cut stringclasses 1
value | version stringclasses 10
values | idiom_id stringclasses 53
values | pep stringclasses 53
values | introduced_in stringclasses 11
values | form stringclasses 2
values | file stringclasses 887
values | code stringclasses 916
values | source stringclasses 1
value | origin stringlengths 15 17 | origin_revision stringclasses 10
values | license stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
train | 3.14 | template-strings | 750 | 3.14 | modern | template-strings/modern_25.py | async def example():
async def get_name() -> str:
await asyncio.sleep(1)
return "Sleepy"
template = t"Hello {get_name}"
assert await async_f(template) == "Hello Sleepy"
| pydocs | pep-0750.rst:1083 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | template-strings | 750 | 3.14 | modern | template-strings/modern_26.py | def reusable(name: str, question: str) -> Template:
return t"Hello {name}, {question}?"
template = reusable("friend", "how are you")
template = reusable("King Arthur", "what is your quest")
| pydocs | pep-0750.rst:1110 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | template-strings | 750 | 3.14 | modern | template-strings/modern_27.py | def make_template(*, cheese: str) -> Template:
return t"We're all out of {cheese}."
template = make_template(cheese="Red Leicester")
# Using the f() function from the f-string example, above
assert f(template) == "We're all out of Red Leicester."
| pydocs | pep-0750.rst:1137 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | template-strings | 750 | 3.14 | modern | template-strings/modern_28.py | name = "World"
assert t"Hello " + t"{name}" == t"Hello {name}"
| pydocs | pep-0750.rst:1293 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | template-strings | 750 | 3.14 | modern | template-strings/modern_29.py | value = 42
template1 = t"{value}"
template2 = t"{value:}"
assert template1.interpolations[0].format_spec == ""
assert template2.interpolations[0].format_spec == ""
| pydocs | pep-0750.rst:1332 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | template-strings | 750 | 3.14 | modern | template-strings/modern_30.py | value = 42
template1 = t"{value=}"
template2 = t"value={value!r}"
assert template1.strings[0] == "value="
assert template1.interpolations[0].expression == "value"
assert template1.interpolations[0].conversion == "r"
assert template2.strings[0] == "value="
assert template2.interpolations[0].expression == "value"
assert ... | pydocs | pep-0750.rst:1344 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | template-strings | 750 | 3.14 | modern | template-strings/modern_31.py | value = 42
precision = 2
template1 = t"{value:.2f}"
template2 = t"{value:.{precision}f}"
assert template1.interpolations[0].format_spec == ".2f"
assert template2.interpolations[0].format_spec == ".2f"
| pydocs | pep-0750.rst:1361 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | class-creation-hooks | 487 | 3.6 | modern | class-creation-hooks/modern_01.py | class QuestBase:
# this is implicitly a @classmethod (see below for motivation)
def __init_subclass__(cls, swallow, **kwargs):
cls.swallow = swallow
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
class Quest(QuestBase, swallow="african"):
pass
Quest.swallow
| pydocs | pep-0487.rst:66 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | class-creation-hooks | 487 | 3.6 | modern | class-creation-hooks/modern_02.py | import weakref
class WeakAttribute:
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return instance.__dict__[self.name]()
def __set__(self, instance, value):
instance.__dict__[self.name] = weakref.ref(value)
# this is the new initializer:
def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
self.name = n... | pydocs | pep-0487.rst:107 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | class-creation-hooks | 487 | 3.6 | modern | class-creation-hooks/modern_03.py | class PluginBase:
subclasses = []
def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
cls.subclasses.append(cls)
| pydocs | pep-0487.rst:194 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | class-creation-hooks | 487 | 3.6 | modern | class-creation-hooks/modern_04.py | class Trait:
def __init__(self, minimum, maximum):
self.minimum = minimum
self.maximum = maximum
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return instance.__dict__[self.key]
def __set__(self, instance, value):
if self.minimum < value < self.maximum:
instance.__dict__[... | pydocs | pep-0487.rst:213 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_01.py | @dataclass
class InventoryItem:
'''Class for keeping track of an item in inventory.'''
name: str
unit_price: float
quantity_on_hand: int = 0
def total_cost(self) -> float:
return self.unit_price * self.quantity_on_hand
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:42 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | legacy | dataclasses/legacy_01.py | def __init__(self, name: str, unit_price: float, quantity_on_hand: int = 0) -> None:
self.name = name
self.unit_price = unit_price
self.quantity_on_hand = quantity_on_hand
def __repr__(self):
return f'InventoryItem(name={self.name!r}, unit_price={self.unit_price!r}, quantity_on_hand={self.quantity_on_ha... | pydocs | pep-0557.rst:55 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_02.py | @dataclass
class C:
...
