id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
80,100 | 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (dppbz) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula C6H4(PPh2)2 (Ph = C6H5). Classified as a diphosphine ligand, it is a common bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. It is a white, air-stable solid. As a chelating ligand, dppbz is very similar to 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)et... | 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene | 0.78508 |
80,101 | In mathematics, in the field of differential geometry, an Iwasawa manifold is a compact quotient of a 3-dimensional complex Heisenberg group by a cocompact, discrete subgroup. An Iwasawa manifold is a nilmanifold, of real dimension 6. Iwasawa manifolds give examples where the first two terms E1 and E2 of the Frölicher ... | Iwasawa manifold | 0.78508 |
80,102 | An important class of improper coloring problems is studied in Ramsey theory, where the graph's edges are assigned to colors, and there is no restriction on the colors of incident edges. A simple example is the theorem on friends and strangers, which states that in any coloring of the edges of K 6 {\displaystyle K_{6}}... | Graph coloring | 0.78508 |
80,103 | Since all edges incident to the same vertex need their own color, we have χ ′ ( G ) ≥ Δ ( G ) . {\displaystyle \chi '(G)\geq \Delta (G).} Moreover, Kőnig's theorem: χ ′ ( G ) = Δ ( G ) {\displaystyle \chi '(G)=\Delta (G)} if G is bipartite.In general, the relationship is even stronger than what Brooks's theorem gives f... | Graph coloring | 0.78508 |
80,104 | A compiler is a computer program that translates one computer language into another. To improve the execution time of the resulting code, one of the techniques of compiler optimization is register allocation, where the most frequently used values of the compiled program are kept in the fast processor registers. Ideally... | Graph coloring | 0.78508 |
80,105 | Suzuki (1960) found a new infinite series of groups that at first sight seemed unrelated to the known algebraic groups. Ree (1960, 1961) knew that the algebraic group B2 had an "extra" automorphism in characteristic 2 whose square was the Frobenius automorphism. He found that if a finite field of characteristic 2 also ... | Steinberg group (Lie theory) | 0.785079 |
80,106 | In mathematics, the Grauert–Riemenschneider vanishing theorem is an extension of the Kodaira vanishing theorem on the vanishing of higher cohomology groups of coherent sheaves on a compact complex manifold, due to Grauert and Riemenschneider (1970). | Grauert-Riemenschneider conjecture | 0.785078 |
80,107 | Early work analytic number theory and reduction theory of quadratic forms. The conjecture was proved in 1987 by Margulis in complete generality using methods of ergodic theory. Geometry of actions of certain unipotent subgroups of the orthogonal group on the homogeneous space of the lattices in R3 plays a decisive role... | Oppenheim conjecture | 0.785077 |
80,108 | NdeI is an endonuclease isolated from Neisseria denitrificans. In molecular biology, it is commonly used as a restriction enzyme. | NdeI | 0.785077 |
80,109 | Meyer's theorem states that an indefinite integral quadratic form Q in n variables, n ≥ 5, nontrivially represents zero, i.e. there exists a non-zero vector x with integer components such that Q(x) = 0. The Oppenheim conjecture can be viewed as an analogue of this statement for forms Q that are not multiples of a ratio... | Oppenheim conjecture | 0.785077 |
80,110 | Since most of the time, tankers are carrying dangerous liquid contents such as ammonia, gasoline and fuel oils, stability of partially-filled liquid cargo vehicles is very important. Optimizations and sloshing reduction techniques in fuel tanks such as elliptical tank, rectangular, modified oval and generic tank shape ... | Slosh dynamics | 0.785077 |
80,111 | They do not account for the formation of hubs. Formally, the degree distribution of ER graphs converges to a Poisson distribution, rather than a power law observed in many real-world, scale-free networks.The Watts and Strogatz model was designed as the simplest possible model that addresses the first of the two limitat... | Watts–Strogatz model | 0.785076 |
80,112 | Here k ≥ K / 2 {\displaystyle k\geq K/2} , and f ( k , K ) = min ( k − K / 2 , K / 2 ) {\displaystyle f(k,K)=\min(k-K/2,K/2)} . The shape of the degree distribution is similar to that of a random graph and has a pronounced peak at k = K {\displaystyle k=K} and decays exponentially for large | k − K | {\displaystyle |k-... | Watts–Strogatz model | 0.785076 |
80,113 | In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that are used to distinguish topological spaces. A subset of a topological space ... | Arc connected | 0.785075 |
80,114 | To wit, there is a category of connective spaces consisting of sets with collections of connected subsets satisfying connectivity axioms; their morphisms are those functions which map connected sets to connected sets (Muscat & Buhagiar 2006). Topological spaces and graphs are special cases of connective spaces; indeed,... | Arc connected | 0.785075 |
