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| <th align="center" colspan="5">F.17. hstore — hstore key/value datatype</th> | |
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| <div class="sect1" id="HSTORE"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">F.17. hstore — hstore key/value datatype <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE">#</a></h2> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="toc"> | |
| <dl class="toc"> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-EXTERNAL-REP">F.17.1. <code class="type">hstore</code> External Representation</a></span></dt> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-OPS-FUNCS">F.17.2. <code class="type">hstore</code> Operators and Functions</a></span></dt> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-INDEXES">F.17.3. Indexes</a></span></dt> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-EXAMPLES">F.17.4. Examples</a></span></dt> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-STATISTICS">F.17.5. Statistics</a></span></dt> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-COMPATIBILITY">F.17.6. Compatibility</a></span></dt> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-TRANSFORMS">F.17.7. Transforms</a></span></dt> | |
| <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-AUTHORS">F.17.8. Authors</a></span></dt> | |
| </dl> | |
| </div><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.2" name="id-1.11.7.27.2"></a> | |
| <p>This module implements the <code class="type">hstore</code> data type for storing sets of key/value pairs within a single <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> value. This can be useful in various scenarios, such as rows with many attributes that are rarely examined, or semi-structured data. Keys and values are simply text strings.</p> | |
| <p>This module is considered <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">trusted</span>”</span>, that is, it can be installed by non-superusers who have <code class="literal">CREATE</code> privilege on the current database.</p> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-EXTERNAL-REP"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.1. <code class="type">hstore</code> External Representation <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-EXTERNAL-REP">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>The text representation of an <code class="type">hstore</code>, used for input and output, includes zero or more <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em> <code class="literal">=></code> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> pairs separated by commas. Some examples:</p> | |
| <pre class="synopsis">k => v | |
| foo => bar, baz => whatever | |
| "1-a" => "anything at all" | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>The order of the pairs is not significant (and may not be reproduced on output). Whitespace between pairs or around the <code class="literal">=></code> sign is ignored. Double-quote keys and values that include whitespace, commas, <code class="literal">=</code>s or <code class="literal">></code>s. To include a double quote or a backslash in a key or value, escape it with a backslash.</p> | |
| <p>Each key in an <code class="type">hstore</code> is unique. If you declare an <code class="type">hstore</code> with duplicate keys, only one will be stored in the <code class="type">hstore</code> and there is no guarantee as to which will be kept:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">SELECT 'a=>1,a=>2'::hstore; | |
| hstore | |
| ---------- | |
| "a"=>"1" | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>A value (but not a key) can be an SQL <code class="literal">NULL</code>. For example:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">key => NULL | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>The <code class="literal">NULL</code> keyword is case-insensitive. Double-quote the <code class="literal">NULL</code> to treat it as the ordinary string <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">NULL</span>”</span>.</p> | |
| <div class="note"> | |
| <h3 class="title">Note</h3> | |
| <p>Keep in mind that the <code class="type">hstore</code> text format, when used for input, applies <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> any required quoting or escaping. If you are passing an <code class="type">hstore</code> literal via a parameter, then no additional processing is needed. But if you're passing it as a quoted literal constant, then any single-quote characters and (depending on the setting of the <code class="varname">standard_conforming_strings</code> configuration parameter) backslash characters need to be escaped correctly. See <a class="xref" href="/docs/current/sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-STRINGS" title="4.1.2.1. String Constants">Section 4.1.2.1</a> for more on the handling of string constants.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>On output, double quotes always surround keys and values, even when it's not strictly necessary.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-OPS-FUNCS"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.2. <code class="type">hstore</code> Operators and Functions <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-OPS-FUNCS">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>The operators provided by the <code class="literal">hstore</code> module are shown in <a class="xref" href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-OP-TABLE" title="Table F.6. hstore Operators">Table F.6</a>, the functions in <a class="xref" href="/docs/current/hstore.html#HSTORE-FUNC-TABLE" title="Table F.7. hstore Functions">Table F.7</a>.</p> | |
