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90,800 | A great many of these discussions are documented in the Pauli/Jung letters, today published as Atom and Archetype. Jung's elaborate analysis of more than 400 of Pauli's dreams is documented in Psychology and Alchemy. In 1933 Pauli published the second part of his book on Physics, Handbuch der Physik, which was consider... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,801 | Everybody burst into laughter, including Dirac. Many of Pauli's ideas and results were never published and appeared only in his letters, which were often copied and circulated by their recipients. Pauli may have been unconcerned that much of his work thus went uncredited, but when it came to Heisenberg's world-renowned... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,802 | Einstein declared Pauli his "spiritual heir".Pauli was famously a perfectionist. This extended not just to his own work, but also to that of his colleagues. As a result, he became known in the physics community as the "conscience of physics", the critic to whom his colleagues were accountable. | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,803 | In particular, he formulated the exclusion principle and the theory of nonrelativistic spin. He also wrote a paper on colloid chemistry and medicine in 1924.In 1928, Pauli was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1930. He held visiting professorshi... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,804 | Pauli spent a year at the University of Göttingen as the assistant to Max Born, and the next year at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen (later the Niels Bohr Institute). From 1923 to 1928, he was a professor at the University of Hamburg. During this period, Pauli was instrumental in the development of ... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,805 | Using this idea, he developed the theory of paramagnetism in 1926. Pauli said, “Festkörperphysik ist eine Schmutzphysik”—solid-state physics is the physics of dirt.Pauli was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1953 and president of the Swiss Physical Society in 1955 for two years. In 1958 he bec... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,806 | Pauli made repeated criticisms of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology, and his contemporary admirers point to modes of epigenetic inheritance as supporting his arguments.Paul Drude in 1900 proposed the first theoretical model for a classical electron moving through a metallic solid. Drude's classical model was... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,807 | Pauli. "In 1940, Pauli re-derived the spin-statistics theorem, a critical result of quantum field theory that states that particles with half-integer spin are fermions, while particles with integer spin are bosons. In 1949, he published a paper on Pauli–Villars regularization: regularization is the term for techniques ... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,808 | A year later, George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit identified Pauli's new degree of freedom as electron spin, in which Pauli for a very long time wrongly refused to believe.In 1926, shortly after Heisenberg published the matrix theory of modern quantum mechanics, Pauli used it to derive the observed spectrum of the hyd... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,809 | Pauli proposed in 1924 a new quantum degree of freedom (or quantum number) with two possible values, to resolve inconsistencies between observed molecular spectra and the developing theory of quantum mechanics. He formulated the Pauli exclusion principle, perhaps his most important work, which stated that no two electr... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,810 | Pauli made many important contributions as a physicist, primarily in the field of quantum mechanics. He seldom published papers, preferring lengthy correspondences with colleagues such as Niels Bohr from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and Werner Heisenberg, with whom he had close friendships. Many of his ideas... | Wolfgang Pauli | 0.78079 |
90,811 | The Tilting Suspension System (also known as the Leaning Suspension System) is not a different type or geometry of construction; moreover, it is a technology addition to the conventional suspension system. This kind of suspension system mainly consists of independent suspension (e.g., MacPherson strut, A-arm (double wi... | Rear suspension | 0.780789 |
90,812 | When the temperature is high, simulated annealing performs almost random changes to the label placement, being able to escape a local optimum. Later, when hopefully a very good local optimum has been found, it behaves in a manner similar to local optimization. The main challenges in developing a simulated annealing sol... | Automatic label placement | 0.780789 |