80,115 | Graphs have path connected subsets, namely those subsets for which every pair of points has a path of edges joining them. But it is not always possible to find a topology on the set of points which induces the same connected sets. The 5-cycle graph (and any n {\displaystyle n} -cycle with n > 3 {\displaystyle n>3} odd)... | Arc connected | 0.785075 |
80,116 | Recorded Future is a privately held cybersecurity company founded in 2009, with headquarters in Somerville, Massachusetts. The company specializes in the collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination of threat intelligence. Recorded Future uses machine learning and natural language processing methods to continuou... | Recorded Future | 0.785075 |
80,117 | In 2016, Recorded Future was named a partner for threat intelligence by Splunk, Palo Alto Networks, and Vencore GEOINT.In May 2017, Recorded Future introduced Insikt Group, the company's threat intelligence research arm. The word "insikt" is Swedish, a nod to Recorded Future's co-founders, and means "insight." Insikt G... | Recorded Future | 0.785075 |
80,118 | In 2007, co-founders Christopher Ahlberg and Staffan Truvé, both Ph.D.s in computer science from Chalmers University of Technology, filed for Recorded Future's first patent (granted in 2013 as United States patent US8468153B2) – Data Analysis System with Automated Query and Visualization Environment Setup. The patent w... | Recorded Future | 0.785075 |
80,119 | Using available microgram quantities of einsteinium-253, over a million mendelevium atoms may be made each hour. The chemistry of mendelevium is typical for the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state but also an accessible +2 oxidation state. All known isotopes of mendelevium have short half-liv... | Mendelevium | 0.785074 |
80,120 | The chemistry of mendelevium is mostly known only in solution, in which it can take on the +3 or +2 oxidation states. The +1 state has also been reported, but has not yet been confirmed.Before mendelevium's discovery, Seaborg and Katz predicted that it should be predominantly trivalent in aqueous solution and hence sho... | Mendelevium | 0.785074 |
80,121 | In nearly all our experiments discovering transuranium elements, we'd depended on his method of predicting chemical properties based on the element's position in the table. But in the middle of the Cold War, naming an element for a Russian was a somewhat bold gesture that did not sit well with some American critics. Be... | Mendelevium | 0.785074 |
80,122 | Seventeen isotopes are known; the most stable is 258Md with half-life 51 days; however, the shorter-lived 256Md (half-life 1.17 hours) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale. Mendelevium was discovered by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles in 1955, the method still used... | Mendelevium | 0.785074 |
80,123 | See Girsanov's theorem. In the Black-Scholes and Heston frameworks (where filtrations are generated from a linearly independent set of Wiener processes alone), any equivalent measure can be described in a very loose sense by adding a drift to each of the Wiener processes. By selecting certain values for the drifts desc... | Heston model | 0.785071 |
80,124 | The use of the Fourier transform to value options was shown by Carr and Madan.A discussion of the implementation of the Heston model was given by Kahl and Jäckel.A derivation of closed-form option prices for the time-dependent Heston model was presented by Benhamou et al.A derivation of closed-form option prices for th... | Heston model | 0.785071 |
80,125 | Manual image annotation is the process of manually defining regions in an image and creating a textual description of those regions. Such annotations can for instance be used to train machine learning algorithms for computer vision applications. This is a list of computer software which can be used for manual annotatio... | List of manual image annotation tools | 0.785071 |
80,126 | Out of this World: Colliding Universes, Branes, Strings, and Other Wild Ideas of Modern Physics 2004th Edition. United Kingdom: Copernicus Books. ISBN 978-0387029306. | Stephen Webb (scientist) | 0.78507 |
80,127 | Webb, Stephen (2015). The alpha magnetic spectrometer – in: Patrick Moore's Yearbook of Astronomy 2016, edited by Moore, P. and Mason, J., pp237–256). London: Macmillan Press. | Stephen Webb (scientist) | 0.78507 |
80,128 | In addition, Webb has been a Member of the Institute of Physics (M. Inst. P. ), Chartered Physicist (C. Phys. ), Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (SFHEA), a Member of international editorial board (Springer S&F Series), Member of the UK SETI Research Network, and a Project lead for the UK Advance HE Collab... | Stephen Webb (scientist) | 0.78507 |
