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5,000 | Thus we arrive at René Descartes, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz, et al.; and the evolved forms of the equations of motion that begin to be recognized as the modern ones. Later the equations of motion also appeared in electrodynamics, when describing the motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields, the... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,001 | Only Domingo de Soto, a Spanish theologian, in his commentary on Aristotle's Physics published in 1545, after defining "uniform difform" motion (which is uniformly accelerated motion) – the word velocity was not used – as proportional to time, declared correctly that this kind of motion was identifiable with freely fal... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,002 | Medieval scholars in the thirteenth century — for example at the relatively new universities in Oxford and Paris — drew on ancient mathematicians (Euclid and Archimedes) and philosophers (Aristotle) to develop a new body of knowledge, now called physics. At Oxford, Merton College sheltered a group of scholars devoted t... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,003 | The most general choice are generalized coordinates which can be any convenient variables characteristic of the physical system. The functions are defined in a Euclidean space in classical mechanics, but are replaced by curved spaces in relativity. If the dynamics of a system is known, the equations are the solutions f... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,004 | Unlike the equations of motion for describing particle mechanics, which are systems of coupled ordinary differential equations, the analogous equations governing the dynamics of waves and fields are always partial differential equations, since the waves or fields are functions of space and time. For a particular soluti... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,005 | There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics. Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,006 | The general solution is a family of geodesics:: 1200 where Γ μαβ is a Christoffel symbol of the second kind, which contains the metric (with respect to the coordinate system). Given the mass-energy distribution provided by the stress–energy tensor T αβ, the Einstein field equations are a set of non-linear second-order ... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,007 | In quantum theory, the wave and field concepts both appear. In quantum mechanics the analogue of the classical equations of motion (Newton's law, Euler–Lagrange equation, Hamilton–Jacobi equation, etc.) is the Schrödinger equation in its most general form: where Ψ is the wavefunction of the system, Ĥ is the quantum Ham... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,008 | In physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time. More specifically, the equations of motion describe the behavior of a physical system as a set of mathematical functions in terms of dynamic variables. These variables are usually ... | Equation of motion | 0.826792 |
5,009 | Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range.Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being... | Thermal infrared | 0.826774 |
5,010 | Division by a power of 2 is often written as a right-shift, not for optimization as might be assumed, but because the floor of negative results is required. Assuming such shifts are "premature optimization" and replacing them with division can break software.Many programming languages (including C, C++, C#, Java, PHP, ... | Integer part | 0.826771 |
5,011 | Nucleic acid design is used in DNA nanotechnology to design strands which will self-assemble into a desired target structure. These include examples such as DNA machines, periodic two- and three-dimensional lattices, polyhedra, and DNA origami. It can also be used to create sets of nucleic acid strands which are "ortho... | Nucleic acid design | 0.826762 |
5,012 | Nucleic acid design is the process of generating a set of nucleic acid base sequences that will associate into a desired conformation. Nucleic acid design is central to the fields of DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing. It is necessary because there are many possible sequences of nucleic acid strands that will fold in... | Nucleic acid design | 0.826762 |
5,013 | Geometrical modeling can detect strain stemming from misalignments in the structure, which can then be corrected by the designer.Geometric models of nucleic acids for DNA nanotechnology generally use reduced representations of the nucleic acid, because simulating every atom would be very computationally expensive for s... | Nucleic acid design | 0.826762 |
5,014 | In 1887, Cesàro came close to stating the definition of (C, n) summation, but he gave only a few examples. In particular, he summed 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ..., to 1⁄4 by a method that may be rephrased as (C, n) but was not justified as such at the time. He formally defined the (C, n) methods in 1890 in order to state his theo... | 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ | 0.826758 |
