text
stringlengths
4
7.07k
text_hash
stringlengths
32
32
__index_level_0__
int64
1
1.81M
The North / South Ministerial Council is an institution through which ministers from the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive agree all @-@ island policies . At least six of these policy areas must have an associated all @-@ island " implementation bodies " and at least six others must be implement...
007ff9c7f74ada1d8155896c86d96723
7,401
The British – Irish Intergovernmental Conference provides for co @-@ operation between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom on all matter of mutual interest , especially Northern Ireland . In light of the Republic 's particular interest in the governance of Northern Ireland , " regular an...
65c6e0ba432d974b3af6f325a5b1de3a
7,402
The North / South Inter @-@ Parliamentary Association is a joint parliamentary forum for the island of Ireland . It has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures .
4fb8edc9ccd887c18ddd80eac49a44d3
7,403
= = Economy = =
d8dae007da3eeaa157f8d1f297a9701a
7,405
Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies ( the euro and pound sterling ) , a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all @-@ Ireland basis . This has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions ' shared membership of the European Union , and there have been calls from members of the...
92b9cf99b1876e6f1265718e3ec8ae16
7,407
There are two multi @-@ city regions on the island of Ireland :
63293a3c83ba6f5b6337ee211ebc25ba
7,408
Dublin @-@ Belfast corridor - 3 @.@ 3 m
34a9d0fbf04591ed5c8631a16f1b475f
7,409
Cork @-@ Limerick @-@ Galway corridor - 1 m
71b3f1c94a9fb1d44275717cfcb8f671
7,410
Below is a comparison of the Regional GDP on the island of Ireland .
7ce0592bec0bf57e33b1f4dc59a3ad00
7,411
The BMW region of the Republic of Ireland ( consisting of Connacht , Counties Laois , Offaly , Westmeath , Longford , Donegal , Monaghan , Cavan , Louth )
0dc6ebfc52d065e58f6eef4c7f84c0aa
7,412
The S & E region of the Republic of Ireland ( consisting of Munster , Counties Dublin , Wicklow , Meath , Kildare , Kilkenny , Carlow , Wexford ) .
d3f86d496bcd6e0890c886fdc6c06a81
7,413
= = = Energy = = =
aa265a96c9de7b711c2a8a985778fe7c
7,415
Ireland has an ancient industry based on peat ( known locally as " turf " ) as a source of energy for home fires . A form of biomass energy , this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas . However , due to the ecological importance of peatlands in storing carbon and their rarity , the EU is attempting to pr...
1fabd80c22f8b3125631c60ba3cb9ca8
7,417
An area in which the island operates as a single market is electricity . For much of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate . Both networks were designed and constructed independently post partition . However , as a result of changes over recent year...
3a203ce975482df294144974ec15c845
7,418
As with electricity , the natural gas distribution network is also now all @-@ island , with a pipeline linking Gormanston , County Meath , and Ballyclare , County Antrim completed in 2007 . Most of Ireland 's gas comes through interconnectors between Twynholm in Scotland and Ballylumford , County Antrim and Loughshin...
ef9c790b1dd61ed005feb5732a79fdc7
7,419
The Republic of Ireland has shown a strong commitment to renewable energy , ranking as one of the top 10 markets for cleantech investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index . Research and development in Ireland in renewable energy such as wind power has increased since 2004 . Large wind farms are being constructed...
95237a086df63a8c5950d3a20f432a83
7,420
= = Geography = =
6d0e383f9b97b9a3074b3db80f26a479
7,422
The island of Ireland is located in the north @-@ west of Europe , between latitudes 51 ° and 56 ° N , and longitudes 11 ° and 5 ° W. It is separated from the neighbouring island of Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel , which has a width of 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) at its narrowest point . To the west ...
852fdfe2c13a45d000cc05b1385fe810
7,424
A ring of coastal mountains surround low plains at the centre of the island . The highest of these is Carrauntoohil ( Irish : Corrán Tuathail ) in County Kerry , which rises to 1 @,@ 038 m ( 3 @,@ 406 ft ) above sea level . The most arable land lies in the province of Leinster . Western areas can be mountainous and ro...
ce00127755fb1d7c6c29838282791b00
7,425
The island 's lush vegetation , a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall , earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle . Overall , Ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate with few extremes . The climate is typically insular and is temperate avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in t...
06d7a4a34ad45f3f0f8751180a8b7ca0
7,426
Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall , particularly in the east . The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms , especially in the late autumn and winter months . These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas , as well as sometimes sn...