80,129 | Stephen Webb is a physicist and author of numerous popular science and math books, as well as academic publications. Webb was educated at Bristol University (BSc (Hons) Physics – First Class) and, as a graduate student, attended Manchester University (PhD – Theoretical Particle Physics). Webb is currently on the academ... | Stephen Webb (scientist) | 0.78507 |
80,130 | Therefore, the search for a symmetry-allowed intersection becomes a one-dimensional problem and does not require knowledge of the non-adiabatic couplings, significantly simplifying the effort. As a result, all the conical intersections found through quantum mechanical calculations during the early years of quantum chem... | Conical intersection | 0.78507 |
80,131 | Conical intersections can occur between electronic states with the same or different point group symmetry, with the same or different spin symmetry. When restricted to a non-relativistic Coulomb Hamiltonian, conical intersections can be classified as symmetry-required, accidental symmetry-allowed, or accidental same-sy... | Conical intersection | 0.78507 |
80,132 | Therefore, the g and h vectors are also subject to a related arbitrary rotation, despite the fact that the space spanned by the two vectors is invariant. To enable a consistent representation of the branching space, the set of wave functions that makes the g and h vectors orthogonal is usually chosen. This choice is un... | Conical intersection | 0.78507 |
80,133 | Conical intersections are ubiquitous in both trivial and non-trivial chemical systems. In an ideal system of two dimensionalities, this can occur at one molecular geometry. If the potential energy surfaces are plotted as functions of the two coordinates, they form a cone centered at the degeneracy point. | Conical intersection | 0.78507 |
80,134 | In quantum chemistry, a conical intersection of two or more potential energy surfaces is the set of molecular geometry points where the potential energy surfaces are degenerate (intersect) and the non-adiabatic couplings between these states are non-vanishing. In the vicinity of conical intersections, the Born–Oppenhei... | Conical intersection | 0.78507 |
80,135 | The perturbed γ-γ angular correlation, PAC for short or PAC-Spectroscopy, is a method of nuclear solid-state physics with which magnetic and electric fields in crystal structures can be measured. In doing so, electrical field gradients and the Larmor frequency in magnetic fields as well as dynamic effects are determine... | Perturbed angular correlation | 0.785069 |
80,136 | In the mid-1960s, ion implantation was discovered, providing new opportunities for sample preparation. The rapid electronic development of the 1970s brought significant improvements in signal processing. From the 1980s to the present, PAC has emerged as an important method for the study and characterization of material... | Perturbed angular correlation | 0.785069 |
80,137 | Whereas in classical instruments, "windows" limiting the respective γ-energies must be set before processing, this is not necessary for the digital PAC during the recording of the measurement. The analysis only takes place in the second step. In the case of probes with complex cascades, this makes it makes it possible ... | Perturbed angular correlation | 0.785069 |
80,138 | Additional advantages include the capability of modifying the strength and geometry of the applied magnetic field in-flight, allowing the nozzle to adapt to different propulsive requirements and space missions. Magnetic nozzles are the fundamental acceleration stage of several next-generation plasma thrusters currently... | Magnetic nozzle | 0.785068 |
80,139 | In quantum many-body physics, topological degeneracy is a phenomenon in which the ground state of a gapped many-body Hamiltonian becomes degenerate in the limit of large system size such that the degeneracy cannot be lifted by any local perturbations. | Topological degeneracy | 0.785068 |
80,140 | Topological degeneracy was first introduced to physically define topological order. In two-dimensional space, the topological degeneracy depends on the topology of space, and the topological degeneracy on high genus Riemann surfaces encode all information on the quantum dimensions and the fusion algebra of the quasipar... | Topological degeneracy | 0.785068 |
80,141 | So a = λ · 1. This gives an isomorphism from A to C. The theorem can be strengthened to the claim that there are (up to isomorphism) exactly three real Banach division algebras: the field of reals R, the field of complex numbers C, and the division algebra of quaternions H. This result was proved first by Stanisław Maz... | Gelfand–Mazur theorem | 0.785066 |
80,142 | In operator theory, the Gelfand–Mazur theorem is a theorem named after Israel Gelfand and Stanisław Mazur which states that a Banach algebra with unit over the complex numbers in which every nonzero element is invertible is isometrically isomorphic to the complex numbers, i. e., the only complex Banach algebra that is ... | Gelfand–Mazur theorem | 0.785066 |