90,813 | It works like local optimization, but it may keep a change even if it worsens the result. The chance of keeping such a change is exp − Δ E T {\displaystyle \exp {\frac {-\Delta E}{T}}} , where Δ E {\displaystyle \Delta E} is the change in the evaluation function, and T {\displaystyle T} is the temperature. The temper... | Automatic label placement | 0.780789 |
90,814 | The simplest greedy algorithm places consecutive labels on the map in positions that result in minimal overlap of labels. Its results are not perfect even for very simple problems, but it is extremely fast. Slightly more complex algorithms rely on local optimization to reach a local optimum of a placement evaluation fu... | Automatic label placement | 0.780789 |
90,815 | Some versions of the map label placement problem can be formulated as multiple choices integer programming (MCIP) problems where the objective function is to minimize the sum of numerical penalties for moving individual labels away from their optimal placement to avoid overlaps. The problem constraints are that each la... | Automatic label placement | 0.780789 |
90,816 | Once those are placed, the cartographer places the next most important class of labels, for example major roads, rivers, and other large cities. In every step they ensure that (1) the text is placed in a way that the reader easily associates it with the feature, and (2) the label does not overlap with those already pla... | Automatic label placement | 0.780789 |
90,817 | One simple optimization that is important on real maps is dividing a set of labels into smaller sets that can be solved independently. Two labels are rivals if they can overlap in one of the possible placements. Transitive closure of this relation divides the set of labels into possibly much smaller sets. On uniformly ... | Automatic label placement | 0.780789 |
90,818 | In geometry, Napoleon's theorem states that if equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle, either all outward or all inward, the lines connecting the centres of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle. The triangle thus formed is called the inner or outer Napoleon tri... | Napoleon's triangle | 0.780788 |
90,819 | The area of the inner Napoleon triangle of a triangle with area Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } is Area(inner) = − Δ 2 + 3 24 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ≥ 0 , {\displaystyle {\text{Area(inner)}}=-{\frac {\Delta }{2}}+{\frac {\sqrt {3}}{24}}(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})\geq 0,} where a, b, and c are the side lengths of the original triangle, ... | Napoleon's triangle | 0.780788 |
90,820 | In the figure above, ABC is the original triangle. AZB, BXC, and CYA are equilateral triangles constructed on its sides' exteriors, and points L, M, and N are the centroids of those triangles. The theorem for outer triangles states that triangle LMN (green) is equilateral. A quick way to see that the triangle LMN is eq... | Napoleon's triangle | 0.780788 |
90,821 | In the Geometry paper, set on the second morning of the papers for candidates for the Gold Medal in the General Examination of the University of Dublin in October 1820, the following three problems appear. Question 10. Three equilateral triangles are thus constructed on the sides of a given triangle, A, B, D, the lines... | Napoleon's triangle | 0.780788 |
90,822 | It had been thought that the first known reference to this result as Napoleon's theorem appears in Faifofer's 17th Edition of Elementi di Geometria published in 1911, although Faifofer does actually mention Napoleon in somewhat earlier editions. But this is moot because we find Napoleon mentioned by name in this contex... | Napoleon's triangle | 0.780788 |
90,823 | "Since William Rutherford was a very capable mathematician, his motive for requesting a proof of a theorem that he could certainly have proved himself is unknown. Maybe he posed the question as a challenge to his peers, or perhaps he hoped that the responses would yield a more elegant solution. However, it is clear fro... | Napoleon's triangle | 0.780788 |
90,824 | The theorem has frequently been attributed to Napoleon, but several papers have been written concerning this issue which cast doubt upon this assertion (see (Grünbaum 2012)). The following entry appeared on page 47 in the Ladies' Diary of 1825 (so in late 1824, a year or so after the compilation of Dublin examination p... | Napoleon's triangle | 0.780788 |
90,825 | Its chemistry has similarities to that of aluminium, an example of a diagonal relationship. At room temperature, the surface of beryllium forms a 1−10 nm-thick oxide passivation layer that prevents further reactions with air, except for gradual thickening of the oxide up to about 25 nm. When heated above about 500 °C, ... | Beryllium | 0.780786 |
