this exists) set a precept, is raised from council tax and business rates. This amounts to £59.5 million in 2015/16. Mains water and sewerage services are provided by Anglian Water, a former nationalised industry and natural monopoly, privatised in 1989 and now regulated by OFWAT.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nFollowing deregulation, the consumer has a choice of energy supplier. Electricity was formerly provided by Eastern Electricity, which was privatised in 1990. In 2002, the supply business was sold to Powergen (now E.ON UK) and the distribution rights to EDF Energy who sold them to UK Power Networks in 2010. Natural gas was (and still is) supplied by British Gas, which was privatised in 1986; distribution (and gas and electricity transmission) is the responsibility of the National Grid, having been demerged as Transco in 1997. These industries are regulated by OFGEM. Peterborough Power Station is a 367 MWe gas-fired plant in Fengate operated by Centrica Energy.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nBritish Telecommunications, privatised in 1984, provides fixed ADSL enabled (8 Mbit/s) telephone lines. Local loop unbundling, giving other internet service providers direct access, is completed at four out of 12 exchanges. The city is cabled by Virgin Media (previously Peterborough Cablevision, Cable and Wireless and NTL). These businesses are regulated by OFCOM. Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council are embarking on a superfast broadband project to deliver access to improved connectivity to areas where it is acknowledged that the market is unlikely to deliver.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nEconomy\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nRegeneration\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough has a history of successful economic growth and continues to act as an attractor for investment and an engine of growth. The overarching ambition is to achieve sustainable growth, which can be maintained without creating significant economic problems.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe city has experienced an economic boom compared to the rest of the country, believed in part to be due to the regeneration plan which ran to 2012. In 2005, growth was on average 5.5%, whilst in Peterborough it was 6.9%, the highest in the UK. The city has also led in business population growth, with a 3.78% increase between April and September 2006, according to Royal Mail's Business Barometer.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nFigures plotting growth from 1995 to 2004, revealed that Peterborough had become the most successful economy among unitary authorities in the East of England. They also revealed that the city's economy had grown faster than the regional average and any other economy in the region. It has a strong economy in the environmental goods and services sector and has the largest cluster of environmental businesses in the UK.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nIn 1994, Peterborough was designated one of four environment cities in the UK and it is now working to become the country's acknowledged environment capital. Peterborough Environment City Trust, an independent charity, was set up at the same time to work towards this goal, delivering projects promoting healthier and sustainable living in the city. The council and regional development agency have taken advice on regeneration issues from a number of internationally recognised experts, including Benjamin Barber (formerly an adviser to President Bill Clinton), Jan Gustav Strandenaes (United Nations adviser on environmental issues) and Patama Roorakwit (a Thai \\\"community architect\\\").Salman, Saba [http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/oct/08/regeneration.peterborough \\\"The civic engineer\\\"], The Guardian, London and Manchester, 8 October 2008.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nEmployment\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAccording to the 2001 census, the workplace population of 90,656 is divided into 60,118 people who live in Peterborough and 30,358 people who commute in. A further 13,161 residents commute out of the city to work. Earnings in Peterborough are lower than average. Median earnings for full-time workers were £11.93 per hour in 2014, less than the regional median for the East of England of £13.62 and the median hourly rate of £13.15 for Great Britain as a whole. As part of the government's M11 corridor, Peterborough is committed to creating 17,500 jobs with the population growing to 200,000 by 2020.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nFuture employment will also be created through the plan for the city centre launched by the council in 2003. Predictions of the levels and types of employment created were published in 2005. These include 1,421 jobs created in retail; 1,067 created in a variety of leisure and cultural developments; 338 in three hotels; and a further 4,847 jobs created in offices and other workspaces. Recent relocations of large employers include both Tesco (1,070 employees) and Debenhams (850 employees) distribution centres. A further 2,500 jobs are to be created in the £140 million Gateway warehouse and distribution park. This is expected to compensate for the 6,000 job losses as a result of the decline in manufacturing, anticipated in a report cited by the cabinet member for economic growth and regeneration in 2006.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nWith traditionally low levels of unemployment, Peterborough is a popular destination for workers and has seen significant growth through migration since the post-war period. The leader of the council said in August 2006 that he believed that 80% of the 65,000 people who had arrived in East Anglia from the states that joined the European Union in 2004 were living in Peterborough. To help cope with this influx, the council put forward plans to construct an average of 1,300 homes each year until 2021. Demand for short term employees remains high and the market supports up to 20 high street recruitment agencies at any given time. Peterborough Trades Council, formed in 1898, is affiliated to the Trades Union Congress.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nTransport\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line, 45–50 minutes' journey time from central London, with high-speed intercity services from King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley operated by the Virgin Trains East Coast at around a 20-minute frequency, and slower commuter services terminating at Peterborough operated by Great Northern. It is a major railway junction where a number of cross-country routes converge. East Midlands Trains operates the Peterborough to Lincoln Line and a route from Norwich to Liverpool Lime Street via the main line north of Peterborough, CrossCountry operates the Birmingham to Peterborough Line through to Cambridge and Stansted Airport while Abellio Greater Anglia operates the Ely to Peterborough Line with a service to Ipswich. Peterborough has a business airport with a paved runway at Holme and a recreational airfield hosting a parachute school at Sibson.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe River Nene, made navigable from the port at Wisbech to Northampton by 1761, passes through the city centre and a green viaduct carries the railway over the river. It was built in 1847 by William Cubitt and Joseph Cubitt, who was more famous for his bridges in Australia, India and South America. Apart from some minor repairs in 1910 and 1914 (the steel bands and cross braces around the fluted legs) the bridge remains as he built it. Now a listed structure, it is the oldest surviving cast iron railway bridge in the UK. By the Town Bridge, the Customs House, built in the early eighteenth century, is a visible reminder of the city's past function as an inland port. The Environment Agency navigation starts at the junction with the Northampton arm of the Grand Union Canal and extends for 91 miles (147 km) ending at Bevis Hall just upstream of Wisbech. The tidal limit used to be Woodston Wharf until the Dog-in-a-Doublet lock was built five miles (8 km) downstream in 1937.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe A1/A1(M) primary route (part of European route E15) broadly follows the path of the historic Great North Road from St Paul's Cathedral in the heart of London, through Peterborough (Junction 17), continuing north a further 335 miles (539 km) to central Edinburgh. In 1899 the British Electric Traction Company sought permission for a tramway joining the northern suburbs with the city centre. The system, which operated under the name Peterborough Electric Traction Company, opened in 1903 and was abandoned in favour of motor buses in 1930, when it was merged into the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company. Today, bus services in the city are operated by several companies including Stagecoach (formerly Cambus and Viscount) and Delaine Buses. Despite its large-scale growth, Peterborough has the fastest peak and off-peak travel times for a city of its size in the UK, due to the construction of the parkways. The Local Transport Plan anticipated expenditure totalling around £180 million for the period up to 2010 on major road schemes to accommodate development.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe combination of rail connections to the Port of Felixstowe and to the East Coast Main Line as well as a road connection via the A1(M) has led to Peterborough being proposed as the site of a 334 acres rail-road logistics and distribution centre to be known as Magna Park.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Peterborough Millennium Green Wheel is a 50-mile (80 km) network of cycleways, footpaths and bridleways which provide safe, continuous routes around the city with radiating spokes connecting to the city centre. The project has also created a sculpture trail, which provides functional, landscape artworks along the Green Wheel route and a Living Landmarks project involving the local community in the creation of local landscape features such as mini woodlands, ponds and hedgerows. Another long-distance footpath, the Hereward Way, runs from Oakham in Rutland, through Peterborough, to East Harling in Norfolk.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nDemography\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPopulation\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough has a population of (), forecast to rise variously to 190,700 in 2020 by the Office for National Statistics and 204,000 in 2021 by Cambridgeshire County Council Research Group. The city's population recorded at each census since 1901 is as follows:\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough's population growth was reportedly the second fastest of any British city over the ten years from 2004 to 2013, driven partly by immigration.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nEthnicity\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAccording to the 2011 Census, 82.5% of Peterborough's residents categorised themselves as white, 2.8% of mixed ethnic groups, 11.7% Asian, 2.3 per cent black and 0.8% other. Amongst the white population, the largest categories were English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British (70.9%) and other white (10.6%). Those of Pakistani ethnicity accounted for 6.6% of the population and those of Indian ethnicity 2.5.%. The largest black group were those of African ethnicity (1.4%).\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough is home to one of the largest concentrations of Italian immigrants in the UK. This is mainly as a result of labour recruitment in the 1950s by the London Brick Company in the southern Italian regions of Apulia and Campania. By 1960, approximately 3,000 Italian men were employed by London Brick, mostly at the Fletton works. In 1962, the Scalabrini Fathers, who first arrived in 1956, purchased an old school and converted it into a mission church named after the patron saint of workers Saint Joseph (San Giuseppe). By 1991, over 3,000 christenings of second-generation Italians had been carried out there. In 1996, it was estimated that the Italian community of Peterborough numbered 7,000, making it the third largest in the UK after London and Bedford. The 2011 Census recorded 1,179 residents born in Italy.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nIn the late twentieth century the main source of immigration was from new Commonwealth countries. The 2011 Census showed that a total of 24,166 migrants moved to Peterborough between 2001 and 2011. The city has experienced significant immigration from the A8 countries that joined the European Union in 2004, and in 2011, 14,134 residents of the city were people born in Central and Eastern Europe.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAccording to a report published by the police in 2007, recent migration had resulted in increased translation costs and a change in the nature of crime in the county, with an increase in drink-driving offences, knife crime and an international dimension added to activities such as running cannabis factories and human trafficking. The number of foreign nationals arrested in the north of the county rose from 894 in 2003, to 2,435 in 2006, but the report also said that \\\"inappropriately negative\\\" community perceptions about migrant workers often complicate routine incidents, raising tensions and turning them \\\"critical\\\". It also noted there was \\\"little evidence that the increased numbers of migrant workers have caused significant or systematic problems in respect of community safety or cohesion\\\". In 2007, Julie Spence, the then Chief Constable emphasised that the fact that the demographic profile of Cambridgeshire had changed dramatically from one where 95% of teenagers were white four years previously to one of the country's fastest growing diverse populations, had had a positive impact on jobs and economic development.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nIn 2008, the BBC broadcast The Poles are Coming!, a controversial documentary on the impact of Polish migration to Peterborough by Tim Samuels, as part of its White Season.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nIn 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks, white teenager Ross Parker was murdered by a gang of Pakistanis in a racially motivated crime. In May 2004, groups of young Pakistani men clashed with Afghan and Iraqi asylum seekers in the multicultural Millfield area of the city. In the \\\"running street battles,\\\" houses and cars were set alight and windows were smashed. In July 2004, a festival organised by the Indian community to celebrate the city's diversity turned violent. Pakistanis and Iraqis clashed over the weekend and one man, injured in the fighting, was taken to hospital. In the aftermath of the 2001 Bradford riots, the Government Office for the East of England commissioned a study to identify possible \\\"hotspots\\\" where violence might occur in the region. The report, which focused on Peterborough and Luton, was not published. However, it was reported that it criticised Peterborough City Council for being \\\"blind\\\" to problems of race relations in the city. Research published by the Institute of Race Relations has highlighted racism and racist attacks suffered by asylum seekers, migrant workers and more long-standing minority communities in Peterborough over the decade to 2012.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe number of incidents in Peterborough reported to the police as being racially motived has dropped significantly since 2005, falling from 356 in that year to 97 in 2011, although the director of the Peterborough Racial Equality Council argued in 2012, that there was \\\"a very serious problem in under reporting race hate crime\\\".\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe number of languages in use is growing where previously few languages other than English were spoken. , Peterborough offered classes in Italian, Urdu and Punjabi in its primary schools.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nReligion\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nChristianity has the largest following in Peterborough, in particular the Church of England, with a significant number of parish churches and a cathedral. 56.7% of Peterborough's residents classified themselves as Christian in the 2011 Census. Recent immigration to the city has also seen the Roman Catholic population increase substantially. Other denominations are also in evidence; the latest church to be constructed is a £7 million \\\"superchurch,\\\" KingsGate, formerly Peterborough Community Church, which can seat up to 1,800 worshippers. In comparison with the rest of England, Peterborough has a lower proportion of Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews and Sikhs. The city has a higher percentage of Muslims than England as a whole (9.4% compared to 5% nationally). The majority of Muslims reside in the Millfield and New England areas of the city, where two large mosques (including the Faidhan-e-Madina Mosque) are based. Peterborough also has both Hindu (Bharat Hindu Samaj) and Sikh (Singh Sabha Gurdwara) temples in these areas.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Anglican Diocese of Peterborough covers roughly 1,200 square miles (3,100 km²), including the whole of Northamptonshire, Rutland and the Soke of Peterborough. The parts of the city that lie south of the river, which were historically in Huntingdonshire, fall within the Diocese of Ely, which covers the remainder of Cambridgeshire and western Norfolk. The current Bishop of Peterborough has been appointed Assistant Bishop in the Diocese of Ely, with pastoral care for these parishes delegated to him by the Bishop of Ely. The city falls wholly within the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia (which has its seat at the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Baptist, Norwich) and is served by Saint Peter and All Souls Church, built in 1896 and decorated in the Gothic style. The Greek Orthodox Community of Saint Cyril, Patriarch of Jerusalem was established in 1991 under the Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nCulture\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nEducation\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough has one independent boarding school: The Peterborough School at Westwood House, founded in 1895. The school caters for girls and now boys up to the age of 18. Peterborough's state schools have recently undergone immense change. Five of the city's 15 secondary schools were closed in July 2007, to be demolished over the coming years. John Mansfield (now an adult learning centre), Hereward (formerly Eastholm, now City of Peterborough Academy, sponsored by the Greenwood Dale Foundation Trust) and Deacon's were replaced with the flagship Thomas Deacon Academy, designed by Lord Foster of Thames Bank which opened in September 2007.