@dataclass()
class C:
...
@dataclass(init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False)
class C:
...
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:176 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_03.py | @dataclass
class C:
a: int # 'a' has no default value
b: int = 0 # assign a default value for 'b'
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:265 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_04.py | @dataclass
class C:
x: int
y: int = field(repr=False)
z: int = field(repr=False, default=10)
t: int = 20
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:342 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_05.py | @dataclass
class C:
a: float
b: float
c: float = field(init=False)
def __post_init__(self):
self.c = self.a + self.b
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:383 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_06.py | @dataclass
class C:
i: int
j: int = None
database: InitVar[DatabaseType] = None
def __post_init__(self, database):
if self.j is None and database is not None:
self.j = database.lookup('j')
c = C(10, database=my_database)
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:423 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_07.py | @dataclass
class Base:
x: Any = 15.0
y: int = 0
@dataclass
class C(Base):
z: int = 10
x: int = 15
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:464 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_08.py | @dataclass
class D:
x: List = []
def add(self, element):
self.x += element
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:519 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_09.py | @dataclass
class D:
x: list = field(default_factory=list)
assert D().x is not D().x
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:550 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_10.py | @dataclass
class Point:
x: int
y: int
@dataclass
class C:
l: List[Point]
p = Point(10, 20)
assert asdict(p) == {'x': 10, 'y': 20}
c = C([Point(0, 0), Point(10, 4)])
assert asdict(c) == {'l': [{'x': 0, 'y': 0}, {'x': 10, 'y': 4}]}
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:571 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_11.py | C = make_dataclass('C',
[('x', int),
'y',
('z', int, field(default=5))],
namespace={'add_one': lambda self: self.x + 1})
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:613 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_12.py | @dataclass
class C:
x: int
y: 'typing.Any'
z: int = 5
def add_one(self):
return self.x + 1
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:621 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | legacy | dataclasses/legacy_02.py | Time = namedtuple('Time', ['hour', 'minute'])
def get_time():
return Time(12, 0)
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:710 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_13.py | @dataclass
class C:
x: int
@classmethod
def from_file(cls, filename):
with open(filename) as fl:
file_value = int(fl.read())
return C(file_value)
c = C.from_file('file.txt')
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:762 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_14.py | @dataclass
class Square:
length: float
area: float = field(init=False, default=0.0)
def __post_init__(self):
self.area = self.length * self.length
s1 = Square(1.0)
s2 = replace(s1, length=2.0)
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:831 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_15.py | @dataclass(init=False)
class ArgHolder:
args: List[Any]
kwargs: Mapping[Any, Any]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.args = args
self.kwargs = kwargs
a = ArgHolder(1, 2, three=3)
| pydocs | pep-0557.rst:867 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | legacy | dataclasses/legacy_03.py | class Application:
def __init__(self, name, requirements, constraints=None, path='', executable_links=None, executables_dir=()):
self.name = name
self.requirements = requirements
self.constraints = {} if constraints is None else constraints
self.path = path
self.executable_li... | pydocs | pep-0557.rst:883 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | dataclasses | 557 | 3.7 | modern | dataclasses/modern_16.py | @dataclass
class Application:
name: str
requirements: List[Requirement]
constraints: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
path: str = ''
executable_links: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
executable_dir: Tuple[str] = ()
additional_items: List[str] = field(init=False, default_f... | pydocs | pep-0557.rst:898 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_01.py | a = ZoneInfo(key)
b = ZoneInfo(key)
assert a is b
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:108 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_02.py | a = ZoneInfo.no_cache(key)
b = ZoneInfo(key)
a is not b
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:152 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_03.py | NYC0 = ZoneInfo("America/New_York")
NYC0 is ZoneInfo("America/New_York")