90,826 | Organoberyllium chemistry is limited to academic research due to the cost and toxicity of beryllium, beryllium derivatives and reagents required for the introduction of beryllium, such as beryllium chloride. Organometallic beryllium compounds are known to be highly reactive Examples of known organoberyllium compounds a... | Beryllium | 0.780786 |
90,827 | Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator. | Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside | 0.780785 |
90,828 | An HSR network node (DANH) has at least two Ethernet ports, each attached to a neighbour HSR node, so that always two paths exist between two nodes. Therefore, as long as one path is operational, the destination application always receives one frame. HSR nodes check the redundancy continuously to detect lurking failure... | High-availability Seamless Redundancy | 0.780784 |
90,829 | Originally, the protocol was named HASAR for the initial of the five companies working for electrical utilities that created it (Hirschmann, ABB, Siemens, Alstom and RuggedCom). Marketing renamed it HSR, for "High-availability Seamless Ring", but HSR is not limited to a simple ring topology. | High-availability Seamless Redundancy | 0.780784 |
90,830 | In mathematics, Mazur's lemma is a result in the theory of normed vector spaces. It shows that any weakly convergent sequence in a normed space has a sequence of convex combinations of its members that converges strongly to the same limit, and is used in the proof of Tonelli's theorem. | Mazur's lemma | 0.78078 |
90,831 | The first sentence of the book declares My Design in this Book is not to explain the Properties of Light by Hypotheses, but to propose and prove them by Reason and Experiments. In an Experimentum crucis or "critical experiment" (Book I, Part II, Theorem ii), Newton showed that the color of light corresponded to its "de... | Opticks | 0.780778 |
90,832 | Fire history studies have documented periodic wildland fires ignited by indigenous peoples in North America and Australia. Native Americans frequently used fire to manage natural environments in a way that benefited humans and wildlife, starting low-intensity fires that released nutrients for plants, reduced competitio... | Controlled burning | 0.780775 |
90,833 | A controlled or prescribed burn (RX), also known as hazard reduction burning, backfire, swailing, back-burning, or a burn-off, is a fire set intentionally for purposes of forest management, fire suppression, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. A controlled burn may also refer to the intentional bu... | Controlled burning | 0.780775 |
90,834 | The NGM debuted in 1987 and was also used to create model output statistics for the United States. Its development was frozen in 1991. The ETA model was implemented for the United States in 1993 and in turn was upgraded to the NAM in 2006. | History of numerical weather prediction | 0.780774 |
90,835 | Additional transport equations for pollutants and other aerosols are included in some primitive-equation high-resolution models as well. The equations used are nonlinear partial differential equations which are impossible to solve exactly through analytical methods, with the exception of a few idealized cases. | History of numerical weather prediction | 0.780774 |
90,836 | In the United Kingdom the Meteorological Office first numerical weather prediction was completed by F. H. Bushby and Mavis Hinds in 1952 under the guidance of John Sawyer. These experimental forecasts were generated using a 12 × 8 grid with a grid spacing of 260 km, a one-hour time-step, and required four hours of comp... | History of numerical weather prediction | 0.780774 |
90,837 | Development of this model was taken over by the Environmental Protection Agency and improved in the mid to late 1970s using results from a regional air pollution study. While developed in California, this model was later used in other areas of North America, Europe and Asia during the 1980s. The Community Multiscale Ai... | History of numerical weather prediction | 0.780774 |
90,838 | This technique can correct for model resolution as well as model biases. Even with the increasing power of supercomputers, the forecast skill of numerical weather models only extends to about two weeks into the future, since the density and quality of observations—together with the chaotic nature of the partial differe... | History of numerical weather prediction | 0.780774 |
90,839 | The development of limited area (regional) models facilitated advances in forecasting the tracks of tropical cyclone as well as air quality in the 1970s and 1980s. Because the output of forecast models based on atmospheric dynamics requires corrections near ground level, model output statistics (MOS) were developed in ... | History of numerical weather prediction | 0.780774 |