| <div class="table" id="HSTORE-OP-TABLE"> | |
| <p class="title"><strong>Table F.6. <code class="type">hstore</code> Operators</strong></p> | |
| <div class="table-contents"> | |
| <table border="1" class="table" summary="hstore Operators"> | |
| <colgroup> | |
| <col/> | |
| </colgroup> | |
| <thead> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature">Operator</p> | |
| <p>Description</p> | |
| <p>Example(s)</p> | |
| </th> | |
| </tr> | |
| </thead> | |
| <tbody> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">-></code> <code class="type">text</code> → <code class="returnvalue">text</code></p> | |
| <p>Returns value associated with given key, or <code class="literal">NULL</code> if not present.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>x, b=>y'::hstore -> 'a'</code> → <code class="returnvalue">x</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">-></code> <code class="type">text[]</code> → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code></p> | |
| <p>Returns values associated with given keys, or <code class="literal">NULL</code> if not present.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>x, b=>y, c=>z'::hstore -> ARRAY['c','a']</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{"z","x"}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">||</code> <code class="type">hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Concatenates two <code class="type">hstore</code>s.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>b, c=>d'::hstore || 'c=>x, d=>q'::hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"b", "c"=>"x", "d"=>"q"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">?</code> <code class="type">text</code> → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code></p> | |
| <p>Does <code class="type">hstore</code> contain key?</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>1'::hstore ? 'a'</code> → <code class="returnvalue">t</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">?&</code> <code class="type">text[]</code> → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code></p> | |
| <p>Does <code class="type">hstore</code> contain all the specified keys?</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>1,b=>2'::hstore ?& ARRAY['a','b']</code> → <code class="returnvalue">t</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">?|</code> <code class="type">text[]</code> → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code></p> | |
| <p>Does <code class="type">hstore</code> contain any of the specified keys?</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>1,b=>2'::hstore ?| ARRAY['b','c']</code> → <code class="returnvalue">t</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">@></code> <code class="type">hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code></p> | |
| <p>Does left operand contain right?</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>b, b=>1, c=>NULL'::hstore @> 'b=>1'</code> → <code class="returnvalue">t</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal"><@</code> <code class="type">hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code></p> | |
| <p>Is left operand contained in right?</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>c'::hstore <@ 'a=>b, b=>1, c=>NULL'</code> → <code class="returnvalue">f</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">-</code> <code class="type">text</code> → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Deletes key from left operand.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>1, b=>2, c=>3'::hstore - 'b'::text</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"1", "c"=>"3"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">-</code> <code class="type">text[]</code> → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Deletes keys from left operand.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>1, b=>2, c=>3'::hstore - ARRAY['a','b']</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"c"=>"3"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">hstore</code> <code class="literal">-</code> <code class="type">hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Deletes pairs from left operand that match pairs in the right operand.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">'a=>1, b=>2, c=>3'::hstore - 'a=>4, b=>2'::hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"1", "c"=>"3"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="type">anyelement</code> <code class="literal">#=</code> <code class="type">hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">anyelement</code></p> | |
| <p>Replaces fields in the left operand (which must be a composite type) with matching values from <code class="type">hstore</code>.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">ROW(1,3) #= 'f1=>11'::hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">(11,3)</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="literal">%%</code> <code class="type">hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code></p> | |
| <p>Converts <code class="type">hstore</code> to an array of alternating keys and values.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">%% 'a=>foo, b=>bar'::hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{a,foo,b,bar}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="literal">%#</code> <code class="type">hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code></p> | |
| <p>Converts <code class="type">hstore</code> to a two-dimensional key/value array.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">%# 'a=>foo, b=>bar'::hstore</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{{a,foo},{b,bar}}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| </tbody> | |
| </table> | |
| </div> | |
| </div><br class="table-break"/> | |