5,015 | Finally, in his 1890 Sur la multiplication des séries, Cesàro took a modern approach starting from definitions.The series are also studied for non-integer values of n; these make up the Dirichlet eta function. Part of Euler's motivation for studying series related to 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... was the functional equation of t... | 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ | 0.826758 |
5,016 | With the result of the previous section, this implies an equivalence between summability of 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ... and 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... with methods that are linear, stable, and respect the Cauchy product. Cesàro's theorem is a subtle example. The series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ... is Cesàro-summable in the weakest sense, call... | 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ | 0.826758 |
5,017 | In 1891, Ernesto Cesàro expressed hope that divergent series would be rigorously brought into calculus, pointing out, "One already writes (1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ...)2 = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... and asserts that both the sides are equal to 1⁄4." For Cesàro, this equation was an application of a theorem he had published the previou... | 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ | 0.826758 |
5,018 | Saichev and Woyczyński arrive at 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ... = 1⁄4 by applying only two physical principles: infinitesimal relaxation and separation of scales. To be precise, these principles lead them to define a broad family of "φ-summation methods", all of which sum the series to 1⁄4: If φ(x) is a function whose first and s... | 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ | 0.826758 |
5,019 | In John Wheeler's geometrodynamic description of quantum mechanics, the small-scale structure of spacetime is described as a quantum foam whose connectivities are not obvious part in large-scale physics, but whose behaviours become more apparent as we probe the surface at progressively smaller scales. In wormhole theor... | Rolling ball argument | 0.826758 |
5,020 | If the surface being probed contains connections whose scale is smaller than the ball diameter, then these connections may not appear in the ball's map. If the surface contains a wormhole whose throat narrows to slightly less than the ball's diameter, the ball may be able to enter and explore each wormhole mouth, but w... | Rolling ball argument | 0.826758 |
5,021 | If the surface being explored is flexible or elastic, the way the ball is used may affect the reported topology. If the ball is forced into a wormhole mouth that is slightly too small, and the ball and/or throat distorts to allow the ball through, then in the ball's description of the surface, a "new" wormhole connecti... | Rolling ball argument | 0.826758 |
5,022 | In topology, quantum mechanics and geometrodynamics, rolling-ball arguments are used to describe how the perceived geometry and connectedness of a surface can be scale-dependent. If a researcher probes the shape of an intricately curved surface by rolling a ball across it, then features that are continually curved but ... | Rolling ball argument | 0.826758 |
5,023 | There are two types of predicates: events are marked with e, and entities are marked with x. The shared arguments connect the subjects and objects of verbs and prepositions together. Example input/output might look like this: Input: The Earth provides the food we eat every day. Output: Earth:n_#1(x1) provide:v_#2(e1, x... | Logic Form | 0.826757 |
5,024 | Irving Adler (1913–2012) was known as a peace protester, schoolteacher, and children's science book author before, in 1961, earning a doctorate in abstract algebra. Even later in his life, Adler began working on phyllotaxis, the mathematical structure of leaves on plant stems. This book, which collects several of his p... | Solving the Riddle of Phyllotaxis | 0.826755 |
5,025 | The product of two Boolean matrices is expressed as follows: According to one author, "Matrices over an arbitrary Boolean algebra β satisfy most of the properties over β0 = {0, 1}. The reason is that any Boolean algebra is a sub-Boolean algebra of β 0 S {\displaystyle \beta _{0}^{S}} for some set S, and we have an isom... | Boolean matrix | 0.826747 |
5,026 | In mathematics, a Boolean matrix is a matrix with entries from a Boolean algebra. When the two-element Boolean algebra is used, the Boolean matrix is called a logical matrix. (In some contexts, particularly computer science, the term "Boolean matrix" implies this restriction.) Let U be a non-trivial Boolean algebra (i.... | Boolean matrix | 0.826747 |
5,027 | This application of a coulombmeter is useful because electrostatic discharge is a leading cause of failure in semiconductor chip designs, and may occur during the fabrication, inspection, assembly, and other processes. A coulombmeter allow this electrostatic buildup to be easily measured simply by applying the instrume... | Coulombmeter | 0.826745 |
