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95,600 | Organorhenium chemistry describes the compounds with Re−C bonds. Because rhenium is a rare element, relatively few applications exist, but the area has been a rich source of concepts and a few useful catalysts. | Organorhenium chemistry | 0.778623 |
95,601 | Scientists use the lentivirus' mechanisms of infection to achieve a desired outcome to gene therapy. To understand the capabilities of a lentiviral vector, one has to consider the biology of the infection process. The lentivirus is a retrovirus, meaning it has a single stranded RNA genome with a reverse transcriptase e... | Lentiviral vector in gene therapy | 0.778623 |
95,602 | In the security engineering subspecialty of computer science, a trusted system is one that is relied upon to a specified extent to enforce a specified security policy. This is equivalent to saying that a trusted system is one whose failure would break a security policy (if a policy exists that the system is trusted to ... | Trusted system | 0.778622 |
95,603 | It also leads to conceptions of information where the "quality" of information integrates trust or trustworthiness in the structure of the information itself and of the information system(s) in which it is conceived—higher quality in terms of particular definitions of accuracy and precision means higher trustworthiness... | Trusted system | 0.778622 |
95,604 | Many major news outlets advised users of sites hosted by Cloudflare to change their passwords, as even accounts protected by multi-factor authentication could be at risk. Passwords of mobile apps too could have been impacted. Researchers at Arbor Networks, in an alert, suggested that "For most of us, the only truly saf... | Cloudbleed | 0.778622 |
95,605 | If a general point process is defined on some mathematical space and the random marks are defined on another mathematical space, then the marked point process is defined on the Cartesian product of these two spaces. For a marked Poisson point process with independent and identically distributed marks, the marking theor... | Poisson random process | 0.778621 |
95,606 | Stein's method is a mathematical technique originally developed for approximating random variables such as Gaussian and Poisson variables, which has also been applied to point processes. Stein's method can be used to derive upper bounds on probability metrics, which give way to quantify how different two random mathema... | Poisson random process | 0.778621 |
95,607 | If the Poisson process is homogeneous with λ ( x ) = λ > 0 {\displaystyle \textstyle \lambda (x)=\lambda >0} and if ρ ( x , y ) {\displaystyle \rho (x,y)} is a function of y − x {\displaystyle y-x} , then λ D ( y ) = λ . {\displaystyle \lambda _{D}(y)=\lambda .} In other words, after each random and independent displac... | Poisson random process | 0.778621 |
95,608 | One version of the displacement theorem involves a Poisson point process N {\displaystyle \textstyle {N}} on R d {\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}} with intensity function λ ( x ) {\displaystyle \textstyle \lambda (x)} . It is then assumed the points of N {\displaystyle \textstyle {N}} are randomly displaced s... | Poisson random process | 0.778621 |
95,609 | The classical rationale for "controlling" for M" is that, if we succeed in preventing M from changing, then whatever changes we measure in Y are attributable solely to variations in X and we are justified then in proclaiming the effect observed as "direct effect of X on Y." Unfortunately, "controlling for M" does not p... | Mediation analysis | 0.77862 |
95,610 | He applied his results to the torus considered as the union of two cylinders. Vietoris later proved the full result for the homology groups in 1930 but did not express it as an exact sequence. The concept of an exact sequence only appeared in print in the 1952 book Foundations of Algebraic Topology by Samuel Eilenberg ... | Mayer-Vietoris sequence | 0.77862 |
95,611 | However, because many important spaces encountered in topology are topological manifolds, simplicial complexes, or CW complexes, which are constructed by piecing together very simple patches, a theorem such as that of Mayer and Vietoris is potentially of broad and deep applicability. Mayer was introduced to topology by... | Mayer-Vietoris sequence | 0.77862 |
95,612 | The Mayer–Vietoris sequence is such an approach, giving partial information about the (co)homology groups of any space by relating it to the (co)homology groups of two of its subspaces and their intersection. The most natural and convenient way to express the relation involves the algebraic concept of exact sequences: ... | Mayer-Vietoris sequence | 0.77862 |
95,613 | Similarly to the fundamental group or the higher homotopy groups of a space, homology groups are important topological invariants. Although some (co)homology theories are computable using tools of linear algebra, many other important (co)homology theories, especially singular (co)homology, are not computable directly f... | Mayer-Vietoris sequence | 0.77862 |
