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85,700 | Let Γ be a second countable locally compact group (for instance a countable discrete group). One can define a morphism μ: R K ∗ Γ ( E Γ _ ) → K ∗ ( C r ∗ ( Γ ) ) , {\displaystyle \mu :RK_{*}^{\Gamma }({\underline {E\Gamma }})\to K_{*}(C_{r}^{*}(\Gamma )),} called the assembly map, from the equivariant K-homology with Γ... | Baum–Connes conjecture | 0.78284 |
85,701 | For instance, the surjectivity part implies the Kadison–Kaplansky conjecture for discrete torsion-free groups, and the injectivity is closely related to the Novikov conjecture. The conjecture is also closely related to index theory, as the assembly map μ {\displaystyle \mu } is a sort of index, and it plays a major rol... | Baum–Connes conjecture | 0.78284 |
85,702 | In mathematics, specifically in operator K-theory, the Baum–Connes conjecture suggests a link between the K-theory of the reduced C*-algebra of a group and the K-homology of the classifying space of proper actions of that group. The conjecture sets up a correspondence between different areas of mathematics, with the K-... | Baum–Connes conjecture | 0.78284 |
85,703 | Living fish afflicted with VHS may appear listless or limp, hang just beneath the surface, or swim very abnormally, such as constant flashing circling due to the tropism of the virus for the brain. External signs may include darker coloration, exophthalmia ("pop eye"), pale or red-dotted gills, sunken eyes, and bleedin... | Viral hemorrhagic septicemia | 0.782839 |
85,704 | Reverse genetics system is currently available for VHSV. A vaccinia virus free reverse genetic system for Great Lakes VHSV (Genotype IVb) was developed by a research group from the USA. This system allows the investigators to explore the functional properties of individual viral genes of VHSV in detail. | Viral hemorrhagic septicemia | 0.782839 |
85,705 | The genome of VHSV is composed of approximately 11-kb of single stranded RNA, which contains six genes that are located along the genome in the 3′-5′ order: 3′-N-P-M-G-NV-L-5′, nucleocapsid protein (N), polymerase-associated phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), surface glycoprotein (G), a unique non-virion protein (... | Viral hemorrhagic septicemia | 0.782839 |
85,706 | The Interplanetary Scintillation Array (also known as the IPS Array or Pulsar Array) is a radio telescope that was built in 1967 at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, in Cambridge, United Kingdom, and was operated by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group. The instrument originally covered 4 acres (16,000 m²). It was e... | Interplanetary Scintillation Array | 0.782838 |
85,707 | The introduction of paper chromatography was an important analytical technique which gave rise to thin-layer chromatography. Finally, gas-liquid chromatography, a fundamental technique in modern analytical chemistry, was described by Martin with coauthors A. T. James and G. Howard Smith in 1952. == References == | Partition chromatography | 0.782838 |
85,708 | Partition chromatography theory and practice was introduced through the work and publications of Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s. They would later receive the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their invention of partition chromatography". | Partition chromatography | 0.782838 |
85,709 | Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces: Suppose that (H, B) is a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space where B: H × H → C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } is a sesquilinear form that is linear in its first coordinate and antilinear in its second coordinate. Then the canonical linear mapping from H into the anti-dual space of H is sur... | Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces | 0.782837 |
85,710 | A sesquilinear form is a map B: H × H → C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } such that for all y ∈ H, the map defined by x ↦ B(x, y) is linear, and for all x ∈ H, the map defined by y ↦ B(x, y) is antilinear. Note that in Physics, the convention is that a sesquilinear form is linear in its second coordinate and antilinear in... | Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces | 0.782837 |
85,711 | In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis and Hilbert space theory, the fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces gives a necessarily and sufficient condition for a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space to be a Hilbert space in terms of the canonical isometry of a pre-Hilbert space into its anti-dual. | Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces | 0.782837 |
85,712 | Although there was no difference in programming terms, basic objects like rectangles were classified as "geometry actors" while more traditional GUI elements like buttons were known as "interface actors".The Stage captured user-generated events like mouse-down clicks and key presses and sent them to the Actors. The vis... | SK8 (programming language) | 0.782834 |
85,713 | In molecular biology, the H2TH domain (helix-2turn-helix domain) is a DNA-binding domain found in DNA glycosylase/AP lyase enzymes, which are involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. Most damage to bases in DNA is repaired by the base excision repair pathway. These enzymes ar... | H2TH domain | 0.782834 |
