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4,700 | In modern terms, given a probability distribution p(x|θ) for an observable quantity x conditional on an unobserved variable θ, the "inverse probability" is the posterior distribution p(θ|x), which depends both on the likelihood function (the inversion of the probability distribution) and a prior distribution. The distr... | Inverse probability | 0.827533 |
4,701 | Venter has argued that synthetic bacteria are a step towards creating organisms to manufacture hydrogen and biofuels, and also to absorb carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. George M. Church, another pioneer in synthetic biology, has expressed the contrasting view that creating a fully synthetic genome is not nec... | Minimal Genome Project | 0.827533 |
4,702 | From 2002 to 2010, a team at the Hungarian Academy of Science created a strain of Escherichia coli called MDS42, which is now sold by Scarab Genomics of Madison, WI under the name of "Clean Genome. E.coli", where 15% of the genome of the parental strain (E. coli K-12 MG1655) were removed to aid in molecular biology eff... | Minimal Genome Project | 0.827533 |
4,703 | Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria of the class Mollicutes in the division Mycoplasmatota (formerly Tenericutes), characterised by the lack of a cell wall (making it Gram negative) due to its parasitic or commensal lifestyle. In molecular biology, the genus has received much attention, both for being a notoriously diffi... | Minimal Genome Project | 0.827533 |
4,704 | Mathematics and Computer Education was a peer-reviewed academic journal in the fields of mathematics and computer science education, published from 1982 to 2016. It was edited by George M. Miller Jr. of Nassau Community College.It is the successor publication of the New York State Mathematics Newsletter for Two Year Co... | Mathematics and Computer Education | 0.827532 |
4,705 | Paradox was a division winner in the annual CADE ATP System Competition, an annual contest for automated theorem proving, in the years 2003 to 2012. == References == | Paradox (theorem prover) | 0.827515 |
4,706 | Paradox is a finite-domain model finder for pure first-order logic (FOL) with equality developed by Koen Lindström Claessen and Niklas Sörensson at the Chalmers University of Technology. It can a participate as part of an automated theorem proving system. The software is primarily written in the Haskell programming lan... | Paradox (theorem prover) | 0.827515 |
4,707 | The term macromolecule (macro- + molecule) was coined by Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, although his first relevant publication on this field only mentions high molecular compounds (in excess of 1,000 atoms). At that time the term polymer, as introduced by Berzelius in 1832, had a different meaning fro... | Macromolecule | 0.827502 |
4,708 | Because of the double-stranded nature of DNA, essentially all of the nucleotides take the form of Watson-Crick base pairs between nucleotides on the two complementary strands of the double-helix. In contrast, both RNA and proteins are normally single-stranded. Therefore, they are not constrained by the regular geometry... | Macromolecule | 0.827502 |
4,709 | A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid. It is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, pro... | Macromolecule | 0.827502 |
4,710 | The landscape functions that soil scientists are called upon to address in the field seem to fall roughly into six areas: Land-based treatment of wastes Septic system Manure Municipal biosolids Food and fiber processing waste Identification and protection of environmentally critical areas Sensitive and unstable soils W... | Soil Sciences | 0.827487 |
4,711 | Academically, soil scientists tend to be drawn to one of five areas of specialization: microbiology, pedology, edaphology, physics, or chemistry. Yet the work specifics are very much dictated by the challenges facing our civilization's desire to sustain the land that supports it, and the distinctions between the sub-di... | Soil Sciences | 0.827487 |
4,712 | Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil... | Soil Sciences | 0.827487 |
4,713 | Both branches apply a combination of soil physics, soil chemistry, and soil biology. Due to the numerous interactions between the biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere that are hosted within the pedosphere, more integrated, less soil-centric concepts are also valuable. Many concepts essential to understanding soil come... | Soil Sciences | 0.827487 |
4,714 | Depression storage capacity, in soil science, is the ability of a particular area of land to retain water in its pits and depressions, thus preventing it from flowing. Depression storage capacity, along with infiltration capacity, is one of the main factors involved in Horton overland flow, whereby water volume surpass... | Soil Sciences | 0.827487 |
4,715 | For life science disciplines (Immunology, Microbiology, Virology, Haematology, Biochemistry) the training curriculum and formal examinations are administered by the Royal College of Pathologists. The life science training pathway for Clinical Scientists follows a similar pathway to that undertaken by medically qualifie... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.827486 |
