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97,600 | Nonlinear acoustics (NLA) is a branch of physics and acoustics dealing with sound waves of sufficiently large amplitudes. Large amplitudes require using full systems of governing equations of fluid dynamics (for sound waves in liquids and gases) and elasticity (for sound waves in solids). These equations are generally ... | Nonlinear Acoustics | 0.777652 |
97,601 | In order to assess the most effective algorithms for detecting deepfakes, a coalition of leading technology companies hosted the Deepfake Detection Challenge to accelerate the technology for identifying manipulated content. The winning model of the Deepfake Detection Challenge was 65% accurate on the holdout set of 4,0... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,602 | They have a potential to interfere with democratic functions in societies, such as identifying collective agendas, debating issues, informing decisions, and solving problems though the exercise of political will.Similarly, computer science associate professor Hao Li of the University of Southern California states that ... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,603 | As of October 2019, most of the deepfake subjects on the internet were British and American actresses. However, around a quarter of the subjects are South Korean, the majority of which are K-pop stars.In June 2019, a downloadable Windows and Linux application called DeepNude was released that used neural networks, spec... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,604 | In 2017, Deepfake pornography prominently surfaced on the Internet, particularly on Reddit. As of 2019, many deepfakes on the internet feature pornography of female celebrities whose likeness is typically used without their consent. A report published in October 2019 by Dutch cybersecurity startup Deeptrace estimated t... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,605 | Facebook has taken efforts towards encouraging the creation of deepfakes in order to develop state of the art deepfake detection software. Facebook was the prominent partner in hosting the Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC), held December 2019, to 2114 participants who generated more than 35,000 models. The top perfor... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,606 | Detecting fake audio is a highly complex task that requires careful attention to the audio signal in order to achieve good performance. Using deep learning, preprocessing of feature design and masking augmentation have been proven effective in improving performance. | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,607 | Deepfakes rely on a type of neural network called an autoencoder. These consist of an encoder, which reduces an image to a lower dimensional latent space, and a decoder, which reconstructs the image from the latent representation. Deepfakes utilize this architecture by having a universal encoder which encodes a person ... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,608 | Deepfakes have begun to see use in popular social media platforms, notably through Zao, a Chinese deepfake app that allows users to substitute their own faces onto those of characters in scenes from films and television shows such as Romeo + Juliet and Game of Thrones. The app originally faced scrutiny over its invasiv... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,609 | Deepfakes (portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake") are synthetic media that have been digitally manipulated to replace one person's likeness convincingly with that of another. Deepfakes are the manipulation of facial appearance through deep generative methods. While the act of creating fake content is not new, deepf... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,610 | An early landmark project was the Video Rewrite program, published in 1997, which modified existing video footage of a person speaking to depict that person mouthing the words contained in a different audio track. It was the first system to fully automate this kind of facial reanimation, and it did so using machine lea... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,611 | Academic research related to deepfakes is split between the field of computer vision, a sub-field of computer science, which develops techniques for creating and identifying deepfakes, and humanities and social science approaches that study the social, ethical and aesthetic implications of deepfakes. | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,612 | On June 8, 2022, Daniel Emmet, a former AGT contestant, teamed up with the AI startup Metaphysic AI, to create a hyperrealistic deepfake to make it appear as Simon Cowell. Cowell, notoriously known for severely critiquing contestants, was on stage interpreting "You're The Inspiration" by Chicago. Emmet sang on stage as... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,613 | The first generation used recurrent neural networks to spot spatio-temporal inconsistencies to identify visual artifacts left by the deepfake generation process. The algorithm archived 96% accuracy on FaceForensics++; the only large-scale deepfake benchmark available at that time. | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,614 | In order to assess the most effective algorithms for detecting deepfakes, a coalition of leading technology companies hosted the Deepfake Detection Challenge to accelerate the technology for identifying manipulated content. The winning model of the Deepfake Detection Challenge was 65% accurate on the holdout set of 4,0... | Deepfake | 0.777651 |