85,714 | Before the Standard Model was developed in the 1970s (the key elements of the Standard Model known as quarks were proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964), physicists observed hundreds of different kinds of particles in particle accelerators. These were organized into relationships on their physical prope... | Preon | 0.782833 |
85,715 | Other attempts include a 1977 paper by Terazawa, Chikashige, and Akama, similar, but independent, 1979 papers by Ne'eman, Harari, and Shupe, a 1981 paper by Fritzsch and Mandelbaum, and a 1992 book by D'Souza and Kalman. None of these have gained wide acceptance in the physics world. However, in a recent work de Souza ... | Preon | 0.782833 |
85,716 | A number of physicists have attempted to develop a theory of "pre-quarks" (from which the name preon derives) in an effort to justify theoretically the many parts of the Standard Model that are known only through experimental data. Other names which have been used for these proposed fundamental particles (or particles ... | Preon | 0.782833 |
85,717 | April 2021, 62 countries had granted Sputnik V emergency use authorization.On 27 April 2021, Bangladesh approved the use of Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use.On 30 April 2021, Turkey and Albania approved the use of Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use. | Sputnik V | 0.782832 |
85,718 | As of June 2021, Sputnik V is under rolling review process by EMA, but the marketing authorisation application was not submitted yet.Emergency use has also been authorized in Algeria, Bolivia, Serbia, the Palestinian territories, and Mexico.On 25 January 2021, Iran approved the vaccine, with Foreign Minister Mohammad J... | Sputnik V | 0.782832 |
85,719 | The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was developed by a cellular microbiologists team of the government-backed Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. The group was led by MD and RAS associate member Denis Logunov, who also worked on vaccines for the Ebolavirus and the MERS-coronavirus.In May 2020, the Gamal... | Sputnik V | 0.782832 |
85,720 | Mòjiāng virus (MojV), officially Mojiang henipavirus, is a virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Based on phylogenetics, Mòjiāng virus is placed in the genus Henipavirus or described as a henipa-like virus. Antibodies raised against Mòjiāng virus glycoproteins are serologically distinct from other henipaviruses (among w... | Mòjiāng virus | 0.782831 |
85,721 | Molybdenum forms chemical compounds in oxidation states −IV and from −II to +VI. Higher oxidation states are more relevant to its terrestrial occurrence and its biological roles, mid-level oxidation states are often associated with metal clusters, and very low oxidation states are typically associated with organomolybd... | Molybdenum | 0.782831 |
85,722 | The Beijing Spectrometer III (BES III) is a particle physics experiment at the Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II (BEPC II) at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP). It is designed to study the physics of charm, charmonium, and light hadron decays. It also performs studies of the tau lepton, tests of QCD, and ... | BES III | 0.78283 |
85,723 | The electromagnetic calorimeter's main purpose is to make energy and position measurements using Caesium Iodide scintillating crystals. The geometry of the crystals is 44 rings of 120 crystals along the axis of the cylinder with a 1.5 degree tilt. Two endcaps covering the end of the cylinder allows a total coverage of ... | BES III | 0.78283 |
85,724 | Another main concern is increased spread of algorithmic bias. In the light of increased usage of machine learning there is a growing awareness of the biases introduced by algorithms. The nature of monocultures exacerbate this problem since it makes the bias systemic and spreading unfair decisions. | Monoculture (computer science) | 0.782828 |
85,725 | In computer science, a monoculture is a community of computers that all run identical software. All the computer systems in the community thus have the same vulnerabilities, and, like agricultural monocultures, are subject to catastrophic failure in the event of a successful attack. | Monoculture (computer science) | 0.782828 |
85,726 | The implications of this theorem is that under these conditions, firms will chose to use the algorithmic ranking even though that the correlated nature of algorithmic monocultures degrades total social welfare. Even though algorithmic rankings are more accurate. The first condition on F θ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_... | Monoculture (computer science) | 0.782828 |
85,727 | Diagonal matrices where the diagonal entries are not all equal or all distinct have centralizers intermediate between the whole space and only diagonal matrices.For an abstract vector space V (rather than the concrete vector space K n {\displaystyle K^{n}} ), the analog of scalar matrices are scalar transformations. Th... | Scalar matrix | 0.782826 |