| <div class="table" id="HSTORE-FUNC-TABLE"> | |
| <p class="title"><strong>Table F.7. <code class="type">hstore</code> Functions</strong></p> | |
| <div class="table-contents"> | |
| <table border="1" class="table" summary="hstore Functions"> | |
| <colgroup> | |
| <col/> | |
| </colgroup> | |
| <thead> | |
| <tr> | |
| <th class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature">Function</p> | |
| <p>Description</p> | |
| <p>Example(s)</p> | |
| </th> | |
| </tr> | |
| </thead> | |
| <tbody> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.1.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.1.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">hstore</code> ( <code class="type">record</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Constructs an <code class="type">hstore</code> from a record or row.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore(ROW(1,2))</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"f1"=>"1", "f2"=>"2"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="function">hstore</code> ( <code class="type">text[]</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Constructs an <code class="type">hstore</code> from an array, which may be either a key/value array, or a two-dimensional array.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore(ARRAY['a','1','b','2'])</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"1", "b"=>"2"</code></p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore(ARRAY[['c','3'],['d','4']])</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"c"=>"3", "d"=>"4"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="function">hstore</code> ( <code class="type">text[]</code>, <code class="type">text[]</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Constructs an <code class="type">hstore</code> from separate key and value arrays.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore(ARRAY['a','b'], ARRAY['1','2'])</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"1", "b"=>"2"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="function">hstore</code> ( <code class="type">text</code>, <code class="type">text</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Makes a single-item <code class="type">hstore</code>.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore('a', 'b')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"b"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.5.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.5.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">akeys</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code></p> | |
| <p>Extracts an <code class="type">hstore</code>'s keys as an array.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">akeys('a=>1,b=>2')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{a,b}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.6.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.6.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">skeys</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">setof text</code></p> | |
| <p>Extracts an <code class="type">hstore</code>'s keys as a set.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">skeys('a=>1,b=>2')</code> →</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">a | |
| b | |
| </pre> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.7.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.7.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">avals</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code></p> | |
| <p>Extracts an <code class="type">hstore</code>'s values as an array.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">avals('a=>1,b=>2')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{1,2}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.8.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.8.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">svals</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">setof text</code></p> | |
| <p>Extracts an <code class="type">hstore</code>'s values as a set.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">svals('a=>1,b=>2')</code> →</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">1 | |
| 2 | |
| </pre> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.9.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.9.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">hstore_to_array</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code></p> | |
| <p>Extracts an <code class="type">hstore</code>'s keys and values as an array of alternating keys and values.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore_to_array('a=>1,b=>2')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{a,1,b,2}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.10.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.10.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">hstore_to_matrix</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">text[]</code></p> | |
| <p>Extracts an <code class="type">hstore</code>'s keys and values as a two-dimensional array.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore_to_matrix('a=>1,b=>2')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{{a,1},{b,2}}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.11.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.11.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">hstore_to_json</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">json</code></p> | |
| <p>Converts an <code class="type">hstore</code> to a <code class="type">json</code> value, converting all non-null values to JSON strings.</p> | |