97,615 | The main machine learning methods used to create deepfakes are based on deep learning and involve training generative neural network architectures, such as autoencoders, or generative adversarial networks (GANs). In turn the field of image forensics develops techniques to detect manipulated images.Deepfakes have garner... | Deepfake | 0.77765 |
97,616 | Deepfakes (portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake") are synthetic media that have been digitally manipulated to replace one person's likeness convincingly with that of another. Deepfakes are the manipulation of facial appearance through deep generative methods. While the act of creating fake content is not new, deepf... | Deepfake | 0.77765 |
97,617 | Li predicted that genuine videos and deepfakes would become indistinguishable in as soon as half a year, as of October 2019, due to rapid advancement in artificial intelligence and computer graphics.Former Google fraud czar Shuman Ghosemajumder has called deepfakes an area of "societal concern" and said that they will ... | Deepfake | 0.77765 |
97,618 | Though fake photos have long been plentiful, faking motion pictures has been more difficult, and the presence of deepfakes increases the difficulty of classifying videos as genuine or not. AI researcher Alex Champandard has said people should know how fast things can be corrupted with deepfake technology, and that the ... | Deepfake | 0.77765 |
97,619 | Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești (Universitatea Petrol-Gaze, UPG) is a public university in Ploiești, Romania. Founded in 1948 under the name of Institute of Petroleum and Gas, in response to the increasing industrialization in Romania and the lack of high level education in the petroleum and gas fields, it gained ... | Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești | 0.77765 |
97,620 | One of the most common algorithms is the "moving average", often used to try to capture important trends in repeated statistical surveys. In image processing and computer vision, smoothing ideas are used in scale space representations. The simplest smoothing algorithm is the "rectangular" or "unweighted sliding-average... | Adaptive smoothening | 0.77765 |
97,621 | In statistics and image processing, to smooth a data set is to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. In smoothing, the data points of a signal are modified so individual points higher than the adj... | Adaptive smoothening | 0.77765 |
97,622 | Ions that have a strong 'salting in' effect such as I− and SCN− are strong denaturants, because they salt in the peptide group, and thus interact much more strongly with the unfolded form of a protein than with its native form. Consequently, they shift the chemical equilibrium of the unfolding reaction towards unfolded... | Hofmeister series | 0.777648 |
97,623 | Autolycus' two surviving works are about spherical geometry with application to astronomy: On the Moving Sphere and On Risings and Settings (of stars). In late antiquity, both were part of the "Little Astronomy", a collection of miscellaneous short works about geometry and astronomy which were commonly transmitted toge... | Autolycus of Pitane | 0.777647 |
97,624 | Autolycus of Pitane (Greek: Αὐτόλυκος ὁ Πιταναῖος; c. 360 – c. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. He is known today for his two surviving works On the Moving Sphere and On Risings and Settings, both about spherical geometry. | Autolycus of Pitane | 0.777647 |
97,625 | On the Moving Sphere (Greek: Περὶ κινουμένης σφαίρας Perí kinouménis sphaíras) concerns the movements of points and arcs on the sphere as it rotates on an axis. The work is simple and not exactly original, since it consists of only elementary theorems on spheres that would be needed by astronomers, but its theorems are... | Autolycus of Pitane | 0.777647 |
97,626 | In the two-book treatise On Risings and Settings (Greek: Περὶ ἐπιτολῶν καὶ δύσεων Perí epitolón kaí dýseon), Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the stars throughout the year. The second book is an expansion of the first and of higher quality. He wrote that "any star which rises and... | Autolycus of Pitane | 0.777647 |