90,840 | Because forecast models based upon the equations for atmospheric dynamics do not perfectly determine weather conditions near the ground, statistical corrections were developed to attempt to resolve this problem. Statistical models were created based upon the three-dimensional fields produced by numerical weather models... | History of numerical weather prediction | 0.780774 |
90,841 | When in standard position, a hyperbolic sector determines a hyperbolic triangle, the right triangle with one vertex at the origin, base on the diagonal ray y = x, and third vertex on the hyperbola x y = 1 , {\displaystyle xy=1,\,} with the hypotenuse being the segment from the origin to the point (x, y) on the hyperbol... | Hyperbolic sector | 0.780772 |
90,842 | It is known that f(x) = xp has an algebraic antiderivative except in the case p = –1 corresponding to the quadrature of the hyperbola. The other cases are given by Cavalieri's quadrature formula. Whereas quadrature of the parabola had been accomplished by Archimedes in the third century BC (in The Quadrature of the Par... | Hyperbolic sector | 0.780772 |
90,843 | The difference in value between the services facilitated by tech companies and the equity value of these tech companies is the difference in the exchange rate offered to the citizen and the "market rate" of the value of their data. Scientifically there are many holes in this rudimentary calculation: the financial figur... | Data ethics | 0.780769 |
90,844 | Data ethics is of increasing relevance as the quantity of data increases because of the scale of the impact. Big data ethics are different from information ethics because the focus of information ethics is more concerned with issues of intellectual property and concerns relating to librarians, archivists, and informati... | Data ethics | 0.780769 |
90,845 | Miquel's theorem states that these circles intersect in a single point M, called the Miquel point. In addition, the three angles MA´B, MB´C and MC´A (green in the diagram) are all equal, as are the three supplementary angles MA´C, MB´A and MC´B.The theorem (and its corollary) follow from the properties of cyclic quadri... | Miquel's theorem | 0.780767 |
90,846 | Miquel's theorem is a result in geometry, named after Auguste Miquel, concerning the intersection of three circles, each drawn through one vertex of a triangle and two points on its adjacent sides. It is one of several results concerning circles in Euclidean geometry due to Miquel, whose work was published in Liouville... | Miquel's theorem | 0.780767 |
90,847 | The theorem can be reversed to say: for three circles intersecting at M, a line can be drawn from any point A on one circle, through its intersection C´ with another to give B (at the second intersection). B is then similarly connected, via intersection at A´ of the second and third circles, giving point C. Points C, A... | Miquel's theorem | 0.780767 |
90,848 | Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon. Extend all sides until they meet in five points F,G,H,I,K and draw the circumcircles of the five triangles CFD, DGE, EHA, AIB and BKC. Then the second intersection points (other than A,B,C,D,E), namely the new points M,N,P,R and Q are concyclic (lie on a circle). See diagram. The convers... | Miquel's theorem | 0.780767 |
90,849 | If in the statement of Miquel's theorem the points A´, B´ and C´ form a triangle (that is, are not collinear) then the theorem was named the Pivot theorem in Forder (1960, p. 17). (In the diagram these points are labeled P, Q and R.) If A´, B´ and C´ are collinear then the Miquel point is on the circumcircle of ∆ABC an... | Miquel's theorem | 0.780767 |
90,850 | Given points, A, B, C, and D on a circle, and circles passing through each adjacent pair of points, the alternate intersections of these four circles at W, X, Y and Z then lie on a common circle. This is known as the six circles theorem. It is also known as the four circles theorem and while generally attributed to Jak... | Miquel's theorem | 0.780767 |
90,851 | Then the homologous comparison to other more complicated eukaryotic species can be processed, to obtain their functions and origins.Another advantage of Komagataella is its similarity to the well-studied yeast model — Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a model organism for biology, S. cerevisiae have been well studied for de... | Pichia pastoris | 0.780765 |
90,852 | Whole genome sequencing for Komagataella had been performed. The K. phaffii GS115 genome has been sequenced by the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University, and published in Nature Biotechnology. The genome sequence and gene annotation can be browsed through the ORCAE system. | Pichia pastoris | 0.780765 |