4,716 | The result of this is that several regional medical deaneries no longer permit Medical Doctors to train in Microbiology or Virology as single disciplines, and instead advocate dual-specialisation as Infectious Disease/Microbiology or Infectious Disease/Virology . Simultaneously the expansion of higher specialist scient... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.827486 |
4,717 | Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Immunology and Genomic Medicine are specialities with an abundance of UK Clinical Scientists, and where the role is well established. Infection services in the United Kingdom are generally undertaken by medically qualified Microbiologists, who may have overall responsibility for laborato... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.827486 |
4,718 | Certified Histocompatibility Associate, Certified Histocompatibility Technologist, Certified Histocompatibility Specialist, and Diplomate of the ABHI are titles granted by the American Board of Hisocompatibility and Immunogenetics after meeting education and experience requirements and passing the required examination;... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.827486 |
4,719 | Medical Technologists specialty may use additional credentials, such as "SBB" (Specialist in Blood Banking) from the American Association of Blood Banks, "SM" (Specialist in Microbiology) from the American Society for Microbiology, "SC" (Specialist in Chemistry) from the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, or ... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.827486 |
4,720 | Many Medical Laboratory Scientists are generalists, skilled in most areas of the clinical laboratory. However, some are specialists, qualified by unique undergraduate education or additional training to perform more complex analyses than usual within a specific field. Specialties include clinical biochemistry, hematolo... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.827486 |
4,721 | The basic qualification for becoming a Clinical Biochemist, Clinical Immunologist or Clinical Microbiologist is a good Honours degree in an appropriate subject: for Clinical Biochemistry, that subject might be Biochemistry or Chemistry (or another life science subject which contains a substantial Biochemistry component... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.827486 |
4,722 | In physics and classical mechanics, the three-body problem is the problem of taking the initial positions and velocities (or momenta) of three point masses and solving for their subsequent motion according to Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation. The three-body problem is a special case of ... | Restricted three body problem | 0.827477 |
4,723 | A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Artificial intelligence b... | Classical computing | 0.827456 |
4,724 | In computer algebra, an Ore algebra is a special kind of iterated Ore extension that can be used to represent linear functional operators, including linear differential and/or recurrence operators. The concept is named after Øystein Ore. | Ore algebra | 0.82744 |
4,725 | Let K {\displaystyle K} be a (commutative) field and A = K {\displaystyle A=K} be a commutative polynomial ring (with A = K {\displaystyle A=K} when s = 0 {\displaystyle s=0} ). The iterated skew polynomial ring A ⋯ {\displaystyle A\cdots } is called an Ore algebra when the σ i {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}} and δ j {\... | Ore algebra | 0.82744 |
4,726 | Ore algebras satisfy the Ore condition, and thus can be embedded in a (skew) field of fractions. The constraint of commutation in the definition makes Ore algebras have a non-commutative generalization theory of Gröbner basis for their left ideals. == References == | Ore algebra | 0.82744 |
4,727 | Another type of logics are fixed-point logics that allow inductive definitions, like one writes for primitive recursive functions. One can formally define an extension of first-order logic — a notion which encompasses all logics in this section because they behave like first-order logic in certain fundamental ways, but... | Mathematical Logic | 0.827439 |
4,728 | The semantics are defined so that, rather than having a separate domain for each higher-type quantifier to range over, the quantifiers instead range over all objects of the appropriate type. The logics studied before the development of first-order logic, for example Frege's logic, had similar set-theoretic aspects. Alt... | Mathematical Logic | 0.827439 |
4,729 | In his work on the incompleteness theorems in 1931, Gödel lacked a rigorous concept of an effective formal system; he immediately realized that the new definitions of computability could be used for this purpose, allowing him to state the incompleteness theorems in generality that could only be implied in the original ... | Mathematical Logic | 0.827439 |
4,730 | Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski showed that the axiom of choice can be used to decompose a solid ball into a finite number of pieces which can then be rearranged, with no scaling, to make two solid balls of the original size. This theorem, known as the Banach–Tarski paradox, is one of many counterintuitive results of t... | Mathematical Logic | 0.827439 |
4,731 | Recursion theory, also called computability theory, studies the properties of computable functions and the Turing degrees, which divide the uncomputable functions into sets that have the same level of uncomputability. Recursion theory also includes the study of generalized computability and definability. Recursion theo... | Mathematical Logic | 0.827439 |