8e31d2519e363635658a332548a91d29
7,427
Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter . Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) at inland weather stations , compared to 10 days at coastal stations . Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves , most recently in 1995 , 2003 , 2006 and 2013 . In common with the rest of ...
a02aec38a4a1f7182abbe9cc3d1904c9
7,428
The island consists of varied geological provinces . In the far west , around County Galway and County Donegal , is a medium to high grade metamorphic and igneous complex of Caledonide affinity , similar to the Scottish Highlands . Across southeast Ulster and extending southwest to Longford and south to Navan is a pro...
df24637b0d97488a7fc03669d4c5575e
7,429
In the southwest , around Bantry Bay and the mountains of Macgillicuddy 's Reeks , is an area of substantially deformed , but only lightly metamorphosed , Devonian @-@ aged rocks . This partial ring of " hard rock " geology is covered by a blanket of Carboniferous limestone over the centre of the country , giving rise...
039675d22ef435cd053e630d2264bd4b
7,430
Hydrocarbon exploration is ongoing following the first major find at the Kinsale Head gas field off Cork in the mid @-@ 1970s . In 1999 , economically significant finds of natural gas were made in the Corrib Gas Field off the County Mayo coast . This has increased activity off the west coast in parallel with the " Wes...
9f534d70bfe970de196cfc6f410ca82f
7,431
Landscapes
313cbf3edf4341a9d8bfe161748a702b
7,432
= = = Places of interest = = =
1d38c99f4f00afa65675a761ce962063
7,434
There are three World Heritage Sites on the island : the Brú na Bóinne , Skellig Michael and the Giant 's Causeway . A number of other places are on the tentative list , for example the Burren , the Ceide Fields and Mount Stewart .
b1adc136d55f1a1adb3d8a0d6ed970c0
7,436
Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include Bunratty Castle , the Rock of Cashel , the Cliffs of Moher , Holy Cross Abbey and Blarney Castle . Historically important monastic sites include Glendalough and Clonmacnoise , which are maintained as national monuments in the Republic of Ireland .
0dc78a38d62d8b43d637a5a1eabadc5f
7,437
Dublin is the most heavily touristed region and home to several of the most popular attractions such as the Guinness Storehouse and Book of Kells . The west and south west , which includes the Lakes of Killarney and the Dingle peninsula in County Kerry and Connemara and the Aran Islands in County Galway , are also pop...
ed74b3662519ca52d08797737701471a
7,438
Achill Island lies off the coast of County Mayo and is Ireland 's largest island . It is a popular tourist destination for surfing and contains 5 Blue Flag beaches and Croaghaun one of the worlds highest sea cliffs . Stately homes , built during the 17th , 18th and 19th centuries in Palladian , Neoclassical and neo @-...
b41ba84d055aef250331dece26a72771
7,439
World Heritage Sites
cad43526a991f715c80a8068c7d45fae
7,440
= = Flora and fauna = =
5e3a0ddbd5ad30cf0e1b4fb5057ca53b
7,442
Because Ireland became isolated from mainland Europe by rising sea levels before the last ice age had completely finished , it has fewer land animal and plant species than Great Britain , which separated later , or mainland Europe . There are 55 mammal species in Ireland and of them only 26 land mammal species are con...
35c36b306c0438210c55254c906bb19b
7,444
Several different habitat types are found in Ireland , including farmland , open woodland , temperate broadleaf and mixed forests , conifer plantations , peat bogs and a variety of coastal habitats . However , agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland , limiting natural habitat preserves , particularly f...
c720a64f876b620ed3ba6e936245dcab
7,445
There are no snakes in Ireland and only one species of reptile ( the common lizard ) is native to the island . Extinct species include the Irish elk , the great auk and the wolf . Some previously extinct birds , such as the golden eagle , been reintroduced in about the year 2000 after decades of extirpation . Until me...
80557740dcb1cfd37ef648e1ad8bb873
7,446
As of 2012 the Republic is one of the least forested countries in Europe . Much of the land is now covered with pasture and there are many species of wild @-@ flower . Gorse ( Ulex europaeus ) , a wild furze , is commonly found growing in the uplands and ferns are plentiful in the more moist regions , especially in th...