80,143 | To a large extent, the predicted values match well with the actual operational measurements, although some differences do occur due to the use of time-saving simplified simulations. Still, CFD allows the optimization of existing converters as well as the development of new virtual-converter types via computer. Afterwar... | Voith Turbo | 0.785065 |
80,144 | Projected capacitive touch (PCT; also PCAP) technology is a variant of capacitive touch technology but where sensitivity to touch, accuracy, resolution and speed of touch have been greatly improved by the use of a simple form of artificial intelligence. This intelligent processing enables finger sensing to be projected... | Touch-sensitive screen | 0.785065 |
80,145 | Regular Polytopes is a geometry book on regular polytopes written by Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter. It was originally published by Methuen in 1947 and by Pitman Publishing in 1948, with a second edition published by Macmillan in 1963 and a third edition by Dover Publications in 1973. The Basic Library List Committee o... | Regular Polytopes (book) | 0.785064 |
80,146 | Mark Wiley, coordinator of the composition program at California State University, Long Beach, evaluated the Schaffer method in 2000 as providing a valuable guide to the basics of academic writing, but not conducive to students' exploring their own responses to complex ideas and best taught as a possible strategy.The S... | Schaffer paragraph | 0.785064 |
80,147 | In biology and ecology, desiccation refers to the drying out of a living organism, such as when aquatic animals are taken out of water, slugs are exposed to salt, or when plants are exposed to sunlight or drought. Ecologists frequently study and assess various organisms' susceptibility to desiccation. For example, in o... | Desiccation | 0.785064 |
80,148 | A desiccator is a heavy glass or plastic container, now somewhat antiquated, used in practical chemistry for drying or keeping small amounts of materials very dry. The material is placed on a shelf, and a drying agent or desiccant, such as dry silica gel or anhydrous sodium hydroxide, is placed below the shelf. Often s... | Desiccation | 0.785064 |
80,149 | In organic chemistry, Nef synthesis is the addition of sodium acetylides to aldehydes and ketones to yield acetylenic carbinols. It is named for John Ulric Nef, who discovered the reaction in 1899. This process is often erroneously referred to as the Nef reaction, which is an unrelated chemical transformation discovere... | Nef synthesis | 0.785063 |
80,150 | Methane's heat of combustion is 55.5 MJ/kg. Combustion of methane is a multiple step reaction summarized as follows: CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O (ΔH = −891 kJ/mol, at standard conditions)Peters four-step chemistry is a systematically reduced four-step chemistry that explains the burning of methane. | Methane | 0.785063 |
80,151 | No need to dehydrate tissues prior to embedding, thus decreased loss of cell constituents No messy paraffin embedding Allows for agarose embedding of tissue to provide cutting stability No need to deparaffinise and rehydrate sections prior to immunostaining No high temperatures or harsh chemical treatments that may lea... | Vibratome | 0.785061 |
80,152 | In mathematics and theoretical physics, a large diffeomorphism is an equivalence class of diffeomorphisms under the equivalence relation where diffeomorphisms that can be continuously connected to each other are in the same equivalence class. For example, a two-dimensional real torus has a SL(2,Z) group of large diffeo... | Large diffeomorphism | 0.785061 |
80,153 | Surgical mortality during weekend cases was 0.87% compared to only 0.20% during weekdays (p<0.001). In summary, in neuroscience, the evidence is less clear. In stroke, the weekend effect probably exists. Except for two studies (by Kazley et al., and Hoh et al., both in 2010), all the studies over 20,000 patients show t... | Weekend effect | 0.78506 |
80,154 | Gianluca Stefanucci and Robert van Leeuwen (2013). "Nonequilibrium Many-Body Theory of Quantum Systems: A Modern Introduction" (Cambridge University Press, 2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139023979 Robert van Leeuwen, Nils Erik Dahlen, Gianluca Stefanucci, Carl-Olof Almbladh and Ulf von Barth, "Introduction ... | Keldysh formalism | 0.78506 |
80,155 | Physics Reports. 468 (6): 213–301. arXiv:0807.2894. | Keldysh formalism | 0.78506 |
80,156 | In non-equilibrium physics, the Keldysh formalism is a general framework for describing the quantum mechanical evolution of a system in a non-equilibrium state or systems subject to time varying external fields (electrical field, magnetic field etc.). Historically, it was foreshadowed by the work of Julian Schwinger an... | Keldysh formalism | 0.78506 |
80,157 | "Green Function Techniques in the Treatment of Quantum Transport at the Molecular Scale". Energy Transfer Dynamics in Biomaterial Systems. Springer Series in Chemical Physics. | Keldysh formalism | 0.78506 |