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Voyager School, which has specialist media arts status, replaced Bretton Woods and Walton comprehensive. The schools that remain have been extended and enlarged. Over £200 million was spent and the changes on-going to 2010. The King's School is one of seven schools established, or in some cases re-endowed and renamed, by King Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries to pray for his soul. In 2006, 39.4% of Peterborough local education authority pupils attained five grades A* to C, including English and Mathematics, in the General Certificate of Secondary Education, lower than the national average of 45.8%.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe city has two colleges of further and higher education, Peterborough Regional College (established in 1946 as Peterborough Technical College) and City College Peterborough (known as Peterborough College of Adult Education until 2010). , Peterborough Regional College attracts over 15,000 students each year from the UK and abroad and is ranked in the top five per cent of colleges in the UK. Greater Peterborough University Technical College is a new education facility set to open in September 2015.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe city is currently without a university, after Loughborough University closed its Peterborough campus in 2003. Consequently, it became the second largest centre of population in the UK (after Swindon) without its own higher education institution. In 2006, however, Peterborough Regional College began talks with Anglia Ruskin University to develop a new university campus for the city. The college and the university completed the legal contracts for the creation of a new joint venture company in 2007, marking the culmination of legal negotiations and securing of funds required in order to build the new higher education centre. University Centre Peterborough opened to the first 850 students in 2009.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe former public library on Broadway was funded by Scottish philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and opened in 1906; Carnegie was made first freeman of the city on the day of the opening ceremony.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nArts\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough enjoys a wide range of events including the annual East of England Show, Peterborough Festival and CAMRA beer festival, which takes place on the river embankment in late August.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Key Theatre, built in 1973, is situated on the embankment, next to the River Nene. The theatre aims to provide entertainment, enlightenment and education by reflecting the rich culture Peterborough has to offer. The programme is made up of home-grown productions, national touring shows, local community productions and one-off concerts. There is disabled access, an infrared hearing system for the deaf and hard of hearing and there are also regular signed performances.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nIn 1937, the Odeon Cinema opened on Broadway, where it operated successfully for more than half a century. In 1991, the Odeon showed its last film to the public and was left to fall into a state of disrepair, until 1997, when a local entrepreneur purchased the building as part of a larger project, including a restaurant and art gallery. The Broadway, designed by Tim Foster Architects, was one of the largest theatres in the region and offered a selection of live entertainment, including music, comedy and films. In 2009, it was severely damaged by arsonists, resulting in closure when its insurers refused to pay the claim due to faulty fire detection systems. The Embassy Theatre, a large Art Deco building designed by David Evelyn Nye, also opened on Broadway in 1937. Nye was usually a cinema architect, and this was his only theatre. The Embassy was converted into a cinema in 1953, becoming the ABC and later the Cannon Cinema, before it was closed in 1989. Since 1996, the premises have been occupied by the Edwards bar chain.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe John Clare Theatre within the new central library, again on Broadway, is home to the Peterborough Film Society. One of the region's leading venues, the Cresset in Bretton, provides a wide range of events for the residents of the city and beyond, including theatre, comedy, music and dance. Peterborough has a 13-screen Showcase Cinema, an ice rink and two indoor swimming pools open to the general public. A diverse range of restaurants can be found throughout the city, including Chinese & Cantonese, Indian & Nepalese, Thai and many Italian restaurants. Peterborough has recently been used as the setting in popular literature: A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian by Marina Lewycka, A Spot of Bother by Mark Haddon and, the first in a projected series, Long Way Home, a debut novel by Eva Doran.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nSport\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough United Football Club, known as The Posh, has been the local football team since 1934. The ground is situated at London Road on the south bank of the River Nene. Peterborough United have a history of cup giant-killings. They set the record for the highest number of league goals (134, Terry Bly alone scoring 52) in the 1960-61 season, which was their first season in the Football League, in which they won the Fourth Division title. The club's highest finish position to date was tenth place in Division One, then the second tier of English football, in the 1992-93 season. Irish property developer Darragh MacAnthony was appointed chairman in 2006 and is now owner, having undertaken a lengthy purchase from Barry Fry who remains director of football, having also been manager of the club from 1996 to 2005. Peterborough also has two non-league football teams. Peterborough Northern Star FC, play at Chestnut Avenue, Dogsthorpe and compete in the United Counties League. Peterborough Sports FC play at Lincoln Road and compete one division below Peterborough Northern Star in the United Counties League.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAs well as football, Peterborough has teams competing in rugby, cricket, hockey, ice hockey, rowing, athletics, American and Australian rules football. Although Cambridgeshire is not a first-class cricket county, Northamptonshire staged some home matches in the city between 1906 and 1974. Peterborough Town Cricket Club and the City of Peterborough Hockey Club compete at their shared ground in Westwood.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAfter reforming in 2005, rugby union club Peterborough Lions RFC now compete in National League 3 Midlands. Meanwhile, the city's oldest rugby team, Peterborough RUFC, play at Second Drove (otherwise known as \\\"Fortress Fengate\\\"), and have struggled in recent seasons. Relegation in 2013/14 season, from Midlands 1 East, has been followed by a season in the lower-mid table of the Midlands 2 East (South).\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough City Rowing Club moved from its riverside setting to the current Thorpe Meadows location in 1983. The spring and summer regattas held there attract rowers and scullers from competing clubs all over the country. Every February the adjacent River Nene is host to the head of the river race, which again attracts hundreds of entries. Peterborough Athletic Club train and compete at the embankment athletics arena. In 2006, after 10 years, the Great Eastern Run returned to the racing calendar. Around 3,000 runners raced through the flat streets of Peterborough for the half-marathon, supported by thousands of spectators along the course.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough Phantoms are the city's ice hockey team, playing in the English Premier League at the East of England Ice Rink. Motorcycle speedway is also a popular sport in Peterborough, with race meetings held at the East of England Showground. The team, known as the Peterborough Panthers, have operated regularly in the Elite League. The Showground hosts the annual British Motorcycle Federation Rally each May. In 2009, Peterborough hosted one of the first rounds of the Tour Series, a new series of televised town and city centre cycling races. , the city has hosted a round of the Tour Series each year since, with the exception of 2013.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nMedia\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThere is a major radio transmitter at Morborne, approximately eight miles (13 km) west of Peterborough, for national FM radio (BBC Radios 1–4 and Classic FM) and BBC Radio Cambridgeshire. This facility includes a 154 metre (505 ft) high guyed radio mast which collapsed in 2004 after a fire and has since been re-built. Another transmission site at Gunthorpe in the north east of the city transmits AM/MW and local FM radio. The site is only 3 metres (10 ft) above sea level and has an 83 metre (270 ft) high active insulated guyed mast situated on it.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough is the largest city in the UK without any local radio of its own, although it is covered by four local radio stations and one regional station. Heart Cambridgeshire, the original independent local radio station launched as Hereward Radio in 1980 and becoming Heart Peterborough in 2009, still holds a large section of the market on 102.7 MHz but relocated to Cambridge in 2012, where it began sharing the localised programming (of mainly national output) with Heart Cambridge. Hereward's sister station, WGMS, was launched on the old 1332 kHz (225 meters) frequency in 1992; known as Classic Gold from 1994 to 2007, it is now part of Heart's sister Smooth Radio network, but has no programming made in Peterborough. Connect Radio (from 1999 to 2010, known as Lite FM), was the city's second commercial station on 106.8 MHz, but is now broadcast partly from Kettering and partly from Southend.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nRadio Cambridgeshire, the BBC local radio station, began broadcasting in 1992 on 95.7 MHz (and, originally, 1449 kHz) in the north of the county; it maintains a studio in Priestgate, having moved from Broadway in 2012. Kiss 105-108 is the regional station for the East of England, broadcasting, since 2006, on 107.7 MHz in Peterborough. NOW Peterborough is the local DAB multiplex; BBC National DAB and the national commercial multiplex, Digital One, are also available in the city. Peterborough is in the Anglia Television transmission area for Independent Television, with a small studio in the city (although it borders ITV Central). This is broadcast with BBC One and Two (East), Channel 4 and Channel 5 from Sandy Heath. The digital switchover in the East of England took place in 2011. Shopping channel Ideal World is broadcast nationwide on Freeview from studios in Newark Road, Fengate.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Peterborough Telegraph (established 1948) is the city's newspaper, published on Thursdays and, until 2012, six days a week as the Evening Telegraph, with jobs, property, motors and entertainment supplements. The Telegraph is now owned by East Midlands Newspapers, part of Johnston Press of Edinburgh. Its website, Peterborough Today, is updated six days a week. The PT's sister paper, the Peterborough Citizen (1898), is a weekly paper delivered free to many homes in the city. The Peterborough Herald and Post (1989, a replacement for the Peterborough Standard, established 1872) ceased publication in 2008. The publisher Emap, which specialises in the production of magazines and the organisation of business events and conferences, traces its origins back to Peterborough in 1854. The 33rd Mayor of Peterborough, Sir Richard Winfrey JP, founder of what would become the East Midland Allied Press, was perhaps the last person to read the Riot Act in 1914.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough has been used as a location for various television programmes and films. The 1982 BBC production of The Barchester Chronicles was filmed largely in and around Peterborough. In 1983 opening scenes for the 13th 007 film, Octopussy, starring Sir Roger Moore, were filmed at Orton Mere. A music video for the song BreakThru by the band Queen was also shot on the preserved Nene Valley Railway in 1989. In 1995 Pierce Brosnan filmed train crash sequences for the 17th James Bond film, GoldenEye, at the former sugar beet factory. A scene for the film The Da Vinci Code was filmed at Burghley House during five weeks secret filming in 2006; and actor, Lee Marvin, found himself camping in Ferry Meadows during the filming of The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission in 1985. In October 2008 Hollywood returned to Wansford for the filming of the musical Nine, starring Penélope Cruz and Daniel Day-Lewis.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nLandmarks\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Cathedral Church of Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Andrew, whose statues look down from the three high gables of the West Front, was originally founded as a monastery in AD 655 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238. It has been the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough since the diocese was created in 1541, when the last abbot was made the first bishop and the abbot's house was converted into the episcopal palace. Peterborough Cathedral is one of the most intact large Norman buildings in England and is renowned for its imposing early English Gothic West Front which, with its three enormous arches, is without architectural precedent and with no direct successor. The cathedral has the distinction of having had two queens buried beneath its paving: Katherine of Aragon and Mary, Queen of Scots. The remains of Queen Mary were removed to Westminster Abbey by her son James I when he became King of England.Sweeting, Walter Debenham The Cathedral Church of Peterborough: A Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See (pp.3–35) G. Bell & Sons, London, 1898 ([http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13618 facsimile of the 1926 reprint of the 2nd ed.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nof Bell's Cathedrals] from Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 23 April 2007).\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe general layout of Peterborough is attributed to Martin de Vecti who, as abbot from 1133 to 1155, rebuilt the settlement on dry limestone to the west of the monastery, rather than the often-flooded marshlands to the east. Abbot Martin was responsible for laying out the market place and the wharf beside the river. Peterborough's 17th-century Guildhall was built in 1671 by John Lovin, who also restored the bishop's palace shortly after the restoration of King Charles II. It stands on columns, providing an open ground floor for the butter and poultry markets which used to be held there. The Market Place was renamed Cathedral Square and the adjacent Gates Memorial Fountain moved to Bishop's Road Gardens in 1963, when the (then weekly) market was transferred to the site of the old cattle market.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterscourt on City Road was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1864, housing St. Peter's Teacher Training College for men until 1938. The building is mainly listed for the 18th century doorway, brought from the London Guildhall following war damage. Nearby Tout Hill, the site of a castle bailey, is a scheduled monument. The city has a large Victorian park containing formal gardens, children's play areas, an aviary, bowling green, tennis courts, pitch and putt course and tea rooms. The park has been awarded the Green Flag Award, the national standard for parks and green spaces, by the Civic Trust. A Cross of Sacrifice was erected in Broadway cemetery by the Imperial War Graves Commission in the early 1920s. The Lido, a striking building with elements of art deco design, was opened in 1936 and is one of the few survivors of its type still in use.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough Museum and Art Gallery, built in 1816, housed the city's first infirmary from 1857 to 1928. The museum has a collection of some 227,000 objects, including local archaeology and social history, from the products of the Roman pottery industry to Britain's oldest known murder victim; a collection of marine fossil remains from the Jurassic period of international importance; the manuscripts of John Clare, the \\\"Northamptonshire Peasant Poet\\\" as he was commonly known in his own time; and the Norman Cross collection of items made by French prisoners of war. These prisoners were kept at Norman Cross on the outskirts of Peterborough from 1797 to 1814, in what is believed to be the world's first purpose built prisoner of war camp. The art collection contains an impressive variety of paintings, prints and drawings dating from the 1600s to the present day. Peterborough Museum also holds regular temporary exhibitions, weekend events and guided tours.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nBurghley House to the north of Peterborough, near Stamford, was built and mostly designed by Sir William Cecil, later 1st Baron Burghley, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign. The country house, with a park laid out by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown in the 18th century, is one of the principal examples of 16th-century English architecture. The estate, still home to his descendants, hosts the Burghley Horse Trials, an annual three-day event. Another Grade I listed building, Milton Hall near Castor, ancestral home of the Barons and later Earls Fitzwilliam, also dates from the same period. For two centuries following the restoration the city was a pocket borough of this family.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe John Clare Cottage in the village of Helpston was purchased by the John Clare Trust in 2005. The cottage, home of John Clare from his birth in 1793 until 1832, has been restored using traditional building methods to create a resource where visitors can learn about the poet, his works and how rural people lived in the early 19th century. The John Clare Cottage and Thorney Heritage Museum form part of the Greater Fens Museum Partnership, along with Peterborough Museum and Flag Fen.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nLongthorpe Tower, a 14th-century three-storey tower and fortified manor house in the care of English Heritage, is situated about 2 mi west of the city centre. It is a scheduled monument, and contains the finest and most complete set of domestic paintings of their period in northern Europe. Nearby Thorpe Hall is one of the few mansions built in the Commonwealth period. A maternity hospital from 1943 to 1970, it was acquired by the Sue Ryder Foundation in 1986 and is currently in use as a hospice.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nFlag Fen, the Bronze Age archaeological site, was discovered in 1982, when a team led by Dr Francis Pryor carried out a survey of dykes in the area. Probably religious, it comprises a large number of poles arranged in five long rows, connecting Whittlesey with Peterborough across the wet fenland. The museum exhibits many of the artefacts found, including what is believed to be the oldest wheel in Britain. An exposed section of the Roman road known as the Fen Causeway also crosses the site.