95,614 | The company was started by seven founders, some of whom worked on the Multics project at MIT. Robert Baron (President) Sidney Halligan (VP Sales) James Campbell (Director of Marketing) Joseph Cashen (VP Hardware Engineering) Robert Berkowitz (VP Manufacturing) William Poduska (VP Software Engineering) John Carter (Dire... | Prime Computer | 0.778619 |
95,615 | The creators of PDGS, located in building #3 of Ford's Dearborn design headquarters, began working on the concept of parametrically driven geometry, which led to a PRIMEDesign system. The company also acquired marketing and development rights to the MEDUSA CAD system, initially developed in England by Cambridge Interac... | Prime Computer | 0.778619 |
95,616 | Twists can be defined for other smooth projective curves as well. Let K {\displaystyle K} be a field and C {\displaystyle C} be curve over that field, i.e., a projective variety of dimension 1 over K {\displaystyle K} that is irreducible and geometrically connected. Then a twist C ′ {\displaystyle C'} of C {\displaysty... | Twists of elliptic curves | 0.778618 |
95,617 | In the mathematical field of algebraic geometry, an elliptic curve E over a field K has an associated quadratic twist, that is another elliptic curve which is isomorphic to E over an algebraic closure of K. In particular, an isomorphism between elliptic curves is an isogeny of degree 1, that is an invertible isogeny. S... | Twists of elliptic curves | 0.778617 |
95,618 | Interferometry splits a wave into two or more paths, then recombines the waves after interaction along one of the paths. Atom interferometer uses center of mass matter waves with short de Broglie wavelength. Some experiments are now even using molecules to obtain even shorter de Broglie wavelengths and to search for th... | Atom interferometry | 0.778617 |
95,619 | Petersburg. There he enrolled in the physics and math department and took natural science courses. In his fourth year, his first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas won him a prestigious university award. | Pavlovian reflex | 0.778615 |
95,620 | Inspired by the progressive ideas which Dmitry Pisarev, a Russian literary critic of the 1860s, and Ivan Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the University of ... | Pavlovian reflex | 0.778615 |
95,621 | In physics, a dynamical system is described as a "particle or ensemble of particles whose state varies over time and thus obeys differential equations involving time derivatives". In order to make a prediction about the system's future behavior, an analytical solution of such equations or their integration over time th... | Global dynamical system | 0.778615 |
95,622 | In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in an ambient space, such as in a parametric curve. Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, the random motion of particles in the air,... | Global dynamical system | 0.778615 |
95,623 | For non-linear autonomous ODEs it is possible under some conditions to develop solutions of finite duration, meaning here that from its own dynamics, the system will reach the value zero at an ending time and stays there in zero forever after. These finite-duration solutions can't be analytical functions on the whole r... | Global dynamical system | 0.778615 |
95,624 | He defended his analogy as similar to language used in chemistry, and to astronomers depicting the "attraction of gravity as ruling the movements of the planets", or the way in which "agriculturists speak of man making domestic races by his power of selection". He had "often personified the word Nature; for I have foun... | Survival of the fittest | 0.778614 |
95,625 | By his own account, Herbert Spencer described a concept similar to "survival of the fittest" in his 1852 "A Theory of Population". He first used the phrase – after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species – in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin... | Survival of the fittest | 0.778614 |
95,626 | However, much care would be needed to disentangle tautological from testable aspects. Moreover, an "implicit shifting between a testable and an untestable interpretation can be an illicit tactic to immunize natural selection ... while conveying the impression that one is concerned with testable hypotheses".Skeptic Soci... | Survival of the fittest | 0.778614 |
95,627 | This statement is not tautological: it hinges on the testable hypothesis that such fitness-impacting heritable variations actually exist (a hypothesis that has been amply confirmed. )Momme von Sydow suggested further definitions of 'survival of the fittest' that may yield a testable meaning in biology and also in other... | Survival of the fittest | 0.778614 |
95,628 | "Survival of the fittest" is sometimes claimed to be a tautology. The reasoning is that if one takes the term "fit" to mean "endowed with phenotypic characteristics which improve chances of survival and reproduction" (which is roughly how Spencer understood it), then "survival of the fittest" can simply be rewritten as... | Survival of the fittest | 0.778614 |