80,158 | "Introduction to Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics with Quantum Field". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 123 (4): 581–658. | Keldysh formalism | 0.78506 |
80,159 | In the Heisenberg picture of quantum mechanics, this operator is time-dependent and the state is not. The expectation value of the operator O ( t ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(t)} is given by ⟨ O ( t ) ⟩ = ⟨ n | U † ( t , 0 ) O ( 0 ) U ( t , 0 ) | n ⟩ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle {\mathcal {O}}(t)\rangle &=... | Keldysh formalism | 0.78506 |
80,160 | If we now add a time-dependent perturbation to this Hamiltonian, say H ′ ( t ) {\displaystyle H'(t)} , the full Hamiltonian is H ( t ) = H 0 + H ′ ( t ) {\displaystyle H(t)=H_{0}+H'(t)} and hence the system will evolve in time under the full Hamiltonian. In this section, we will see how time evolution actually works in... | Keldysh formalism | 0.78506 |
80,161 | Aristotelians regard non-numerical structural properties like symmetry, continuity and order as equally important as numbers. Such properties are realized in physical reality, and are the subject matter of parts of mathematics. For example group theory classifies the different kinds of symmetry, while the calculus stud... | Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics | 0.785058 |
80,162 | Although Aristotle did not write extensively on the philosophy of mathematics, his various remarks on the topic exhibit a coherent view of the subject as being both about abstractions and applicable to the real world of space and counting. Until the eighteenth century, the most common philosophy of mathematics was the ... | Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics | 0.785058 |
80,163 | This view goes back to Aristotle's statement in his Physics that the mind 'separates out' in thought the properties that it studies in mathematics, considering the timeless properties of bodies apart from the world of change (Physics II.2.193b31-35). At the higher levels of mathematics, Aristotelians follow the theory ... | Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics | 0.785058 |
80,164 | The Lacto-usp RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure identified in bacteria by bioinformatics. Lacto-usp RNAs are found exclusively in lactic acid bacteria, and exclusively in the possible 5′ untranslated regions of (5′ UTRs) operons that contain a hypothetical gene and a usp gene. The usp gene encodes the universal st... | Lacto-usp RNA motif | 0.785057 |
80,165 | By the Hartman–Grobman theorem the non-linear system is topologically equivalent to a linearization of the system about an equilibrium point (x*, y*), which has the form = A , {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {du}{dt}}\\{\frac {dv}{dt}}\end{bmatrix}}=\mathbf {A} {\begin{bmatrix}u\\v\end{bmatrix}},} where u = x −... | Community matrix | 0.785056 |
80,166 | In mathematical biology, the community matrix is the linearization of a generalized Lotka–Volterra equation at an equilibrium point. The eigenvalues of the community matrix determine the stability of the equilibrium point. For example, the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model is d x d t = x ( α − β y ) d y d t = − y ( γ ... | Community matrix | 0.785056 |
80,167 | In biology, a pigment is any colored material of plant or animal cells. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur, and hair contain pigments (such as melanin). Animal skin coloration often comes about through specialized cells called chromatophores, which animals such as the octopus and chameleon can control ... | Natural pigment | 0.785056 |
80,168 | The discovery in 1856 of mauveine, the first aniline dyes, was a forerunner for the development of hundreds of synthetic dyes and pigments like azo and diazo compounds. These dyes ushered in the flourishing of organic chemistry, including systematic designs of colorants. The development of organic chemistry diminished ... | Natural pigment | 0.785056 |
80,169 | By the middle 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international movement to create such standards in industry. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) develops technical standards for the manufacture of pigments and dyes. ISO standards define various indu... | Natural pigment | 0.785056 |
80,170 | Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms ... | Index of optics articles | 0.785056 |
80,171 | In chemistry, brown carbon (Cbrown/BrC) is brown smoke released by the combustion of organic matter. It coexists with black carbon when released in the atmosphere.Black carbon is primarily released by high-temperature combustion and brown carbon is emitted mainly by biomass combustion. These two are the two most import... | Brown carbon | 0.785054 |
80,172 | Simulation models suggest that brown carbon contributes about 19% of the total atmospheric absorption by aerosols, while 72% is attributed to black carbon and 9% is due to the coating effect of sulfate and organic aerosols on black carbon. It seems that brown carbon can play an important role in photochemistry and the ... | Brown carbon | 0.785054 |