97,627 | Kant rests his demonstration of the priority of space on the example of geometry. He reasons that therefore if something exists, it needs to be intelligible. | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,628 | In this case, however, it was not experience that furnished the third term; otherwise, the necessary and universal character of geometry would be lost. Only space, which is a pure a priori form of intuition, can make this synthetic judgment, thus it must then be a priori. If geometry does not serve this pure a priori i... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,629 | In 1788, Feder published Ueber Raum und Causalität: Zur Prüfung der kantischen Philosophie, a polemic against the Critique of Pure Reason in which he argued that Kant employed a "dogmatic method" and was still employing the methodology of rationalist metaphysics, and that Kant's transcendental philosophy transcends the... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,630 | Following the controversy over Garve's review, there were no more reviews of the Critique of Pure Reason in 1782 except for a brief notice. The work received greater attention only in 1784, when Shultz's commentary was published and a review by the philosopher and historian of philosophy Dietrich Tiedemann was publishe... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,631 | The review, which denied that there is any distinction between Kant's idealism and that of Berkeley, was anonymous and became notorious. Kant reformulated his views because of it, redefining his transcendental idealism in the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783) and the second edition of the Critique of Pure Re... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,632 | The Critique of Pure Reason was the first of Kant's works to become famous. According to the philosopher Frederick C. Beiser, it helped to discredit rationalist metaphysics of the kind associated with Leibniz and Wolff which had appeared to provide a priori knowledge of the existence of God, although Beiser notes that ... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,633 | Kant writes that metaphysics began with the study of the belief in God and the nature of a future world, beyond this immediate world as we know it, in our common sense. It was concluded early that good conduct would result in happiness in another world as arranged by God. The object of rational knowledge was investigat... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,634 | Kant's thesis concerning the transcendental ideality of space and time limits appearances to the forms of sensibility—indeed, they form the limits within which these appearances can count as sensible; and it necessarily implies that the thing-in-itself is neither limited by them nor can it take the form of an appearanc... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,635 | If someone attacked this argument, he would doubt the universality of geometry (which Kant believes no honest person would do). The other part of the Transcendental Aesthetic argues that time is a pure a priori intuition that renders mathematics possible. Time is not a concept, since otherwise it would merely conform t... | Empirical realism | 0.777647 |
97,636 | To his 1931 paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions, Gödel added a Note added 28 August 1963 which clarifies his opinion of the alternative forms/expression of "a formal system". He reiterates his opinions even more clearly in 1964 (see below): "Note Added 28 August 1963. In consequence of later advances, in particu... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,637 | Turing's thesis. Turing's thesis that every function which would naturally be regarded as computable under his definition, i.e. by one of his machines, is equivalent to Church's thesis by Theorem XXX. | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,638 | "Some time prior to Church's paper An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory (1936) a dialog occurred between Gödel and Church as to whether or not λ-definability was sufficient for the definition of the notion of "algorithm" and "effective calculability". In Church (1936) we see, under the chapter §7 The notio... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,639 | Church's paper An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory (1936) proved that the Entscheidungsproblem was undecidable within the λ-calculus and Gödel-Herbrand's general recursion; moreover Church cites two theorems of Kleene's that proved that the functions defined in the λ-calculus are identical to the function... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,640 | "Although he doesn't call it his "thesis", Turing proposes a proof that his "computability" is equivalent to Church's "effective calculability": "In a recent paper Alonzo Church has introduced an idea of "effective calculability", which is equivalent to my "computability", but is very differently defined ... The proof ... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,641 | In Turing's analysis the requirement that the action depended only on a bounded portion of the record was based on a human limitation. We replace this by a physical limitation which we call the principle of local causation. Its justification lies in the finite velocity of propagation of effects and signals: contemporar... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,642 | But then he restricts his machines even more: "(2) Secondly we suppose that the progress of calculation by a mechanical device may be described in discrete terms, so that the devices considered are, in a loose sense, digital computers. "(3) Lasty we suppose that the device is deterministic: that is, the subsequent beha... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,643 | To quote Kleene (1952), "The characterization of all "recursive functions" was accomplished in the definition of 'general recursive function' by Gödel 1934, who built on a suggestion of Herbrand" (Kleene 1952:274). Gödel delivered a series of lectures at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Princeton NJ. In a prefac... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,644 | "Gödel 1964 – In Gödel's Postscriptum to his lecture's notes of 1934 at the IAS at Princeton, he repeats, but reiterates in even more bold terms, his less-than-glowing opinion about the efficacy of computability as defined by Church's λ-definability and recursion (we have to infer that both are denigrated because of hi... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,645 | The history of the Church–Turing thesis ("thesis") involves the history of the development of the study of the nature of functions whose values are effectively calculable; or, in more modern terms, functions whose values are algorithmically computable. It is an important topic in modern mathematical theory and computer... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,646 | "Indeed immediately before this statement, Kleene states the Theorem XXX: "Theorem XXX (= Theorems XXVIII + XXIX). The following classes of partial functions are coextensive, i.e. have the same members: (a) the partial recursive functions, (b) the computable functions, (c) the 1/1 computable functions. Similarly with l... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,647 | About the Gandy machines: " ... the definition of a Gandy machine is an "abstract" mathematical definition that embodies ... properties of parallel computations ... Second, Gandy machines share with groups and topological spaces the general feature of abstract axiomatic definitions, namely, that they admit a wide varie... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,648 | Sieg extends Turing's "computability by string machine" (human "computor") as reduced to mechanism "computability by letter machine" to the parallel machines of Gandy. Sieg cites more recent work including "Kolmogorov and Uspensky's work on algorithms" and (De Pisapia 2000), in particular, the KU-pointer machine-model)... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,649 | Post was searching for more than a definition: "The success of the above program would, for us, change this hypothesis not so much to a definition or to an axiom but to a natural law. Only so, it seems to the writer, can Gödel's theorem ... and Church's results ... be transformed into conclusions concerning all symboli... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,650 | J. B. Rosser's paper An Informal Exposition of Proofs of Gödel's Theorem and Church's Theorem states the following: "'Effective method' is here used in the rather special sense of a method each step of which is precisely predetermined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps. With this spe... | History of the Church–Turing thesis | 0.777646 |
97,651 | Because the primary domain of innovation is commerce, the key data resides there, continually out of campus reach in reports hidden within factories, corporate offices and technical centers. This recusal still stymies progress today. Recent attempts at data transference have led not least to the positive link (above) b... | Innovation Economics | 0.777646 |
97,652 | Semiconductors and information technology in Silicon Valley in California Fintechs and Cyber Security in Belfast in Northern Ireland High-technology and life sciences in Research Triangle Park in North Carolina Energy companies in Energy Corridor in Houston, Texas Financial products and services in New York City Biotec... | Innovation Economics | 0.777646 |
97,653 | Business school professor David Ahlstrom asserts that "the main goal of business is to develop new and innovative goods and services that generate economic growth while delivering benefits to society".In contrast to neoclassical economics, innovation economics offer differing perspectives on main focus, reasons for eco... | Innovation Economics | 0.777646 |
97,654 | In the domain of psychology, efforts have been made in modeling the mechanism of human attention, including the learning of prioritizing the different bottom-up and top-down influences.In the domain of computer vision, efforts have been made in modeling the mechanism of human attention, especially the bottom-up attenti... | Salience (neuroscience) | 0.777642 |
97,655 | If the white noise ε t {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{t}} is a Gaussian process then X t {\displaystyle X_{t}} is also a Gaussian process. In other cases, the central limit theorem indicates that X t {\displaystyle X_{t}} will be approximately normally distributed when φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is close to one. For ε t ... | Autoregressive process | 0.777641 |