| <p>This function is used implicitly when an <code class="type">hstore</code> value is cast to <code class="type">json</code>.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore_to_json('"a key"=>1, b=>t, c=>null, d=>12345, e=>012345, f=>1.234, g=>2.345e+4')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{"a key": "1", "b": "t", "c": null, "d": "12345", "e": "012345", "f": "1.234", "g": "2.345e+4"}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.12.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.12.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">hstore_to_jsonb</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">jsonb</code></p> | |
| <p>Converts an <code class="type">hstore</code> to a <code class="type">jsonb</code> value, converting all non-null values to JSON strings.</p> | |
| <p>This function is used implicitly when an <code class="type">hstore</code> value is cast to <code class="type">jsonb</code>.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore_to_jsonb('"a key"=>1, b=>t, c=>null, d=>12345, e=>012345, f=>1.234, g=>2.345e+4')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{"a key": "1", "b": "t", "c": null, "d": "12345", "e": "012345", "f": "1.234", "g": "2.345e+4"}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.13.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.13.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">hstore_to_json_loose</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">json</code></p> | |
| <p>Converts an <code class="type">hstore</code> to a <code class="type">json</code> value, but attempts to distinguish numerical and Boolean values so they are unquoted in the JSON.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore_to_json_loose('"a key"=>1, b=>t, c=>null, d=>12345, e=>012345, f=>1.234, g=>2.345e+4')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{"a key": 1, "b": true, "c": null, "d": 12345, "e": "012345", "f": 1.234, "g": 2.345e+4}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.14.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.14.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">hstore_to_jsonb_loose</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">jsonb</code></p> | |
| <p>Converts an <code class="type">hstore</code> to a <code class="type">jsonb</code> value, but attempts to distinguish numerical and Boolean values so they are unquoted in the JSON.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">hstore_to_jsonb_loose('"a key"=>1, b=>t, c=>null, d=>12345, e=>012345, f=>1.234, g=>2.345e+4')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">{"a key": 1, "b": true, "c": null, "d": 12345, "e": "012345", "f": 1.234, "g": 2.345e+4}</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.15.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.15.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">slice</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code>, <code class="type">text[]</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Extracts a subset of an <code class="type">hstore</code> containing only the specified keys.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">slice('a=>1,b=>2,c=>3'::hstore, ARRAY['b','c','x'])</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"b"=>"2", "c"=>"3"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.16.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.16.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">each</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">setof record</code> ( <em class="parameter"><code>key</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>, <em class="parameter"><code>value</code></em> <code class="type">text</code> )</p> | |
| <p>Extracts an <code class="type">hstore</code>'s keys and values as a set of records.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">select * from each('a=>1,b=>2')</code> →</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting"> key | value | |
| -----+------- | |
| a | 1 | |
| b | 2 | |
| </pre> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.17.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.17.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">exist</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code>, <code class="type">text</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code></p> | |
| <p>Does <code class="type">hstore</code> contain key?</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">exist('a=>1', 'a')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">t</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.18.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.18.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">defined</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code>, <code class="type">text</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code></p> | |
| <p>Does <code class="type">hstore</code> contain a non-<code class="literal">NULL</code> value for key?</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">defined('a=>NULL', 'a')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">f</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.19.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.19.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">delete</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code>, <code class="type">text</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Deletes pair with matching key.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">delete('a=>1,b=>2', 'b')</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"1"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="function">delete</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code>, <code class="type">text[]</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Deletes pairs with matching keys.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">delete('a=>1,b=>2,c=>3', ARRAY['a','b'])</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"c"=>"3"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><code class="function">delete</code> ( <code class="type">hstore</code>, <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">hstore</code></p> | |