80,173 | Product-family engineering (PFE), also known as product-line engineering, is based on the ideas of "domain engineering" created by the Software Engineering Institute, a term coined by James Neighbors in his 1980 dissertation at University of California, Irvine. Software product lines are quite common in our daily lives... | Product Family Engineering | 0.785054 |
80,174 | A computer museum is devoted to the study of historic computer hardware and software, where a "museum" is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates, and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and ... | Computer museum | 0.785051 |
80,175 | Schwarzschild was renowned as a teacher and held major leadership positions in several scientific societies. In the 1980s, Schwarzschild applied his numerical skills to building models for triaxial galaxies. Schwarzschild was the Eugene Higgins Professor Emeritus of Astronomy at Princeton University, where he spent mos... | Martin Schwarzschild | 0.78505 |
80,176 | There are a number of ways to see why nonabelian Yang–Mills theories in the Coulomb phase don't violate this theorem. Yang–Mills theories don't have any conserved 4-current associated with the Yang–Mills charges that are both Poincaré covariant and gauge invariant. Noether's theorem gives a current which is conserved a... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,177 | The gauge bosons associated with spontaneously broken symmetries are massive. For example, in QCD, we have electrically charged rho mesons which can be described by an emergent hidden gauge symmetry which is spontaneously broken. Therefore, there is nothing in principle stopping us from having composite preon models of... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,178 | In a conformal field theory, the only truly massless particles are noninteracting singletons (see singleton field). The other "particles"/bound states have a continuous mass spectrum which can take on any arbitrarily small nonzero mass. So, we can have spin-3/2 and spin-2 bound states with arbitrarily small masses but ... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,179 | If we take N=1 chiral super QCD with Nc colors and Nf flavors with N f − 2 ≥ N c > 2 3 N f {\displaystyle N_{f}-2\geq N_{c}>{\frac {2}{3}}N_{f}} , then by the Seiberg duality, this theory is dual to a nonabelian S U ( N f − N c ) {\displaystyle SU(N_{f}-N_{c})} gauge theory which is trivial (i.e. free) in the infrared ... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,180 | During the 1980s, preon theories, technicolor and the like were very popular and some people speculated that gravity might be an emergent phenomenon or that gluons might be composite. Weinberg and Witten, on the other hand, developed a no-go theorem that excludes, under very general assumptions, the hypothetical compos... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,181 | For spacelike momentum transfers, we can go to the reference frame where p′ + p is along the t-axis and p′ − p is along the z-axis. In this reference frame, the components of ⟨ p ′ | T ( 0 ) | p ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle p'|\mathbf {T} (0)|p\rangle } transforms as e i ( 2 h − 2 ) θ {\displaystyle e^{i(2h-2)\theta }} , e... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,182 | Weinberg and Witten did not assume the continuity ⟨ p | J 0 ( 0 ) | p ⟩ = lim p ′ → p ⟨ p ′ | J 0 ( 0 ) | p ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle p|J^{0}(0)|p\rangle =\lim _{p'\rightarrow p}\langle p'|J^{0}(0)|p\rangle } .Rather, the authors argue that the physical (i.e., the measurable) quantum numbers of a massless particle are a... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,183 | In theoretical physics, the Weinberg–Witten (WW) theorem, proved by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten, states that massless particles (either composite or elementary) with spin j > 1/2 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant current, while massless particles with spin j > 1 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant stress-energy. The ... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,184 | What does this theorem have to do with emergence/composite theories? If let's say gravity is an emergent theory of a fundamentally flat theory over a flat Minkowski spacetime, then by Noether's theorem, we have a conserved stress–energy tensor which is Poincaré covariant. If the theory has an internal gauge symmetry (o... | Weinberg–Witten theorem | 0.785049 |
80,185 | New developments in robotics have also led to the creation of AUVs, or autonomous underwater vehicles. The robotic submarines are programmed in advance, and receive no instruction from the surface. A Hybrid ROV (HROV) combines features of both ROVs and AUV, operating independently or with a cable. Argo was used in 1985... | Deep-sea exploration | 0.785048 |