97,656 | PyMC3: the Bayesian statistics and probabilistic programming framework supports autoregressive modes with p lags. bayesloop supports parameter inference and model selection for the AR-1 process with time-varying parameters. Python: implementation in statsmodels. | Autoregressive process | 0.777641 |
97,657 | In statistics, econometrics, and signal processing, an autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it is used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, behavior, etc. The autoregressive model specifies that the output variable depends linearly on its own pr... | Autoregressive process | 0.777641 |
97,658 | Semi-empirical models reduce computational costs primarily by simplifying the chemistry in soot formation and oxidation. Semi-empirical models reduce the size of chemical mechanisms and use simpler molecules, such as acetylene as precursors. Detailed theoretical models use extensive chemical mechanisms containing hundr... | Soot | 0.77764 |
97,659 | Many details of soot formation chemistry remain unanswered and controversial, but there have been a few agreements: Soot begins with some precursors or building blocks. Nucleation of heavy molecules occurs to form particles. Surface growth of a particle proceeds by adsorption of gas phase molecules. Coagulation happens... | Soot | 0.77764 |
97,660 | A number of special cases of this conjecture have been proved; for example: Any connected group of Morley rank 1 is abelian. Cherlin proved that a connected rank 2 group is solvable. Cherlin proved that a simple group of Morley rank 3 is either a bad group or isomorphic to PSL2(K) for some algebraically closed field K ... | Cherlin-Zilber conjecture | 0.77764 |
97,661 | The Cherlin–Zilber conjecture (also called the algebraicity conjecture), due to Gregory Cherlin (1979) and Boris Zil'ber (1977), suggests that infinite (ω-stable) simple groups are simple algebraic groups over algebraically closed fields. The conjecture would have followed from Zilber's trichotomy conjecture. Cherlin p... | Cherlin-Zilber conjecture | 0.77764 |
97,662 | In mathematics, an ω-bounded space is a topological space in which the closure of every countable subset is compact. More generally, if P is some property of subspaces, then a P-bounded space is one in which every subspace with property P has compact closure. Every compact space is ω-bounded, and every ω-bounded space ... | Ω-bounded space | 0.77764 |
97,663 | Another proof, by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, relies on the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: that every integer has a unique prime factorization. What Euler wrote (not with this modern notation and, unlike modern standards, not restricting the arguments in sums and products to any finite sets of integers)... | Infinitude of prime numbers | 0.777639 |
97,664 | Suppose there were only k primes (p1, ..., pk). By the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, any positive integer n could then be represented as where the non-negative integer exponents ei together with the finite-sized list of primes are enough to reconstruct the number. Since p i ≥ 2 {\displaystyle p_{i}\geq 2} for all ... | Infinitude of prime numbers | 0.777639 |
97,665 | In number theory, Bertrand's postulate is a theorem stating that for any integer n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} , there always exists at least one prime number such that n < p < 2 n . {\displaystyle n | Infinitude of prime numbers | 0.777639 |
97,666 | In his first corollary to this result Euler denotes by a symbol similar to ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } the « absolute infinity » and writes that the infinite sum in the statement equals the « value » log ∞ {\displaystyle \log \infty } , to which the infinite product is thus also equal (in modern terminology this is equ... | Infinitude of prime numbers | 0.777639 |
97,667 | ∏ p ∈ P k 1 1 − 1 p = ∏ p ∈ P k ∑ i ≥ 0 1 p i = ( ∑ i ≥ 0 1 2 i ) ⋅ ( ∑ i ≥ 0 1 3 i ) ⋅ ( ∑ i ≥ 0 1 5 i ) ⋅ ( ∑ i ≥ 0 1 7 i ) ⋯ = ∑ ℓ , m , n , p , … ≥ 0 1 2 ℓ 3 m 5 n 7 p ⋯ = ∑ n ∈ N k 1 n . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\prod _{p\in P_{k}}{\frac {1}{1-{\frac {1}{p}}}}&=\prod _{p\in P_{k}}\sum _{i\geq 0}{\frac {1}{p^... | Infinitude of prime numbers | 0.777639 |
97,668 | The Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey, or TrES, used three 4-inch (10 cm) telescopes located at Lowell Observatory, Palomar Observatory, and Teide Observatory to locate exoplanets. It was made using the network of small, relatively inexpensive telescopes designed to look specifically for planets orbiting bright stars usi... | Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey | 0.777639 |
97,669 | There are medical diagnostic applications particularly in the detection of cancer. Micro-cavity substrates – A method that improves the detection limit of conventional Raman spectra using micro-Raman in a micro-cavity coated with reflective Au or Ag. The micro-cavity has a radius of several micrometers and enhances the... | Micro-Raman spectroscopy | 0.777638 |
97,670 | Although the inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923, it was not observed in practice until 1928. The Raman effect was named after one of its discoverers, the Indian scientist C. V. Raman, who observed the effect in organic liquids in 1928 together with K. S. Krishnan, and independently by G... | Micro-Raman spectroscopy | 0.777638 |