5,028 | Physical biochemistry is a branch of biochemistry that deals with the theory, techniques, and methodology used to study the physical chemistry of biomolecules. It also deals with the mathematical approaches for the analysis of biochemical reaction and the modelling of biological systems. It provides insight into the st... | Physical biochemistry | 0.826731 |
5,029 | The best choice of k depends upon the data; generally, larger values of k reduces effect of the noise on the classification, but make boundaries between classes less distinct. A good k can be selected by various heuristic techniques (see hyperparameter optimization). The special case where the class is predicted to be ... | K-nearest neighbor algorithm | 0.826724 |
5,030 | When the input data to an algorithm is too large to be processed and it is suspected to be redundant (e.g. the same measurement in both feet and meters) then the input data will be transformed into a reduced representation set of features (also named features vector). Transforming the input data into the set of feature... | K-nearest neighbor algorithm | 0.826724 |
5,031 | In probability theory and statistics, the marginal distribution of a subset of a collection of random variables is the probability distribution of the variables contained in the subset. It gives the probabilities of various values of the variables in the subset without reference to the values of the other variables. Th... | Marginal probability | 0.826722 |
5,032 | This configuration shares with the Fano plane the property that it contains every line through its points; configurations with this property are known as Sylvester–Gallai configurations due to the Sylvester–Gallai theorem that shows that they cannot be given real-number coordinates. (103), the Desargues configuration. ... | Geometric configuration | 0.826722 |
5,033 | It cannot be constructed in Euclidean plane geometry but the equations defining it have nontrivial solutions in complex numbers. (93), the Pappus configuration. (94 123), the Hesse configuration of nine inflection points of a cubic curve in the complex projective plane and the twelve lines determined by pairs of these ... | Geometric configuration | 0.826722 |
5,034 | This configuration exists as an abstract incidence geometry, but cannot be constructed in the Euclidean plane. (83), the Möbius–Kantor configuration. This configuration describes two quadrilaterals that are simultaneously inscribed and circumscribed in each other. | Geometric configuration | 0.826722 |
5,035 | In mathematics, specifically projective geometry, a configuration in the plane consists of a finite set of points, and a finite arrangement of lines, such that each point is incident to the same number of lines and each line is incident to the same number of points.Although certain specific configurations had been stud... | Geometric configuration | 0.826722 |
5,036 | Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics was established in 1947 as Die Makromolekulare Chemie/Macromolecular Chemistry by Hermann Staudinger and obtained its current title in 1994. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.996. | Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics | 0.826715 |
5,037 | But also all of the étale cohomology groups on affine space are trivial. In particular, every line bundle is trivial. More generally, the Quillen–Suslin theorem implies that every algebraic vector bundle over an affine space is trivial. | Affine coordinates | 0.826713 |
5,038 | {\displaystyle x-y\in D.} This quotient is an affine space, which has E → / D {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {E}}/D} as associated vector space. For every affine homomorphism E → F {\displaystyle E\to F} , the image is isomorphic to the quotient of E by the kernel of the associated linear map. This is the first isomor... | Affine coordinates | 0.826713 |
5,039 | The real constructible numbers, those (signed) lengths which can be constructed from a rational segment by ruler and compass constructions, form a Euclidean field.Every real closed field is a Euclidean field. The following examples are also real closed fields. The real numbers R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } with the us... | Euclidean field | 0.82671 |
5,040 | The rational numbers Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } with the usual operations and ordering do not form a Euclidean field. For example, 2 is not a square in Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } since the square root of 2 is irrational. By the going-down result above, no algebraic number field can be Euclidean. The complex num... | Euclidean field | 0.82671 |
5,041 | The Euclidean closure of an ordered field K is an extension of K in the quadratic closure of K which is maximal with respect to being an ordered field with an order extending that of K. It is also the smallest subfield of the algebraic closure of K that is a Euclidean field and is an ordered extension of K. | Euclidean field | 0.82671 |