95,629 | Herbert Spencer first used the phrase, after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, in his Principles of Biology (1864), in which he drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones: "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that ... | Survival of the fittest | 0.778614 |
95,630 | New constructions on the main campus include the Jubilee Sports Complex in 2004, the EEE (ECS, Education and Entrance) building in 2007, the new Mountbatten building in 2008 housing the School of Electronics and Computer Science following a fire and the Life Sciences building in 2010. In addition, the Hartley Library a... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,631 | The University of Southampton has its origin as the Hartley Institution which was formed in 1862 from a benefaction by Henry Robinson Hartley (1777–1850). Hartley had inherited a fortune from two generations of successful wine merchants. At his death in 1850, he left a bequest of £103,000 to the Southampton Corporation... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,632 | The University of Southampton Science Park contains approximately 50 businesses connected to the university. Originally established in 1983 as Chilworth Science Park, named after the manor house that is now a luxury hotel and conference centre, the park houses business incubator units to help these companies. The compa... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,633 | The School of Electronics and Computer Science created the first archiving software (EPrints) to publish its research freely available on the Web. This software is used throughout the university and as an archiving system for many different institutions around the world. | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,634 | Unable to remove the road and the private houses along it, Spence designed many of the buildings facing away from it, using contemporary designs working in concrete, glass and mosaic. During recent decades, new buildings were added that contravened the master plan of Spence, such as the Synthetic Chemistry Building and... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,635 | The new campus is equipped with a myriad of open learning spaces, lecture halls, an Aerospace Lab, a Design Studio, Business Experimental Labs, and a 12-terminal Bloomberg Suite to enhance the quality and learning experience throughout the students’ journey. From the initial offerings of four Engineering programmes, Uo... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,636 | The university opened its first international campus in Iskandar Puteri, Malaysia in October 2012. Located in the state of Johor near the southwestern tip of Malaysia, the campus is located within EduCity in Iskandar Puteri - a new city comprising universities and institutes of higher education, academia-industry actio... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,637 | The university conducts research in most academic disciplines and is home to a number of notable research centres. Southampton has leading research centres in a number of disciplines, e.g. music, computer sciences, engineering or management sciences, and houses world-leading research institutions in fields as varied as... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,638 | Academics working at the university include: Sir Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web Wendy Hall, inventor of Microcosm, a predecessor of the World Wide Web, founding director of the Web Science Trust between the University of Southampton and MIT; José Antonio Bowen, President of Goucher College and a Fellow... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,639 | The University Health Service is an NHS GP practice located on the main Highfield campus, with over 20,000 patients as of December 2021 working from Building 48 between the Physics & Maths Buildings. | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,640 | The Bronze award was appealed by the university, however it was rejected by the HEFCE in August 2017. In response, the university's Vice Chancellor, Christopher Snowden, claimed the exercise was "devoid of any meaningful assessment of teaching" and that "there are serious lessons to be learned if the TEF is to gain pub... | Institute of Sound and Vibration Research | 0.778613 |
95,641 | Coalescence (physics) shows how coalescing filters operating at lower temperatures and high pressures work better. These filters additionally remove particles. The most commonly used media in this case is borosilicate micro-fiber. | Coalescer | 0.778612 |
95,642 | The Margolus–Levitin theorem states that a quantum system of the quantum-mechanical average energy (the energy of the ground state is taken to be zero) E a v g {\displaystyle E_{avg}} needs at least a time of δ t ⊥ = h 4 E a v g {\displaystyle \delta t_{\perp }={\frac {h}{4E_{avg}}}} to go from one state to an orthogon... | Margolus–Levitin theorem | 0.77861 |