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Nene Valley Railway, which is now a 7.5-mile (12 km) heritage railway, was one of the last passenger lines to fall under the Beeching Axe in 1966, although it remained open for freight traffic until 1972. In 1974, the former development corporation bought the line, which runs from the city centre to Yarwell Junction just west of Wansford via Orton Mere and the 500 acre (202 ha) Ferry Meadows country park, and leased it to the Peterborough Railway Society. Railworld is a railway museum located beside Peterborough Nene Valley railway station.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe Nene Park, which opened in 1978, covers a site long, from slightly west of Castor to the centre of Peterborough. The park has three lakes, one of which houses a watersports centre. Ferry Meadows, one of the major destinations and attractions signposted on the Green Wheel, occupies a large portion of Nene Park. Orton Mere provides access to the east of the park.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nSouthey Wood, once included in the Royal Forest of Rockingham, is a mixed woodland maintained by the Forestry Commission between the villages of Upton and Ufford. Nearby, Castor Hanglands, Barnack Hills and Holes and Bedford Purlieus national nature reserves are each sites of special scientific interest. In 2002, the Hills and Holes, one of Natural England's 35 spotlight reserves, was designated a special area of conservation as part of the Natura 2000 network of sites throughout the European Union.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nNotable people\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough is the birthplace of many notable people, including Alex Whyte, international ice hockey superstar, the astronomer George Alcock, one of the most successful visual discoverers of novas and comets; John Clare, from Helpston, now considered to be one of the most important poets of the nineteenth century; artist, Christopher Perkins – brother of Frank; and Sir Henry Royce, 1st Baronet of Seaton, engineer and co-founder of Rolls-Royce. Physician, actor and author, \\\"Sir\\\" John Hill, credited with 76 separate works in the Dictionary of National Biography, the most valuable of which dealing with botany, is also said to have been born here. The socialist writer and illustrator, Frank Horrabin, who was born in the city, was elected its member of parliament in 1929.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe utilitarian philosopher, Dr Richard Cumberland, was 14th Lord Bishop of Peterborough from 1691 until his death in 1718; and Norfolk-born nurse and humanitarian, Edith Cavell, who received part of her education at Laurel Court in the Minster Precinct, is commemorated by a plaque in the Cathedral and by the name of the hospital. Two prominent historical figures were born locally, Hereward the Wake, an outlaw who led resistance to the Norman Conquest and now lends his name to several places and businesses in the city; and St. John Payne, one of the group of prominent Catholics martyred between 1535 and 1679 and later designated the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, who was beatified by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 and canonised with the other 39 by Pope Paul VI in 1970.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nMusicians include Sir Thomas Armstrong, organist, conductor and former principal of the Royal Academy of Music; Andy Bell, lead vocalist of the electronic pop duo Erasure; Barrie Forgie, leader of the BBC Big Band; Don Lusher, trombonist and former professor of the Royal College of Music and the Royal Marines School of Music; Paul Nicholas, actor and singer; Maxim Reality and Gizz Butt of dance act The Prodigy and Aston Merrygold of Brit Award-winning pop group JLS. Comedian Ernie Wise lived on Thorpe Avenue for many years, next door to Canadian baritone and actor Edmund Hockridge. Sir Jimmy Savile also lived in the city in the early 1990s.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nOther media personalities include actors Simon Bamford, known for the 'Hellraiser' franchise, Adrian Lyne, Oscar nominated director of Fatal Attraction, Oscar Jacques, known for playing Tom Tupper in the CBBC Series M.I. High, Luke Pasqualino, known for his roles in Skins and The Musketeers; television presenter, Sarah Cawood, who grew up in Maxey; BBC Formula One presenter, Jake Humphrey; football journalist and Talksport radio presenter, Adrian Durham; and the biologist, author and broadcaster, Prof. Brian J. Ford, who attended the King's School and still lives in Eastrea near Whittlesey. Local businessman, Peter Boizot, founder of the Pizza Express restaurant chain and Deputy Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, has supported the cultural and sporting life of Peterborough and received its highest accolade, the freedom of the city. The thalidomide victim Terry Wiles, subject of the 1979 film On Giant's Shoulders, was born in the city.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nIn the sporting world, Tottenham Hotspur and England footballer, David Bentley, was born in the city. Motorcycle racer, Craig Jones, lived in city until his death after a high-speed crash at Brands Hatch; as does Louis Smith, who at the 2008 games became Great Britain's first gymnast to win an individual Olympic medal in a century. Chelsea Football player, currently on loan at Vitesse Arnhem footballer Isaiah Brown, was born in Peterborough, before joining Leicester City and later West Bromwich Albion, becoming the second youngest player to play in the Premier League.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nGeography\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nClimate\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAccording to the Köppen classification the British Isles experience a maritime climate characterised by relatively cool summers and mild winters. Compared with other parts of the country, East Anglia is slightly warmer and sunnier in the summer and colder and frostier in the winter. Owing to its inland position, furthest from the landfall of most Atlantic depressions, Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in the UK, receiving, on average, around 600 mm (2 ft) of rain per year. The Met Office weather station at Wittering, within the unitary authority of Peterborough, recorded a maximum temperature of on 1 July 2015. The lowest temperature in recent years was during February 2012.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nTopography\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nEast Anglia is most notable for being almost flat. During the Ice Age much of the region was covered by ice sheets and this has influenced the topography and nature of the soils. Much of Cambridgeshire is low-lying, in some places below present-day mean sea level. The lowest point on land is supposedly just to the south of the city at Holme Fen, which is 2.75 metres (9 ft) below sea level. The largest of the many settlements along the Fen edge, Peterborough has been called the Gateway to the Fens. Before they were drained the Fens were liable to periodic flooding so arable farming was limited to the higher areas of the Fen edge, with the rest of the Fenland dedicated to pastoral farming. In this way, the mediaeval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of southern England, which was primarily arable. Since the advent of modern drainage in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the Fens have been radically transformed such that arable farming has almost entirely replaced pastoral.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThe unitary authority extends north west to the settlements of Wothorpe and Wittering and east beyond Thorney into the Fens, and it includes the Ortons, south of the River Nene. It borders Northamptonshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and the Cambridgeshire districts of Fenland and Huntingdonshire to the south and east. The city centre is located at 52°35'N latitude 0°15'W longitude or Ordnance Survey national grid reference TL 185 998.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nUrban areas of the city\\nTownships are in bold type. In addition to the surrounding villages, Bretton, Orton Longueville and Orton Waterville are parished. The city council also works closely with Werrington neighbourhood association which operates on a similar basis to a parish council.\\nBretton – Dogsthorpe – Eastfield – Eastgate – Fengate – Fletton – Gunthorpe – The Hamptons – Longthorpe – Millfield – Netherton – Newark – New England – The Ortons – Parnwell – Paston – Ravensthorpe – Stanground – Walton – Werrington – West Town – Westwood – Woodston\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nSurrounding villages in the district\\nCivil parishes do not cover the whole of England and mostly exist in rural hinterland. They are usually administered by parish councils which have various local responsibilities.\\nAilsworth – Bainton – Barnack – Borough Fen – Castor – Deeping Gate – Etton – Eye – Eye Green – Glinton – Helpston – Marholm – Maxey – Newborough – Northborough – Peakirk – Southorpe – St. Martin's Without – Sutton – Thorney – Thornhaugh – Ufford – Upton – Wansford – Wittering – Wothorpe\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nThese are further arranged into 24 electoral wards for the purposes of local government. 15 wards comprise the Peterborough constituency for elections to the House of Commons, while the remaining nine fall within the North West Cambridgeshire constituency.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nLinguistics\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nPeterborough lies in the middle of several distinct regional accent groups and as such has a hybrid of Fenland East Anglian, East Midland and London Estuary English features. The city falls just north of the A vowel isogloss and as such most native speakers will use the flat A, as found in cat, in words such as last. Yod-dropping is often heard from Peterborians, as in the rest of East Anglia, for example new as. However, the large number of newcomers has impacted greatly on the English spoken by the younger generation. Common so-called Estuary English features such as L-vocalisation, T glottalisation and Th-fronting give today's Peterborough accent a definite south-eastern sound.\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nAffiliations\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nTown twinning started in Europe after the Second World War. Its purpose was to promote friendship and greater understanding between the people of different European cities. A twinning link is a formal, long-term friendship agreement involving co-operation between two communities in different countries and endorsed by both local authorities. The two communities organise projects and activities addressing a range of issues and develop an understanding of historical, cultural, lifestyle similarities and differences. Peterborough is twinned with the following municipalities:\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\n* Alcalá de Henares, Spain (birthplace of Queen Katherine, 1986)\\n* Bourges, France (1957) \\n* Forlì, Italy (1981)\\n* Viersen, Germany (1981)\\n* Vinnytsia, Ukraine (1991)\",\n \"Peterborough\\n\\nBourges and Forlì are also twinned with each other. The city also has more informal friendship links with Foggia, Italy; Kwe Kwe, Zimbabwe; Pécs, Hungary; and all Peterboroughs around the world. The county of Cambridgeshire has been twinned with Kreis Viersen, Germany since 1983.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":2699,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"string","value":"qz_1295"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What were the christian names of the Blues Brothers?"},"answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Jake and Elwood"},"answer_aliases":{"kind":"list like","value":["jake and elwood"],"string":"[\n \"jake and elwood\"\n]","isConversational":false},"documents":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Blues Brothers, formally, variously The Blues Brothers' Show Band and Revue and The Blues Brothers' Rhythm and Blues Revue, are an American blues and rhythm and blues revivalist band founded in 1976 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live. Belushi and Aykroyd, in character as lead vocalist \"Joliet\" Jake Blues (named after Joliet Prison) and harmonica player/backing vocalist Elwood Blues (named after the Elwood Ordnance Plant, which made TNT and grenades during World War II), fronted the band, which was composed of well-known and respected musicians. The Blues Brothers first appeared on Saturday Night Live on January 17, 1976. The band made its second appearance as the musical guest on the April 22, 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live. They made their third and final appearance on November 18, 1978.","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe band began to take on a life beyond television, releasing an album, Briefcase Full of Blues, in 1978, and then having a Hollywood film, The Blues Brothers, created around its characters in 1980.","The Blues Brothers\n\nSince the death of Belushi in 1982, the Blues Brothers have continued to perform with a rotating cast of guest singers and musicians. They reformed in 1988 for a world tour and in 1998 for a sequel film, Blues Brothers 2000. They make regular appearances at musical festivals worldwide.","The Blues Brothers\n\nOn August 31, 2011, it was announced that Aykroyd and Belushi's widow, Judith Belushi Pisano, were pitching a new Blues Brothers TV series to primetime networks.","The Blues Brothers\n\nBand members","The Blues Brothers\n\nOriginal lineup","The Blues Brothers\n\nOther than the titular \"Blues Brothers\" and a handful of characters, all musicians performed under their real names. The full band for the 1980 film included:\n*\"Joliet\" Jake E. Blues (John Belushi) – lead vocals\n*Elwood J. Blues (Dan Aykroyd) – harmonica, backing vocals\n*Steve \"The Colonel\" Cropper – lead and rhythm guitar (of Booker T & the M.G.'s)\n*Matt \"Guitar\" Murphy – lead and rhythm guitar (Howlin' Wolf, other artists)\n*Donald \"Duck\" Dunn – bass guitar (of Booker T & the M.G.'s)\n*Murphy \"Murph\" Dunne – keyboards (brought in for the film due to Paul Shaffer's commitment to perform with Gilda Radner in Gilda Live!, toured with the band in the summer of 1980)\n*Willie \"Too Big\" Hall – drums, percussion (formerly of the Bar-Kays, Isaac Hayes' band)\n*Tom \"Bones\" Malone – trombone, trumpet, saxophone (Saturday Night Live Band and formerly Blood, Sweat & Tears)\n*\"Blue\" Lou Marini – saxophone (SNL Band and formerly Blood, Sweat & Tears)\n*Alan \"Mr.","The Blues Brothers\n\nFabulous\" Rubin – trumpet (SNL Band)\n*Steve \"Getdwa\" Jordan – drums, percussion (SNL Band) (does not appear in movie)\n*Birch \"Crimson Slide\" Johnson – trombone (does not appear in movie)\n*Paul \"The Shiv\" Shaffer – keyboards, arranger (does not appear in first movie, but appeared in the 1998 sequel, Blues Brothers 2000)\n*Tom \"Triple Scale\" Scott – saxophone (L.A. Express) (does not appear in movie)","The Blues Brothers\n\nOther members","The Blues Brothers\n\nAt various times, the following have been part of the act:\n*\"Brother\" Zee Blues (Jim Belushi) – vocals\n*\"Mighty\" Mack McTeer(Blues) (John Goodman) – vocals\n*Buster Blues (J. Evan Bonifant) – harmonica, vocals (Only member in Blues Brothers 2000)\n*Commander Cabel Chamberlain/Cab Blues (Joe Morton) – vocals (Only member in Blues Brothers 2000)\n*Cab Calloway – vocals (Only in The Blues Brothers)\n*Larry \"T\" Thurston – vocals\n*Eddie \"Knock on Wood\" Floyd – vocals\n*Mike \"Your Best\" Friend – vocals\n*Sam \"Soul Man\" Moore – vocals\n*Jason \"Sunshine\" Say – rhythm guitar\n*Tommy \"Pipes\" McDonnell – harmonica, vocals\n*Rob \"The Honeydripper\" Paparozzi – harmonica, vocals\n*David Spinozza – Guitar\n*Leon \"The Lion\" Pendarvis – piano, vocals, arranger\n*Danny \"G-Force\" Gottlieb – drums\n*Jimmy \"Jimmy B\" Biggins – saxophone\n*Anthony \"Rusty\" Cloud – keyboards\n*Eric \"The Red\" Udel – bass\n*John \"Smokin\" Tropea – guitar\n*Lee \"Funky Time\" Finkelstein – drums\n*Steve Potts – drums\n*Anton Fig – drums\n*Larry \"Trombonius Maximus\" Farrell – trombone\n*Alto Reed – saxophone\n*Jonny \"The Rock & Roll Doctor\" Rosch – vocals, harmonica\n*Bobby Harden – vocals\n*Chaka Khan – vocals","The Blues Brothers\n\nBand history","The Blues Brothers\n\nOrigins","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe genesis of the Blues Brothers was a January 17, 1976, Saturday Night Live sketch. In it, \"Howard Shore and his All-Bee Band\" play the Slim Harpo song \"I'm a King Bee\", with Belushi singing and Aykroyd playing harmonica, dressed in the bee costumes they wore for the \"Killer Bees\" sketch.","The Blues Brothers\n\nFollowing tapings of SNL, it was popular among cast members and the weekly hosts to attend Aykroyd's Holland Tunnel Blues bar, which he had rented not long after joining the cast. Aykroyd and Belushi filled a jukebox with songs from many different artists such as Sam and Dave and punk band The Viletones. Belushi bought an amplifier and they kept some musical instruments there for anyone who wanted to jam. It was here that Aykroyd and Ron Gwynne collaborated on and developed the original story idea which Dan then turned into the initial story draft of the Blues Brothers movie, better known as the \"tome\" because it contained so many pages.","The Blues Brothers\n\nIt was also at the bar that Aykroyd introduced Belushi to the blues. An interest soon became a fascination and it was not long before the two began singing with local blues bands. Jokingly, SNL band leader Howard Shore suggested they call themselves \"The Blues Brothers\". In a 1988 interview in the Chicago Sun-Times, Aykroyd said the Blues Brothers act borrowed their \"duo thing and dancing\" from Sam & Dave and others, \"but the hats came from John Lee Hooker. The suits came from the concept that when you were a jazz player in the 40's, 50's 60's, to look straight, you had to wear a suit.