bd4a5377bbda6427bddefbb703757bdd
7,447
The algal and seaweed flora is that of the cold @-@ temperate variety . The total number of species is 574 and is distributed as follows :
67ea6d773d5516b65723ee71bf1e9783
7,448
264 Rhodophyta ( red algae )
489ef31532276a32cc738b0fc85a0af2
7,449
152 Phaeophyceae ( brown algae including kelps )
2022d5bf90d75f07dd78855cf9ffb1fa
7,450
114 Chloropyta ( green algae )
5c39f4a73dc83228b740c4ca81a649cf
7,451
31 Cyanophyta ( Blue @-@ green algae )
abfe6cde164a05d61096af3324e12870
7,452
Rarer species include :
07459697106f003e14a107b1d9155b3c
7,453
Itonoa marginifera ( J.Agardh ) Masuda & Guiry
3f083694be42dbb65b3547303d290c87
7,454
Schmitzia hiscockiana Maggs & Guiry
9bf2afd47452010160dd5bc2350d6bb7
7,455
Gelidiella calcicola Maggs & Guiry
d4b6cda20d78f0be1274458fded4af45
7,456
Gelidium maggsiae Rico & Guiry
0dabb6b4f73b3ca39706dd69b94d3a3a
7,457
Halymenia latifolia P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan ex Kützing .
236d12778f1fcf86d0d9f446e52b7fd3
7,458
The island has been invaded by some algae , some of which are now well established . For example :
c4d771871baaea078bd63017d5255642
7,459
Asparagopsis armara Harvey , which originated in Australia and was first recorded by M. De Valera in 1939
5667a3b4e4bd24d32273fe0ebadae9f2
7,460
Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau , which is now locally abundant and first recorded in the 1930s
8a642d184f3e31ac7d7ab4a88bb42b16
7,461
Sargassum muticum ( Yendo ) Fensholt , now well established in a number of localities on the south , west , and north @-@ east coasts
c4ffa820e58464221916033e0fb267e3
7,462
Codium fragile ssp. fragile ( formerly reported as ssp. tomentosum ) , now well established .
3608697cbcbda6403f7b5662b26a1222
7,463
Codium fragile ssp. atlanticum has been established to be native , although for many years it was regarded as an alien species .
1dd807c74ca4b183a2a8f0a5d94be5eb
7,464
Because of its mild climate , many species , including sub @-@ tropical species such as palm trees , are grown in Ireland . Phytogeographically , Ireland belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom . The island itself can be subdivided into two ecoregions : the Celtic...
c9e495604dc709f6f575c5517f5059d0
7,465
= = = Impact of agriculture = = =
2363667f4656d3bef23d5b8604a868ec
7,467
The long history of agricultural production , coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as pesticide and fertiliser use and runoff from contaminants into streams , rivers and lakes , impact the natural fresh @-@ water ecosystems and have placed pressure on biodiversity in Ireland .
1d3261362907c751bd5d7bb6464428b8
7,469
A land of green fields for crop cultivation and cattle rearing limits the space available for the establishment of native wild species . Hedgerows , however , traditionally used for maintaining and demarcating land boundaries , act as a refuge for native wild flora . This ecosystem stretches across the countryside and...
7bdbc7b5143105293ee7fd5068600196
7,470
Forest covers about 12 @.@ 6 % of the country , most of it designated for commercial production . Forested areas typically consist of monoculture plantations of non @-@ native species , which may result in habitats that are not suitable for supporting native species of invertebrates . Remnants of native forest can be ...
c7fcba7f05e44a694e369fb99fc1dc17
7,471
= = Demographics = =
148f6e0a9ba1d03b2afa650571c627fe
7,473
People have lived in Ireland for over 9 @,@ 000 years . The different eras are termed mesolithic , neolithic , Bronze Age , and Iron Age .
48444b64f247dc2e35e60f58b0c011c4
7,475
Early historical and genealogical records note the existence of major groups such as the Cruthin , Corcu Loígde , Dál Riata , Dáirine , Deirgtine , Delbhna , Érainn , Laigin , Ulaid . Slightly later major groups included the Connachta , Ciannachta , Eóganachta .
9a560727f45de8848b422470c7b5a8e1
7,476
Smaller groups included the aithechthúatha ( see Attacotti ) , Cálraighe , Cíarraige , Conmaicne , Dartraighe , Déisi , Éile , Fir Bolg , Fortuatha , Gailenga , Gamanraige , Mairtine , Múscraige , Partraige , Soghain , Uaithni , Uí Maine , Uí Liatháin . Many survived into late medieval times , others vanished as they ...
8de5c0b91a0d2e2c3dca8ead4acc0e6d
7,477
Over the past 1200 years , Vikings , Normans , Welsh , Flemings , Scots , English , Africans , Eastern Europeans and South Americans have all added to the population and have had significant influences on Irish culture .
c0e21b56ec49a0e7b2439faebb4584f2
7,478
Ireland 's largest religious group is Christianity . The largest denomination is Roman Catholicism representing over 73 % for the island ( and about 87 % of the Republic of Ireland ) . Most of the rest of the population adhere to one of the various Protestant denominations ( about 48 % of Northern Ireland ) . The larg...