5,042 | Isolation and sequencing of nuclear DNA has also been accomplished from the Denisova finger bone. This specimen showed an unusual degree of DNA preservation and low level of contamination. They were able to achieve near-complete genomic sequencing, allowing a detailed comparison with Neanderthal and modern humans. From... | Molecular paleontology | 0.826696 |
5,043 | In the motion of a large lump of magnetized iron, the magnetic forces may be more important than the gravitational forces because of the relative magnitudes of the coupling constants. However, in classical mechanics, one usually makes these decisions directly by comparing forces. Another important example of the centra... | Coupling strength | 0.826689 |
5,044 | In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter (or, more simply, a coupling), is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction. Originally, the coupling constant related the force acting between two static bodies to the "charges" of the bodies (i.e. the electric charge for el... | Coupling strength | 0.826689 |
5,045 | Clearly written and well received, the Introduction also laid the groundwork for analytical geometry. The key difference between Fermat's and Descartes' treatments is a matter of viewpoint: Fermat always started with an algebraic equation and then described the geometric curve that satisfied it, whereas Descartes start... | Cartesian geometry | 0.826683 |
5,046 | Initially the work was not well received, due, in part, to the many gaps in arguments and complicated equations. Only after the translation into Latin and the addition of commentary by van Schooten in 1649 (and further work thereafter) did Descartes's masterpiece receive due recognition.Pierre de Fermat also pioneered ... | Cartesian geometry | 0.826683 |
5,047 | Analytic geometry was independently invented by René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat, although Descartes is sometimes given sole credit. Cartesian geometry, the alternative term used for analytic geometry, is named after Descartes. Descartes made significant progress with the methods in an essay titled La Géométrie (Geo... | Cartesian geometry | 0.826683 |
5,048 | In spherical coordinates, every point in space is represented by its distance ρ from the origin, the angle θ its projection on the xy-plane makes with respect to the horizontal axis, and the angle φ that it makes with respect to the z-axis. The names of the angles are often reversed in physics. | Cartesian geometry | 0.826683 |
5,049 | The eight-point algorithm is an algorithm used in computer vision to estimate the essential matrix or the fundamental matrix related to a stereo camera pair from a set of corresponding image points. It was introduced by Christopher Longuet-Higgins in 1981 for the case of the essential matrix. In theory, this algorithm ... | Eight-point algorithm | 0.826681 |
5,050 | One may express the epipolar geometry of two cameras and a point in space with an algebraic equation. Observe that, no matter where the point P {\displaystyle P} is in space, the vectors O L P ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {O_{L}P}}} , O R P ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {O_{R}P}}} and O R O L ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {... | Eight-point algorithm | 0.826681 |
5,051 | The drug-receptor recognition was described as a key-and-lock interplay by Emil Fischer in the early 1890s. It was later found that the receptors can either be stimulated or inhibited by chemotherapeutic agents to attain the desired physiological response. Once the ligand interacting with the target macromolecule is id... | Pharmacotherapy | 0.826675 |
5,052 | Every patient has their own body condition, for example, kidney function, liver function, genetic variations, medical history, etc. These are all the factors that should be considered by healthcare professionals before giving any pharmacological therapy. Most importantly, the advancing technology in genetics guides us ... | Pharmacotherapy | 0.826675 |
5,053 | In the 15th-century manuscript De quinque corporibus regularibus by Piero della Francesca, della Francesca already includes a drawing of an octahedron circumscribed around a cube, with eight of the cube edges lying in the octahedron's eight faces. Three octahedra circumscribed in this way around a single cube would for... | Compound of three octahedra | 0.826668 |
5,054 | The undetermined coefficients method is a method of appropriately selecting a solution type according to the form of the non-homogeneous term and determining the undetermined constant, so that it satisfies the non-homogeneous equation. On the other hand, the ERF method obtains a special solution based on differential o... | Exponential response formula | 0.826668 |
5,055 | Considering the following concepts used in physics and signal processing mainly. The amplitude of the input is F 0 {\displaystyle F_{0}} . This has the same units as the input quantity. | Exponential response formula | 0.826668 |