4,732 | Another way of viewing three-dimensional space is found in linear algebra, where the idea of independence is crucial. Space has three dimensions because the length of a box is independent of its width or breadth. In the technical language of linear algebra, space is three-dimensional because every point in space can be... | Three-dimensional space (mathematics) | 0.827421 |
4,733 | Specifically, the space together with the product, ( R 3 , × ) {\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ^{3},\times )} is isomorphic to the Lie algebra of three-dimensional rotations, denoted s o ( 3 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {so}}(3)} . In order to satisfy the axioms of a Lie algebra, instead of associativity the cross product s... | Three-dimensional space (mathematics) | 0.827421 |
4,734 | The components of the cross product are A × B = {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \times \mathbf {B} =} , and can also be written in components, using Einstein summation convention as ( A × B ) i = ϵ i j k A j B k {\displaystyle (\mathbf {A} \times \mathbf {B} )_{i}=\epsilon _{ijk}A_{j}B_{k}} where ϵ i j k {\displaystyle \ep... | Three-dimensional space (mathematics) | 0.827421 |
4,735 | The cross product or vector product is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space and is denoted by the symbol ×. The cross product A × B of the vectors A and B is a vector that is perpendicular to both and therefore normal to the plane containing them. It has many applications in mathematics, physics... | Three-dimensional space (mathematics) | 0.827421 |
4,736 | Population genomics is the large-scale comparison of DNA sequences of populations. Population genomics is a neologism that is associated with population genetics. Population genomics studies genome-wide effects to improve our understanding of microevolution so that we may learn the phylogenetic history and demography o... | Population genomics | 0.827408 |
4,737 | Classical bioisosterism was originally formulated by James Moir and refined by Irving Langmuir as a response to the observation that different atoms with the same valence electron structure had similar biological properties. For example, the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom at a site of metabolic oxi... | Bioisostere | 0.827406 |
4,738 | In medicinal chemistry, bioisosteres are chemical substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties in the same chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical ... | Bioisostere | 0.827406 |
4,739 | Using Bayes' theorem we can write out the probability of a spike given a stimulus: P ( s p i k e | s K ) = P ( s p i k e ) f ( s K ) {\displaystyle P(spike|\mathbf {s} ^{K})=P(spike)f(\mathbf {s} ^{K})} where f ( s K ) = P ( s K | s p i k e ) P ( s K ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {s} ^{K})={\frac {P(\mathbf {s} ^{K}|spike... | Maximally informative dimensions | 0.827405 |
4,740 | Maximally informative dimensions is a dimensionality reduction technique used in the statistical analyses of neural responses. Specifically, it is a way of projecting a stimulus onto a low-dimensional subspace so that as much information as possible about the stimulus is preserved in the neural response. It is motivate... | Maximally informative dimensions | 0.827405 |
4,741 | Maximally informative dimensions does not make any assumptions about the Gaussianity of the stimulus set, which is important, because naturalistic stimuli tend to have non-Gaussian statistics. In this way the technique is more robust than other dimensionality reduction techniques such as spike-triggered covariance anal... | Maximally informative dimensions | 0.827405 |
4,742 | In mathematics, a system of differential equations is a finite set of differential equations. Such a system can be either linear or non-linear. Also, such a system can be either a system of ordinary differential equations or a system of partial differential equations. | System of differential equations | 0.827403 |
4,743 | The proton radius puzzle is an unanswered problem in physics relating to the size of the proton. Historically the proton charge radius was measured by two independent methods, which converged to a value of about 0.877 femtometres (1 fm = 10−15 m). This value was challenged by a 2010 experiment using a third method, whi... | Proton radius puzzle | 0.827396 |
4,744 | Randolf Pohl, the original investigator of the puzzle, stated that while it would be "fantastic" if the puzzle led to a discovery, the most likely explanation is not new physics but some measurement artefact. His personal assumption is that past measurements have misgauged the Rydberg constant and that the current offi... | Proton radius puzzle | 0.827396 |
4,745 | In one of the attempts to resolve the puzzle without new physics, Alarcón et al. (2018) of Jefferson Lab have proposed that a different technique to fit the experimental scattering data, in a theoretically as well as analytically justified manner, produces a proton charge radius from the existing electron scattering da... | Proton radius puzzle | 0.827396 |
4,746 | In molecular physics/nanotechnology, electrostatic deflection is the deformation of a beam-like structure/element bent by an electric field (Fig. 1). It can be due to interaction between electrostatic fields and net charge or electric polarization effects. The beam-like structure/element is generally cantilevered (fix ... | Electrostatic deflection (structural element) | 0.827391 |