\"","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe band was also modeled in part on Aykroyd's experience with the Downchild Blues Band, one of the first professional blues bands in Canada, with whom Aykroyd continues to play on occasion. Aykroyd first encountered the band in the early 1970s, at or around the time of his attendance at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada and where his initial interest in the blues developed through attending and occasionally performing at Ottawa's Le Hibou Coffee House. Aykroyd has said of this time:","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Toronto-based Downchild Blues Band, co-founded in 1969 by two brothers, Donnie and Richard \"Hock\" Walsh, served as an inspiration for the two Blues Brothers characters. Aykroyd initially modeled Elwood Blues in part on Donnie Walsh, a harmonica player and guitarist, while John Belushi's Jake Blues character was modeled in part on Hock Walsh, Downchild's lead singer. In their first album as the Blues Brothers, Briefcase Full of Blues (1978), Aykroyd and Belushi featured three well-known Downchild songs closely associated with Hock Walsh's vocal style: \"I've Got Everything I Need (Almost)\", written by Donnie Walsh, \"Shot Gun Blues\", co-written by Donnie and Hock Walsh, and \"Flip, Flop and Fly\", co-written and originally popularized by Big Joe Turner.Jim Slotek, [http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/D/Downchild_Blues_Band/2000/02/04/744667.html Bye to blues brother: Downchild's Donnie Walsh talks about late sibling], Jam! Music, February 4, 2000; www.jam.canoe.ca. All three songs were contained in Downchild's second album, Straight Up (1973), with \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" becoming the band's most successful single, in 1974.","The Blues Brothers\n\nBelushi's budding interest in the blues solidified in October 1977 when he was in Eugene, Oregon, filming National Lampoon's Animal House. He went to a local hotel to hear 25-year-old blues singer/harmonica player Curtis Salgado. After the show, Belushi and Salgado talked about the blues for hours. Belushi found Salgado's enthusiasm infectious. In an interview at the time with the Eugene Register-Guard, he said:","The Blues Brothers\n\nSalgado lent him some albums by Floyd Dixon, Charles Brown, Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson, and others. Belushi was hooked.","The Blues Brothers\n\nBelushi began to appear with Salgado on stage, singing the Floyd Dixon song \"Hey, Bartender\" on a few occasions, and using Salgado's humorous alternate lyrics to \"I Don't Know\":","The Blues Brothers\n\nThese lyrics were used again for the band's debut performance on SNL. This took place on the episode of April 22, 1978 (hosted by Steve Martin), where, in the cold open, Don Kirshner (played by Paul Shaffer) describes how Marshall Checkers of Checkers Records called him on a hot new blues act, and how with the help of \"Neshui Wexler and Jerry Ertegun\" (a play on the names of record industry executives Jerry Wexler and Nesuhi Ertegun), they were no longer regarded as an authentic blues band, but \"a viable commercial product.\" The Blues Brothers then performed \"Hey Bartender\". Due to Shaffer's involvement in the sketch, keyboards were played for this performance by Cheryl Hardwick.","The Blues Brothers\n\nBand formation","The Blues Brothers\n\nWith the help of pianist-arranger Paul Shaffer, Belushi and Aykroyd started assembling a collection of studio talents to form their own band. These included SNL band members, saxophonist \"Blue\" Lou Marini and trombonist-saxophonist Tom Malone, who had previously played in Blood, Sweat & Tears. At Shaffer's suggestion, guitarist Steve Cropper and bassist Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, the powerhouse combo from Booker T and the M.G.'s and subsequently almost every hit out of Memphis's Stax Records during the 1960s, were signed as well.","The Blues Brothers\n\nBelushi wanted a powerful trumpet player and a hot blues guitarist, so Juilliard-trained trumpeter Alan Rubin was brought in, as was guitarist Matt Murphy, who had performed with many blues legends.","The Blues Brothers\n\nFor the brothers' look, Belushi borrowed John Lee Hooker's trademark Ray-Ban Wayfarer sunglasses and soul patch.","The Blues Brothers\n\nFictional history","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe liner notes to the Blues Brothers' first album, Briefcase Full of Blues, fleshed out the fictional back story of Jake and Elwood, having them growing up in a Roman Catholic orphanage in Rock Island, Illinois and learning the blues from a janitor named Curtis. Their blood brotherhood was sealed by cutting their middle fingers with a string said to come from the guitar of Elmore James.","The Blues Brothers\n\nBelushi's wife, Judith Jacklin, and his friend, Tino Insana, wrote a 1980 book, Blues Brothers: Private, that further fleshed out the Blues Brothers' universe and gave a back story for the first movie.","The Blues Brothers\n\nSound","The Blues Brothers\n\nWhile the music of the Blues Brothers is based on R&B, blues, and soul, it also drew heavily on rock and jazz elements, usually taking a blues standard and bringing a rock sound and style to it. The band could be drawn into three sections: the four-man horn section, the traditional rock instruments of the five-man rhythm section, and the two singing brothers. The sound of the band was a synthesis of two different traditions: the horn players all came from the clean, precise, jazz-influenced sound of New York City; while the rhythm section came from the grittier soul and blues sound of Chicago and Memphis. The success of this meld was due both to Shaffer's arrangements and to the musicians' talents. Belushi, technically, did not have a good voice; he compensated for this by throwing his heart and his soul into his singing, from which approach the power of the blues is said to come.","The Blues Brothers\n\nIn Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers, a 1998 documentary included on some DVD editions of the first Blues Brothers film, Cropper noted that some of his peers thought that he and the other musicians backing the Blues Brothers were selling out to Hollywood or using a gimmick to make some quick money. Cropper responded by stating that he thought Belushi was as good as or better than many of the singers he had backed. He also noted that Belushi had, early in his career, briefly been a professional drummer, and had an especially keen sense of rhythm.","The Blues Brothers\n\nAlbums and touring history","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Blues Brothers recorded their first album, Briefcase Full of Blues, in September 1978, at a live performance when they opened for comedian Steve Martin at Los Angeles' Universal Amphitheatre. The same year that Belushi's National Lampoon's Animal House became a #1 box office hit, the album reached #1 on the Billboard 200, went double platinum. It sold 3.5 million copies worldwide, and is among the highest-selling blues albums of all time. The two singles released from the album both hit the Top 40: covers of Sam and Dave's \"Soul Man\" and The Chips' \"Rubber Biscuit\", the latter of which featured Aykroyd's \"talk-singing\".","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe band, along with the New Riders of the Purple Sage, opened for the Grateful Dead for the final show at Winterland, New Year's Eve 1978.","The Blues Brothers\n\nWith the film came the soundtrack album, which was the band's first studio album. \"Gimme Some Lovin'\" was a Top 40 hit and the band toured to promote the film, which led to a third album (and second live album), Made in America, recorded at the Universal Amphitheatre in 1980. The track \"Who's Making Love\" peaked at No. 39. It was the last recording the band would make with Belushi's Jake Blues.","The Blues Brothers\n\nIn 1981, Best of the Blues Brothers was released, with a previously unreleased track, a version of The Soul Survivors' \"Expressway to Your Heart\", and alternate live recordings of \"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love\" and \"Rubber Biscuit;\" this album would be the first of several compilations and hits collections issued over the years. A 1998 British CD compilation, The Complete Blues Brothers, exclusively features Lamont Cranston's \"Excuse Moi Mon Cheri\", from the L.A. Briefcase recordings, originally available only as the B-side to the \"Soul Man\" 45 rpm single.","The Blues Brothers\n\nOn March 5, 1982, John Belushi died in Hollywood of an accidental overdose of heroin and cocaine.","The Blues Brothers\n\nAfter Belushi's death, the Blues Brothers' backing band started touring as the Blues Brothers Band, with vocalists Larry Thurston and Eddie Floyd. In 1988 Dan Aykroyd reunited with the band, first to record two new songs for the soundtrack of The Great Outdoors (Hot Fun in the Summertime and Land of 1,000 Dances) and then to perform at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary Concert in New York. Updated versions of the Blues Brothers have performed on SNL and for charitable and political causes. Aykroyd has been accompanied by James Belushi and John Goodman in character as \"Zee\" Blues and \"Mighty Mack\" McTeer, respectively. Although James Belushi toured with the band for a short time and recorded the album Blues Brothers & Friends: Live from House of Blues, he did not appear in the second film Blues Brothers 2000 due to a schedule conflict (his role eventually went to Joe Morton). James Belushi and Aykroyd would eventually record an album under their own names, the 2003 album Belushi/Aykroyd – Have Love Will Travel (Big Men-Big Music).","The Blues Brothers\n\nIn 1997, an animated sitcom with Jake and Elwood was planned, but scrapped after only eight episodes were produced. The copyright owners have also authorized bands to perform under the Blues Brothers name at the Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood parks.","The Blues Brothers\n\nAykroyd has continued to be an active proponent of blues music and parlayed this avocation into foundation and partial ownership of the House of Blues franchise, a national chain of nightclubs, as well as hosting the weekly House of Blues Radio Hour (in character as Elwood Blues), heard nationwide on the Dial Global Radio Network.","The Blues Brothers\n\nIn 2004, the musical The Blues Brothers Revival premiered in Chicago. The story was about Elwood trying to rescue Jake from an eternity in limbo or purgatory. The musical was written and composed with approval and permission from both the John Belushi estate (including his widow, Judith Belushi-Pisano) and Dan Aykroyd.","The Blues Brothers\n\nRecent lineup","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Blues Brothers featuring Elwood and Zee regularly perform at House of Blues venues and various casinos across North America. They are usually backed by James Belushi's Sacred Hearts Band. The rest of the Blues Brothers Band tours the world regularly. The only original members still in the band are Steve Cropper and Lou Marini. The lead singer is Jonny \"The Rock & Roll Doctor\" Rosch, and they are frequently joined by Eddie Floyd.","The Blues Brothers\n\nDan Aykroyd and Judith Belushi Pisano are producers of a touring band, The Official Blues Brothers Revue, with performers Wayne Catania as Jake and Kieron Lafferty as Elwood. They released an album, True Blue, produced by Paul Shaffer. It was recorded live in Joliet IL on March 5, 2012, the 30th anniversary of Belushi's death.","The Blues Brothers\n\nFilms","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Blues Brothers","The Blues Brothers\n\nIn 1980, The Blues Brothers, directed by John Landis, was released. Featuring car chases involving the Bluesmobile and musical performances by Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker, the story is set in and around Chicago. It is a tale of redemption for the paroled convict \"Joliet\" Jake Blues and his brother Elwood as they decide to take on a \"mission from God\" and reform their blues band in order to raise funds to save the Catholic orphanage where they grew up. Along the way, the brothers are targeted by a \"mystery woman\" (Carrie Fisher) and chased by the Illinois State Police, a country and western band called the Good Ol' Boys, the owner of Bob's Country Bunker, and \"Illinois Nazis\". The film grossed $57 million domestically in its theatrical release, making it the 10th highest-grossing movie of 1980, and grossed an additional $58 million in foreign release. It is the second-highest grossing film based on a Saturday Night Live sketch, after 1992's Wayne's World, and the twelfth-highest grossing musical film.","The Blues Brothers\n\nBlues Brothers 2000","The Blues Brothers\n\nWith Landis again directing, the sequel to The Blues Brothers was made in 1998. It fared considerably worse than its predecessor with fans and critics, though it is more ambitious in terms of musical performances by the band and has a more extensive roster of guest artists than the first film. The story picks up 18 years later with Elwood being released from prison, and learning that his brother, Jake Blues, has died. He is once again prevailed upon to save some orphans, and with a 10-year-old boy named Buster Blues (J. Evan Bonifant) in tow, Elwood again sets about the task of reuniting his band. He recruits some new singers, Mighty Mack (John Goodman) and Cab (Joe Morton), a policeman who was Curtis' son. All the original band members are found, as well as some performers from the first film, including Aretha Franklin and James Brown. There are dozens of other guest performers, including Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Junior Wells, Lonnie Brooks, Macaulay Culkin, Eddie Floyd, Wilson Pickett, Isaac Hayes, Sam Moore, Taj Mahal and Jonny Lang, Blues Traveler, as well as an all-star supergroup led by B.B. King called the Louisiana Gator Boys.","The Blues Brothers\n\nOn the run from the police, Russian mafia and a racist militia, the band eventually ends up in Louisiana, where they enter a battle of the bands overseen by a voodoo practitioner named Queen Moussette (Erykah Badu). During a song by the Blues Brothers (a Caribbean number called \"Funky Nassau\"), a character played by Paul Shaffer asks to cut in on keyboards, which Murph allows. This marks the first time in a film that the Blues Brothers play with their original keyboardist.","The Blues Brothers\n\nTo promote Blues Brothers 2000, Dan Aykroyd, James Belushi and John Goodman performed at the halftime of Super Bowl XXXI, along with ZZ Top and James Brown. The performance was preceded with a faux news report stating the Blues Brothers had escaped custody and were on their way to the Louisiana Superdome.","The Blues Brothers\n\nVideo games","The Blues Brothers\n\nA video game involving the characters was made for various platforms by Titus. The same company produced another video game for the Amiga, Game Boy, PC and Super NES. A Nintendo 64 game titled Blues Brothers 2000 was also released. The game was extremely difficult, had little to do with the film and was poorly received.","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Blues Brothers Bar","The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Blues Brothers Bar was an illegal backhouse tavern started by John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd, on Wells Street in Chicago's Old Town, across the street from The Second City and in back of the Earl of Old Town night club. It was run by one of Belushi's friends from College of DuPage. As the bar was unlicensed, alcohol was bought by the purchase of 'tickets' which were then traded to the bartender for drinks. The bar was discovered by authorities in 1982 and forced to close shortly after.","The Blues Brothers\n\nIn the DVD commentary of the film Thief (filmed in Chicago in 1981), James Caan mentions the bar.","The Blues Brothers\n\nDiscography","The Blues Brothers\n\nAlbums","The Blues Brothers\n\nLive albums","The Blues Brothers\n\n*Briefcase Full of Blues (1978) US #1\n*Made in America (1980) US #49\n*The Blues Brothers Band Live in Montreux (1990)\n*Blues Brothers and Friends: Live from Chicago's House of Blues (1997)","The Blues Brothers\n\nStudio albums","The Blues Brothers\n\n*The Blues Brothers: Music from the Soundtrack (1980) US #13\n*Red, White & Blues (1992)\n*Blues Brothers 2000: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1998)","The Blues Brothers\n\nCompilation albums","The Blues Brothers\n\n*Best of The Blues Brothers (1981) US #143\n*Dancin' wid da Blues Brothers (1983)\n*Everybody Needs Blues Brothers (1988)\n*The Definitive Collection (1992)\n*The Very Best of The Blues Brothers (1995)\n*The Blues Brothers Complete (1996)\n*The Essentials (2003)","The Blues Brothers\n\nCharted singles","The Blues Brothers\n\n*\"Soul Man\" (1978) US #14, UK #79 (1990)\n*\"Rubber Biscuit\" (1978) US #37\n*\"Gimme Some Lovin'\" (1980) US #18\n*\"Who's Making Love\" (1980) US #39\n*\"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love\" (1990) UK #12","The Blues Brothers\n\nVideography","The Blues Brothers\n\n*Things We Did Last Summer (1978)\n*The Blues Brothers (1980)\n*The Return of The Blues Brothers (1998)\n*Blues Brothers 2000 (2000)\n*The Best of The Blues Brothers (2002)","The Blues Brothers\n\nNotes"],"string":"[\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe Blues Brothers, formally, variously The Blues Brothers' Show Band and Revue and The Blues Brothers' Rhythm and Blues Revue, are an American blues and rhythm and blues revivalist band founded in 1976 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live. Belushi and Aykroyd, in character as lead vocalist \\\"Joliet\\\" Jake Blues (named after Joliet Prison) and harmonica player/backing vocalist Elwood Blues (named after the Elwood Ordnance Plant, which made TNT and grenades during World War II), fronted the band, which was composed of well-known and respected musicians. The Blues Brothers first appeared on Saturday Night Live on January 17, 1976. The band made its second appearance as the musical guest on the April 22, 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live. They made their third and final appearance on November 18, 1978.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe band began to take on a life beyond television, releasing an album, Briefcase Full of Blues, in 1978, and then having a Hollywood film, The Blues Brothers, created around its characters in 1980.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nSince the death of Belushi in 1982, the Blues Brothers have continued to perform with a rotating cast of guest singers and musicians. They reformed in 1988 for a world tour and in 1998 for a sequel film, Blues Brothers 2000. They make regular appearances at musical festivals worldwide.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nOn August 31, 2011, it was announced that Aykroyd and Belushi's widow, Judith Belushi Pisano, were pitching a new Blues Brothers TV series to primetime networks.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBand members\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nOriginal lineup\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nOther than the titular \\\"Blues Brothers\\\" and a handful of characters, all musicians performed under their real names. The full band for the 1980 film included:\\n*\\\"Joliet\\\" Jake E. Blues (John Belushi) – lead vocals\\n*Elwood J. Blues (Dan Aykroyd) – harmonica, backing vocals\\n*Steve \\\"The Colonel\\\" Cropper – lead and rhythm guitar (of Booker T & the M.G.'s)\\n*Matt \\\"Guitar\\\" Murphy – lead and rhythm guitar (Howlin' Wolf, other artists)\\n*Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn – bass guitar (of Booker T & the M.G.'s)\\n*Murphy \\\"Murph\\\" Dunne – keyboards (brought in for the film due to Paul Shaffer's commitment to perform with Gilda Radner in Gilda Live!, toured with the band in the summer of 1980)\\n*Willie \\\"Too Big\\\" Hall – drums, percussion (formerly of the Bar-Kays, Isaac Hayes' band)\\n*Tom \\\"Bones\\\" Malone – trombone, trumpet, saxophone (Saturday Night Live Band and formerly Blood, Sweat & Tears)\\n*\\\"Blue\\\" Lou Marini – saxophone (SNL Band and formerly Blood, Sweat & Tears)\\n*Alan \\\"Mr.