5,056 | The solution of the complex differential equation can be found as z ( t ) {\displaystyle z(t)} , from which the real part is the solution of the original equation. Complex replacement is used for solving differential equations when the non-homogeneous term is expressed in terms of a sinusoidal function or an exponentia... | Exponential response formula | 0.826668 |
5,057 | For example, if a spring-mass system is at equilibrium, it will respond to a given force in the same way, no matter when the force was applied. When the time-invariant system is also linear, it is called a linear time-invariant system (LTI system). Most of these LTI systems are derived from linear differential equation... | Exponential response formula | 0.826668 |
5,058 | The differential equations are important in simulating natural phenomena. In particular, there are numerous phenomena described as high order linear differential equations, for example the spring vibration, LRC circuit, beam deflection, signal processing, control theory and LTI systems with feedback loops. Mathematical... | Exponential response formula | 0.826668 |
5,059 | In mathematics, the exponential response formula (ERF), also known as exponential response and complex replacement, is a method used to find a particular solution of a non-homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation of any order. The exponential response formula is applicable to non-homogeneous linear ordinary di... | Exponential response formula | 0.826668 |
5,060 | {\displaystyle (ax+b)(cx+d)=acx^{2}+(ad+bc)x+bd.} A binomial raised to the nth power, represented as (x + y)n can be expanded by means of the binomial theorem or, equivalently, using Pascal's triangle. For example, the square (x + y)2 of the binomial (x + y) is equal to the sum of the squares of the two terms and twice... | Binomial equation | 0.826667 |
5,061 | Some improvements in the methodology (especially in the determination of the pK values for modified amino acids) have been also proposed. More advanced methods take into account the effect of adjacent amino acids ±3 residues away from a charged aspartic or glutamic acid, the effects on free C terminus, as well as they ... | Iso-electric point | 0.826665 |
5,062 | (Aghapour, Andersson and Rosquist did not find the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action, but they speculated that such symmetries should exist ). There are also earlier works studying the conservation of zilch in the context of duality-symmetric electromagnetism, but the variational character of the corresponding ... | Zilch (electromagnetism) | 0.826654 |
5,063 | The question is: What are the symmetries of the standard Maxwell action functional S = − 1 4 ∫ d 4 x F μ ν F μ ν {\displaystyle S=-{\frac {1}{4}}\int d^{4}xF_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }} (with F μ ν = ∂ μ A ν − ∂ ν A μ {\displaystyle F_{\mu \nu }=\partial _{\mu }A_{\nu }-\partial _{\nu }A_{\mu }} , where A μ {\displaystyle... | Zilch (electromagnetism) | 0.826654 |
5,064 | In physics, zilch (or zilches) is a set of ten conserved quantities of the source-free electromagnetic field, which were discovered by Lipkin in 1964. The name refers to the fact that the zilches are only conserved in regions free of electric charge, and therefore have limited physical significance. One of the conserve... | Zilch (electromagnetism) | 0.826654 |
5,065 | The microarray—the dense, two-dimensional grid of biosensors—is the critical component of a biochip platform. Typically, the sensors are deposited on a flat substrate, which may either be passive (e.g. silicon or glass) or active, the latter consisting of integrated electronics or micromechanical devices that perform o... | Biochip | 0.826653 |
5,066 | Transduction must be done to translate the actual sensing event (DNA binding, oxidation/reduction, etc.) into a format understandable by a computer (voltage, light intensity, mass, etc.), which then enables additional analysis and processing to produce a final, human-readable output. The multiple technologies needed to... | Biochip | 0.826653 |
5,067 | The development started with early work on the underlying sensor technology. One of the first portable, chemistry-based sensors was the glass pH electrode, invented in 1922 by Hughes. The basic concept of using exchange sites to create permselective membranes was used to develop other ion sensors in subsequent years. F... | Biochip | 0.826653 |
5,068 | In molecular biology, biochips are engineered substrates ("miniaturized laboratories") that can host large numbers of simultaneous biochemical reactions. One of the goals of biochip technology is to efficiently screen large numbers of biological analytes, with potential applications ranging from disease diagnosis to de... | Biochip | 0.826653 |
5,069 | The former often relies on techniques and tools from statistics, while the latter is based on approaches from statistics, machine learning and optimization. Dynamic analysis tools, typically performance profilers, are commonly used when applying empirical methods for the selection and refinement of algorithms of variou... | Empirical algorithmics | 0.826627 |