4,747 | This is easily seen, for example, in the single bond breaking of F2 when using a restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) reference, which is not size-consistent, at the CCSDT (coupled cluster single-double-triple) level of theory, which provides an almost exact, full-CI-quality, potential-energy surface and does not dissociate t... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,748 | Čížek first developed the linear CPMET and then generalized it to full CPMET in the same work in 1966. He then also performed an application of it on the benzene molecule with Sinanoğlu in the same year. Because MET is somewhat difficult to perform computationally, CC is simpler and thus, in today's computational chemi... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,749 | Coupled cluster (CC) is a numerical technique used for describing many-body systems. Its most common use is as one of several post-Hartree–Fock ab initio quantum chemistry methods in the field of computational chemistry, but it is also used in nuclear physics. Coupled cluster essentially takes the basic Hartree–Fock mo... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,750 | The complexity of equations and the corresponding computer codes, as well as the cost of the computation, increases sharply with the highest level of excitation. For many applications CCSD, while relatively inexpensive, does not provide sufficient accuracy except for the smallest systems (approximately 2 to 4 electrons... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,751 | Often, as was done above, the cluster operator includes only singles and doubles (see CCSD below) as this offers a computationally affordable method that performs better than MP2 and CISD, but is not very accurate usually. For accurate results some form of triples (approximate or full) are needed, even near the equilib... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,752 | }}{\big ,T{\big ]}+\dots =(He^{T})_{C}.} The subscript C designates the connected part of the corresponding operator expression. The resulting similarity-transformed Hamiltonian is non-Hermitian, resulting in different left and right vectors (wave functions) for the same state of interest (this is what is often referre... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,753 | Considering the basic CCSD method: ⟨ Φ 0 | e − ( T 1 + T 2 ) H e ( T 1 + T 2 ) | Φ 0 ⟩ = E , {\displaystyle \langle \Phi _{0}|e^{-(T_{1}+T_{2})}He^{(T_{1}+T_{2})}|\Phi _{0}\rangle =E,} ⟨ Φ i a | e − ( T 1 + T 2 ) H e ( T 1 + T 2 ) | Φ 0 ⟩ = 0 , {\displaystyle \langle \Phi _{i}^{a}|e^{-(T_{1}+T_{2})}He^{(T_{1}+T_{2})}|\... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,754 | I myself at the time had almost given up the CC method as not tractable and, of course, I never looked into the quantum chemistry journals. The result was that I learnt about Jiří's work as late as in the early seventies, when he sent me a big parcel with reprints of the many papers he and Joe Paldus had written until ... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,755 | Kümmel comments: Considering the fact that the CC method was well understood around the late fifties it looks strange that nothing happened with it until 1966, as Jiří Čížek published his first paper on a quantum chemistry problem. He had looked into the 1957 and 1960 papers published in Nuclear Physics by Fritz and my... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,756 | In nuclear physics, coupled cluster saw significantly less use than in quantum chemistry during the 1980s and 1990s. More powerful computers, as well as advances in theory (such as the inclusion of three-nucleon interactions), have spawned renewed interest in the method since then, and it has been successfully applied ... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,757 | It is now one of the most prevalent methods in quantum chemistry that includes electronic correlation. CC theory is simply the perturbative variant of the many-electron theory (MET) of Oktay Sinanoğlu, which is the exact (and variational) solution of the many-electron problem, so it was also called "coupled-pair MET (C... | Coupled cluster | 0.827391 |
4,758 | Sir Isaac Newton described the motion of all objects using the concepts of inertia and force. In 1687, Newton published his magnum opus, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. In this work Newton set out three laws of motion that have dominated the way forces are described in physics to this day. The precise ways... | Force | 0.827379 |
4,759 | With his mathematical insight, Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved for over two hundred years.By the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light and also provided insight into t... | Force | 0.827379 |
4,760 | Newton's first law of motion states that the natural behavior of an object at rest is to continue being at rest, and the natural behavior of an object moving at constant speed in a straight line is to continue moving at that constant speed along that straight line. The latter follows from the former because of the prin... | Force | 0.827379 |
4,761 | In an extended body, each part often applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the internal mechanical stress. In equilibrium these stresses cause no acceleration of the body as the forces balance one another. If these are not in equilibrium they can cause deformation of ... | Force | 0.827379 |