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nFabulous\\\" Rubin – trumpet (SNL Band)\\n*Steve \\\"Getdwa\\\" Jordan – drums, percussion (SNL Band) (does not appear in movie)\\n*Birch \\\"Crimson Slide\\\" Johnson – trombone (does not appear in movie)\\n*Paul \\\"The Shiv\\\" Shaffer – keyboards, arranger (does not appear in first movie, but appeared in the 1998 sequel, Blues Brothers 2000)\\n*Tom \\\"Triple Scale\\\" Scott – saxophone (L.A. Express) (does not appear in movie)\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nOther members\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nAt various times, the following have been part of the act:\\n*\\\"Brother\\\" Zee Blues (Jim Belushi) – vocals\\n*\\\"Mighty\\\" Mack McTeer(Blues) (John Goodman) – vocals\\n*Buster Blues (J. Evan Bonifant) – harmonica, vocals (Only member in Blues Brothers 2000)\\n*Commander Cabel Chamberlain/Cab Blues (Joe Morton) – vocals (Only member in Blues Brothers 2000)\\n*Cab Calloway – vocals (Only in The Blues Brothers)\\n*Larry \\\"T\\\" Thurston – vocals\\n*Eddie \\\"Knock on Wood\\\" Floyd – vocals\\n*Mike \\\"Your Best\\\" Friend – vocals\\n*Sam \\\"Soul Man\\\" Moore – vocals\\n*Jason \\\"Sunshine\\\" Say – rhythm guitar\\n*Tommy \\\"Pipes\\\" McDonnell – harmonica, vocals\\n*Rob \\\"The Honeydripper\\\" Paparozzi – harmonica, vocals\\n*David Spinozza – Guitar\\n*Leon \\\"The Lion\\\" Pendarvis – piano, vocals, arranger\\n*Danny \\\"G-Force\\\" Gottlieb – drums\\n*Jimmy \\\"Jimmy B\\\" Biggins – saxophone\\n*Anthony \\\"Rusty\\\" Cloud – keyboards\\n*Eric \\\"The Red\\\" Udel – bass\\n*John \\\"Smokin\\\" Tropea – guitar\\n*Lee \\\"Funky Time\\\" Finkelstein – drums\\n*Steve Potts – drums\\n*Anton Fig – drums\\n*Larry \\\"Trombonius Maximus\\\" Farrell – trombone\\n*Alto Reed – saxophone\\n*Jonny \\\"The Rock & Roll Doctor\\\" Rosch – vocals, harmonica\\n*Bobby Harden – vocals\\n*Chaka Khan – vocals\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBand history\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nOrigins\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe genesis of the Blues Brothers was a January 17, 1976, Saturday Night Live sketch. In it, \\\"Howard Shore and his All-Bee Band\\\" play the Slim Harpo song \\\"I'm a King Bee\\\", with Belushi singing and Aykroyd playing harmonica, dressed in the bee costumes they wore for the \\\"Killer Bees\\\" sketch.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nFollowing tapings of SNL, it was popular among cast members and the weekly hosts to attend Aykroyd's Holland Tunnel Blues bar, which he had rented not long after joining the cast. Aykroyd and Belushi filled a jukebox with songs from many different artists such as Sam and Dave and punk band The Viletones. Belushi bought an amplifier and they kept some musical instruments there for anyone who wanted to jam. It was here that Aykroyd and Ron Gwynne collaborated on and developed the original story idea which Dan then turned into the initial story draft of the Blues Brothers movie, better known as the \\\"tome\\\" because it contained so many pages.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nIt was also at the bar that Aykroyd introduced Belushi to the blues. An interest soon became a fascination and it was not long before the two began singing with local blues bands. Jokingly, SNL band leader Howard Shore suggested they call themselves \\\"The Blues Brothers\\\". In a 1988 interview in the Chicago Sun-Times, Aykroyd said the Blues Brothers act borrowed their \\\"duo thing and dancing\\\" from Sam & Dave and others, \\\"but the hats came from John Lee Hooker. The suits came from the concept that when you were a jazz player in the 40's, 50's 60's, to look straight, you had to wear a suit.\\\"\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe band was also modeled in part on Aykroyd's experience with the Downchild Blues Band, one of the first professional blues bands in Canada, with whom Aykroyd continues to play on occasion. Aykroyd first encountered the band in the early 1970s, at or around the time of his attendance at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada and where his initial interest in the blues developed through attending and occasionally performing at Ottawa's Le Hibou Coffee House. Aykroyd has said of this time:\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe Toronto-based Downchild Blues Band, co-founded in 1969 by two brothers, Donnie and Richard \\\"Hock\\\" Walsh, served as an inspiration for the two Blues Brothers characters. Aykroyd initially modeled Elwood Blues in part on Donnie Walsh, a harmonica player and guitarist, while John Belushi's Jake Blues character was modeled in part on Hock Walsh, Downchild's lead singer. In their first album as the Blues Brothers, Briefcase Full of Blues (1978), Aykroyd and Belushi featured three well-known Downchild songs closely associated with Hock Walsh's vocal style: \\\"I've Got Everything I Need (Almost)\\\", written by Donnie Walsh, \\\"Shot Gun Blues\\\", co-written by Donnie and Hock Walsh, and \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\", co-written and originally popularized by Big Joe Turner.Jim Slotek, [http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/D/Downchild_Blues_Band/2000/02/04/744667.html Bye to blues brother: Downchild's Donnie Walsh talks about late sibling], Jam! Music, February 4, 2000; www.jam.canoe.ca. All three songs were contained in Downchild's second album, Straight Up (1973), with \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" becoming the band's most successful single, in 1974.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBelushi's budding interest in the blues solidified in October 1977 when he was in Eugene, Oregon, filming National Lampoon's Animal House. He went to a local hotel to hear 25-year-old blues singer/harmonica player Curtis Salgado. After the show, Belushi and Salgado talked about the blues for hours. Belushi found Salgado's enthusiasm infectious. In an interview at the time with the Eugene Register-Guard, he said:\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nSalgado lent him some albums by Floyd Dixon, Charles Brown, Johnny \\\"Guitar\\\" Watson, and others. Belushi was hooked.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBelushi began to appear with Salgado on stage, singing the Floyd Dixon song \\\"Hey, Bartender\\\" on a few occasions, and using Salgado's humorous alternate lyrics to \\\"I Don't Know\\\":\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThese lyrics were used again for the band's debut performance on SNL. This took place on the episode of April 22, 1978 (hosted by Steve Martin), where, in the cold open, Don Kirshner (played by Paul Shaffer) describes how Marshall Checkers of Checkers Records called him on a hot new blues act, and how with the help of \\\"Neshui Wexler and Jerry Ertegun\\\" (a play on the names of record industry executives Jerry Wexler and Nesuhi Ertegun), they were no longer regarded as an authentic blues band, but \\\"a viable commercial product.\\\" The Blues Brothers then performed \\\"Hey Bartender\\\". Due to Shaffer's involvement in the sketch, keyboards were played for this performance by Cheryl Hardwick.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBand formation\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nWith the help of pianist-arranger Paul Shaffer, Belushi and Aykroyd started assembling a collection of studio talents to form their own band. These included SNL band members, saxophonist \\\"Blue\\\" Lou Marini and trombonist-saxophonist Tom Malone, who had previously played in Blood, Sweat & Tears. At Shaffer's suggestion, guitarist Steve Cropper and bassist Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn, the powerhouse combo from Booker T and the M.G.'s and subsequently almost every hit out of Memphis's Stax Records during the 1960s, were signed as well.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBelushi wanted a powerful trumpet player and a hot blues guitarist, so Juilliard-trained trumpeter Alan Rubin was brought in, as was guitarist Matt Murphy, who had performed with many blues legends.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nFor the brothers' look, Belushi borrowed John Lee Hooker's trademark Ray-Ban Wayfarer sunglasses and soul patch.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nFictional history\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe liner notes to the Blues Brothers' first album, Briefcase Full of Blues, fleshed out the fictional back story of Jake and Elwood, having them growing up in a Roman Catholic orphanage in Rock Island, Illinois and learning the blues from a janitor named Curtis. Their blood brotherhood was sealed by cutting their middle fingers with a string said to come from the guitar of Elmore James.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBelushi's wife, Judith Jacklin, and his friend, Tino Insana, wrote a 1980 book, Blues Brothers: Private, that further fleshed out the Blues Brothers' universe and gave a back story for the first movie.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nSound\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nWhile the music of the Blues Brothers is based on R&B, blues, and soul, it also drew heavily on rock and jazz elements, usually taking a blues standard and bringing a rock sound and style to it. The band could be drawn into three sections: the four-man horn section, the traditional rock instruments of the five-man rhythm section, and the two singing brothers. The sound of the band was a synthesis of two different traditions: the horn players all came from the clean, precise, jazz-influenced sound of New York City; while the rhythm section came from the grittier soul and blues sound of Chicago and Memphis. The success of this meld was due both to Shaffer's arrangements and to the musicians' talents. Belushi, technically, did not have a good voice; he compensated for this by throwing his heart and his soul into his singing, from which approach the power of the blues is said to come.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nIn Stories Behind the Making of The Blues Brothers, a 1998 documentary included on some DVD editions of the first Blues Brothers film, Cropper noted that some of his peers thought that he and the other musicians backing the Blues Brothers were selling out to Hollywood or using a gimmick to make some quick money. Cropper responded by stating that he thought Belushi was as good as or better than many of the singers he had backed. He also noted that Belushi had, early in his career, briefly been a professional drummer, and had an especially keen sense of rhythm.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nAlbums and touring history\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe Blues Brothers recorded their first album, Briefcase Full of Blues, in September 1978, at a live performance when they opened for comedian Steve Martin at Los Angeles' Universal Amphitheatre. The same year that Belushi's National Lampoon's Animal House became a #1 box office hit, the album reached #1 on the Billboard 200, went double platinum. It sold 3.5 million copies worldwide, and is among the highest-selling blues albums of all time. The two singles released from the album both hit the Top 40: covers of Sam and Dave's \\\"Soul Man\\\" and The Chips' \\\"Rubber Biscuit\\\", the latter of which featured Aykroyd's \\\"talk-singing\\\".\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe band, along with the New Riders of the Purple Sage, opened for the Grateful Dead for the final show at Winterland, New Year's Eve 1978.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nWith the film came the soundtrack album, which was the band's first studio album. \\\"Gimme Some Lovin'\\\" was a Top 40 hit and the band toured to promote the film, which led to a third album (and second live album), Made in America, recorded at the Universal Amphitheatre in 1980. The track \\\"Who's Making Love\\\" peaked at No. 39. It was the last recording the band would make with Belushi's Jake Blues.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nIn 1981, Best of the Blues Brothers was released, with a previously unreleased track, a version of The Soul Survivors' \\\"Expressway to Your Heart\\\", and alternate live recordings of \\\"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love\\\" and \\\"Rubber Biscuit;\\\" this album would be the first of several compilations and hits collections issued over the years. A 1998 British CD compilation, The Complete Blues Brothers, exclusively features Lamont Cranston's \\\"Excuse Moi Mon Cheri\\\", from the L.A. Briefcase recordings, originally available only as the B-side to the \\\"Soul Man\\\" 45 rpm single.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nOn March 5, 1982, John Belushi died in Hollywood of an accidental overdose of heroin and cocaine.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nAfter Belushi's death, the Blues Brothers' backing band started touring as the Blues Brothers Band, with vocalists Larry Thurston and Eddie Floyd. In 1988 Dan Aykroyd reunited with the band, first to record two new songs for the soundtrack of The Great Outdoors (Hot Fun in the Summertime and Land of 1,000 Dances) and then to perform at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary Concert in New York. Updated versions of the Blues Brothers have performed on SNL and for charitable and political causes. Aykroyd has been accompanied by James Belushi and John Goodman in character as \\\"Zee\\\" Blues and \\\"Mighty Mack\\\" McTeer, respectively. Although James Belushi toured with the band for a short time and recorded the album Blues Brothers & Friends: Live from House of Blues, he did not appear in the second film Blues Brothers 2000 due to a schedule conflict (his role eventually went to Joe Morton). James Belushi and Aykroyd would eventually record an album under their own names, the 2003 album Belushi/Aykroyd – Have Love Will Travel (Big Men-Big Music).\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nIn 1997, an animated sitcom with Jake and Elwood was planned, but scrapped after only eight episodes were produced. The copyright owners have also authorized bands to perform under the Blues Brothers name at the Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood parks.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nAykroyd has continued to be an active proponent of blues music and parlayed this avocation into foundation and partial ownership of the House of Blues franchise, a national chain of nightclubs, as well as hosting the weekly House of Blues Radio Hour (in character as Elwood Blues), heard nationwide on the Dial Global Radio Network.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nIn 2004, the musical The Blues Brothers Revival premiered in Chicago. The story was about Elwood trying to rescue Jake from an eternity in limbo or purgatory. The musical was written and composed with approval and permission from both the John Belushi estate (including his widow, Judith Belushi-Pisano) and Dan Aykroyd.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nRecent lineup\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe Blues Brothers featuring Elwood and Zee regularly perform at House of Blues venues and various casinos across North America. They are usually backed by James Belushi's Sacred Hearts Band. The rest of the Blues Brothers Band tours the world regularly. The only original members still in the band are Steve Cropper and Lou Marini. The lead singer is Jonny \\\"The Rock & Roll Doctor\\\" Rosch, and they are frequently joined by Eddie Floyd.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nDan Aykroyd and Judith Belushi Pisano are producers of a touring band, The Official Blues Brothers Revue, with performers Wayne Catania as Jake and Kieron Lafferty as Elwood. They released an album, True Blue, produced by Paul Shaffer. It was recorded live in Joliet IL on March 5, 2012, the 30th anniversary of Belushi's death.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nFilms\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe Blues Brothers\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nIn 1980, The Blues Brothers, directed by John Landis, was released. Featuring car chases involving the Bluesmobile and musical performances by Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker, the story is set in and around Chicago. It is a tale of redemption for the paroled convict \\\"Joliet\\\" Jake Blues and his brother Elwood as they decide to take on a \\\"mission from God\\\" and reform their blues band in order to raise funds to save the Catholic orphanage where they grew up. Along the way, the brothers are targeted by a \\\"mystery woman\\\" (Carrie Fisher) and chased by the Illinois State Police, a country and western band called the Good Ol' Boys, the owner of Bob's Country Bunker, and \\\"Illinois Nazis\\\". The film grossed $57 million domestically in its theatrical release, making it the 10th highest-grossing movie of 1980, and grossed an additional $58 million in foreign release. It is the second-highest grossing film based on a Saturday Night Live sketch, after 1992's Wayne's World, and the twelfth-highest grossing musical film.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nBlues Brothers 2000\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nWith Landis again directing, the sequel to The Blues Brothers was made in 1998. It fared considerably worse than its predecessor with fans and critics, though it is more ambitious in terms of musical performances by the band and has a more extensive roster of guest artists than the first film. The story picks up 18 years later with Elwood being released from prison, and learning that his brother, Jake Blues, has died. He is once again prevailed upon to save some orphans, and with a 10-year-old boy named Buster Blues (J. Evan Bonifant) in tow, Elwood again sets about the task of reuniting his band. He recruits some new singers, Mighty Mack (John Goodman) and Cab (Joe Morton), a policeman who was Curtis' son. All the original band members are found, as well as some performers from the first film, including Aretha Franklin and James Brown. There are dozens of other guest performers, including Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Junior Wells, Lonnie Brooks, Macaulay Culkin, Eddie Floyd, Wilson Pickett, Isaac Hayes, Sam Moore, Taj Mahal and Jonny Lang, Blues Traveler, as well as an all-star supergroup led by B.B. King called the Louisiana Gator Boys.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nOn the run from the police, Russian mafia and a racist militia, the band eventually ends up in Louisiana, where they enter a battle of the bands overseen by a voodoo practitioner named Queen Moussette (Erykah Badu). During a song by the Blues Brothers (a Caribbean number called \\\"Funky Nassau\\\"), a character played by Paul Shaffer asks to cut in on keyboards, which Murph allows. This marks the first time in a film that the Blues Brothers play with their original keyboardist.