80,186 | Deep-sea exploration vessels must operate under high external hydrostatic pressure, and most of the deep sea remains at temperatures near freezing, which may cause embrittlement of some materials. Structural geometry, material choices and construction processes are all important design factors. If the vessel is crewed,... | Deep-sea exploration | 0.785048 |
80,187 | Information exchange or information sharing means that people or other entities pass information from one to another. This could be done electronically or through certain systems. These are terms that can either refer to bidirectional information transfer in telecommunications and computer science or communication seen... | Information sharing | 0.785047 |
80,188 | Single-stage P2G systems to produce methane also exist, such as reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) technology.The gas may be used as chemical feedstock, or converted back into electricity using conventional generators such as gas turbines. Power-to-gas allows energy from electricity to be stored and transported in the ... | Power to gas | 0.785046 |
80,189 | Organic printed electronics integrates knowledge and developments from printing, electronics, chemistry, and materials science, especially from organic and polymer chemistry. Organic materials in part differ from conventional electronics in terms of structure, operation and functionality, which influences device and ci... | Printed electronics | 0.785046 |
80,190 | Dave Kerby (2014) recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level. The rank-biserial is the correlation used with the Mann–Whitney U test, a method commonly covered in introductory college courses on statistics. ... | Rank correlation | 0.785046 |
80,191 | Some of the more popular rank correlation statistics include Spearman's ρ Kendall's τ Goodman and Kruskal's γ Somers' DAn increasing rank correlation coefficient implies increasing agreement between rankings. The coefficient is inside the interval and assumes the value: 1 if the agreement between the two rankings is p... | Rank correlation | 0.785046 |
80,192 | In statistics, a rank correlation is any of several statistics that measure an ordinal association—the relationship between rankings of different ordinal variables or different rankings of the same variable, where a "ranking" is the assignment of the ordering labels "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observa... | Rank correlation | 0.785046 |
80,193 | This design value is based on the idea that simple forms, i.e. aesthetics without considerable ornaments, simple geometry, smooth surfaces etc., represents forms which are both truer to “real” art and represents “folk” wisdom. This design value implies that the more cultivated a person becomes, the more decoration disa... | Architectural design values | 0.785043 |
80,194 | This is indicated by the debate in architecture, focusing on whether buildings should harmonize with the surroundings in that they are situated in or not. Equally is the debate where architecture should be based on traditional topology and design styles i.e. classical and vernacular base architecture or if it should be... | Architectural design values | 0.785043 |
80,195 | Other types of green vehicles include other vehicles that go fully or partly on alternative energy sources than fossil fuel. Another option is to use alternative fuel composition (i.e. biofuels) in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them go partly on renewable energy sources. Other approaches include perso... | Hybrid Engine | 0.785043 |
80,196 | Based on his basic needs poverty threshold, the poverty rate in Canada, the poverty rate has declined from about 12% of Canadian households to about 5% since the 1970s. This is in sharp contrast to the results of Statistic Canada, Conference Board of Canada, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (O... | Basic needs | 0.785043 |
80,197 | Professor Chris Sarlo, an economist at Nipissing University in North Bay, Ontario, Canada and a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute, uses Statistics Canada's socio-economic databases, particularly the Survey of Household Spending to determine the cost of a list of household necessities. The list includes food, shelte... | Basic needs | 0.785043 |
80,198 | Automated ECG interpretation is the use of artificial intelligence and pattern recognition software and knowledge bases to carry out automatically the interpretation, test reporting, and computer-aided diagnosis of electrocardiogram tracings obtained usually from a patient. | Automated ECG interpretation | 0.785043 |
80,199 | A digital representation of each recorded ECG channel is obtained, by means of an analog-to-digital converter and a special data acquisition software or a digital signal processing (DSP) chip. The resulting digital signal is processed by a series of specialized algorithms, which start by conditioning it, e.g., removal ... | Automated ECG interpretation | 0.785043 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.