4,762 | In physics, a force is an influence that can cause an object to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate, unless counterbalanced by other forces. The concept of force makes the everyday notion of pushing or pulling mathematically precise. Because the magnitude and direction of a force are both important, force is a vec... | Force | 0.827379 |
4,763 | The Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) is a proposed data standard for exchanging synthetic biology designs between software packages. It has been under development by the SBOL Developers Group since 2008. This group aims to develop the standard in a way that is open and democratic in order to include as many inter... | Synthetic Biology Open Language | 0.827375 |
4,764 | Physics Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the teaching of physics at the secondary school and introductory undergraduate levels. Its scope includes ideas and guidance for classroom teaching, demonstrations and laboratory experiments, international news on education developments, book reviews, eq... | Physics Education | 0.82737 |
4,765 | The velocity potential on the internal surface and all points inside V (or on the lower surface S) is 0. ϕ L = 0 {\displaystyle \phi _{L}=0} The Doublet Strength is: μ = ϕ U − ϕ L {\displaystyle \mu =\phi _{U}-\phi _{L}} μ = ϕ U {\displaystyle \mu =\phi _{U}} The velocity potential on the outer surface is normal to the... | Aerodynamic potential-flow code | 0.827367 |
4,766 | Panel methods are inviscid solutions. You will not capture viscous effects except via user "modeling" by changing the geometry. Solutions are invalid as soon as the flow changes locally from subsonic to supersonic (i.e. the critical Mach number has been exceeded) or vice versa. | Aerodynamic potential-flow code | 0.827367 |
4,767 | Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta". In metrology, the Planck constant is used, together with other constants, to define the kilogram, the SI unit of mass. The SI units are defined in such a way ... | Reduced Planck's constant | 0.82736 |
4,768 | The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h {\textstyle h} , is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associa... | Reduced Planck's constant | 0.82736 |
4,769 | Physical Chemistry, fourth edition, Wiley, Hoboken NJ. ter Haar, D., Wergeland, H. (1966). | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,770 | Partington, J.R. (1949). An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, volume 1, Fundamental Principles. | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,771 | Thermal Physics, second edition, W.A. Benjamin, Inc, New York. Münster, A. | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,772 | "The Physics and Mathematics of the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Phys. Rep. | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,773 | (1983), Physical Chemistry, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 978-0072538625. Lieb, E. H.; Yngvason, J. (1999). | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,774 | (1971). Survey of Fundamental Laws, chapter 1 of Thermodynamics, pages 1–97 of volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of Physical Chemistry. | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,775 | (1963). Heat, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Physics, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. de Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,776 | Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy (Cambridge Monographs on Plasma Physics), Cambridge University Press, New York ISBN 0-521-61941-6. Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967). | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,777 | Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8. | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,778 | (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3. Beattie, J.A., Oppenheim, I. | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,779 | This means that the temperature of the system is spatially uniform. This is so in all cases, including those of non-uniform external force fields. For an externally imposed gravitational field, this may be proved in macroscopic thermodynamic terms, by the calculus of variations, using the method of Langrangian multipli... | Equilibrium state | 0.827345 |
4,780 | Duret, L.; S. Abdeddaim (2000). "Multiple alignment for structural functional or phylogenetic analyses of homologous sequences". In D. Higgins and W. Taylor (ed.). Bioinformatics sequence structure and databanks. | Multiple Sequence Alignment | 0.827345 |
4,781 | Multiple sequence alignment is often used to assess sequence conservation of protein domains, tertiary and secondary structures, and even individual amino acids or nucleotides. Computational algorithms are used to produce and analyse the MSAs due to the difficulty and intractability of manually processing the sequences... | Multiple Sequence Alignment | 0.827345 |
4,782 | Mathematical programming and in particular Mixed integer programming models are another approach to solve MSA problems. The advantage of such optimization models is that they can be used to find the optimal MSA solution more efficiently compared to the traditional DP approach. This is due in part, to the applicability ... | Multiple Sequence Alignment | 0.827345 |
4,783 | Notredame, C (2007). "Recent Evolutions of Multiple Sequence Alignment Algorithms". PLOS Computational Biology. | Multiple Sequence Alignment | 0.827345 |