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nTo promote Blues Brothers 2000, Dan Aykroyd, James Belushi and John Goodman performed at the halftime of Super Bowl XXXI, along with ZZ Top and James Brown. The performance was preceded with a faux news report stating the Blues Brothers had escaped custody and were on their way to the Louisiana Superdome.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nVideo games\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nA video game involving the characters was made for various platforms by Titus. The same company produced another video game for the Amiga, Game Boy, PC and Super NES. A Nintendo 64 game titled Blues Brothers 2000 was also released. The game was extremely difficult, had little to do with the film and was poorly received.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe Blues Brothers Bar\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nThe Blues Brothers Bar was an illegal backhouse tavern started by John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd, on Wells Street in Chicago's Old Town, across the street from The Second City and in back of the Earl of Old Town night club. It was run by one of Belushi's friends from College of DuPage. As the bar was unlicensed, alcohol was bought by the purchase of 'tickets' which were then traded to the bartender for drinks. The bar was discovered by authorities in 1982 and forced to close shortly after.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nIn the DVD commentary of the film Thief (filmed in Chicago in 1981), James Caan mentions the bar.\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nDiscography\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nAlbums\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nLive albums\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\n*Briefcase Full of Blues (1978) US #1\\n*Made in America (1980) US #49\\n*The Blues Brothers Band Live in Montreux (1990)\\n*Blues Brothers and Friends: Live from Chicago's House of Blues (1997)\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nStudio albums\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\n*The Blues Brothers: Music from the Soundtrack (1980) US #13\\n*Red, White & Blues (1992)\\n*Blues Brothers 2000: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1998)\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nCompilation albums\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\n*Best of The Blues Brothers (1981) US #143\\n*Dancin' wid da Blues Brothers (1983)\\n*Everybody Needs Blues Brothers (1988)\\n*The Definitive Collection (1992)\\n*The Very Best of The Blues Brothers (1995)\\n*The Blues Brothers Complete (1996)\\n*The Essentials (2003)\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nCharted singles\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\n*\\\"Soul Man\\\" (1978) US #14, UK #79 (1990)\\n*\\\"Rubber Biscuit\\\" (1978) US #37\\n*\\\"Gimme Some Lovin'\\\" (1980) US #18\\n*\\\"Who's Making Love\\\" (1980) US #39\\n*\\\"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love\\\" (1990) UK #12\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nVideography\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\n*Things We Did Last Summer (1978)\\n*The Blues Brothers (1980)\\n*The Return of The Blues Brothers (1998)\\n*Blues Brothers 2000 (2000)\\n*The Best of The Blues Brothers (2002)\",\n \"The Blues Brothers\\n\\nNotes\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":26,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":138384,"offset":2600,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc5MDcxMDU3MywianRpIjoiYmE0YjJhZTMtYjBhNy00NjEyLWEwNWUtMjNlNWU0ODM1Njc0Iiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL01lbW9yeUFzTW9kYWxpdHkvVHJpdmlhUUEiLCJleHAiOjE3OTA3MTQxNzMsImlzcyI6Imh0dHBzOi8vaHVnZ2luZ2ZhY2UuY28ifQ.3LfM50ka6-Nk8wXTOHpSdZ7UMh7xwMwl7g57efIwcZdv5rTgSwsa23JRnRfbBbTilWqPwYcrxOVTB9NEBb4BDg","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":138384,"numBytesParquet":4149441207},{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":17944,"numBytesParquet":531588839},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":17210,"numBytesParquet":506953567}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
id stringlengths 4 10 | question stringlengths 18 1.2k | answer stringlengths 1 179 | answer_aliases listlengths 0 358 | documents listlengths 1 1.63k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qz_1103 | What type of animal is Shere Khan in The Jungle Book? | Tiger | [
"🐅",
"mating tigers",
"tiger populations",
"panthera tigris",
"naahar",
"endangered subspecies of tiger",
"🐯",
"tiger",
"tiger blood",
"tigris striatus",
"tiger wild",
"felis tigris",
"tigers animal",
"tigers in captivity",
"african tiger",
"tiger cub",
"tigris regalis",
"tigers"... | [
"Shere Khan\n\nShere Khan () is a fictional tiger who appears in two of Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book stories featuring Mowgli and their adaptations. The word Shere (or \"shir\") translates as \"tiger\" or \"lion\" in Persian, Urdu, and Punjabi, and Khan translates as \"sovereign,\" \"king\", or \"military leader\... |
qz_1105 | Considered as the oldest zoo in the world, in what year did the Vienna Zoo first open to visitors? | 1752 | [
"one thousand seven hundred and fifty two"
] | [
"Tiergarten Schönbrunn\n\nTiergarten Schönbrunn (literally, \"Schönbrunn Zoo\"), or \"Vienna Zoo\", is a zoo located on the grounds of the famous Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, Austria. Founded as an imperial menagerie in 1752, it is the oldest zoo in the world.\nToday, Tiergarten Schönbrunn is considered and regards... |
qz_1106 | Which alcoholic drink would you need to make the cocktail Tom Collins? Vodka, Whiskey or Gin? | Gin | [
"list of gins",
"mothers ruin",
"london dry gin",
"gin",
"list of gin brands",
"gins"
] | [
"Alcoholic beverage\n\nAn alcoholic beverage, or alcoholic drink, is a drink that contains a substantial amount of the psychoactive drug ethanol (informally called alcohol), a depressant which in low doses causes euphoria, reduced anxiety, and sociability, and in higher doses causes intoxication (drunkenness), stup... |
qz_1107 | From which country does the dish paella originate? | Spain | [
"el reino de españa",
"iso 3166 1 es",
"kingdom of spains",
"reino de espana",
"regne d espanha",
"espagna",
"mountains of spain",
"kingdom of spain",
"name of spain",
"etymology of spain",
"regne d espanya",
"spanish kingdom",
"espainiako erresuma",
"reino de españa",
"espanya",
"espa... | [
"Paella\n\nPaella ( or,; English approximation: or) is a Valencian rice dish with ancient roots that originated in its modern form in the mid-19th century near Albufera lagoon on the east coast of Spain adjacent to the city of Valencia. Many non-Spaniards view paella as Spain's national dish, but most Spaniards co... |
qz_1109 | Which company makes the chocolate sweets Smarties? | Nestle | [
"nestle ice cream",
"nestle classics",
"nestlé",
"nestlé inc",
"anglo swiss milk company",
"nestle foods",
"societe de produits nestle s",
"nestlē",
"société de produits nestlé s",
"nestles",
"anglo swiss condensed milk co",
"nestle sa",
"nestle s",
"farine lactée henri nestlé",
"nestle ... | [
"Chocolate\n\nChocolate is a typically sweet, usually brown, food preparation of Theobroma cacao seeds, roasted and ground, often flavored, as with vanilla. It is made in the form of a liquid, paste, or in a block, or used as a flavoring ingredient in other foods. Cacao has been cultivated by many cultures for at l... |
qz_1110 | What is the most popular fruit in the world? | The tomato | [
"hot house tomatoes",
"lycopersicon esculentum",
"poma amoris",
"hot house tomato",
"domates",
"tomato varieties",
"lycopersicum",
"tamatar",
"lycopersicon lycopersicum",
"tomato",
"tomahto",
"tamator",
"tomatoe",
"lycopersicum lycopersicum",
"love apple",
"common tomato",
"gogonele"... | [
"Best Fruits | Most Popular Fruit List - Ranker\n\nBest Fruits | Most Popular Fruit List\nThe Most Delicious Fruits\nOriginally By analise.dubner 55k votes 3.7k voters 122k views 118 items tags f t p @\nList Criteria: No fruits that are commonly believed to be vegetables, like tomatoes, cucumbers and zucchini\nThe ... |
qz_1113 | What type of food is John Montagu credited with inventing in 1765, who said that he liked this food because be could continue to gamble at the same time as eating it? | Sandwich | [
"samwich",
"butty sandwich",
"sandoicchi",
"sandwidge",
"sandwich food",
"sarnie",
"salami sandwich",
"sandwhich",
"sanwiches",
"sandwich",
"sandwitch",
"samwidge",
"samich",
"sandwhiches",
"origin of sandwich",
"sandwich shop",
"sonnich",
"sandwiches",
"sangwich",
"sammiches",... | [
"The Food Timeline: history notes--sandwiches\n\nThe Food Timeline: history notes--sandwiches\nWho invented the sandwich? When? Where? And Why? Acknowledging the fact that combinations of bread/pastry filled with meat or cheese and dressed with condiments have been enjoyed since ancient times, Food historians gener... |
qz_1129 | How is the chemical compound Polyvinyl Chloride better known? | PVC | [
"polyvinyl chloride workers",
"vinylite",
"p v c",
"vinyl floor",
"3 plastic",
"vinyl lettering",
"polychloroethene",
"polyvinyl chloride",
"vinyl plastic",
"polyvinyl resin",
"poly chloroethanediyl",
"upvc",
"3 resin identification code",
"poly vinyl chloride",
"unplasticized polyvinyl ... | [
"Polyvinyl chloride\n\nPolyvinyl chloride, more correctly but unusually poly(vinyl chloride), commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene.",
"Polyvinyl chloride\n\nPVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) an... |
qz_1131 | Which three elements make up carbohydrates? | Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen | [
"carbon hydrogen and oxygen"
] | [
"What Three Elements Are in All Carbohydrates Including ...\n\nWhat Three Elements Are in All Carbohydrates Including Sugar? | Healthy Eating | SF Gate\nWhat Three Elements Are in All Carbohydrates Including Sugar? What Three Elements Are in All Carbohydrates Including Sugar? All carbohydrates contain carbon, oxyge... |
qz_1133 | Which famous scientist was born in Germany in 1879, became a Swiss citizen in 1901 and later became a US citizen in 1940? | Albert Einstein | [
"al einstein",
"alber enstien",
"tribute to einstein",
"albert enstien",
"einstein physicist",
"einstien",
"albert einstin",
"albert enstein",
"alber einstein",
"albert einstein s",
"albert eienstein",
"einsetein",
"albert einstein",
"einstien albert",
"albert einstien",
"einstein",
... | [
"Germany\n\nGermany (; ,), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a sovereign state and federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. With about 81.8... |
qz_1135 | Who discovered the law of gravity? | Sir Isaac Newton | [
"sir isaak newton",
"isaacus newtonus",
"i newton",
"sir issaac newton",
"hannah ayscough",
"newton isaac",
"isaac newton s tooth",
"isaac newton s middle years",
"sir issac newton",
"sir isaac newton",
"isaac newton",
"issac newton",
"newtonian science",
"newton s",
"cultural depictions... | [
"Gravity\n\nGravity or gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all things with energy are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another, including stars, planets, galaxies and even light and sub-atomic particles. Gravity is responsible for many of the structures in the Universe, by creating spheres of hydro... |
qz_1137 | In which year was the microscope invented? | 1931 | [
"one thousand nine hundred and thirty one"
] | [
"Microscope\n\nA microscope (from the , mikrós, \"small\" and , skopeîn, \"to look\" or \"see\") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by... |
qz_1138 | What are the next four words in the first line of the popular rhyme which starts Remember, remember the fifth of November? | Gunpowder, Treason and Plot | [
"gunpowder treason plot",
"gunpowder treason and plot"
] | [
"Guy Fawkes Night\n\nGuy Fawkes Night, also known as Guy Fawkes Day, Bonfire Night and Firework Night, is an annual commemoration observed on 5 November, primarily in Great Britain. Its history begins with the events of 5 November 1605, when Guy Fawkes, a member of the Gunpowder Plot, was arrested while guarding e... |
qz_1142 | Who had a hit single in 1989 with We Didn't Start The Fire? | Billy Joel | [
"william m joel",
"billie joel",
"william martin joel",
"joel billy",
"billy joel band",
"bill joel",
"william joel",
"billy joel"
] | [
"We Didn't Start the Fire\n\n\"We Didn't Start the Fire\" is a song by Billy Joel. Its lyrics include brief, rapid-fire allusions to more than 100 headline events between 1949, the year of Joel's birth, and 1989, when the song was released on his album Storm Front. The tune was nominated for the Grammy Award for Re... |
qz_1143 | How many barrels of gunpowder were discovered in the cellars of Westminster Hall as part of Guy Fawkes' gunpowder plot? 36, 96 or 266? | 36 | [
"thirty six"
] | [
"Guy Fawkes\n\nGuy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.",
"Guy Fawkes\n\nFawkes was born and educated in York. His father d... |
qz_1144 | Which TV series featured Brett Butler playing the main character called Grace Kelly? | Grace Under Fire | [
"grace under fire",
"grace under fire 1993 tv series",
"grace under fire tv series"
] | [
"Brett Butler (actress)\n\nBrett Butler (born January 30, 1958) is an American actress, writer, and stand-up comedian, best known for playing the title role in the comedy series Grace Under Fire.",
"Brett Butler (actress)\n\nEarly life",
"Brett Butler (actress)\n\nButler was born Brett Anderson in Montgomery, A... |
qz_1145 | In what year did the Gunpowder Plot take place? | 1605 | [
"one thousand six hundred and five"
] | [
"Gunpowder Plot\n\nThe Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby.",
"Gunpowder Plot\n\nThe plan w... |
qz_1146 | What was Guy Fawkes real first name? Guido, Gundry or John? | Guido | [
"wido",
"guido",
"guido given name"
] | [
"Guy Fawkes\n\nGuy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.",
"Guy Fawkes\n\nFawkes was born and educated in York. His father d... |
qz_1148 | In 2002, which position was Guy Fawkes voted into in BBC's 100 Greatest Britons poll? | 30th | [
"30",
"thirty"
] | [
"Guy Fawkes\n\nGuy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.",
"Guy Fawkes\n\nFawkes was born and educated in York. His father d... |
qz_1159 | What was the name of the 1995 film starring Sandra Bullock as a computer expert whose identity is erased? | The Net | [
"net",
"net disambiguation",
"net film"
] | [
"Sandra Bullock\n\nSandra Annette Bullock (; born July 26, 1964) is an American actress and producer. She is one of Hollywood's highest-paid actresses, and is an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award winner. She was named \"Most Beautiful Woman\" by People magazine in 2015.",
"Sandra Bullock\n\nBullock made he... |
qz_1160 | Where in the body would you find the metacarpus? | The Hand | [
"hand disambiguation",
"hand",
"hands song",
"hands album"
] | [
"Radius (bone)\n\nThe radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved lon... |
qz_1161 | Gary Lightbody from Northern Ireland is the lead singer with which band? | Snow Patrol | [
"snowpatrol",
"michael morrison musician",
"snow patrol"
] | [
"Gary Lightbody\n\nGary Lightbody (born 15 June 1976) is a multi-instrumentalist, singer and songwriter from Northern Ireland best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band Snow Patrol.",
"Gary Lightbody\n\nEarly life and education",
"Gary Lightbody\n\nBorn in Bangor, County ... |
qz_1162 | What does the name of the terrorist group Al-Qaida translate as in English? The Base, The Book or The Beads? | The Base | [
"base disambiguation",
"base"
] | [
"Al-Qaeda\n\nAl-Qaeda ( or; ',, translation: \"The Base\", \"The Foundation\" or \"The Fundament\" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist global organization founded in 1988. by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought... |
qz_1163 | Who was the leader of the Labour party from 1980 to 1983? | Michael Foot | [
"foot heads arms body",
"michael foot",
"agent boot",
"michael mackintosh foot"
] | [
"Labour Party (UK)\n\nThe Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Growing out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the nineteenth century, the Labour Party has been described as a \"broad church\", encompassing a diversity of ideological trends from strongly socialist to... |
qz_1165 | Who played Harry in When Harry Met Sally? | Billy Crystal | [
"billy kristol",
"billy crystal",
"billy cristal",
"billy krystol"
] | [
"When Harry Met Sally...\n\nWhen Harry Met Sally… is a 1989 American romantic comedy film written by Nora Ephron and directed by Rob Reiner. It stars Billy Crystal as Harry and Meg Ryan as Sally. The story follows the title characters from the time they meet just before sharing a cross-country drive, through twelve... |
qz_1166 | As in the dish Chilli Con Carne, what is the translation of the word Carne? Sauce, Rice or Meat? | Meat | [
"eating meat",
"processed meats",
"meat eating",
"boneless meat",
"meat consumption",
"processed meat",
"meats",
"meat science",
"meat",
"lean meat"
] | [
"Chili con carne\n\nChili con carne (; ), commonly known in American English as simply \"chili\", is a spicy stew containing chili peppers, meat (usually beef), and often tomatoes and beans. Other seasonings may include garlic, onions, and cumin. Geographic and personal tastes involve different types of meat and i... |
qz_1167 | What was Kenny Rogers first solo number one single in the UK? | Lucille | [
"lucille song",
"lucille",
"lucille disambiguation"
] | [
"Kenny Rogers\n\nKenneth Ray \"Kenny\" Rogers (born August 21, 1938) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.",
"Kenny Rogers\n\nThough he has been most successful with country audiences, he has charted more than 120 hit singles across various... |
qz_1169 | In The Twelve Days Of Christmas, how many ladies dancing were there? | 9 | [
"nine"
] | [
"The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)\n\n\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\" is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas (the twelve days after Christmas). The song, published in England in 1780 witho... |
qz_1171 | Who had a minor hit in 1986 with the song Santa Claus Is On The Dole? | Spitting Image | [
"spitting image show",
"spitting image",
"rubber news",
"fluck and law"
] | [
"Spitting Image\n\nSpitting Image is a British satirical puppet show, created by Peter Fluck, Roger Law and Martin Lambie-Nairn. The series was produced by 'Spitting Image Productions' for Central Independent Television over 18 series which aired on the ITV network. The series was nominated and won numerous awards ... |
qz_1174 | Which one of the following singles was not a Christmas number one? Lonely This Christmas by Mud, Last Christmas by Wham or Merry Christmas Everyone by Shakin Stevens? | Last Christmas by Wham | [
"last christmas by wham"
] | [
"Christmas music\n\nChristmas music comprises a variety of genres of music normally performed or heard around the Christmas season.",
"Christmas music\n\nHistory",
"Christmas music\n\nEarly music",
"Christmas music\n\nMusic was an early feature of the Christmas season and its celebrations. The earliest examp... |
qz_1175 | Who famously sang Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas in the film Meet Me In St Louis? | Judy Garland | [