97,671 | The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the roles played by trace elements in medical and biological systems. It was established in 1987 as the Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease, obtaining its current title in 1995. It is... | Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology | 0.777637 |
97,672 | In differential geometry, the Gauss map (named after Carl F. Gauss) maps a surface in Euclidean space R3 to the unit sphere S2. Namely, given a surface X lying in R3, the Gauss map is a continuous map N: X → S2 such that N(p) is a unit vector orthogonal to X at p, namely a normal vector to X at p. The Gauss map can be ... | Gauss map | 0.777637 |
97,673 | The area of the image of the Gauss map is called the total curvature and is equivalent to the surface integral of the Gaussian curvature. This is the original interpretation given by Gauss. The Gauss–Bonnet theorem links total curvature of a surface to its topological properties. ∬ R ± | N u × N v | d u d v = ∬ R K | X... | Gauss map | 0.777637 |
97,674 | In mathematics there is a close link between map coloring and graph coloring, since every map showing different areas has a corresponding graph. By far the most famous result in this area is the four color theorem, which states that any planar map can be colored with at most four colors. | Map coloring | 0.777636 |
97,675 | The International Design Study seeks to present a design report for the Neutrino Factory that details the physics performance, schedule and costs by 2012. The study will include contributions from all regions in a combined Reference Design Report. | Neutrino Factory | 0.777635 |
97,676 | In natural language processing a w-shingling is a set of unique shingles (therefore n-grams) each of which is composed of contiguous subsequences of tokens within a document, which can then be used to ascertain the similarity between documents. The symbol w denotes the quantity of tokens in each shingle selected, or so... | W-shingling | 0.777633 |
97,677 | We will here provide an alternative, explicit way to prove Uhlmann's theorem. Let | ψ ρ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi _{\rho }\rangle } and | ψ σ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi _{\sigma }\rangle } be purifications of ρ {\displaystyle \rho } and σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , respectively. To start, let us show that | ⟨ ψ ρ | ψ σ ⟩ | ≤ t... | Fidelity of quantum states | 0.777633 |
97,678 | But in general, for any square matrix A and unitary U, it is true that |tr(AU)| ≤ tr((A*A)1⁄2). Furthermore, equality is achieved if U* is the unitary operator in the polar decomposition of A. From this follows directly Uhlmann's theorem. | Fidelity of quantum states | 0.777633 |
97,679 | A simple proof can be sketched as follows. Let | Ω ⟩ {\displaystyle \textstyle |\Omega \rangle } denote the vector | Ω ⟩ = ∑ i = 1 n | e i ⟩ ⊗ | e i ⟩ {\displaystyle |\Omega \rangle =\sum _{i=1}^{n}|e_{i}\rangle \otimes |e_{i}\rangle } and σ1⁄2 be the unique positive square root of σ. We see that, due to the unitary fr... | Fidelity of quantum states | 0.777633 |
97,680 | Some immediate consequences of Uhlmann's theorem are Fidelity is symmetric in its arguments, i.e. F (ρ,σ) = F (σ,ρ). Note that this is not obvious from the original definition. F (ρ,σ) lies in , by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. F (ρ,σ) = 1 if and only if ρ = σ, since Ψρ = Ψσ implies ρ = σ.So we can see that fidelity b... | Fidelity of quantum states | 0.777633 |
97,681 | In quantum mechanics, notably in quantum information theory, fidelity is a measure of the "closeness" of two quantum states. It expresses the probability that one state will pass a test to identify as the other. The fidelity is not a metric on the space of density matrices, but it can be used to define the Bures metric... | Fidelity of quantum states | 0.777633 |
97,682 | Waymo was a project by Google that involved developing technology for driverless cars. In December 2016, Google transitioned the project into a new company called Waymo, housed under Google's parent company Alphabet. The project was led by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligenc... | X Development | 0.777632 |
97,683 | Foghorn, a project to produce liquid hydrocarbon fuel for vehicles using sea water as a source of carbon dioxide, extracted using membrane technology, and also as a source of hydrogen, using electrolysis. The project was killed by X in 2016 and the results published in 2018. Calcifer explored using lighter-than-air veh... | X Development | 0.777632 |
97,684 | Chorus is a project which aims to improve the supply chain through the use of sensors, software and machine learning tools. The team had been working on the project for 3.5 years before it was revealed in March 2022. | X Development | 0.777632 |