ZoneInfo.clear_cache()
NYC1 = ZoneInfo("America/New_York")
NYC0 is NYC1
NYC1 is ZoneInfo("America/New_York")
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:219 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_04.py | NYC0 = ZoneInfo("America/New_York")
LA0 = ZoneInfo("America/Los_Angeles")
ZoneInfo.clear_cache(only_keys=["America/New_York"])
NYC1 = ZoneInfo("America/New_York")
LA0 = ZoneInfo("America/Los_Angeles")
NYC0 is NYC1
LA0 is LA1
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:234 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_05.py | zone = ZoneInfo("Pacific/Kwajalein")
str(zone)
dt = datetime(2020, 4, 1, 3, 15, tzinfo=zone)
f"{dt.isoformat()} [{dt.tzinfo}]"
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:263 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_06.py | zone = ZoneInfo.from_file(f)
str(zone)
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:275 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_07.py | a = ZoneInfo("Europe/Berlin")
b = pickle.loads(europe_berlin_pkl)
a is b
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:310 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_08.py | a = ZoneInfo("Europe/Berlin")
b = pickle.loads(europe_berlin_pkl_nc)
a is b
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:324 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | zoneinfo | 615 | 3.9 | modern | zoneinfo/modern_09.py | reset_tzpath(to=["/my/custom/tzdb"])
a = ZoneInfo("My/Custom/Zone")
reset_tzpath()
b = ZoneInfo("My/Custom/Zone")
del a
del b
c = ZoneInfo("My/Custom/Zone")
| pydocs | pep-0615.rst:534 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | explicit-encoding | 597 | 3.10 | modern | explicit-encoding/modern_01.py | def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f:
return f.read()
| pydocs | pep-0597.rst:174 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | tarfile-filter | 706 | 3.12 | modern | tarfile-filter/modern_01.py | with StatefulFilter() as filter_func:
my_tar.extract(path, filter=filter_func)
| pydocs | pep-0706.rst:487 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | tarfile-filter | 706 | 3.12 | modern | tarfile-filter/modern_02.py | my_tarfile.extraction_filter = (lambda member, path: member)
my_tarfile.extractall()
| pydocs | pep-0706.rst:542 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | tarfile-filter | 706 | 3.12 | modern | tarfile-filter/modern_03.py | my_tarfile.extraction_filter = getattr(tarfile, 'data_filter',
(lambda member, path: member))
my_tarfile.extractall()
| pydocs | pep-0706.rst:548 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | tarfile-filter | 706 | 3.12 | modern | tarfile-filter/modern_04.py | my_tarfile.extractall(filter=tarfile.data_filter)
| pydocs | pep-0706.rst:557 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | tarfile-filter | 706 | 3.12 | modern | tarfile-filter/modern_05.py | my_tarfile.extraction_filter = tarfile.data_filter
my_tarfile.extractall()
| pydocs | pep-0706.rst:561 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.14 | tarfile-filter | 706 | 3.12 | modern | tarfile-filter/modern_06.py | if hasattr(tarfile, 'data_filter'):
my_tarfile.extractall(filter='data')
else:
# remove this when no longer needed
warn_the_user('Extracting may be unsafe; consider updating Python')
my_tarfile.extractall()
| pydocs | pep-0706.rst:566 | cec9cb6ae57ddb740dc344666866839f5e8eec8c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_01.py | def greeting(name: str) -> str:
return 'Hello ' + name
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:35 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_02.py | Url = str
def retry(url: Url, retry_count: int) -> None: ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:201 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_03.py | from typing import TypeVar, Iterable, Tuple
T = TypeVar('T', int, float, complex)
Vector = Iterable[Tuple[T, T]]
def inproduct(v: Vector[T]) -> T:
return sum(x*y for x, y in v)
def dilate(v: Vector[T], scale: T) -> Vector[T]:
return ((x * scale, y * scale) for x, y in v)
vec = [] # type: Vector[float]
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:213 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_04.py | from typing import TypeVar, Iterable, Tuple
T = TypeVar('T', int, float, complex)
def inproduct(v: Iterable[Tuple[T, T]]) -> T:
return sum(x*y for x, y in v)
def dilate(v: Iterable[Tuple[T, T]], scale: T) -> Iterable[Tuple[T, T]]:
return ((x * scale, y * scale) for x, y in v)
vec = [] # type: Iterable[Tuple[... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:227 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_05.py | from typing import Callable
def feeder(get_next_item: Callable[[], str]) -> None:
...
# Body
def async_query(on_success: Callable[[int], None],
on_error: Callable[[int, Exception], None]) -> None:
...
# Body
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:245 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_06.py | def partial(func: Callable[..., str], *args) -> Callable[..., str]:
...