95,643 | Currently there are four categories of membership: Member (including Student Member), Fellow, Honorary Fellow (the highest honour of the NZIC), and school member. A member of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry is designated with the honorific affix "MNZIC". As the professional body for chemistry in New Zealand, the... | New Zealand Institute of Chemistry | 0.778607 |
95,644 | The NZIC publishes its own quarterly journal Chemistry in New Zealand. It has been a co-owner society of Chemistry: An Asian Journal since 2008, and is a co-owner of Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK). The NZIC holds a national conference every two years with the branch... | New Zealand Institute of Chemistry | 0.778607 |
95,645 | The New Zealand Institute of Chemistry (NZIC) was founded in 1931 and is the professional membership organisation for professionals working in the field of chemistry across the education and industry sectors in New Zealand. It is organised into six geographical branches (Auckland, Waikato, Manawatu, Wellington, Canterb... | New Zealand Institute of Chemistry | 0.778607 |
95,646 | As an example, this section develops the case of the Anosov flow on the tangent bundle of a Riemann surface of negative curvature. This flow can be understood in terms of the flow on the tangent bundle of the Poincaré half-plane model of hyperbolic geometry. Riemann surfaces of negative curvature may be defined as Fuch... | Anosov flow | 0.778607 |
95,647 | The connection to the Anosov flow comes from the realization that g t {\displaystyle g_{t}} is the geodesic flow on P and Q. Lie vector fields being (by definition) left invariant under the action of a group element, one has that these fields are left invariant under the specific elements g t {\displaystyle g_{t}} of t... | Anosov flow | 0.778607 |
95,648 | R's statistics base-package implements the correlation coefficient with cor(x, y), or (with the P value also) with cor.test(x, y). The SciPy Python library via pearsonr(x, y). The Pandas Python library implements Pearson correlation coefficient calculation as the default option for the method pandas.DataFrame.corr Wolf... | Pearson product moment correlation coefficient | 0.778606 |
95,649 | In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) is a correlation coefficient that measures linear correlation between two sets of data. It is the ratio between the covariance of two variables and the product of their standard deviations; thus, it is essentially a normalized measurement of the covariance, such ... | Pearson product moment correlation coefficient | 0.778606 |
95,650 | The principal problem is that of classical sociology, the issue of macro-micro linkage: as first articulated by French Sociologist Émile Durkheim, the question of how individuals within a social system influence and are influenced by the macrosocial level. The artificial society has been widely accepted by recent socio... | Artificial society | 0.778606 |
95,651 | The Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It was established in 1882 as the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry by The Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). In 1950 it changed its title to Journal of Applied Chemistry and volume numbering restarted at 1. In ... | Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology | 0.778603 |
95,652 | Process optimization improved throughput and lowered costs. Improvements included broader substrates (since capital costs scale sublinearly and installation costs can be reduced), thinner layers (to save material, electricity, and processing time), and better material utilization (to save material and cleaning costs). ... | CdTe PV | 0.778603 |
95,653 | The Bloch–Siegert shift is a phenomenon in quantum physics that becomes important for driven two-level systems when the driving gets strong (e.g. atoms driven by a strong laser drive or nuclear spins in NMR, driven by a strong oscillating magnetic field). When the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) is invoked, the reson... | Bloch–Siegert shift | 0.778602 |
95,654 | The difference between the two may be compared to the difference between the arithmetic genus of a singular curve and the geometric genus of the desingularisation. The arithmetic genus is larger than the geometric genus, and the height of a point may be bounded in terms of the arithmetic genus. Obtaining similar bounds... | Uniformity conjecture | 0.778602 |
95,655 | Diophantine dimension The Diophantine dimension of a field is the smallest natural number k, if it exists, such that the field of is class Ck: that is, such that any homogeneous polynomial of degree d in N variables has a non-trivial zero whenever N > dk. Algebraically closed fields are of Diophantine dimension 0; quas... | Uniformity conjecture | 0.778602 |