85,728 | A diagonal matrix with equal diagonal entries is a scalar matrix; that is, a scalar multiple λ of the identity matrix I. Its effect on a vector is scalar multiplication by λ. For example, a 3×3 scalar matrix has the form: The scalar matrices are the center of the algebra of matrices: that is, they are precisely the mat... | Scalar matrix | 0.782826 |
85,729 | Design begins with the total impulse required, which determines the fuel and oxidizer mass. Grain geometry and chemistry are then chosen to satisfy the required motor characteristics. The following are chosen or solved simultaneously. The results are exact dimensions for grain, nozzle, and case geometries: The grain bu... | Solid fuel rocket | 0.782826 |
85,730 | Solid rocket fuel deflagrates from the surface of exposed propellant in the combustion chamber. In this fashion, the geometry of the propellant inside the rocket motor plays an important role in the overall motor performance. As the surface of the propellant burns, the shape evolves (a subject of study in internal ball... | Solid fuel rocket | 0.782826 |
85,731 | In mathematics, the Arthur–Selberg trace formula is a generalization of the Selberg trace formula from the group SL2 to arbitrary reductive groups over global fields, developed by James Arthur in a long series of papers from 1974 to 2003. It describes the character of the representation of G(A) on the discrete part L20... | Relative trace formula | 0.782825 |
85,732 | "More than any other man", Bethe wrote, "he was responsible for raising American theoretical physics from a provincial adjunct of Europe to world leadership". Because his scientific attentions often changed rapidly, he never worked long enough on any one topic and carried it to fruition to merit the Nobel Prize, though... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,733 | In the same year, David Strathairn played Oppenheimer in the TV movie Day One. In the 2023 American film Oppenheimer, directed by Christopher Nolan and based on American Prometheus, Oppenheimer is portrayed by actor Cillian Murphy.A centennial conference about Oppenheimer's legacy was held in 2004 at the University of ... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,734 | Kennedy was assassinated before he could present the award to Oppenheimer, but his successor, Lyndon Johnson, did so in a December 1963 ceremony at which he cited Oppenheimer's "contributions to theoretical physics as a teacher and originator of ideas, leadership of the Los Alamos Laboratory and the atomic energy prog... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,735 | Oppenheimer published more than a dozen papers while in Europe, including many important contributions to the new field of quantum mechanics. He and Born published a famous paper on the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, which separates nuclear motion from electronic motion in the mathematical treatment of molecules, allo... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,736 | Many friends said he could be self-destructive. Fergusson once tried to distract Oppenheimer from his apparent depression by telling him that he (Fergusson) was to marry his girlfriend; Oppenheimer jumped on Fergusson and tried to strangle him. Oppenheimer was plagued by periods of depression throughout his life, and o... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,737 | After being accepted at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1924, Oppenheimer wrote to Ernest Rutherford requesting permission to work at the Cavendish Laboratory, though Bridgman's letter of recommendation said that Oppenheimer's clumsiness in the laboratory suggested that theoretical, rather than experimental, physics wou... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,738 | He later taught high school physics and was the founder of the San Francisco Exploratorium.The triggering event for the security hearing happened on November 7, 1953, when William Liscum Borden, who until earlier in the year had been the executive director of the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy,... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,739 | Frank Oppenheimer and his wife Jackie testified before HUAC that they had been members of the Communist Party USA. Frank was subsequently fired from his University of Minnesota position. Unable to find work in physics for many years, he became a cattle rancher in Colorado. | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,740 | These may be the qualities of the born leader who seems to have reserves of uncommitted strength. In spite of this, observers such as physicist Luis Alvarez have suggested that if Oppenheimer had lived long enough to see his predictions substantiated by experiment, he might have won a Nobel Prize for his work on gravit... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,741 | "His close confidant and colleague Isidor Rabi, who had seen Oppenheimer throughout his Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Princeton years, wondering "why men of Oppenheimer's gifts do not discover everything worth discovering", reflected that: Oppenheimer was overeducated in those fields which lie outside the scientific tradit... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,742 | It is speculated that Oppenheimer's interest in Hindu thought started during his earlier association with Niels Bohr. Both Bohr and Oppenheimer had been very analytical and critical about the ancient Hindu mythological stories and the metaphysics embedded in them. In one conversation with David Hawkins before the war, ... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,743 | He was admitted to the undergraduate honor society Phi Beta Kappa and was granted graduate standing in physics on the basis of independent study, which meant he could bypass basic courses in favor of advanced ones. He was attracted to experimental physics by a course on thermodynamics taught by Percy Bridgman. Oppenhei... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,744 | He recovered in New Mexico, where he developed a love for horseback riding and the southwestern United States.Oppenheimer entered Harvard College in 1922 at age 18. He majored in chemistry; Harvard also required studies in history, literature, and philosophy or mathematics. To compensate for the delay caused by his ill... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,745 | He completed third and fourth grades in one year and skipped half of eighth grade. During his final year, Oppenheimer became interested in chemistry. He graduated in 1921, but his further education was delayed a year by an attack of colitis contracted while prospecting in Joachimstal during a family vacation in Czechos... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,746 | He met this group once a day in his office and discussed with one after another the status of the student's research problem. He was interested in everything, and in one afternoon they might discuss quantum electrodynamics, cosmic rays, electron pair production and nuclear physics. Oppenheimer worked closely with Nobel... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,747 | Later, he used to say that "physics and desert country" were his "two great loves". He recovered from tuberculosis and returned to Berkeley, where he prospered as an advisor and collaborator to a generation of physicists who admired him for his intellectual virtuosity and broad interests. His students and colleagues sa... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,748 | Oppenheimer later invited Pauling to be head of the Chemistry Division of the Manhattan Project, but Pauling refused, saying he was a pacifist.In the autumn of 1928, Oppenheimer visited Paul Ehrenfest's institute at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands, where he impressed by giving lectures in Dutch, despite havin... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,749 | "His physics was good", said his student Snyder, "but his arithmetic awful".After World War II, Oppenheimer published only five scientific papers, one of them in biophysics, and none after 1950. Murray Gell-Mann, a later Nobelist who, as a visiting scientist, worked with him at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1951,... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,750 | Two years later, Carl David Anderson discovered the positron, for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics.In the late 1930s, Oppenheimer became interested in astrophysics, most likely through his friendship with Richard Tolman, resulting in a series of papers. In the first of these, "On the Stability of Stell... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,751 | Dirac's paper introduced an equation, later known as the Dirac equation, that unified quantum mechanics, special relativity and the then-new concept of electron spin, to explain the Zeeman effect. Drawing on the body of experimental evidence, Oppenheimer rejected the idea that the predicted positively charged electrons... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,752 | In 1931, he co-wrote a paper, "Relativistic Theory of the Photoelectric Effect", with his student Harvey Hall, in which, based on empirical evidence, he correctly disputed Dirac's assertion that two of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom have the same energy. Subsequently, one of his doctoral students, Willis Lamb, ... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,753 | Oppenheimer did important research in theoretical astronomy (especially as related to general relativity and nuclear theory), nuclear physics, spectroscopy, and quantum field theory, including its extension into quantum electrodynamics. The formal mathematics of relativistic quantum mechanics also attracted his attenti... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,754 | Once the public learned of the Manhattan Project after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Oppenheimer—suddenly a household name as the "father of the atomic bomb"—became a national spokesman for science, emblematic of a new type of technocratic power; he appeared on the covers of Life and Time. Nuclear physics bec... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,755 | As a military engineer, Groves knew that this would be vital in an interdisciplinary project that would involve not just physics but also chemistry, metallurgy, ordnance, and engineering. Groves also detected in Oppenheimer something that many others did not, an "overweening ambition", which Groves reckoned would suppl... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,756 | During the second Red Scare, Oppenheimer's stances, together with his past associations with the Communist Party USA, led to the revocation of his security clearance following a 1954 security hearing. This effectively ended his access to the government's atomic secrets and thus his career as a nuclear physicist. Stripp... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,757 | He made significant contributions to theoretical physics, including achievements in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics such as the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion, and early work on quantum ... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,758 | J. Robert Oppenheimer (born Julius Robert Oppenheimer; OP-ən-hy-mər; April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. He is often called the "father of the atomic bomb". Born in New York City, Oppenheimer earned ... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,759 | 1,200 people attended Oppenheimer's six lectures, "The Hope of Order", in Sanders Theatre. In 1962, Oppenheimer delivered the Whidden Lectures at McMaster University, which were published in 1964 as The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for Physicists. Deprived of political influence, Oppenheimer continued to lecture, write... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,760 | Edwin Albrecht Uehling, the chairman of the physics department and a colleague of Oppenheimer's from Berkeley, appealed to the university senate, and Schmitz's decision was overturned by a vote of 56 to 40. Oppenheimer stopped briefly in Seattle to change planes on a trip to Oregon and was joined for coffee during his ... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,761 | Oppenheimer repeatedly attempted to get Serber a position at Berkeley but was blocked by Berkeley Physics Department administrator Raymond T. Birge, who felt that "one Jew in the department was enough".Oppenheimer's mother died in 1931, and he became closer to his father who, although still living in New York, became a... | J. Robert Oppenheimer | 0.782824 |
85,762 | Niven's proof of his theorem appears in his book Irrational Numbers. Earlier, the theorem had been proven by D. H. Lehmer and J. M. H. Olmstead. In his 1933 paper, Lehmer proved the theorem for cosine by proving a more general result. Namely, Lehmer showed that for relatively prime integers k {\displaystyle k} and n {\... | Niven's theorem | 0.782823 |
85,763 | In mathematics, Niven's theorem, named after Ivan Niven, states that the only rational values of θ in the interval 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90° for which the sine of θ degrees is also a rational number are: sin 0 ∘ = 0 , sin 30 ∘ = 1 2 , sin 90 ∘ = 1. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin 0^{\circ }&=0,\\\sin 30^{\circ }&={\frac {... | Niven's theorem | 0.782822 |
85,764 | Schwartz's reagent is the common name for the organozirconium compound with the formula (C5H5)2ZrHCl, sometimes called zirconocene hydrochloride or zirconocene chloride hydride, and is named after Jeffrey Schwartz, a chemistry professor at Princeton University. This metallocene is used in organic synthesis for various ... | Schwartz's reagent | 0.782821 |
85,765 | Today nearly all international industrial robot suppliers and 17 national robots associations are members of IFR. Headquarters of this umbrella organization of national robotics associations is in Frankfurt, Germany. | International Federation of Robotics | 0.78282 |
85,766 | The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) is a professional non-profit organization established in 1987 to promote, strengthen and protect the robotics industry worldwide. | International Federation of Robotics | 0.78282 |
85,767 | President: Marina Bill (ABB Robotics) General Secretary: Dr. Susanne Bieller (VDMA) Chairman, Research Committee: Alexander Verl (University of Stuttgart) Chairman, Industrial Robot Supplier Group: Marcus Mead (Yaskawa) Chairman, Service Robotics Group: Francesco Ferro (PAL Robotics) and Werner Kraus (Fraunhofer IPA) | International Federation of Robotics | 0.78282 |
85,768 | The purpose of the International Federation of Robotics is to promote research, development, use and international co-operation in the field of robotics, both industrial automated robots and service robots. The IFR is also coordinator of the International Symposium on Robotics (ISR), one of the oldest conferences for r... | International Federation of Robotics | 0.78282 |
85,769 | Quantum carpets demonstrate many principles of quantum mechanics, including wave-particle duality, quantum revivals, and decoherence. Thus, they illustrate certain aspects of theoretical physics. In 1995, Michael Berry created the first quantum carpet, which described the momentum of an excited atom. Today, physicists ... | Quantum carpet | 0.78282 |
85,770 | In quantum mechanics, a quantum carpet is a regular art-like pattern drawn by the wave function evolution or the probability density in the space of the Cartesian product of the quantum particle position coordinate and time or in spacetime resembling carpet art. It is the result of self-interference of the wave functio... | Quantum carpet | 0.78282 |