# Body
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:258 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_07.py | from typing import Mapping, Set
def notify_by_email(employees: Set[Employee], overrides: Mapping[str, str]) -> None: ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:285 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_08.py | from typing import Sequence, TypeVar
T = TypeVar('T') # Declare type variable
def first(l: Sequence[T]) -> T: # Generic function
return l[0]
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:292 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_09.py | from typing import TypeVar, Text
AnyStr = TypeVar('AnyStr', Text, bytes)
def concat(x: AnyStr, y: AnyStr) -> AnyStr:
return x + y
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:313 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_10.py | def count_truthy(elements: List[Any]) -> int:
return sum(1 for elem in elements if elem)
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:342 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_11.py | from typing import TypeVar, Generic
from logging import Logger
T = TypeVar('T')
class LoggedVar(Generic[T]):
def __init__(self, value: T, name: str, logger: Logger) -> None:
self.name = name
self.logger = logger
self.value = value
def set(self, new: T) -> None:
self.log('Set '... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:355 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_12.py | from typing import Iterable
def zero_all_vars(vars: Iterable[LoggedVar[int]]) -> None:
for var in vars:
var.set(0)
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:384 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_13.py | from typing import TypeVar, Generic
T = TypeVar('T')
def fun_1(x: T) -> T: ... # T here
def fun_2(x: T) -> T: ... # and here could be different
fun_1(1) # This is OK, T is inferred to be int
fun_2('a') # This is also OK, now T is str
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:467 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_14.py | from typing import TypeVar, Generic
T = TypeVar('T')
class MyClass(Generic[T]):
def meth_1(self, x: T) -> T: ... # T here
def meth_2(self, x: T) -> T: ... # and here are always the same
a = MyClass() # type: MyClass[int]
a.meth_1(1) # OK
a.meth_2('a') # This is an error!
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:481 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_15.py | T = TypeVar('T')
S = TypeVar('S')
class Foo(Generic[T]):
def method(self, x: T, y: S) -> S:
...
x = Foo() # type: Foo[int]
y = x.method(0, "abc") # inferred type of y is str
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:497 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_16.py | T = TypeVar('T')
S = TypeVar('S')
def a_fun(x: T) -> None:
# this is OK
y = [] # type: List[T]
# but below is an error!
y = [] # type: List[S]
class Bar(Generic[T]):
# this is also an error
an_attr = [] # type: List[S]
def do_something(x: S) -> S: # this is OK though
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:509 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_17.py | from typing import List
def a_fun(x: T) -> None:
# This is OK
a_list = [] # type: List[T]
...
# This is however illegal
class MyGeneric(Generic[T]):
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:528 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_18.py | from typing import TypeVar, Generic
T = TypeVar('T')
class Node(Generic[T]):
x = None # type: T # Instance attribute (see below)
def __init__(self, label: T = None) -> None:
...
x = Node('') # Inferred type is Node[str]
y = Node(0) # Inferred type is Node[int]
z = Node() # Inferred type is Nod... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:579 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | legacy | type-hints/legacy_01.py | # (continued from previous example)
a = Node() # type: Node[int]
b = Node() # type: Node[str]
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:596 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | legacy | type-hints/legacy_02.py | data = collections.defaultdict() # type: DefaultDict[int, bytes]
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:641 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_19.py | from typing import Dict, List, Optional
class Node:
...
class SymbolTable(Dict[str, List[Node]]):
def push(self, name: str, node: Node) -> None:
self.setdefault(name, []).append(node)
def pop(self, name: str) -> Node:
return self[name].pop()
def lookup(self, name: str) -> Optional[No... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:660 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_20.py | from typing import TypeVar, Sized
ST = TypeVar('ST', bound=Sized)
def longer(x: ST, y: ST) -> ST:
if len(x) > len(y):
return x
else:
return y
longer([1], [1, 2]) # ok, return type List[int]
longer({1}, {1, 2}) # ok, return type Set[int]
longer([1], {1, 2}) # ok, return type Collection[int]... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:725 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_21.py | from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Iterable, Iterator
T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)
class ImmutableList(Generic[T_co]):
def __init__(self, items: Iterable[T_co]) -> None: ...
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T_co]: ...
...
class Employee: ...
class Manager(Employee): ...
def dump_employees(emp... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:783 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_22.py | from typing import TypeVar
class Employee: ...
class Manager(Employee): ...
E = TypeVar('E', bound=Employee)
def dump_employee(e: E) -> None: ...
dump_employee(Manager()) # OK
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:818 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_23.py | B_co = TypeVar('B_co', covariant=True)
def bad_func(x: B_co) -> B_co: # Flagged as error by a type checker
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:832 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_24.py | class Tree:
def __init__(self, left: Tree, right: Tree):
self.left = left
self.right = right
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:870 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_25.py | class Tree:
def __init__(self, left: 'Tree', right: 'Tree'):
self.left = left
self.right = right
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:877 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_26.py | class Tree:
...
def leaves(self) -> List['Tree']:
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:896 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_27.py | # File models/a.py
from models.b import B
class A(Model):
def foo(self, b: B): ...
