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id: naturalearth
name: Natural Earth
publisher: Natural Earth
description: Public-domain country and admin-1 boundaries, used as the shared basemap
for every source in the data bank.
homepage: https://www.naturalearthdata.com/
tags:
- geometry
- boundaries
- basemap
- global
license: public-domain
license_file: LICENSE-public-domain.txt
license_url: https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/
attribution: 'Boundaries: Natural Earth (public domain)'
attribution_required: no
citation: Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com
redistribution: permitted
visibility: public
disclaimer_file: DISCLAIMER.md
disclaimer:
redistributor: OptimalSolution LLC
role: redistribution-only
responsibility: none
endorsement: none
affiliation: none
warranty: none
governing_terms: The original publisher's licence and terms govern.
retrieval:
method: r-package
package: rnaturalearth
package_version: 1.2.0
data_version: 1.0.0
hires_version: 1.0.0.9000
fetched_at: '2026-09-17T21:35:18Z'
build_tool: r-worker/build_basemaps.R
modifications: reformatted
changes:
- Converted sf geometry to GeoParquet 1.0.0 (WKB, zstd) and simplified GeoJSON.
- 'Aliased three adm0_a3 codes to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3: KOS->XKX, SDS->SSD, PSX->PSE.
Without these, ISO3 joins lose Kosovo, South Sudan and Palestine.'
- Lifted the four French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Guyane, Martinique, Reunion)
out of France's polygon as separate features and ERASED them from FRA. Natural Earth
folds them into FRA (measured area 636,062 km2 against 551,695 for metropolitan
France); publishers that report them separately would otherwise double-count. FRA
is 548,374 km2 after the erase.
- 'Geometry is repaired only where GEOS reports it invalid, and never under s2: a
blanket st_make_valid() with s2 enabled rewrites RUS, FJI and ATA into GEOS-invalid
forms.'
layers:
countries:
resolutions:
- 110m
- 50m
- 10m
default: 50m
key: iso3
note: 110m covers only 175 of Ember's 209 countries -- it omits Singapore, Malta,
Bahrain, Hong Kong, Macao and 30 small island states, which render as holes.
50m and 10m cover all 209.
admin1:
resolutions:
- 10m
key: iso_3166_2
units: 4596
countries: 251
note: ne_states() takes no scale argument; it is always the hires dataset. Unit
counts are wildly uneven across countries (GBR 232, SVN 193, LVA 119), so this
is admin-1 AS NATURAL EARTH DEFINES IT, not a uniform NUTS-like tier. Do not
treat units as comparable.
coverage:
- layer: ne_countries_110m
features: 181
iso3: 181
s2_invalid: 2
- layer: ne_countries_50m
features: 246
iso3: 246
s2_invalid: 0
- layer: ne_countries_10m
features: 262
iso3: 262
s2_invalid: 0
crs: OGC:CRS84
notes:
- 'GEOS validity is guaranteed for every shipped layer. s2 validity is NOT: raw Natural
Earth 110m already reports SDN and RUS as s2-invalid while GEOS accepts them, and
the two engines cannot be satisfied at once for antimeridian and pole geometry.
The per-layer s2_invalid count above records the discrepancy.'
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