85,771 | Novartis announced it would acquire Chinook Therapeutics and its drug pipeline for up to $3.5 billion.In July 2023, Novartis acquired DTx Pharma, a developer of technology for delivering RNA-based therapies, upfront for $500 million and an additional $500 million subject to reaching certain targets. | Ciba Vision | 0.78282 |
85,772 | In late November 2019, the business announced it would acquire The Medicines Company for US$9.7 billion ($85 per share) in order to acquire amongst other assets, the cholesterol lowering therapy; inclisiran.In April 2020, the company announced it would acquire Amblyotech.In September 2020, Novartis was imposed a fine o... | Ciba Vision | 0.78282 |
85,773 | It will also look at improving manufacturing of Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T cells). Finally, the deal "will also apply AI to generative chemistry to enhance drug design". In November 2019, Sandoz announced it would acquire the Japanese business of Aspen Global inc for €300 million (around $330 million), boo... | Ciba Vision | 0.78282 |
85,774 | In late December the company announced it would acquire France-based contract manufacturer, CellforCure from LFB, boosting its capacity to produce cell and gene therapies.On April 9, 2019, Novartis announced that it had completed the spin-off of Alcon as a separate commercial entity. Alcon was listed on the SIX exchang... | Ciba Vision | 0.78282 |
85,775 | In September 2014, Ophthotech received its first $50 million phase III trial milestone payment from Novartis. In April 2014, Novartis announced that it would acquire GlaxoSmithKline's cancer drug business for $16 billion as well as selling its vaccines business to GlaxoSmithKline for $7.1 billion. In August 2014 Geneti... | Ciba Vision | 0.78282 |
85,776 | In 1998, the company entered into a biotechnology licensing agreement with the University of California at Berkeley Department of Plant and Microbial Biology. Critics of the agreement expressed concern over prospects that the agreement would diminish academic objectivity, or lead to the commercialization of genetically... | Ciba Vision | 0.78282 |
85,777 | Sandoz is the generic drugs division of Novartis. Before the 1996 merger with Ciba-Geigy to form Novartis, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals (Sandoz AG) was a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Basel, Switzerland (as was Ciba-Geigy), and was best known for developing drugs such as Sandimmune for organ transplantation, the an... | Ciba Vision | 0.782819 |
85,778 | In the 1960s, John E. Koehler and W. F. Lunnon implemented algorithms that, at that time, could calculate these numbers for up to 28 stamps. Despite additional research, the known methods for calculating these numbers take exponential time as a function of n. Thus, there is no formula or efficient algorithm known that ... | Map folding | 0.782817 |
85,779 | The most important shader units are vertex shaders, geometry shaders, and pixel shaders. The Unified Shader has been introduced to take full advantage of all units. This gives a single large pool of shader units. | 3D graphics pipelines | 0.782815 |
85,780 | These APIs provide an abstraction layer over the underlying hardware, relieving programmers from the need to write code explicitly targeting various graphics hardware accelerators like AMD, Intel, Nvidia, and others. The model of the graphics pipeline is usually used in real-time rendering. Often, most of the pipeline ... | 3D graphics pipelines | 0.782815 |
85,781 | The production of Synthia is an effort in synthetic biology at the J. Craig Venter Institute by a team of approximately 20 scientists headed by Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith and including DNA researcher Craig Venter and microbiologist Clyde A. Hutchison III. The overall goal is to reduce a living organism to its essent... | Mycoplasma laboratorium | 0.782813 |
85,782 | "On May 21, 2010, Science reported that the Venter group had successfully synthesized the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides from a computer record and transplanted the synthesized genome into the existing cell of a Mycoplasma capricolum bacterium that had had its DNA removed. The "synthetic" bacterium was via... | Mycoplasma laboratorium | 0.782813 |
85,783 | Mercury(II) is the most common oxidation state and is the main one in nature as well. All four mercuric halides are known. They form tetrahedral complexes with other ligands but the halides adopt linear coordination geometry, somewhat like Ag+ does. Best known is mercury(II) chloride, an easily sublimating white solid. | Mercury contamination | 0.782813 |
85,784 | The chlorides are obtained by chlorination of the selenenyl chloride. Seleniranes are three-membered rings (parent: C2H4Se) related to thiiranes but, unlike thiiranes, seleniranes are kinetically unstable, extruding selenium directly (without oxidation) to form alkenes. This property has been utilized in synthetic orga... | Selenyl bromide | 0.782812 |
85,785 | Diselenides (R−Se−Se−R) are the selenium equivalents of peroxides and disulfides. They are useful shelf-stable precursors to more reactive organoselenium reagents such as selenols and selanyl halides. Best known in organic chemistry is diphenyldiselenide, prepared from phenylmagnesium bromide and selenium followed by o... | Selenyl bromide | 0.782812 |