"judy garland james mason",
"joey luft",
"virgina gumm",
"judy garland",
"frances ethel gumm",
"frances gumm"
] | [
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\n\n\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\", a song written by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, was introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me in St. Louis. Frank Sinatra later recorded a version with modified lyrics. In 2007, ASCAP ranked \"Have Yourself a Merr... |
qz_1176 | When you first took my hand on a cold christmas eve you promised me Broadway was waiting for me is a lyric from which Christmas song? | Fairytale Of New York | [
"en julsaga",
"fairytale of ny",
"fairytale of new york song",
"fairytale of new york film",
"fairy tale of new york",
"fairytale of new york"
] | [
"THE POGUES LYRICS - Fairytale Of New York\n\nTHE POGUES LYRICS - Fairytale Of New York\n\"Fairytale Of New York\" lyrics\nTHE POGUES LYRICS\nIt was Christmas Eve babe\nIn the drunk tank\nAn old man said to me,\nWon't see another one\nAnd then he sang a song\nThe Rare Old Mountain Dew\nI turned my face away\nAnd dr... |
qz_1179 | For which 1990 invention was Tim Berners-Lee awarded the first Millenium Technology Prize in April 2004? | The World Wide Web | [
"surfing net",
"w³",
"world wide page",
"world wide web security",
"www2006",
"tripple w",
"world wide wiretap",
"web content security",
"ideal web response time",
"www",
"world wide web",
"web surfer",
"websurfer",
"websurfing",
"www2007",
"www g",
"world wide wait",
"worldwide we... | [
"Tim Berners-Lee\n\nSir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989, and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hyper... |
qz_1181 | Which controversial documentary film won the Palme D'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2004? | Fahrenheit 9/11 | [
"fahrenheit 9 11"
] | [
"Documentary film\n\nA documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record. Such films were originally shot on film stock—the only medium available—but now include video and digital productions t... |
qz_1185 | In March 2004, Piers Morgan resigned as the editor of which newspaper after publishing fake photographs of Iraqi prisoners being abused? | Daily Mirror | [
"irish daily mirror",
"mirror online",
"irish mirror",
"monday mania",
"sunday pictorial",
"sunday mirror",
"mirror uk",
"london daily mirror",
"celeb on sunday",
"mirror co uk",
"scurra",
"mirror united kingdom",
"daily mirror",
"we love telly"
] | [
"Piers Morgan\n\nPiers Stefan Pughe-Morgan (born Piers Stefan O'Meara; 30 March 1965), known professionally as Piers Morgan, is a British journalist and television personality currently working as the US editor-at-large for Mail Online.",
"Piers Morgan\n\nMorgan is the editorial director of First News, a national... |
qz_1187 | Who are the famous mother and father of Apple Blythe Alison Martin who was born in May 2004? | Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin | [
"gwyneth paltrow and chris martin"
] | [
"Paltrow delivers daughter - Film - www.smh.com.au\n\nPaltrow delivers daughter - Film - www.smh.com.au\nPaltrow delivers daughter\nHollywood star Gwyneth Paltrow has given birth to her first child - a baby girl - at a London hospital. The actress gave birth to her daughter after a \"long labour\". She and her sing... |
qz_1190 | Who is the Patron Saint of England? | St George | [
"sant jordi",
"george victorious",
"st george martyr",
"saint george",
"st george victorious",
"st george",
"george of lydda",
"red cross knight",
"saint george victorious",
"el khader"
] | [
"Saint George\n\nSaint George ( Geṓrgios; ; to 23 April 303), according to legend, was a Roman soldier and officer in the Guard of Roman emperor Diocletian of the Roman army, who ordered his death for failing to recant his Christian faith. As a Christian martyr, he later became one of the most venerated saints in ... |
qz_1193 | Which group had a number one hit in 2003 called Where Is The Love? | Black Eyed Peas | [
"black eyed peas",
"yesterday black eyed peas song",
"black eyed peas group",
"tbep",
"yesterday black eyed peas",
"black eyed pees",
"instant def",
"black eyed peas band",
"roots to fruits",
"black eye peas"
] | [
"Where Is the Love?\n\n\"Where Is the Love?\" is a song recorded by American group The Black Eyed Peas. It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their third album, Elephunk. It is the band's first record to feature Fergie. The song features vocals from Justin Timberlake, although he is not officially cr... |
qz_1194 | Melbourne is the capital of which Australian state? | Victoria | [
"victoria ward",
"victoria beer",
"victoria city disambiguation",
"victoria england",
"victoria city",
"victoria genus",
"victoria transportation",
"victoria disambiguation",
"city of victoria",
"ss victoria",
"victoria geographical disambiguation",
"victoria",
"victoria film"
] | [
"Melbourne\n\nMelbourne) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The name \"Melbourne\" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9900 km2 which comprises the broader metropolita... |
qz_1195 | In which 1999 film do George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg and Ice Cube star as U.S. soldiers in Iraq at the end of the Gulf War? | Three Kings | [
"3 kings",
"three kings of cologne",
"el dia de los tres reyes",
"wise men magi",
"three kings",
"gifts of magi",
"wise men of east",
"wise men from east",
"visit of magi to jesus",
"three wise men",
"reyes magos",
"3 magi",
"three magi",
"visit of wise men",
"gold frankincense and myrrh... | [
"George Clooney\n\nGeorge Timothy Clooney (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor, filmmaker, and activist. He has received three Golden Globe Awards for his work as an actor and two Academy Awards, one for acting and the other for producing.",
"George Clooney\n\nClooney made his acting debut on television in 197... |
qz_1196 | Bill Clinton admitted he had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky after a stain was found on what type of clothing that belonged to her? | Dress | [
"shift dress",
"dress garment",
"wrap dress",
"prom dress",
"mididress",
"dress",
"skirt and dress",
"skirt dress",
"maxi dress",
"skirts and dress",
"👗",
"ankle length dress",
"day dress",
"winter dress",
"afternoon dress",
"skirt and dress disambiguation",
"slim dress",
"maxidre... | [
"Monica Lewinsky\n\nMonica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American activist, television personality, fashion designer, and former White House intern with whom President Bill Clinton admitted to having had what he called an \"inappropriate relationship\" while she worked at the White House in 1995 and 1... |
qz_1209 | Which English King declared first declared Valentine's Day an official holiday in 1537? | Henry VIII | [
"henry viii king of england",
"king of england henry viii",
"henry viii kids",
"henry tudor viii",
"henry viii musician",
"henry duke of york",
"king henry eighth",
"henry 8th",
"king henry 8",
"henry 8",
"henry viii england",
"bluff hal",
"henry viii of ireland",
"henryviii",
"heinrich ... | [
"Valentines Day Declared Official Holiday - FreeServers\n\nValentines Day Declared Official Holiday\nvalentines day declared official holiday\nWhy do we celebrate Valentine's Day ? Valentines Day question: What year was valentines day declared an official holiday ? Can you answer this question? Valentine's Day Triv... |
qz_1212 | Who played Shakespeare in the Oscar winning film Shakespeare In Love? | Joseph Fiennes | [
"joseph fiennes"
] | [
"Shakespeare in Love\n\nFor the theatre adaptation, see Shakespeare in Love (play).",
"Shakespeare in Love\n\nShakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Madden, written by Marc Norman and playwright Tom Stoppard. The film depicts an imaginary love affair involving V... |
qz_1213 | On what day of the week was Valentines Day in the year 2000? | Monday | [
"lunedi",
"moon day",
"mondays",
"monday",
"lundi"
] | [
"Finding the Day of the Week\n\nFinding the Day of the Week\nAbout\nFinding the Day of the Week\nWhen I was growing up way back in the '90s, I used to watch a show called \"Figure It Out.\" It was a sort of game show that would feature a kid with a special talent, and the celebrity panelists would have to, well, fi... |
qz_1214 | With which sport would you associate Davis Love III? | Golf | [
"golfing",
"scramble golf",
"men s golf",
"development of golf technology",
"🏌",
"duffs",
"duffed",
"golf sport",
"golfer",
"golf tournament",
"golf",
"scotch foursomes",
"golf technology",
"golf conditioning",
"texas scramble"
] | [
"Davis Love III\n\nDavis Milton Love III (born April 13, 1964) is an American professional golfer who has won 21 events on the PGA Tour, including one major championship: the 1997 PGA Championship. He also won the prestigious Players Championship in 1992 and 2003. He was in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ran... |
qz_1215 | Who had a hit with the song Paper Roses in 1973? | Marie Osmond | [
"marie osmond",
"stephen craig",
"olive marie osmond",
"behind smile my journey out of postpartum depression",
"marie osmand"
] | [
"Paper Roses\n\n\"Paper Roses\" is a popular song written and composed by Fred Spielman and Janice Torre. It first was a top five hit in 1960 for Anita Bryant with Monty Kelly's Orchestra and Chorus. Marie Osmond later covered it in 1973 and took her version to number one on the US country chart.",
"Paper Roses\... |
qz_1216 | Which famous explorer was murdered by natives of Hawaii on Valentine's Day in 1779? | James Cook | [
"proteges of captain cook",
"cpt james cook",
"lieutenant james cook",
"james cook",
"captian james cook",
"captain cooke",
"cook james",
"james captain cook",
"captain cook",
"cookian",
"james cook botanist",
"capt james cook",
"captain james cook"
] | [
"Native Hawaiians\n\nNative Hawaiians (Hawaiian: kānaka ʻōiwi, kānaka maoli, and Hawaiʻi maoli) are the indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants. Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the original Polynesian settlers of Hawaii.",
"Native Hawaiians\n\nAccording to the U.S.... |
qz_1217 | Which 1997 film was a character called Rose played by two different actresses, both of whom received Oscar nominations for their parts? | Titanic | [
"rms titantic",
"rms 22titanic 22",
"titanicc",
"rms titanick",
"hms titanic",
"titantic",
"100th anniversary of sinking of rms titanic",
"rms titanic",
"royal mail steamer titanic",
"august weikman",
"3909 04",
"titanick",
"barbara joyce west",
"titanic",
"r m s titanic",
"titanic pas... | [
"1997 in film\n\nThe year 1997 in film involved many significant films, including the blockbuster success Titanic, and the beginning of the film studio DreamWorks.",
"1997 in film\n\nHighest-grossing films",
"1997 in film\n\nThe top ten films released in 1997 by worldwide gross are as follows:",
"1997 in film... |
qz_1218 | What is the name of the hit show based on the songs of Abba? | Mama Mia | [
"mommy mia",
"mum mia",
"momma mia",
"mama mia",
"moma mia",
"mother mia",
"ma mia",
"mumma mia",
"mumy mia",
"mamy mia",
"mammy mia",
"mamma mia",
"mamma mia disambiguation",
"muma mia",
"momy mia",
"mom mia",
"mamamia"
] | [
"ABBA\n\nABBA (stylised ᗅᗺᗷᗅ;) were a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm in 1972 by members Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982. ABBA won ... |
qz_1219 | Which G is the name of the Italian astronomer who improved the telescope so much as to discover that there were craters on the moon? | Galileo | [
"g galilei",
"galilei galileo",
"galilao",
"very brief summary of life of galileo",
"natural light of reason",
"galileo",
"light of nature",
"father of modern observational astronomy",
"il lume naturale",
"galileo galilaei",
"galaleo",
"galileo galilei",
"galilio",
"galileo s finger",
"g... | [
"Italians\n\nItalians () are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Legally, Italians are citizens of the Italian Republic, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is u... |
qz_1220 | For which series of films were the actors Kenneth Williams and Sid James best known? | Carry On ... | [
"carry on disambiguation",
"carry on album",
"carry on",
"carry on song"
] | [
"Kenneth Williams\n\nKenneth Charles Williams (22 February 1926 – 15 April 1988) was an English actor, best known for his comedy roles and in later life as a raconteur and diarist.",
"Kenneth Williams\n\nHe was one of the main ensemble in 26 of the 31 Carry On films, and appeared in many British television shows ... |
qz_1222 | Which alternative word for the Devil is a Hebrew word with translates as Lord Of The Flies? | Beelzebub | [
"baal zebul",
"beezil",
"baal zebub in rabbinical literature",
"beezelbub",
"beezlebub",
"beelzeboul",
"baalzebub",
"belzebub",
"beelzebub in culture",
"baazelbub",
"ba al zebub",
"beelzebuth",
"be elzebub",
"beelzebob",
"beelzebul",
"beelzeebub",
"beelzebubian",
"baalzebul",
"ba... | [
"Devil\n\nThe Devil (from Greek: διάβολος or diábolos slanderer or accuser) is, according to Christianity and Islam, the primary opponent of God.",
"Devil\n\nChristianity identifies the Devil (\"Satan\") with the Serpent who tempted Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit, and describes him as a \"fallen angel\"... |
qz_1223 | On which TV island might you have found actor Ricardo Montalban? | Fantasy | [
"fantasy series",
"fantasy fiction",
"fantasy",
"fantasies",
"fantasy genre",
"portal quest fantasy",
"fantasy game",
"portal fantasy",
"fnatasy",
"fantasy writer",
"intrusion fantasy",
"liminal fantasy",
"immersive fantasy",
"fantasy writing",
"fantasy word"
] | [
"Ricardo Montalbán\n\nRicardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino, KSG (;; November 25, 1920 – January 14, 2009), was a Mexican actor. His career spanned seven decades, during which he became known for many different roles. During the 1970s, he was a spokesman in automobile advertisements for Chrysler, including those... |
qz_1224 | Mozart's opera, which was a continuation of The Barber Of Seville, was called The Marriage Of ... who? | Figaro | [
"figaro disambiguation",
"figaro opera character",
"figaro"
] | [
"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\n\nWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (, English see fn.; 27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Born in Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. ... |
qz_1225 | What is the nearest planet to the Sun? | Mercury | [
"merdcury",
"mercury album",
"mercury disambiguation",
"mercury",
"murcury"
] | [
"Planet\n\nA planet is an astronomical object orbiting a star or stellar remnant that\n* is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity,\n* is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and\n* has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.This definition is drawn from two separate IAU declarations... |
qz_1226 | What is the name of the dopey road sweeper player by Roger Lloyd-Pack in Only Fools And Horses? | Trigger | [
"trigger disambiguation",
"triggers",
"trigger mechanism",
"trigger",
"trigger computing"
] | [
"Roger Lloyd-Pack\n\nRoger Lloyd-Pack (8 February 1944 – 15 January 2014) was an English actor. He was best known for the role of Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003. He also had a supporting role of Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007, and as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He... |
qz_1227 | In which sport do the rules specify that the ball used must not weigh less than 45.93 grams and must have a diameter of at least 42.67 millimetres? | Golf | [
"golfing",
"scramble golf",
"men s golf",
"development of golf technology",
"🏌",
"duffs",
"duffed",
"golf sport",
"golfer",
"golf tournament",
"golf",
"scotch foursomes",
"golf technology",
"golf conditioning",
"texas scramble"
] | [
"Golf\n\nGolf is a club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.",
"Golf\n\nGolf is one of the few ball games that do not require a standardized playing area. The game is played on a course with an arranged progression of eit... |
qz_1228 | Which came first - Rugby League or Rugby Union? | Rugby Union | [
"rugby union tour",
"rugby union player",
"rugby union footballer",
"rugby union",
"rugby union tours",
"rugby union scoring",
"rugby union football",
"fifteen side"
] | [
"Rugby league\n\nRugby league football, usually called rugby league, league, rugby or football , is a full contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field. One of the two codes of rugby football, it originated in England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue ... |
qz_1234 | Which is the heaviest? An Ice Hockey Puck or a Baseball? | An Ice Hockey Puck | [
"puck sport",
"puck sports",
"puck ice hockey",
"hockey puck",
"underwater hockey puck",
"hockey with puck",
"puck hockey",
"ice hockey puck"
] | [
"Ice hockey\n\nIce hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six players each: one goaltender, and five players who skate up and down... |
qz_1235 | What oriental game comprises 144 tiles? | Mah-jong | [
"mah johngg",
"mahjjong",
"🀜",
"🀣",
"🀊",
"mahjong game",
"🀅",
"🀂",
"麻雀",
"麻將",
"🀑",
"🀝",
"🀈",
"ma jeuk",
"ma jongg",
"machiang",
"🀍",
"🀕",
"majiong",
"🀟",
"🀫",
"麻将",
"🀔",
"🀘",
"🀧",
"🀎",
"🀃",
"🀁",
"🀠",
"🀪",
"🀥",
"🀛",
"mah jongg",
... | [
"Mahjong. Play a free MahJongg solitaire tiles game online ...\n\nMahjong. Play a free MahJongg solitaire tiles game online. Chinese towers board game. Mahjong Solitaire\n[09.1] (Size 81k - Flash games require Flash Plug in)\nThis Mahjong Solitaire will load in a new win... |
qz_1236 | What comes next in the following sequence... Red, Blue, White, Black, Orange, __? | Black and White | [
"black and white",
"no color",
"black and white photography",
"black and white movie",
"black and white television",
"black and white film",
"black white"
] | [
"Crayola Crayons - BLICK art materials\n\nCrayola Crayons - BLICK art materials\nCrayola Crayons\nCrayola Crayons are famous for their rich, vibrant color. That's why Crayola is the name kids recognize in crayons. Standard crayons measure\n3-5/8\" long × 5/16\"\nSets are packaged in a tuck box, unless otherwise not... |
qz_1237 | In which year was the penalty kick first introduced into the game of football? | 1891 | [
"one thousand eight hundred and ninety one"
] | [
"Penalty kick\n\nA penalty kick (often abbreviated to penalty) is a method of restarting play in association football, taken from 11 meters (approximately 12 yards) out from the goal, on the penalty mark.",
"Penalty kick\n\nPenalty kicks are performed during normal play. They are awarded when a foul that is punis... |
qz_1238 | Who did Sue Barker replace as host of the BBC quiz show A Question Of Sport? | David Coleman | [
"david coleman"
] | [
"A Question of Sport\n\nA Question of Sport is a long-running BBC sports quiz show that has been airing since 2 December 1968 with over 1,000 episodes.",
"A Question of Sport\n\nIt involves two teams of sports stars answering questions on their own and other sports. Each team has a resident captain, each of whom ... |
qz_1239 | In 1999, what film became Tom Hanks first sequel? | Toy Story 2 | [
"toy story 2 soundtrack",
"toy story two",
"al s toy barn",
"toy story 2"
] | [