95,656 | It developed ideas from Thoralf Skolem's method for an algebraic torus. (Other older methods for Diophantine problems include Runge's method.) Coates–Wiles theorem The Coates–Wiles theorem states that an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by an imaginary quadratic field of class number 1 and positive rank has L... | Uniformity conjecture | 0.778602 |
95,657 | Subspace theorem Schmidt's subspace theorem shows that points of small height in projective space lie in a finite number of hyperplanes. A quantitative form of the theorem, in which the number of subspaces containing all solutions, was also obtained by Schmidt, and the theorem was generalised by Schlickewei (1977) to a... | Uniformity conjecture | 0.778602 |
95,658 | One definition is the Zariski closure of the union of images of algebraic groups under non-trivial rational maps; alternatively one may take images of abelian varieties; another definition is the union of all subvarieties that are not of general type. For abelian varieties the definition would be the union of all trans... | Uniformity conjecture | 0.778602 |
95,659 | Skolem's method See Chabauty's method. Special set The special set in an algebraic variety is the subset in which one might expect to find many rational points. The precise definition varies according to context. | Uniformity conjecture | 0.778602 |
95,660 | It is the precursor to the herbicide glyphosate and dimethoate. Chloroacetic acid is converted to chloroacetyl chloride, a precursor to adrenaline (epinephrine). Displacement of chloride by sulfide gives thioglycolic acid, which is used as a stabilizer in PVC and a component in some cosmetics.Illustrative of its useful... | Monochloroacetic acid | 0.778602 |
95,661 | Sliders are used to allocate a colony's output between ship construction, planetary defenses, factory construction, ecology, and research. Planetary population generates production, especially when assisted by factories. There is a limit on the number of factories a unit of population can operate, but building upgrades... | Master of Orion | 0.778601 |
95,662 | Master of Orion is a turn-based game. In the first iteration of the franchise, one can only play against the artificial intelligence (AI). Human and AI players control the management of colonies, technology development, ship construction, inter-species diplomacy, and combat.The software generates a map randomly at the ... | Master of Orion | 0.778601 |
95,663 | Any series A(z) that is weak Borel summable at z ∈ C is also Borel summable at z. However, one can construct examples of series which are divergent under weak Borel summation, but which are Borel summable. The following theorem characterises the equivalence of the two methods. Theorem ((Hardy 1992, 8.5)). Let A(z) be a... | Borel summability | 0.778598 |
95,664 | Referring to the set Π A {\displaystyle \Pi _{A}} as a polygon is somewhat of a misnomer, since the set need not be polygonal at all; if, however, A(z) has only finitely many singularities then Π A {\displaystyle \Pi _{A}} will in fact be a polygon. The following theorem, due to Borel and Phragmén provides convergence ... | Borel summability | 0.778598 |
95,665 | In Geoscientist, Ward said Montford's "incredible yarn is based on a misleading and one-sided version of events, littered with inaccuracies". Nick Hewitt in Chemistry World outlined the basic physics of climate change, and said that, unable to dispute this, climate deniers, "(or sceptics as they are disingenuously desc... | The Hockey Stick Illusion | 0.778598 |
95,666 | Watson's theorem gives conditions for a function to be the Borel sum of its asymptotic series. Suppose that f is a function satisfying the following conditions: f is holomorphic in some region |z| < R, |arg(z)| < π/2 + ε for some positive R and ε. In this region f has an asymptotic series a0 + a1z + ... with the proper... | Borel summability | 0.778598 |
95,667 | Alternatives to traffic shaping in this regard are application acceleration and WAN optimization and compression, which are fundamentally different from traffic shaping. Traffic shaping defines bandwidth rules whereas application acceleration using multiple techniques like a TCP performance-enhancing proxy. WAN optimiz... | Traffic Shaping | 0.778598 |
95,668 | The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is recognized as the first Sustainability Assessment Method for buildings. It was launched in 1990 by the UK-based organization Building Research Establishment (BRE). BREEAM certification is carried out on the basis of a scoring system where p... | Green building certification systems | 0.778597 |
95,669 | In probability theory, a log-t distribution or log-Student t distribution is a probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is distributed in accordance with a Student's t-distribution. If X is a random variable with a Student's t-distribution, then Y = exp(X) has a log-t distribution; likewise, if Y h... | Log-t distribution | 0.778594 |