7dfc3e440c9e6b9d912c86270579a9d1
7,479
The population of Ireland rose rapidly from the 16th century until the mid @-@ 19th century , but a devastating famine in the 1840s caused one million deaths and forced over one million more to emigrate in its immediate wake . Over the following century the population was reduced by over half , at a time when the gene...
dcb012f2b09ce737dade99f44ca33b3b
7,480
= = = Divisions and settlements = = =
50cec52a263ba5a4fbdb5fca069205c8
7,482
Traditionally , Ireland is subdivided into four provinces : Connacht ( west ) , Leinster ( east ) , Munster ( south ) , and Ulster ( north ) . In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries , Ireland has 32 traditional counties . Twenty @-@ six of these counties are in the Republic of Ireland and six a...
1f2ffaf20c9fd58a51af519ed61bb147
7,484
In the Republic of Ireland , counties form the basis of the system of local government . Counties Dublin , Cork , Limerick , Galway , Waterford and Tipperary have been broken up into smaller administrative areas . However , they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes , for example postal...
c7b17de7ffc14fe0113e85d1264cc9b1
7,485
City status in Ireland is decided by legislative or royal charter . Dublin , with over 1 million residents in the Greater Dublin Area , is the largest city on the island . Belfast , with 579 @,@ 726 residents , is the largest city in Northern Ireland . City status does not directly equate with population size . For ex...
58f787a7cb52302634cb263c0edcd742
7,486
= = = Migration = = =
fe0b71c4d0257e9d1083c73b3589a113
7,488
The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century . A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921 . In part , the fall in population was due to death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852 , which took about 1 million lives . However...
e6df699a46a754e57db577df6c3ea396
7,490
Emigration from Ireland in the 19th century contributed to the populations of England , the United States , Canada and Australia , where a large Irish diaspora lives . As of 2006 , 4 @.@ 3 million Canadians , or 14 % of the population , are of Irish descent . As of 2013 , a total of 34 @.@ 5 million Americans claim Ir...
6d6e860e6da1c0eb567c165677856744
7,491
With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century , Ireland became a destination for immigrants . Since the European Union expanded to include Poland in 2004 , Polish people have made up the largest number of immigrants ( over 150 @,@ 000 ) from Central Europe . There has also been significant immigrat...
4c0861993cd7706fe175f451890178c6
7,492
The Republic of Ireland in particular has seen large @-@ scale immigration , with 420 @,@ 000 foreign nationals as of 2006 , about 10 % of the population . A quarter of births ( 24 percent ) in 2009 were to mothers born outside Ireland . Chinese and Nigerians , along with people from other African countries , have acc...
15ae78fa8d9029a295da5ff946868433
7,493
= = = Languages = = =
63f60da032aa169e153409e5b30eee82
7,495
Two main languages are spoken in Ireland : Irish and English . Both languages have widely contributed to literature . Irish , now a minority but official language of the Republic of Ireland , was the vernacular of the Irish people for over two thousand years and was probably introduced by some sort of proto @-@ Gaelic...
14e1f9768eada1e169ea8f0ae944f835
7,497
The Irish language has a vast treasure of written texts from many centuries , and is divided by linguists into Old Irish from the 6th to 10th century , Middle Irish from the 10th to 13th century , Early Modern Irish until the 17th century , and the Modern Irish spoken today . It remained the dominant language of Irela...
dca962964931ff850d35b9be8fec101f
7,498
Gaeltacht or Irish @-@ speaking areas are still seeing a decline in the language . The main Gaeltacht areas are down the west of the country , in Donegal , Mayo , Galway and Kerry with smaller Gaeltacht areas near Dungarvan in Waterford , Navan , in Meath , and the Shaw 's Road in Belfast . Irish language is a compuls...
1214aeabf99c99c45289011f9bd0dc78
7,499
English was first introduced to Ireland in the Norman invasion . It was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England , and was largely replaced by Irish before the Tudor Conquest of Ireland . It was introduced as the official language with the Tudor and Cromwellian conquests . The Ulster plantation...
75a193558532b89ad52e148d13e7fbde
7,500
Less than 10 % of the population of the Republic of Ireland today speak Irish regularly outside of the education system and 38 % of those over 15 years are classified as " Irish speakers " . In Northern Ireland , English is the de facto official language , but official recognition is afforded to Irish , including spec...