"Tom Hanks\n\nThomas Jeffrey \"Tom\" Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for his roles in Splash (1984), Big (1988), Turner & Hooch (1989), Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Saving Private Ryan, You've Got Mail (both 1998), The Green Mile (1999), Cas... |
qz_1240 | What was the name of the robot dog that became a regular companion for Doctor Who? | K-9 | [
"k 9 disambiguation",
"k9",
"k9 disambiguation",
"k 9"
] | [
"Doctor Who\n\nDoctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien. He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears ... |
qz_1241 | Which former Blue Peter presenter was involved in the first National Lottery TV draw in November 1994? | Anthea Turner | [
"flakegate",
"anthea turner"
] | [
"Blue Peter\n\nBlue Peter is a British children's television programme, shown on the CBBC television channel. It first aired in 1958 and is the longest-running children's TV show in the world. Although the show has a nautical title and theme, its current format takes the form of a magazine/entertainment show conta... |
qz_1242 | Who played The Joker in the 1989 film Batman? | Jack Nicholson | [
"jack nickelson",
"jack nickolson",
"jack nicholson movies",
"i warned him",
"jack nicolson",
"list of jack nicholson films",
"john 22jack 22 joseph nicholson",
"nicholson john joseph",
"john j nicholson",
"jack nicholson",
"filmography of jack nicholson",
"john joseph nicholson",
"jack nich... | [
"Joker (comics)\n\nThe Joker is a fictional supervillain created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson who first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book Batman (April 25, 1940) published by DC Comics. Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's ... |
qz_1243 | Who were the three stars of the TV show The Goodies? | Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie | [
"tim brooke taylor graeme garden and bill oddie"
] | [
"The Goodies\n\nThe Goodies are a trio of British comedians: Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. They wrote for and performed in their eponymous surreal comedy show during the 1970s and early 1980s, combining sketches and situation comedy.",
"The Goodies\n\nBeginnings",
"The Goodies\n\nThe three a... |
qz_1244 | Who were the original presenters on Channel 4's Big Breakfast? | Chris Evans and Gaby Roslin | [
"chris evans and gaby roslin"
] | [
"The Big Breakfast\n\nThe Big Breakfast was a British light entertainment television show shown on Channel 4 and S4C each weekday morning from 28 September 1992 until 29 March 2002 during which period 2,482 shows were produced. The Big Breakfast was produced by Planet 24, the production company co-owned by former B... |
qz_1245 | In which Bond film does Britt Ekland play the character of Mary Goodnight? | The Man With The Golden Gun | [
"man with golden gun",
"man with golden gun disambiguation",
"tmwtgg"
] | [
"James Bond\n\nThe James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, C... |
qz_1246 | Which actress divorced Dennis Quaid in 2001 after she had an affair with Russell Crowe? | Meg Ryan | [
"margrit emily mary hyra",
"margaret mary emily anne hyra",
"margaret mary emily hyra",
"margaret emily hyra",
"kathryn sedgwick",
"margrit emily hyra",
"meg ryan",
"margaret hyra",
"margaret emily mary hyra",
"margrit hyra",
"margaret mary hyra",
"margrit mary hyra",
"margrit mary emily hyr... | [
"Dennis Quaid\n\nDennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954) is an American actor known for a wide variety of dramatic and comedic roles. First gaining widespread attention in the 1980s, his career rebounded in the 1990s after he overcame an addiction to drugs and an eating disorder. Some of his notable credits incl... |
qz_1248 | In Channel 4's 1999 poll to find the 100 Greatest Movie Stars, in what position was Michael Caine? | 44 | [
"forty four"
] | [
"James Stewart\n\nJames Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 - July 2, 1997), also known as Jimmy Stewart (although he seldom used that name in formal credits), was an American actor and military officer, known for his distinctive drawl and down-to-earth persona. He starred in many films that are considered to be classic... |
qz_1250 | True or False: St. Patrick was born in Ireland? | False | [
"falsehood",
"false disambiguation",
"false"
] | [
"True or false? | History Extra\n\nTrue or false? | History Extra\nTrue or false?\nHow much do you know about the origins, celebrations and traditions of St Patrick's Day?\nThursday 17th March 2011\nBBC History Magazine - 5 issues for £5\nBBC History Magazine, together with Encyclopædia Britannica, has put together... |
qz_1251 | Which Irish writer is the only person to have won both a nobel prize and an academy award? | George Bernard Shaw | [
"plays unpleasant",
"george barnard shaw",
"gb shaw",
"g bernard shaw",
"shaw george bernard",
"george bernard shaw",
"plays pleasant",
"g b shaw"
] | [
"George Bernard Shaw\n\nGeorge Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950), known at his insistence simply as Bernard Shaw, was an Irish playwright, critic and polemicist whose influence on Western theatre, culture and politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond. He wrote more than sixty plays, inclu... |
qz_1254 | Which Irishman has won the Eurovision song contest twice as a singer and once as a composer? | Johnny Logan | [
"johnny logan disambiguation",
"logan johnny",
"johnny logan"
] | [
"Eurovision Song Contest\n\nThe Eurovision Song Contest (), sometimes popularly called Eurovision but not to be confused with the Eurovision network that broadcasts it, is the longest-running annual international TV song competition, held, primarily, among the member countries of the European Broadcasting Union (... |
qz_1255 | What is the English translation of Ireland's national anthem Amhrรกn na bhFiann? | A Soldier's Song | [
"irish national anthem",
"amhran bhfiann",
"soldier s song",
"national anthem of ireland",
"amhrann na bhfiann",
"national anthem of republic of ireland",
"soldier song",
"amhrán na bhfiann",
"irish anthem",
"soldiers song",
"amhran na bhfiann"
] | [
"National anthem\n\nA national anthem (also state anthem, national hymn, national song etc.) is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through ... |
qz_1256 | Which Irish born explorer is best remembered for his Anatarctic expedition from 1914 to 1916 in the ship Endurance? | Ernest Shackleton | [
"e h shackleton",
"shackleton sir ernest henry",
"ernest shackleton",
"sir ernest shackleton",
"earnest shackleton",
"sir shackleton",
"sir ernest henry shackleton",
"ernest h shackleton",
"ernest henry schackleton",
"ernest henry shackleton",
"alexandra shackleton"
] | [
"Ireland\n\nIreland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.",
"I... |
qz_1257 | Who became the first Irish woman to set a world record in a track event when she recorded a record time in the 5,000 metres in 1991? | Sonia O'Sullivan | [
"sonia o sullivan"
] | [
"Sonia O'Sullivan\n\nSonia O'Sullivan (born 28 November 1969, in Cobh, County Cork) is an Irish former athlete.",
"Sonia O'Sullivan\n\nShe began her running career in Ballymore Running Club which is located in the eastern side of Cobh Town. She was one of the world's leading female 5000 m runners for most of the ... |
qz_1259 | How many calories are in a pint of Guinness? | 198 | [
"one hundred and ninety eight"
] | [
"Pint\n\nThe pint () (abbreviated as \"pt\" or \"p\") is a unit of volume or capacity in both the United States customary and British imperial measurement systems. In both of those systems it is traditionally one-eighth of a gallon. The British pint is about 20% larger than the American pint since the two systems a... |
qz_1270 | Who resides at Clarence House? | Prince Charles | [
"prince of wales charles",
"next king of australia",
"charles iii of united kingdom",
"charles philip arthur george mountbatten windsor",
"prince charles of united kingdom",
"next king of uk",
"prince charles prince of wales",
"charles duke of cornwal",
"charles of united kingdom",
"his highness p... | [
"Clarence House\n\nClarence House is a royal residence in London, situated on The Mall, in the City of Westminster. It is attached to St. James's Palace and shares the palace's garden. For nearly 50 years, from 1953 to 2002, it was home to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. It has since been the official residence... |
qz_1271 | Which British monarch reigned for longer than any other? | Queen Victoria | [
"victoria queen of great britain",
"alexandrina victoria von wettin née hanover",
"queen victoria i",
"diamond jubilee of queen victoria",
"we are not amused",
"queen victoria i of united kingdom",
"victoria queen of england",
"victoria i of united kingdom",
"victoria of united kingdom",
"victoria... | [
"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\n\nThe monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. The monarch's title is \"King\" (male) or \"Queen\" (female). The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth... |
qz_1273 | In which year was Prince William born? | 1982 | [
"one thousand nine hundred and eighty two"
] | [
"1982: Remember the day a prince was born? - BBC News\n\nBBC ON THIS DAY | 21 | 1982: Remember the day a prince was born? About This Site | Text Only\n1982: Remember the day a prince was born? Princess Diana gave birth to her first son, Prince William, second in line to the throne back in 1982. He was the first hei... |
qz_1274 | As at April 2004, how many different Prime Ministers has the Queen given audience to? | 10 | [
"ten"
] | [
"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\n\nThe Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister (informal abbreviation: PM) and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, most of whom are government... |
qz_1277 | What is the official title of Camilla now that she has married Prince Charles? | Duchess of Cornwall | [
"duchess of cornwall",
"hrh duchess of cornwall"
] | [
"Charles, Prince of Wales\n\nCharles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948), is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay and in South West England as Duke of Cornwall, he is the longest-serving heir apparent in Bri... |
qz_1278 | Who was King during World War I? | George V | [
"george v of great britain and ireland",
"king george v of great britain",
"king george fifth",
"king george v s silver jubilee",
"george v of england",
"king george v of united kingdom",
"king george v",
"george v of britain",
"george v emperor",
"george v emperor of india",
"george 5",
"king... | [
"King George V Biography (Royalty/World War I Figure)\n\nKing George V Biography (Royalty/World War I Figure)\nBest known as: The King of England during World War I\nName at birth: George Frederick Ernest Albert\nEngland's George V was the king of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1910 until 1935, a span that... |
qz_1279 | What is the Queens official residence in Scotland? | The Palace Of Holyrood House | [
"palace of holyrood",
"keeper of holyroodhouse",
"holyrood palace",
"palace of holyrood house",
"chapel royal holyrood palace",
"holyroodhouse",
"holyroodhouse palace",
"holyrood castle",
"holyrood house",
"halyrudhous",
"palace of holyroodhouse"
] | [
"The Queens official Residence in Scotland - Palace of ...\n\nThe Queens official Residence in Scotland - Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor\nFee: Yes\nRecommended length of visit: 2-3 hours\nOwner description: The Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence in Scotland of Her ... |
qz_1280 | At the time of her golden jubilee, how many ships had the Queen launched? | 17 | [
"seventeen"
] | [
"Elizabeth II\n\nElizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is, and has been since her accession in 1952, Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Head of the Commonwealth. She is also Queen of 12 countries that have become independent since her accession: Jamaica, Barba... |
qz_1281 | On what date does St George's Day fall? | April 23rd | [
"april 23rd",
"april 23",
"23 april",
"apr 23",
"23rd april"
] | [
"Saint George\n\nSaint George ( Geṓrgios; ; to 23 April 303), according to legend, was a Roman soldier and officer in the Guard of Roman emperor Diocletian of the Roman army, who ordered his death for failing to recant his Christian faith. As a Christian martyr, he later became one of the most venerated saints in ... |
qz_1282 | Which George directed the 2002 film Confessions Of A Dangerous Mind? | George Clooney | [
"george cloony",
"clooney george",
"george t clooney",
"goerge clooney",
"challenge 2011 film",
"max pig",
"george klooney",
"george timothy clooney",
"george clooney",
"list of george clooney awards and nominations"
] | [
"2002 in film\n\nThe year 2002 in film involved some significant events. The first significant releases of sequels took place between The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Men in Black II, Analyze That, Spy Kids 2: The Island of... |
qz_1283 | In 2002, who was the highest placed 'George' in the BBC poll of 100 Greatest Britons? | Boy George | [
"boy george",
"george o dowd",
"george odowd",
"audun carlsen",
"angela dust",
"george alan o dowd"
] | [
"BBC NEWS | Talking Point | Who is the Greatest Briton?\n\nBBC NEWS | Talking Point | Who is the Greatest Briton? Tuesday, 27 August, 2002, 16:37 GMT 17:37 UK\nWho is the Greatest Briton? David Beckham and DJ John Peel have beaten Constable and Wordsworth to make it into a poll of Britain's top 100 heroes. More tha... |
qz_1284 | Which George is the author with the real name of Eric Arthur Blair? | George Orwell | [
"eric blair",
"g orwell",
"eric arthur blair",
"geoge orwell",
"e blair",
"george orwell",
"arthur blair",
"orwell day",
"p s burton",
"orwell george",
"george eric blair orwell"
] | [
"George Orwell\n\nEric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 ), who used the pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism.",
"... |
qz_1285 | What was George's surname in George And Mildred? | Roper | [
"roper disambiguation",
"ropers",
"roper"
] | [
"George and Mildred\n\nGeorge and Mildred is a British sitcom that was produced by Thames Television that aired from 1976 to 1979. It was a spin-off from Man About the House and starred Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce as constantly sparring married couple, George and Mildred Roper. The premise of the series had Georg... |
qz_1287 | What type of animal was George in the children's TV show Rainbow? | Hippo | [
"hippopotamus",
"hippopotami",
"hypopotamous",
"hippopautamus",
"hypopotamus",
"h amphibius",
"hyppopotamus",
"hippopotimus",
"black hippopotamus",
"hippopatomous",
"hippotamous",
"hipopotamus",
"hippotamos",
"river horse",
"hippopotamus amphibius",
"nile hippopotamus",
"hippotamus",... | [
"Rainbow (TV series)\n\nRainbow is a British children's television series, created by Pamela Lonsdale, which ran between five times weekly, twice weekly on Mondays and Wednesdays then Tuesdays and Fridays, and finally once weekly at 12:10 on Fridays on the ITV network, from 1 September 1972 to 31 December 1992. It ... |
qz_1288 | Which George had top ten hits in the 1980s with Give Me The Night and In Your Eyes? | George Benson | [
"benson george",
"summertime 2001 theme from good king bad",
"george benson quartet",
"george benson",
"ultimate collection george benson album"
] | [
"Give Me the Night (album)\n\nGive Me The Night is a 1980 album recorded and released by American jazz guitarist and singer George Benson.",
"Give Me the Night (album)\n\nReception",
"Give Me the Night (album)\n\nReleased in the summer of 1980, Give Me The Night was produced by Quincy Jones and released on Jon... |
qz_1289 | Who played the title role in 1997 film George Of The Jungle? | Brendan Fraser | [
"brandon fraser",
"brendan frasier",
"brendan fraser"
] | [
"George of the Jungle (film)\n\nGeorge of the Jungle is a 1997 American live-action film adaptation of the cartoon of the same name which is also a parody of Tarzan. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures with Mandeville Films and The Kerner Entertainment Company and originally released to movie theatres on ... |
qz_1290 | Which King created the George Cross medal? George III, George V or George VI? | George VI | [
"albert of wales",
"prince albert duke of york",
"king george v1",
"george vi of scotland",
"george vi of great britain and ireland",
"hm king george vi",
"gvir",
"albert of cornwall",
"albert frederick arthur george",
"prince albert of cornwall and york",
"george vi of britain",
"george vi of... | [
"George Cross\n\nThe George Cross (GC) is the second highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry \"not in the face of the enemy\" to both members of the British armed forces and to British civilians. It has always been able to be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded to... |
qz_1292 | What is a more common name for the Aurora Borealis? | The Northern Lights | [
"northern lights",
"northern lights disambiguation",
"northern lights band",
"nortern lights",
"northern lights group",
"northern light",
"northern lights album",
"northern light album"
] | [
"Aurora\n\nAn aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar light, is a natural light display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. Auroras are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that the trajectories of charged particles in both sol... |
qz_1293 | In September 2003, Fathers 4 Justice campaigner Jason Hatch caused an embarrassing security breach at Buckingham Palace dressed as who? | Batman | [
"brucewayne",
"batman handbook ultimate training manual",
"batman bruce wayne",
"bat man",
"caped crusader",
"silver age batman",
"batman",
"batmarine",
"fictional history of batman",
"bat embargo",
"batdude",
"golden age batman",
"skills and abilities of batman",
"skills abilities resourc... | [
"Fathers 4 Justice\n\nFathers 4 Justice (or F4J) is a fathers’ rights organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded in 2002, the group aims to gain public and parliamentary support for changes in UK legislation on fathers' rights, mainly using stunts and protests, often conducted in costume.",
"Fathers 4 Justice\n\... |
qz_1294 | Which English city stands on the river Nene? | Peterborough | [
"municipal borough of peterborough",
"weather in peterborough",
"peterborough united kingdom",
"city of peterborough",
"peterborough cambridgeshire",
"magna park peterborough",
"peterborough cambs",
"peterborough district",
"peterborough england",
"peterborough borough",
"petreborough",
"count... | [
"River Nene\n\nThe River Nene or-see below) is a river in the east of England that rises from three sources in the county of Northamptonshire. The tidal river forms the border between Cambridgeshire and Norfolk for about . It is the tenth longest river in the United Kingdom, and is navigable for 88 mi from Northam... |
qz_1295 | What were the christian names of the Blues Brothers? | Jake and Elwood | [
"jake and elwood"
] | [
"The Blues Brothers\n\nThe Blues Brothers, formally, variously The Blues Brothers' Show Band and Revue and The Blues Brothers' Rhythm and Blues Revue, are an American blues and rhythm and blues revivalist band founded in 1976 by comedy actors Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Nigh... |
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