| <p>Deletes pairs matching those in the second argument.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">delete('a=>1,b=>2', 'a=>4,b=>2'::hstore)</code> → <code class="returnvalue">"a"=>"1"</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="func_table_entry"> | |
| <p class="func_signature"><a class="indexterm" id="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.22.1.1.1" name="id-1.11.7.27.6.4.2.2.22.1.1.1"></a> <code class="function">populate_record</code> ( <code class="type">anyelement</code>, <code class="type">hstore</code> ) → <code class="returnvalue">anyelement</code></p> | |
| <p>Replaces fields in the left operand (which must be a composite type) with matching values from <code class="type">hstore</code>.</p> | |
| <p><code class="literal">populate_record(ROW(1,2), 'f1=>42'::hstore)</code> → <code class="returnvalue">(42,2)</code></p> | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| </tbody> | |
| </table> | |
| </div> | |
| </div><br class="table-break"/> | |
| <p>In addition to these operators and functions, values of the <code class="type">hstore</code> type can be subscripted, allowing them to act like associative arrays. Only a single subscript of type <code class="type">text</code> can be specified; it is interpreted as a key and the corresponding value is fetched or stored. For example,</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE TABLE mytable (h hstore); | |
| INSERT INTO mytable VALUES ('a=>b, c=>d'); | |
| SELECT h['a'] FROM mytable; | |
| h | |
| --- | |
| b | |
| (1 row) | |
| UPDATE mytable SET h['c'] = 'new'; | |
| SELECT h FROM mytable; | |
| h | |
| ---------------------- | |
| "a"=>"b", "c"=>"new" | |
| (1 row) | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>A subscripted fetch returns <code class="literal">NULL</code> if the subscript is <code class="literal">NULL</code> or that key does not exist in the <code class="type">hstore</code>. (Thus, a subscripted fetch is not greatly different from the <code class="literal">-></code> operator.) A subscripted update fails if the subscript is <code class="literal">NULL</code>; otherwise, it replaces the value for that key, adding an entry to the <code class="type">hstore</code> if the key does not already exist.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-INDEXES"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.3. Indexes <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-INDEXES">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p><code class="type">hstore</code> has GiST and GIN index support for the <code class="literal">@></code>, <code class="literal">?</code>, <code class="literal">?&</code> and <code class="literal">?|</code> operators. For example:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING GIST (h); | |
| CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING GIN (h); | |
| </pre> | |
| <p><code class="literal">gist_hstore_ops</code> GiST opclass approximates a set of key/value pairs as a bitmap signature. Its optional integer parameter <code class="literal">siglen</code> determines the signature length in bytes. The default length is 16 bytes. Valid values of signature length are between 1 and 2024 bytes. Longer signatures lead to a more precise search (scanning a smaller fraction of the index and fewer heap pages), at the cost of a larger index.</p> | |
| <p>Example of creating such an index with a signature length of 32 bytes:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING GIST (h gist_hstore_ops(siglen=32)); | |
| </pre> | |
| <p><code class="type">hstore</code> also supports <code class="type">btree</code> or <code class="type">hash</code> indexes for the <code class="literal">=</code> operator. This allows <code class="type">hstore</code> columns to be declared <code class="literal">UNIQUE</code>, or to be used in <code class="literal">GROUP BY</code>, <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code> or <code class="literal">DISTINCT</code> expressions. The sort ordering for <code class="type">hstore</code> values is not particularly useful, but these indexes may be useful for equivalence lookups. Create indexes for <code class="literal">=</code> comparisons as follows:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING BTREE (h); | |
| CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING HASH (h); | |
| </pre> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-EXAMPLES"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.4. Examples <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-EXAMPLES">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>Add a key, or update an existing key with a new value:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">UPDATE tab SET h['c'] = '3'; | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Another way to do the same thing is:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">UPDATE tab SET h = h || hstore('c', '3'); | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>If multiple keys are to be added or changed in one operation, the concatenation approach is more efficient than subscripting:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">UPDATE tab SET h = h || hstore(array['q', 'w'], array['11', '12']); | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Delete a key:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">UPDATE tab SET h = delete(h, 'k1'); | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Convert a <code class="type">record</code> to an <code class="type">hstore</code>:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE TABLE test (col1 integer, col2 text, col3 text); | |