97,685 | Malta was started in July 2017 to develop renewable energy storage systems by utilizing tanks of molten salt. The system works by transforming electrical energy to heat energy for storage, based on research by Robert B. Laughlin. Malta Inc. graduated from X in December 2018 with plans to develop a large-scale test of t... | X Development | 0.777632 |
97,686 | In January 2023, it was announced that a new company called Mineral has been spun out of X. The team had been working on sensors, data, and machine learning to scale sustainable agriculture globally for more than 5 years. The new company is led by Elliott Grant as CEO. | X Development | 0.777632 |
97,687 | A number of companies have been acquired and merged into X, covering a diverse range of skills including wind turbines, robotics, artificial intelligence, humanoid robots, robotic arms, and computer vision. In 2013, X acquired Makani Power, a US company which develops tethered wings/kites with mounted wind turbines for... | X Development | 0.777632 |
97,688 | The Google Contact Lens, a smart contact lens that aims to assist people with diabetes by constantly measuring the glucose levels in their tears, was announced by Google on January 16, 2014. This project, the nanodiagnostics project to develop a cancer-detecting pill, and other life sciences efforts are now being carri... | X Development | 0.777632 |
97,689 | Authorities will also compare supportive documents such as a driver's license, passport, or other authoritative photo ID before accepting a personal identification.Any formal investigation should be used to support additional scientific evidence, allowing forensic scientists to either reinforce or question the supposed... | Body identification | 0.777632 |
97,690 | Networking cable is a piece of networking hardware used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share devices such as printers or scanners. Different types of network cables, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, and twisted pair cables, are used depending on ... | Ethernet wiring | 0.777632 |
97,691 | Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is the most recent body identification method in the field of genetics. The process of NGS includes three fundamental steps; “library preparation, sequencing, and data interpretation”. Its success is due to its ability to “target a larger number of PCR amplicons in a single assay”. | Body identification | 0.777632 |
97,692 | The maximum proportion of errors or missing bits that can be corrected is determined by the design of the ECC, so different forward error correcting codes are suitable for different conditions. In general, a stronger code induces more redundancy that needs to be transmitted using the available bandwidth, which reduces ... | Channel coding | 0.777632 |
97,693 | Classical (algebraic) block codes and convolutional codes are frequently combined in concatenated coding schemes in which a short constraint-length Viterbi-decoded convolutional code does most of the work and a block code (usually Reed–Solomon) with larger symbol size and block length "mops up" any errors made by the c... | Channel coding | 0.777632 |
97,694 | AN codes Algebraic geometry code BCH code, which can be designed to correct any arbitrary number of errors per code block. Barker code used for radar, telemetry, ultra sound, Wifi, DSSS mobile phone networks, GPS etc. Berger code Constant-weight code Convolutional code Expander codes Group codes Golay codes, of which t... | Channel coding | 0.777632 |
97,695 | In this context, there are various available Open-source software listed below (non exhaustive). AFF3CT(A Fast Forward Error Correction Toolbox): a full communication chain in C++ (many supported codes like Turbo, LDPC, Polar codes, etc.), very fast and specialized on channel coding (can be used as a program for simula... | Channel coding | 0.777632 |
97,696 | Reported in the January 5, 2004 issue of the journal Applied Physics Letters, Milton Feng and Nick Holonyak, the inventor of the first practical light-emitting diode (LED) and the first semiconductor laser to operate in the visible spectrum, made the world's first light-emitting transistor. This hybrid device, fabricat... | Light-emitting transistor | 0.777631 |
97,697 | Some evidence shows that the evolution of myrmecophilous interactions has contributed to the abundance and ecological success of ants, by ensuring a dependable and energy-rich food supply, thus providing a competitive advantage for ants over other invertebrate predators. Most myrmecophilous associations are opportunist... | Myrmecophily | 0.77763 |
97,698 | Mutualisms are geographically ubiquitous, found in all organismic kingdoms, and play a major role in all ecosystems. Combined with the fact that ants are one of the most dominant lifeforms on earth, myrmecophily clearly plays a significant role in the evolution and ecology of diverse organisms, and in the community str... | Myrmecophily | 0.77763 |
97,699 | At present, the field of microtechnology is expanding toward nanotechnology. A recent branch of microfabrication is based on manipulation of individual ions. Geology: Ion tracks are useful as they can remain unaltered for millions of years In minerals. | Nuclear track | 0.777629 |
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