90,853 | In standard molecular biology research, the bacterium Escherichia coli is the most frequently used organism for expression system, to produce heterologous proteins, due to its features of fast growth rate, high protein production rate, as well as undemanding growth conditions. Protein production in E. coli is usually f... | Pichia pastoris | 0.780765 |
90,854 | The Freenet protocol is intended to be used on a network of complex topology, such as the Internet (Internet Protocol). Each node knows only about some number of other nodes that it can reach directly (its conceptual "neighbors"), but any node can be a neighbor to any other; no hierarchy or other structure is intended.... | Freenet | 0.780764 |
90,855 | The origin of Freenet can be traced to Ian Clarke's student project at the University of Edinburgh, which he completed as a graduation requirement in the summer of 1999. Ian Clarke's resulting unpublished report "A distributed decentralized information storage and retrieval system" (1999) provided foundation for the se... | Freenet | 0.780764 |
90,856 | The CHK is unique by nature and provides tamperproof content. A hostile node altering the data under a CHK will immediately be detected by the next node or the client. CHKs also reduce the redundancy of data since the same data will have the same CHK and when multiple sites reference the same large files, they can refe... | Freenet | 0.780764 |
90,857 | A Lefschetz pencil restricts the nature of the acquired singularities, so that the topology may be analysed by the vanishing cycle method. The fibres with singularities are required to have a unique quadratic singularity, only.It has been shown that Lefschetz pencils exist in characteristic zero. They apply in ways sim... | Lefschetz pencil | 0.780764 |
90,858 | A pencil is a particular kind of linear system of divisors on V, namely a one-parameter family, parametrised by the projective line. This means that in the case of a complex algebraic variety V, a Lefschetz pencil is something like a fibration over the Riemann sphere; but with two qualifications about singularity. The ... | Lefschetz pencil | 0.780764 |
90,859 | In mathematics, a Lefschetz pencil is a construction in algebraic geometry considered by Solomon Lefschetz, used to analyse the algebraic topology of an algebraic variety V. | Lefschetz pencil | 0.780764 |
90,860 | But insect wings are in motion, with flapping and vibrations, resulting in churning and eddies, and the misconception that physics says "bumblebees can't fly" persisted throughout most of the twentieth century. Unlike birds, many small insects are swept along by the prevailing winds although many of the larger insects ... | Insect reproduction | 0.780764 |
90,861 | Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem. : 3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wi... | Insect reproduction | 0.780764 |
90,862 | Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism. The various flower traits (and combinations thereof) that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes. These arose through complex plant-anima... | Insect reproduction | 0.780764 |
90,863 | Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles like ge... | Insect reproduction | 0.780764 |
90,864 | It may refer to the junction of the upper and lower mandibles of a bird's beak, or alternately, to the full-length apposition of the closed mandibles, from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the beak. It may refer to the nasal and temporal meeting points of the upper and lower eyelids (the medial and lateral canthi... | Commissure | 0.780761 |
90,865 | A commissure () is the location at which two objects abut or are joined. The term is used especially in the fields of anatomy and biology. The most common usage of the term refers to the brain's commissures, of which there are five. Such a commissure is a bundle of commissural fibers as a tract that crosses the midline... | Commissure | 0.780761 |
90,866 | The theorem is named for Ferdinand von Lindemann and Karl Weierstrass. Lindemann proved in 1882 that eα is transcendental for every non-zero algebraic number α, thereby establishing that π is transcendental (see below). Weierstrass proved the above more general statement in 1885.The theorem, along with the Gelfond–Schn... | Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem | 0.780759 |
90,867 | In transcendental number theory, the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem is a result that is very useful in establishing the transcendence of numbers. It states the following: In other words, the extension field Q ( e α 1 , … , e α n ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} (e^{\alpha _{1}},\dots ,e^{\alpha _{n}})} has transcendence deg... | Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem | 0.780759 |
90,868 | The proof relies on two preliminary lemmas. Notice that Lemma B itself is already sufficient to deduce the original statement of Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. | Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem | 0.780759 |