4,784 | Physics Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, a review section of Physics Letters that has been published by Elsevier since 1971. The journal publishes long and deep reviews on all aspects of physics. In average, the length of these reports is the same of a short book. These reports aim to make their main poin... | Physics Reports | 0.827327 |
4,785 | Thus, optimization for MS/MS experiments is a constant concern. One alternative to get around this problems is use a data independent technique that cycles between high and low collision energies. Thus a large survey of all possible precursor and product ions is collected. This is limited, however, by the mass spectrom... | N-terminal labeling | 0.827311 |
4,786 | Quantitative proteomics is an analytical chemistry technique for determining the amount of proteins in a sample. The methods for protein identification are identical to those used in general (i.e. qualitative) proteomics, but include quantification as an additional dimension. Rather than just providing lists of protein... | N-terminal labeling | 0.827311 |
4,787 | Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet. Ice is very reflective, therefore it reflects far more solar energy back to space than the other types of land area or open water. Ice–albedo fe... | Astronomical albedo | 0.827304 |
4,788 | Although such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless Solar System bodies. Two common optical albedos that are used in astronomy are the (V-band) geometric albedo (measuring brightness when illumination comes from directly behind ... | Astronomical albedo | 0.827304 |
4,789 | In planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and the received pulse is measured in the same sense of polarization as the transmitt... | Astronomical albedo | 0.827304 |
4,790 | N-linked glycosylation, is the attachment of an oligosaccharide, a carbohydrate consisting of several sugar molecules, sometimes also referred to as glycan, to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N-glycosylation, studied in biochemistry. The resulting pr... | N-linked glycosylation | 0.8273 |
4,791 | Active efforts to develop a more accurate embryo selection analysis based on Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning are underway. Embryo Ranking Intelligent Classification Assistant (ERICA), is a clear example. This Deep Learning software substitutes manual classifications with a ranking system based on an individua... | Test tube baby | 0.827295 |
4,792 | ELLIS - the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems - is a pan-European AI network of excellence which focuses on fundamental science, technical innovation and societal impact. Founded in 2018, ELLIS builds upon machine learning as the driver for modern AI and aims to secure Europe’s sovereignty in thi... | European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems | 0.827292 |
4,793 | One advisor will represent the academic institution and the other the industry partner. One advisor must be an ELLIS fellow/scholar or unit faculty. The second advisor can be an ELLIS fellow, scholar, member, unit faculty OR it is also possible for the second advisor to join if they have co-authored a paper with the ap... | European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems | 0.827292 |
4,794 | The ELLIS PhD & Postdoc Program supports excellent young researchers by connecting them to leading researchers across Europe and offering a variety of networking and training activities, including summer schools and workshops. ELLIS PhDs and postdocs conduct cutting-edge curiosity-driven research in machine learning or... | European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems | 0.827291 |
4,795 | Cyro-EM presents special challenges to model-builders as the observed electron density is frequently insufficient to resolve individual atoms, leading to a higher likelihood of errors. Geometry-based validation tools similar to those used in X-ray crystallography can be used to highlight implausible modeling choices an... | Structure validation | 0.827289 |
4,796 | AVS Assignment validation suite (AVS) checks the chemical shifts list in BioMagResBank (BMRB) format for problems. PSVS Protein Structure Validation Server at the NESG based on information retrieval statistics PROSESS PROSESS (Protein Structure Evaluation Suite & Server) is a new web server that offers an assessment of... | Structure validation | 0.827289 |
4,797 | Around 20% of the deposited carbohydrate structures are in unjustified energy minima.A number of carbohydrate validation web services are available at glycosciences.de (including nomenclature checks and linkage checks by pdb-care, and cross-validation with Mass Spectrometry data through the use of GlycanBuilder), where... | Structure validation | 0.827289 |
4,798 | Those are especially valuable to the structural biologist for making improvements to the model, and to the user for evaluating the reliability of that model right around the place they care about - such as a site of enzyme activity or drug binding. Both types of measures are very useful, but although global criteria ar... | Structure validation | 0.827289 |
4,799 | Proteins and nucleic acids are the workhorses of biology, providing the necessary chemical reactions, structural organization, growth, mobility, reproduction, and environmental sensitivity. Essential to their biological functions are the detailed 3D structures of the molecules and the changes in those structures. To un... | Structure validation | 0.827289 |
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