# File models/b.py
from models.a import A
class B(Model):
def bar(self, a: A): ...
# File main.py
from models.a import A
from models.b import B
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:907 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_28.py | # File models/a.py
from models import b
class A(Model):
def foo(self, b: 'b.B'): ...
# File models/b.py
from models import a
class B(Model):
def bar(self, a: 'a.A'): ...
# File main.py
from models.a import A
from models.b import B
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:927 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_29.py | from typing import Union
def handle_employees(e: Union[Employee, Sequence[Employee]]) -> None:
if isinstance(e, Employee):
e = [e]
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:949 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_30.py | def handle_employee(e: Union[Employee, None]) -> None: ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:965 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_31.py | from typing import Optional
def handle_employee(e: Optional[Employee]) -> None: ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:970 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_32.py | def handle_employee(e: Employee = None): ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:977 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_33.py | def handle_employee(e: Optional[Employee] = None) -> None: ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:981 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | legacy | type-hints/legacy_03.py | _empty = object()
def func(x=_empty):
if x is _empty: # default argument value
return 0
elif x is None: # argument was provided and it's None
return 1
else:
return x * 2
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:993 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_34.py | from typing import Union
from enum import Enum
class Empty(Enum):
token = 0
_empty = Empty.token
def func(x: Union[int, None, Empty] = _empty) -> int:
boom = x * 42 # This fails type check
if x is _empty:
return 0
elif x is None:
return 1
else: # At this point typechecker knows... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1007 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_35.py | class Reason(Enum):
timeout = 1
error = 2
def process(response: Union[str, Reason] = '') -> str:
if response is Reason.timeout:
return 'TIMEOUT'
elif response is Reason.error:
return 'ERROR'
else:
# response can be only str, all other possible values exhausted
return... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1031 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_36.py | from typing import Mapping
def use_map(m: Mapping) -> None: # Same as Mapping[Any, Any]
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1063 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_37.py | from typing import Tuple, List, Callable
def check_args(args: Tuple) -> bool:
...
check_args(()) # OK
check_args((42, 'abc')) # Also OK
check_args(3.14) # Flagged as error by a type checker
# A list of arbitrary callables is accepted by this function
def apply_callbacks(cbs: List[Callable]) ->... | pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1073 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_38.py | from typing import NoReturn
def stop() -> NoReturn:
raise RuntimeError('no way')
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1094 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_39.py | # continue from first example
def g(x: int) -> int:
if x > 0:
return x
stop()
return 'whatever works' # Error might be not reported by some checkers
# that ignore errors in unreachable blocks
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1113 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_40.py | from typing import List, NoReturn
# All of the following are errors
def bad1(x: NoReturn) -> int:
...
bad2 = None # type: NoReturn
def bad3() -> List[NoReturn]:
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1124 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | legacy | type-hints/legacy_04.py | def new_user(user_class):
user = user_class()
# (Here we could write the user object to a database)
return user
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1154 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_41.py | def new_user(user_class: type) -> User:
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1162 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_42.py | U = TypeVar('U', bound=User)
def new_user(user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1168 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_43.py | def new_non_team_user(user_class: Type[Union[BasicUser, ProUser]]):
user = new_user(user_class)
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1186 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_44.py | def new_pro_user(pro_user_class: Type[ProUser]):
user = new_user(pro_user_class) # OK
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1233 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_45.py | T = TypeVar('T', bound='Copyable')
class Copyable:
def copy(self: T) -> T:
...
# return a copy of self
class C(Copyable): ...
c = C()
c2 = c.copy() # type here should be C
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1249 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_46.py | T = TypeVar('T', bound='C')
class C:
@classmethod
def factory(cls: Type[T]) -> T:
...
# make a new instance of cls
class D(C): ...
d = D.factory() # type here should be D
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1261 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_47.py | import typing
if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
import expensive_mod
def a_func(arg: 'expensive_mod.SomeClass') -> None:
a_var = arg # type: expensive_mod.SomeClass
...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1306 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_48.py | def foo(*args: str, **kwds: int): ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1328 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_49.py | def foo(x: AnyStr, y: AnyStr = ...) -> AnyStr: ...
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1344 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
train | 3.15 | type-hints | 484 | 3.5 | modern | type-hints/modern_50.py | def quux(__x: int, __y__: int = 0) -> None: ...
quux(3, __y__=1) # This call is fine.
quux(__x=3) # This call is an error.
| pydocs | pep-0484.rst:1362 | e449c7e446faec3ecf953e83fbe677b771bf5d7c | CC0-1.0 |
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