5,070 | Methods from empirical algorithmics complement theoretical methods for the analysis of algorithms. Through the principled application of empirical methods, particularly from statistics, it is often possible to obtain insights into the behavior of algorithms such as high-performance heuristic algorithms for hard combina... | Empirical algorithmics | 0.826627 |
5,071 | The Krauss matching wildcards algorithm was developed based on an attempt to formulate a non-recursive alternative using test cases followed by optimizations suggested via performance profiling, resulting in a new algorithmic strategy conceived in light of the profiling along with other considerations. Profilers that c... | Empirical algorithmics | 0.826627 |
5,072 | In the absence of empirical algorithmics, analyzing the complexity of an algorithm can involve various theoretical methods applicable to various situations in which the algorithm may be used. Memory and cache considerations are often significant factors to be considered in the theoretical choice of a complex algorithm,... | Empirical algorithmics | 0.826627 |
5,073 | Neural networks have been used to solve problems in almost all spheres of science and technology. Neural network control basically involves two steps: System identification ControlIt has been shown that a feedforward network with nonlinear, continuous and differentiable activation functions have universal approximation... | Intelligent control | 0.826627 |
5,074 | Intelligent control is a class of control techniques that use various artificial intelligence computing approaches like neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, reinforcement learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms. | Intelligent control | 0.826627 |
5,075 | Intelligent control can be divided into the following major sub-domains: Neural network control Machine learning control Reinforcement learning Bayesian control Fuzzy control Neuro-fuzzy control Expert Systems Genetic controlNew control techniques are created continuously as new models of intelligent behavior are creat... | Intelligent control | 0.826627 |
5,076 | The electromagnetic field tensor is antisymmetric, with only two algebraically independent scalar invariants, I = ⋆ ( F ∧ ⋆ F ) = F a b F a b = − 2 ( ‖ E → ‖ 2 − ‖ B → ‖ 2 ) {\displaystyle I=\star (F\wedge \star F)=F_{ab}\,F^{ab}=-2\,\left(\|{\vec {E}}\|^{2}-\|{\vec {B}}\|^{2}\right)} J = ⋆ ( F ∧ F ) = F a b ⋆ F a b = ... | Electrovacuum solution | 0.826624 |
5,077 | In general relativity, an electrovacuum solution (electrovacuum) is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the only nongravitational mass–energy present is the field energy of an electromagnetic field, which must satisfy the (curved-spacetime) source-free Maxwell equations appropriate to the given ge... | Electrovacuum solution | 0.826624 |
5,078 | In 1925, George Yuri Rainich presented purely mathematical conditions which are both necessary and sufficient for a Lorentzian manifold to admit an interpretation in general relativity as a non-null electrovacuum. These comprise three algebraic conditions and one differential condition. The conditions are sometimes use... | Electrovacuum solution | 0.826624 |
5,079 | Here, it is useful to know that any Killing vectors which may be present will (in the case of a vacuum solution) automatically satisfy the curved spacetime Maxwell equations.Note that this procedure amounts to assuming that the electromagnetic field, but not the gravitational field, is "weak". Sometimes we can go even ... | Electrovacuum solution | 0.826624 |
5,080 | Noteworthy individual non-null electrovacuum solutions include: Reissner–Nordström electrovacuum (which describes the geometry around a charged spherical mass), Kerr–Newman electrovacuum (which describes the geometry around a charged, rotating object), Melvin electrovacuum (a model of a cylindrically symmetric magnetos... | Electrovacuum solution | 0.826624 |
5,081 | IDT's mission is to enable discovery in biology and medicine. The company strives to achieve this by improving nucleic acid synthesis technology and developing new applications for the use of DNA- and RNA-based compounds. IDT's advanced synthesis group combines expertise in chemistry, molecular biology, and engineering... | Integrated DNA Technologies | 0.826604 |
5,082 | Synthetic oligonucleotides are used in various molecular biology applications, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), molecular beacons, microarrays, mutagenesis, RNAi, antisense and gene synthesis. Published bioinformatics algorithms can predict biophysical properties of oligonucleotides from their sequence and estima... | Integrated DNA Technologies | 0.826604 |
5,083 | Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT), headquartered in Coralville, Iowa, is a supplier of custom nucleic acids, serving the areas of academic research, biotechnology, clinical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical development. IDT's primary business is the manufacturing of custom DNA and RNA oligonucleotides (oligos) for ... | Integrated DNA Technologies | 0.826604 |