688350afdb83b65252b49e8ecba6d47e
7,501
= = Culture = =
096742319b7a1e5605a210902a7c1c24
7,503
Ireland 's culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient peoples , later immigrant and broadcast cultural influences ( chiefly Gaelic culture , Anglicisation , Americanisation and aspects of broader European culture ) . In broad terms , Ireland is regarded as one of the Celtic nations of Europe , alongside Scot...
ebc032de0c9786dbb18360a9e3ea29f5
7,505
Religion has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times ( and since the 17th century plantations , has been the focus of political identity and divisions on the island ) . Ireland 's pre @-@ Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in...
3b6c65d1fc8a578ad727730c4fa88f3b
7,506
Since the 20th century the Irish pubs worldwide have become , especially those with a full range of cultural and gastronomic offerings , outposts of Irish culture .
b3b994ae930de01b38da7b8283b5e61e
7,507
The Republic of Ireland 's national theatre is the Abbey Theatre , which was founded in 1904 , and the national Irish @-@ language theatre is An Taibhdhearc , which was established in 1928 in Galway . Playwrights such as Seán O 'Casey , Brian Friel , Sebastian Barry , Conor McPherson and Billy Roche are internationall...
0d0e46958a638c56eaf5971e6193209a
7,508
= = = Arts = = =
c50342fa5c8f0de5e53398fe7de5ef6a
7,510
Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches , particularly in the English language . Poetry in Irish is among the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe , with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century . In English , Jonathan Swift , still often called the foremost satirist in the...
7abe636ddb7f33fb14c2d3f7be50f664
7,512
In the 20th century , Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature : George Bernard Shaw , William Butler Yeats , Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney . Although not a Nobel Prize winner , James Joyce is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century . Joyce 's 1922 nove...
7497e595180457ff3c83f0beae401114
7,513
Music has been in evidence in Ireland since prehistoric times . Although in the early Middle Ages the church was " quite unlike its counterpart in continental Europe " , there was considerable interchange between monastic settlements in Ireland and the rest of Europe that contributed to what is known as Gregorian chan...
95eff55574b977735adbc04fc2593ba3
7,514
Irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s . In the middle years of the 20th century , as Irish society was modernising , traditional music had fallen out of favour , especially in urban areas . However during the 1960s , there was a revival of interest in Iris...
6c6b99aef09f9bfd2999dd40f928b52d
7,515
The earliest known Irish graphic art and sculpture are Neolithic carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze age artefacts and the religious carvings and illuminated manuscripts of the medieval period . During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries , a strong tradition of painting emerged...
23ff9272b1beb4f7e80c2167c094cc8b
7,516
= = = Science = = =
015c272604764e36272eb167103e05fb
7,518
The Irish philosopher and theologian Johannes Scotus Eriugena was considered one of the leading intellectuals of his early Middle Ages . Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton , an Irish explorer , was one of the principal figures of Antarctic exploration . He , along with his expedition , made the first ascent of Mount Erebus a...
172370106e7ac4df3d9c2cfa8262b9f7
7,520
19th century physicist , John Tyndall , discovered the Tyndall effect . Father Nicholas Joseph Callan , Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth College , is best known for his invention of the induction coil , transformer and he discovered an early method of galvanisation in the 19th century .
6e99c6750dcbce26ffa399a99f8c820c
7,521
Other notable Irish physicists include Ernest Walton , winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics . With Sir John Douglas Cockcroft , he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of wave equation . William Thomson , or Lord Kelvin , is t...
3ae1efb41a603c339b96a53c72dd76ad
7,522
George Johnstone Stoney introduced the term electron in 1891 . John Stewart Bell was the originator of Bell 's Theorem and a paper concerning the discovery of the Bell @-@ Jackiw @-@ Adler anomaly and was nominated for a Nobel prize . Notable mathematicians include Sir William Rowan Hamilton , famous for work in class...
c7e59e57c6596fdb2797c7551c8c3534
7,523
Ireland has nine universities , seven in the Republic of Ireland and two in Northern Ireland , including Trinity College , Dublin and the University College Dublin , as well as numerous third @-@ level colleges and institutes and a branch of the Open University , the Open University in Ireland .
9301b045dc2e34c501fdb101e2fd0a6f
7,524
= = = Sports = = =
5de9a2af38a72ce01c1d06e6a60b7d1c
7,526
The island of Ireland fields a single international team in most sports . One notable exception to this is association football , although both associations continued to field international teams under the name " Ireland " until the 1950s . An all @-@ Ireland club competition for soccer , the Setanta Cup , was created...
813668b84a09fef0cca50edb69e00cff
7,528