90,869 | IMI is an EMS player in the automotive industry. Aside from assembly services, IMI provides automotive tier 1 suppliers and original equipment manufacturer services such as design and product development and test systems development. The company manufactures safety electronics for vehicles such as automotive cameras an... | Integrated Micro-Electronics | 0.780759 |
90,870 | The System Integration group of IMI integrates different subsystem and modules into one large system. It serves a wide variety of complex build-to-print and contract design manufacturing requirements and increases value to systems by adding new functionalities while linking all functions of different systems. IMI combi... | Integrated Micro-Electronics | 0.780759 |
90,871 | A study of SARS-CoV-2 sequences collected during the COVID-19 pandemic found that missense mutations in the M gene were relatively uncommon and suggested it was under purifying selection. Similar results have been described for broader population genetics analyses over a wider range of related viruses, finding that the... | Coronavirus membrane protein | 0.780756 |
90,872 | The M protein is a transmembrane protein with three transmembrane domains and is around 230 amino acid residues long. In SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, the M protein is 222 residues long. Its membrane topology orients the C-terminus toward the cytosolic face of the membrane and thus into the interior of t... | Coronavirus membrane protein | 0.780756 |
90,873 | The run length statistics may get worse if the data consists of specifically chosen patterns, instead of being random. An earlier scrambler used in Packet over SONET/SDH (RFC 1619 (1994)) had a short polynomial with only 7 bits of internal state which allowed a malicious attacker to create a Denial-of-service attack by... | 64b/66b encoding | 0.780753 |
90,874 | Another common class of metrics is to take the ratio of the income of two different groups, generally "higher over lower". This compares two parts of the income distribution, rather than the distribution as a whole; equality between these parts corresponds to 1:1, while the more unequal the parts, the greater the ratio... | Income inequality metrics | 0.780753 |
90,875 | Because these income inequality metrics are summary statistics that seek to aggregate an entire distribution of incomes into a single index, the information on the measured inequality is reduced. This information reduction of course is the goal of computing inequality measures, as it reduces complexity. A weaker reduct... | Income inequality metrics | 0.780753 |
90,876 | The 20:20 or 20/20 ratio compares how much richer the top 20% of populations are to the bottom 20% of a given population. This can be more revealing of the actual impact of inequality in a population, as it reduces the effect on the statistics of outliers at the top and bottom and prevents the middle 60% from statistic... | Income inequality metrics | 0.780753 |
90,877 | w A complex number W A W-boson W-algebra A sort of generalization of the Virasoro algebra Weyl 1. Named after Hermann Weyl 2. A Weyl transformation is a rescaling of the world-sheet metric. 3. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,878 | k A momentum K A kaon (a strange meson). K3 A simply connected compact complex surface of Kodaira dimension 0 K-theory A cohomology theory based on vector bundles. Kac–Moody algebra A central extension of a loop algebra. Kähler Kaehler Named after Erich Kähler 1. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,879 | Ramond algebra A supersymmetric extension of the Virasoro algebra, similar to the Neveu–Schwarz algebra. Rarita–Schwinger Refers to spin 3/2 fermions. Regge 1. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,880 | A radius 5. R-symmetry is a symmetry of extended supersymmetry algebras. Ramond Named for Pierre Ramond. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,881 | string field theory SU Special unitary group SUGRA Short for supergravity superconformal algebra A supersymmetric analogue of the Virasoro algebra of conformal symmetries in 2 dimensions superfield A supersymmetric analogue of a quantum or classical field supergravity A supersymmetric extension of general relativity su... | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,882 | S-duality Strong–weak duality, a string duality relating theories with a large coupling constant to theories with a small coupling constant SBB Standard Big Bang model of the universe SCFT Superconformal field theory, a supersymmetric extension of conformal field theory Schwarz Named for John Henry Schwarz Seiberg dual... | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,883 | A charge 3. One of the fermionic generators of a supersymmetry algebra. quark A strongly interacting elementary particle of spin 1/2. QCD QED | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,884 | primary field A field killed by the positive weight operators of the Virasoro algebra (or similar algebra); in other words, a lowest weight vector. Princeton string quartet David Gross, Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm, who introduced the heterotic string in 1985. PSL Projective special linear group. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,885 | Momentum 5. One of the bosonic elements of a supersymmetry algebra. p-brane A p+1 dimensional membrane, where p is a non-negative integer. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,886 | The letter M has been said to stand for membrane, matrix, magic, mystery, monster, and so on. MSW Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect concerning neutrino oscillations in matter. multiplet A linear representation of a Lie algebra or group. A collection of elementary particles corresponding to a basis of a representation... | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,887 | Kalb–Ramond field KK Kaluza–Klein KM 1. The Kobayashi–Maskawa mechanism for CP violation. 2. Kac–Moody algebra. KZ Initials of Knizhnik and Zamolodchikov, as in KZ equation, a differential equation related to the primary fields of a current algebra. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,888 | Higgs boson A massive scalar particle related to the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism in the electroweak theory. Higgsino A hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a Higgs boson. HO Short for heterotic-orthogonal, a heterotic string theory based on the orthogonal group O32(R). holographic principle HQET Hyperkähl... | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,889 | 3. The Hubble constant. Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem A theorem describing the possible supersymmetries of a quantum field theory, generalizing the Coleman–Mandula theorem. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,890 | E7 E7 the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 7 and dimension 133. E8 E8 the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 8 and dimension 248. eff Short for effective (field theory). EFT Effective field theory, a low-energy approximation to a theory. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,891 | e 1. Euler's constant 2. A frame 3. An electron E Energy E6 E6 is the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 6 and dimension 78. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,892 | D0 D-brane Dp-brane Short for Dirichlet (mem)brane, a submanifold (of dimension p+1) on which the ends of strings are constrained to lie, so that the strings satisfy Dirichlet boundary conditions. D-string A D1-brane DBI Short for Dirac–Born–Infeld, as in the DBI action, an action based on the Born–Infeld action, a mod... | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,893 | cosmological constant The constant term of the Lagrangian, inducing a term in the action proportional to the volume of spacetime CP Short for Charge–Parity, as in CP symmetry. CPC Short for Charge–Parity conservation. CPT Short for Charge–Parity–Time, as in CPT symmetry or CPT theorem. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,894 | A chiral multiplet is a type of supermutliplet of a supersymmetry algebra. CIPT Contour improved perturbation theory CKG Short for conformal Killing group. CKM The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,895 | Compatibility condition CCR Canonical commutation relation CCR and CAR algebras CDF Collider Detector at Fermilab CDM Cold dark matter CERN Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire chargino A hypothetical charged supersymmetric partner of a gauge boson. Chern–Simons 1. 2. chiral 1. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,896 | c 1. The speed of light, when not using units where this is 1. 2. A central charge of the Virasoro algebra or similar algebra. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,897 | VEV Vacuum expectation value of an operator. vielbein A frame vierbein A frame in 4 dimensions. Sometimes used for a frame in an arbitrary number of dimension by authors who do not care that "vier" means four in German. Veneziano amplitude The Euler beta function interpreted as a scattering amplitude. vertex operator V... | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,898 | This page is a glossary of terms in string theory, including related areas such as supergravity, supersymmetry, and high energy physics. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
90,899 | Short for fermion 3. Short for forward;for example, σF is the cross section for backward scattering. F4 F4 is the exceptional Lie algebra of rank 4 and dimension 52. | Glossary of string theory | 0.780753 |
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