95,670 | On an independent rear suspension it is normally achieved by changing the rates of the rubber bushings in the suspension. Some suspensions typically have compliance oversteer due to geometry, such as Hotchkiss live axles, semi-trailing arm IRS, and rear twist beams, but may be mitigated by revisions to the pivot points... | Four-wheel steering | 0.778593 |
95,671 | Many modern vehicles have passive rear-wheel steering. On many vehicles, when cornering, the rear wheels tend to steer slightly to the outside of a turn, which can reduce stability. The passive steering system uses the lateral forces generated in a turn (through suspension geometry) and the bushings to correct this ten... | Four-wheel steering | 0.778593 |
95,672 | Nuprl 4, the first version developed for the World Wide Web, was used to verify cache coherency protocols and other computer systems.The current system architecture, implemented in Nuprl 5, was first proposed in a 2000 conference paper. A reference manual for Nuprl 5 was published in 2002. Nuprl has been the subject of... | Nuprl | 0.778593 |
95,673 | Nuprl is a proof development system, providing computer-mediated analysis and proofs of formal mathematical statements, and tools for software verification and optimization. Originally developed in the 1980s by Robert Lee Constable and others, the system is now maintained by the PRL Project at Cornell University. The c... | Nuprl | 0.778593 |
95,674 | "Advances in obsidian hydration dating by secondary ion mass spectrometry: World examples". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. 267 (1): 144–150. Bibcode:2009NIMPB.267..144L. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2008.10.092. | Obsidian hydration dating | 0.778593 |
95,675 | Several factors complicate simple correlation of obsidian hydration band thickness with absolute age. Temperature is known to speed up the hydration process. Thus, artifacts exposed to higher temperatures, for example by being at lower elevation, seem to hydrate faster. As well, obsidian chemistry, including the intrin... | Obsidian hydration dating | 0.778593 |
95,676 | Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure... | Reference ranges for blood tests | 0.778591 |
95,677 | The Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics was first published in 2010 by the nonprofit publisher Annual Reviews. Its founding editor was James S. Langer. He was joined by James P. Eisenstein in 2014. | Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics | 0.778589 |
95,678 | The Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics is helmed by the editor or the co-editors. The editor is assisted by the editorial committee, which includes associate editors, regular members, and occasionally guest editors. Guest members participate at the invitation of the editor, and serve terms of one year. | Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics | 0.778589 |
95,679 | The Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics is an annual peer-reviewed review journal published by Annual Reviews. It was established in 2010 and covers advances in condensed matter physics and related subjects. The co-editors are M. Cristina Marchetti and Andrew P. Mackenzie. As of 2023, Annual Review of Condensed M... | Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics | 0.778589 |
95,680 | The Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics defines its scope as covering significant developments relevant to condensed matter physics. It is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, Compendex, and INSPEC. | Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics | 0.778589 |
95,681 | Diacetylpyridine is a popular starting material for ligands in coordination chemistry, often via template reactions. The diiminopyridine (DIP) class of ligands can be formed from diacetylpyridine through Schiff base condensation with substituted anilines. Diiminopyridine ligands have been the focus of much interest due... | 2,6-Diacetylpyridine | 0.778588 |
95,682 | 2,6-Diacetylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula C5H3N(C(O)CH3)2. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is a disubstituted pyridine. It is a precursor to ligands in coordination chemistry. | 2,6-Diacetylpyridine | 0.778588 |
95,683 | Suppose γ ⊂ R2 is the circular arc oriented counterclockwise from (5, 0) to (−4, 3). Using the definition of a line integral, This result can be obtained much more simply by noticing that the function f ( x , y ) = x y {\displaystyle f(x,y)=xy} has gradient ∇ f ( x , y ) = ( y , x ) {\displaystyle \nabla f(x,y)=(y,x)} ... | Fundamental theorem of line integrals | 0.778587 |
95,684 | Of course, we could have easily completed this calculation using the powerful language of electrostatic potential or electrostatic potential energy (with the familiar formulas W = −ΔU = −qΔV). However, we have not yet defined potential or potential energy, because the converse of the gradient theorem is required to pro... | Fundamental theorem of line integrals | 0.778587 |