85,786 | Planning for the development of room and pillar mines operates in much the same way as other mining methods, and begins with establishing ownership of the mine. Following this, the geology of the mine must be analysed, as this will determine factors like the lifespan of the mine, the production requirements, and the co... | Room and pillar mining | 0.782811 |
85,787 | Evolutionary novelty theory emphasises the role of behaviour in the link between mortality and intelligence whereas system integrity emphasis the role of genes. Thus system integrity predicts that individuals of higher intelligence will be better protected from diseases that are caused primarily by genetics whereas evo... | Cognitive epidemiology | 0.78281 |
85,788 | A differentiable map f: M → N is said to have constant rank if the rank of f is the same for all p in M. Constant rank maps have a number of nice properties and are an important concept in differential topology. Three special cases of constant rank maps occur. A constant rank map f: M → N is an immersion if rank f = di... | Rank (differential topology) | 0.782809 |
85,789 | Maps whose rank is generically maximal, but drops at certain singular points, occur frequently in coordinate systems. For example, in spherical coordinates, the rank of the map from the two angles to a point on the sphere (formally, a map T2 → S2 from the torus to the sphere) is 2 at regular points, but is only 1 at th... | Rank (differential topology) | 0.782809 |
85,790 | Although there are individual outcomes which have a higher probability than any outcome in this set, the vast number of outcomes in the set almost guarantees that the outcome will come from the set. One way of intuitively understanding the property is through Cramér's large deviation theorem, which states that the prob... | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,791 | In information theory, the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) is a general property of the output samples of a stochastic source. It is fundamental to the concept of typical set used in theories of data compression. Roughly speaking, the theorem states that although there are many series of results that may be pro... | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,792 | Given a discrete-time stationary ergodic stochastic process X {\displaystyle X} on the probability space ( Ω , B , p ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,B,p)} , the asymptotic equipartition property is an assertion that where H ( X ) {\displaystyle H(X)} or simply H {\displaystyle H} denotes the entropy rate of X {\displaystyle ... | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,793 | Consider a finite-valued sample space Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } , i.e. | Ω | < ∞ {\displaystyle |\Omega |<\infty } , for the discrete-time stationary ergodic process X := { X n } {\displaystyle X:=\{X_{n}\}} defined on the probability space ( Ω , B , p ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,B,p)} . The asymptotic equipartition prop... | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,794 | (1988). "A Sandwich Proof of the Shannon-McMillan-Breiman Theorem" (PDF). The Annals of Probability. | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,795 | The asymptotic equipartition property for non-stationary discrete-time independent process leads us to (among other results) the source coding theorem for non-stationary source (with independent output symbols) and noisy-channel coding theorem for non-stationary memoryless channels. | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,796 | We assume that the statistics of the process are known completely, that is, the marginal distribution of the process seen at each time instant is known. The joint distribution is just the product of marginals. Then, under the condition (which can be relaxed) that V a r < M {\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} 0, the followin... | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,797 | The assumptions of stationarity/ergodicity/identical distribution of random variables is not essential for the asymptotic equipartition property to hold. Indeed, as is quite clear intuitively, the asymptotic equipartition property requires only some form of the law of large numbers to hold, which is fairly general. How... | Asymptotic equipartition property | 0.782809 |
85,798 | Morse was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1986. In 1997 she received the Garvan–Olin Medal for scientific accomplishments by a woman chemist from the American Chemical Society. In 2012 Western Washington University named the chemistry building the Karen W. Morse Hall in re... | Karen Morse (chemist) | 0.782808 |
85,799 | In 1993 she moved to Western Washington University where she was president until 2008. In 2014, Morse was named the Bowman Distinguished Professor at Western Washington University.Morse's early research centered on the production and properties of phosphines. She also worked on borohydrides, phosphite, metal-phosphorus... | Karen Morse (chemist) | 0.782808 |
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