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  A visual-question-answering benchmark of **synthetic astronomical figures** with
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  exact, machine-generated ground truth.
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- Every figure here was *drawn by us* with matplotlib, so for each one we know the
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- things a reader of a paper can only estimate: the true minimum of the colour
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- axis, the real angular width of the field, the exact axis limits, the colormap
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- name, the distribution the data was drawn from. That is the point of the
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- dataset — it measures whether a model can *read a scientific figure*, scored
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- against generator truth rather than against another annotator's guess.
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-
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  Alongside the figures, the repo ships the **raw responses of three
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  vision-language models** on a 150-figure subset, run twice: once on the clean
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  figures and once on the same figures artificially aged to look like a scanned
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  | Images | 2,001 JPEG, RGB, ~2000–2700 px wide |
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  | Model responses | 3 models x 150 figures x 2 conditions = **21,300** answered questions |
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  | Ground truth | Generator-exact, not human-annotated |
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- | Download size | ~8 GB of data; the full LFS history is considerably larger |
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  | License | Apache 2.0 (see [Provenance](#provenance-and-attribution) for the sky cutouts) |
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  ---
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  ## The figures
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- Three categories, **667 of each** — the balance is deliberate, so accuracy in
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- one category is never a function of how common it is.
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  | Category | `plot0.type` | `plot0.distribution` | What it is |
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  |---|---|---|---|
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  | `contour` | `contour` | `random` / `linear` / `gmm` | A contour plot of synthetic data |
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- | `sky-gmm` | `image of the sky` | `gmm` | A **synthetic** sky image: a Gaussian mixture, dressed in sky coordinates |
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  | `sky-real` | `image of the sky` | `sky` | A **real** survey cutout, plotted the same way |
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- The last two are the interesting pair: they are rendered identically and are
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  distinguishable only by the structure of the data itself. A model that answers
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  the provenance question correctly has to tell a real astronomical field from a
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  plausible-looking fake.
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  Everything else about each figure is randomised independently — plot style,
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  colormap, dpi, aspect ratio, font sizes, colorbar placement, tick formats,
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- label text, coordinate epoch. No two figures share a look.
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-
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- ### Figure ids carry no information
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- Ids are shuffled. `vqa_000002` being a real cutout and `vqa_000001` being
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- synthetic is an accident of ordering, and nothing in the filename encodes the
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- category. This is intentional: the generator's own filenames *did* encode the
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- real-vs-synthetic answer, which would have leaked the Level 3 ground truth to
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- anything that saw a path.
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  ---
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  ## The questions
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- Questions are graded into three levels by what a reader has to do to answer:
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  | Level | What it asks for | Examples |
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  |---|---|---|
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  | **Level 2** | Things requiring *estimation from the rendered data* | min/max/median/mean of the colour axis, angular field width and height |
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  | **Level 3** | Things requiring *inference about how the data was made* | which distribution generated it; real sky vs. Gaussian mixture; pixel scale |
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- Level 3 is the hard tier and the reason the dataset exists. Level 2 is where
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- answers are most often wrong by orders of magnitude rather than by a little.
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  ### Full question inventory
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  A visual-question-answering benchmark of **synthetic astronomical figures** with
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  exact, machine-generated ground truth.
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  Alongside the figures, the repo ships the **raw responses of three
27
  vision-language models** on a 150-figure subset, run twice: once on the clean
28
  figures and once on the same figures artificially aged to look like a scanned
 
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  | Images | 2,001 JPEG, RGB, ~2000–2700 px wide |
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  | Model responses | 3 models x 150 figures x 2 conditions = **21,300** answered questions |
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  | Ground truth | Generator-exact, not human-annotated |
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+ | Download size | ~8 GB of data |
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  | License | Apache 2.0 (see [Provenance](#provenance-and-attribution) for the sky cutouts) |
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  ---
 
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  ## The figures
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+ Three categories, **667 of each**:
 
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  | Category | `plot0.type` | `plot0.distribution` | What it is |
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  |---|---|---|---|
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  | `contour` | `contour` | `random` / `linear` / `gmm` | A contour plot of synthetic data |
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+ | `sky-gmm` | `image of the sky` | `gmm` | A **synthetic** sky image: a Gaussian mixture, deposited to sky coordinates |
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  | `sky-real` | `image of the sky` | `sky` | A **real** survey cutout, plotted the same way |
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+ The last two are rendered identically and are
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  distinguishable only by the structure of the data itself. A model that answers
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  the provenance question correctly has to tell a real astronomical field from a
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  plausible-looking fake.
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  Everything else about each figure is randomised independently — plot style,
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  colormap, dpi, aspect ratio, font sizes, colorbar placement, tick formats,
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+ label text, coordinate epoch.
 
 
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  ---
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  ## The questions
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+ Questions are organized by the conceptual level model developed by [Lundgard et. al 2022](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.04406):
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  | Level | What it asks for | Examples |
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  |---|---|---|
 
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  | **Level 2** | Things requiring *estimation from the rendered data* | min/max/median/mean of the colour axis, angular field width and height |
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  | **Level 3** | Things requiring *inference about how the data was made* | which distribution generated it; real sky vs. Gaussian mixture; pixel scale |
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+ Level 4 requires domain-specific expertise and is not covered by this dataset.
 
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  ### Full question inventory
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