95,685 | Suppose there are n point charges arranged in three-dimensional space, and the i-th point charge has charge Qi and is located at position pi in R3. We would like to calculate the work done on a particle of charge q as it travels from a point a to a point b in R3. Using Coulomb's law, we can easily determine that the fo... | Fundamental theorem of line integrals | 0.778587 |
95,686 | Suppose U is an open, path-connected subset of Rn, and F: U → Rn is a continuous and path-independent vector field. Fix some element a of U, and define f: U → R byHere γ is any (differentiable) curve in U originating at a and terminating at x. We know that f is well-defined because F is path-independent. Let v be any n... | Fundamental theorem of line integrals | 0.778587 |
95,687 | Many of the critical theorems of vector calculus generalize elegantly to statements about the integration of differential forms on manifolds. In the language of differential forms and exterior derivatives, the gradient theorem states that for any 0-form, ϕ, defined on some differentiable curve γ ⊂ Rn (here the integral... | Fundamental theorem of line integrals | 0.778587 |
95,688 | For a more abstract example, suppose γ ⊂ Rn has endpoints p, q, with orientation from p to q. For u in Rn, let |u| denote the Euclidean norm of u. If α ≥ 1 is a real number, then Here the final equality follows by the gradient theorem, since the function f(x) = |x|α+1 is differentiable on Rn if α ≥ 1. If α < 1 then thi... | Fundamental theorem of line integrals | 0.778587 |
95,689 | The program was the lead story "Save the World" in Learning & Leading with Technology November 2007. In the Burlington Free Press in July 2008, and has led to a number of youth-authored articles on Cogito.org, for example: Using Nanotechnology for Cost Effective Converters as well as Educating Myself, International Sty... | Global Challenge Award | 0.778586 |
95,690 | The Global Challenge Award is an online science and engineering design program for pre-college school students (e.g. middle school through high school) from all over the world. It is an initiative that started with a partnership with the University of Vermont in collaboration with the National Science Foundation, curre... | Global Challenge Award | 0.778586 |
95,691 | The most prominent disadvantages of labs-on-chip are: The micro-manufacturing process required to make them is complex and labor-intensive, requiring both expensive equipment and specialized personnel. It can be overcome by the recent technology advancement on low-cost 3D printing and laser engraving. The complex fluid... | Microfluidic chip | 0.778585 |
95,692 | A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single integrated circuit (commonly called a "chip") of only millimeters to a few square centimeters to achieve automation and high-throughput screening. LOCs can handle extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico-liters... | Microfluidic chip | 0.778585 |
95,693 | Sodium iodide activated with thallium, NaI(Tl), when subjected to ionizing radiation, emits photons (i.e., scintillate) and is used in scintillation detectors, traditionally in nuclear medicine, geophysics, nuclear physics, and environmental measurements. NaI(Tl) is the most widely used scintillation material. The crys... | Sodium iodide | 0.778584 |
95,694 | Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. | Sodium iodide | 0.778584 |
95,695 | Some radioactive iodide salts of sodium, including Na125I and Na131I, have radiopharmaceutical uses for thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism or as radioactive tracer in imaging (see Isotopes of iodine > Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology). | Sodium iodide | 0.778584 |
95,696 | Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na+) and iodide anions (I−) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement an... | Sodium iodide | 0.778584 |
95,697 | For a matrix Lie group G ⊂ GL ( n , R ) {\displaystyle G\subset {\mbox{GL}}(n,\mathbb {R} )} the Lie algebra is the tangent space of the identity I, and the commutator is simply = XY − YX; the exponential map is the standard exponential map of matrices, When one solves for Z in using the series expansions for exp and ... | Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula | 0.778584 |
95,698 | A particularly useful variant of the above is the infinitesimal form. This is commonly written as This variation is commonly used to write coordinates and vielbeins as pullbacks of the metric on a Lie group. For example, writing X = X i e i {\displaystyle X=X^{i}e_{i}} for some functions X i {\displaystyle X^{i}} and a... | Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula | 0.778584 |
95,699 | John Harrison Watrous is a professor of computer science at the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science at the University of Waterloo, a member of the Institute for Quantum Computing, an affiliate member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and a Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research... | John Watrous (computer scientist) | 0.778584 |
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