| INSERT INTO test VALUES (123, 'foo', 'bar'); | |
| SELECT hstore(t) FROM test AS t; | |
| hstore | |
| --------------------------------------------- | |
| "col1"=>"123", "col2"=>"foo", "col3"=>"bar" | |
| (1 row) | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Convert an <code class="type">hstore</code> to a predefined <code class="type">record</code> type:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE TABLE test (col1 integer, col2 text, col3 text); | |
| SELECT * FROM populate_record(null::test, | |
| '"col1"=>"456", "col2"=>"zzz"'); | |
| col1 | col2 | col3 | |
| ------+------+------ | |
| 456 | zzz | | |
| (1 row) | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Modify an existing record using the values from an <code class="type">hstore</code>:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE TABLE test (col1 integer, col2 text, col3 text); | |
| INSERT INTO test VALUES (123, 'foo', 'bar'); | |
| SELECT (r).* FROM (SELECT t #= '"col3"=>"baz"' AS r FROM test t) s; | |
| col1 | col2 | col3 | |
| ------+------+------ | |
| 123 | foo | baz | |
| (1 row) | |
| </pre> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-STATISTICS"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.5. Statistics <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-STATISTICS">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>The <code class="type">hstore</code> type, because of its intrinsic liberality, could contain a lot of different keys. Checking for valid keys is the task of the application. The following examples demonstrate several techniques for checking keys and obtaining statistics.</p> | |
| <p>Simple example:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">SELECT * FROM each('aaa=>bq, b=>NULL, ""=>1'); | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Using a table:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">CREATE TABLE stat AS SELECT (each(h)).key, (each(h)).value FROM testhstore; | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Online statistics:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">SELECT key, count(*) FROM | |
| (SELECT (each(h)).key FROM testhstore) AS stat | |
| GROUP BY key | |
| ORDER BY count DESC, key; | |
| key | count | |
| -----------+------- | |
| line | 883 | |
| query | 207 | |
| pos | 203 | |
| node | 202 | |
| space | 197 | |
| status | 195 | |
| public | 194 | |
| title | 190 | |
| org | 189 | |
| ................... | |
| </pre> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-COMPATIBILITY"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.6. Compatibility <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-COMPATIBILITY">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>As of PostgreSQL 9.0, <code class="type">hstore</code> uses a different internal representation than previous versions. This presents no obstacle for dump/restore upgrades since the text representation (used in the dump) is unchanged.</p> | |
| <p>In the event of a binary upgrade, upward compatibility is maintained by having the new code recognize old-format data. This will entail a slight performance penalty when processing data that has not yet been modified by the new code. It is possible to force an upgrade of all values in a table column by doing an <code class="literal">UPDATE</code> statement as follows:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">UPDATE tablename SET hstorecol = hstorecol || ''; | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>Another way to do it is:</p> | |
| <pre class="programlisting">ALTER TABLE tablename ALTER hstorecol TYPE hstore USING hstorecol || ''; | |
| </pre> | |
| <p>The <code class="command">ALTER TABLE</code> method requires an <code class="literal">ACCESS EXCLUSIVE</code> lock on the table, but does not result in bloating the table with old row versions.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-TRANSFORMS"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.7. Transforms <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-TRANSFORMS">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>Additional extensions are available that implement transforms for the <code class="type">hstore</code> type for the languages PL/Perl and PL/Python. The extensions for PL/Perl are called <code class="literal">hstore_plperl</code> and <code class="literal">hstore_plperlu</code>, for trusted and untrusted PL/Perl. If you install these transforms and specify them when creating a function, <code class="type">hstore</code> values are mapped to Perl hashes. The extension for PL/Python is called <code class="literal">hstore_plpython3u</code>. If you use it, <code class="type">hstore</code> values are mapped to Python dictionaries.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect2" id="HSTORE-AUTHORS"> | |
| <div class="titlepage"> | |
| <div> | |
| <div> | |
| <h3 class="title">F.17.8. Authors <a class="id_link" href="#HSTORE-AUTHORS">#</a></h3> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <p>Oleg Bartunov <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:oleg@sai.msu.su">oleg@sai.msu.su</a>></code>, Moscow, Moscow University, Russia</p> | |
| <p>Teodor Sigaev <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:teodor@sigaev.ru">teodor@sigaev.ru</a>></code>, Moscow, Delta-Soft Ltd., Russia</p> | |
| <p>Additional enhancements by Andrew Gierth <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:andrew@tao11.riddles.org.uk">andrew@tao11.riddles.org.uk</a>></code>, United Kingdom</p> | |
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