5,084 | Two notable examples in mathematics that have been solved and closed by researchers in the late twentieth century are Fermat's Last Theorem and the four-color theorem. An important open mathematics problem solved in the early 21st century is the Poincaré conjecture. Open problems exist in all scientific fields. For exa... | Open problem | 0.826597 |
5,085 | Leibniz studied binary numbering in 1679; his work appears in his article Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire (published in 1703). The full title of Leibniz's article is translated into English as the "Explanation of Binary Arithmetic, which uses only the characters 1 and 0, with some remarks on its usefulness, and o... | Binary number | 0.826591 |
5,086 | The National Solar Observatory (NSO) is a United States federally funded research and development center to advance the knowledge of the physics of the Sun. NSO studies the Sun both as an astronomical object and as the dominant external influence on Earth. NSO is headquartered in Boulder and operates facilities at a nu... | National Solar Observatory | 0.826586 |
5,087 | Non-contact printing methods vary from Photochemistry-based printing, Electro-printing and droplet dispensing. In contrast to the other methods, non-contact printing does not involve contact between the surface and the stamp, pin, or other used dispenser. The main advantages are reduced contamination, lesser cleaning a... | Microarray technology | 0.826581 |
5,088 | While some people have fear of microbes due to the association of some microbes with various human diseases, many microbes are also responsible for numerous beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol, vinegar and dairy products), antibiotic production and act as molecular vehic... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,089 | It was not until the late 19th century and the work of Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed. Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of viruses and the development of enrichment culture techniques. While his work on the tobacco mosa... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,090 | Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch's postulates. Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure ... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,091 | One of his students, Adrien Certes, is considered the founder of marine microbiology. Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,092 | The field of bacteriology (later a subdiscipline of microbiology) was founded in the 19th century by Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist whose studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classi... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,093 | The branches of microbiology can be classified into applied sciences, or divided according to taxonomy, as is the case with bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, virology, phycology, and microbial ecology. There is considerable overlap between the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other discipl... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,094 | Prions, never considered as microorganisms, have been investigated by virologists, however, as the clinical effects traced to them were originally presumed due to chronic viral infections, virologists took a search—discovering "infectious proteins". The existence of microorganisms was predicted many centuries before th... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,095 | However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. With the emergence of biotechnology, Microbiologists currently rely on molecular biology tools such as DNA sequence-based identification, for example, the 16S rRNA gene sequence used for bacteria... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,096 | Microbiology (from Ancient Greek μῑκρος (mīkros) 'small', βίος (bíos) 'life', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-discipline... | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,097 | He is considered a father of microbiology as he used simple single-lensed microscopes of his own design. While Van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first to observe microbes, Robert Hooke made his first recorded microscopic observation, of the fruiting bodies of moulds, in 1665. | Microbiology | 0.826576 |
5,098 | Statistical thinking is a tool for process analysis. Statistical thinking relates processes and statistics, and is based on the following principles: All work occurs in a system of interconnected processes. Variation exists in all processes Understanding and reducing variation are keys to success.W. Edwards Deming prom... | Statistical thinking | 0.826572 |
5,099 | To more easily describe the meaning of an effect size to people outside statistics, the common language effect size, as the name implies, was designed to communicate it in plain English. It is used to describe a difference between two groups and was proposed, as well as named, by Kenneth McGraw and S. P. Wong in 1992. ... | Effect size | 0.826549 |
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