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Produced by the Research Support Team Abstract The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The pa... | {
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10 scored on a Likert scale running from 0 (significantly worse) – 10 (significantly better). The survey questions on optimism were collected at outreach, baseline and endline. Employment status: Due to slight differences in access to labor markets for refugees in Jordan and Lebanon and differences in how we were able ... | {
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4 policy relevance, which is that it could show how differences in camp location and administration affect refugees. This paper aims to analyze how the living arrangement (camp vs. out-of-camp) affects Syrian refugees'QOL by studying the case of Syrian refugees hosted in Jordan. Besides its policy relevance, another re... | {
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Between outreach and baseline, one full survey round was collected due to potential survey fatigue and on the understanding that nothing of importance would likely change in such a short period. Basic demographic information, such as age, gender, marital status and employment status were collected at outreach. At basel... | {
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8 we use a cutoff distance of 20 km, we assume there is little economic footprint beyond that distance. Of course, any such distance is arbitrarily chosen, which is why we try different specifications to explore the spatial heterogeneity by varying this distance (using 10 km, 20 km, through 50 km) as well as a spatial ... | {
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For example, IDPs who subsequently cross international borders may be counted as both IDPs and refugees (e. g. in the case of the Syrian displacement crisis). Table 4: Stocks and Flows Stock Increases Decreases Asylum- seekers New applications for asylum, separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs ... | {
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2 International migration — the movement of people across national borders — has important economic, social, and political implications. Despite the recent emergence of a dynamic literature, empirical analysis of migration flows and their impact lags behind the policy debate and the theoretical literature. The main rea... | {
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Geospatial data overlays comparing the project's planned shelter upgrade sites with post-disaster satellite imagery acquired after the 2022 cyclone revealed that six priority sites had sustained significant damage to existing structures during the storm. The geospatial data analysis was used to update the project's eng... | {
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For example, IDPs who subsequently cross international borders may be counted as both IDPs and refugees (e. g. in the case of the Syrian displacement crisis). Table 4: Stocks and Flows Stock Increases Decreases Asylum- seekers New applications for asylum, separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs ... | {
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A survey was carried out in the health sector (health centers) with the support of the World Bank in 2005, but has not been yet validated. In the rural development sector, where the first expenditure tracking survey between the decentralized center and services was to be carried out in 2005 on PEFA funds, the survey is... | {
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Eritrean refugees26 and 41 percent of Somali refugees have better usage of out-of-camp healthcare services compared to South Sudanese (5 percent). Overall, in- camp refugees with chronic27 illnesses tend to receive treatment in health institutions located outside of camps compared to those with non-chronic diseases (Fi... | {
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of being available on a yearly basis independently of the quality of local statistical offices and data gathering. While it comes with its own problems it can shed light on local economic activity where gathering of statistical data is incomplete. 7 This makes it a great fit for measuring growth in a context of civil confl... | {
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such as education and caste. We also construct measures of social proximity between a migrant ’ s place of birth and each possible destination, using detailed available data on ethnicity, caste, language, and religion. We also investigate a number of factors that may influence the choice of migration destination but hav... | {
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26 education Turkish to a subregion. In sum, there is some evidence that the inflow of Syrian refugees results in a decrease in the number of Turkish living in a subregion. The evidence, however, is weak and the impact unlikely to be very large. 5. PLACEBO TESTS AND ROBUSTNESS CHECKS 5. 1 Placebo Tests The key threat t... | {
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Finally, the expenditure shock which we discussed in the theory section (international aid or an increase in public spending associated with the forced displacement crisis) is considered by only a handful of papers. This is a possible confounding factor of the impact of forced displacement on host communities and one t... | {
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40 In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total In camp Addis Ababa Total Stunted Underweight Wasted Hosts Refugees Percent Figure 2.18: Child nutritional indicators Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees Hosts Refugees In camp Addis Ababa Total <=18 years In ca... | {
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in SESRE of 13,898 birr, but still low compared to hosts at 28,324 birr. The level of disaggregation of food items matters. The more disaggregated, the higher the food aggregates. To summarize, food rations received are lower than admin data suggests, regardless of the data source. Possible explanations for lower food ... | {
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This question is examined in Jordan using a unique dataset that links individual data on own schooling and parents ’ schooling for adults, from a household survey, with the supply of schools in the subdistrict of birth at the time the individual was of age to enroll, from a school census. The identification strategy e... | {
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monthly temperature and rainfall data for the period 1961-2000 (CRU), provided for
We compute R [2] 's between CRU and each of the eight GCMs for temperature and rainfall
We require separate benchmarks for the CRU and each of the GCMs. We establish | {
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Observations are clustered at the DHS cluster level in all regressions to account for design effects arising from the DHS program's stratified multi-stage sampling. The design effect associated with clustering at the DHS cluster level ranges from 1.4 to 2.1 across our main outcome variables, consistent with values repo... | {
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The raw data has been sourced from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensors mounted on US satellites, and has been cleaned to remove irregularities, such as lighting used for the year-round growing of dragon fruit.
In order to analyze the exposure of industrial activity to natural hazards, a dataset o... | {
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The Refugees and Host Communities Household Survey expanded the national Household Consumption and Informal Sector Survey to include a representative sample of refugees and host communities, including Sudanese and host communities located in the east of the country. The remainder of this note is organized as follows. S... | {
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Therefore, the final sample size consisted of 759 youth, of which 473 treatment and 286 comparison. Detailed baseline data were collected through face-to-face interviews from July to September 2015 prior to implementation. The actual implementation varied between projects and ranged between the second half of August an... | {
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percent for female refugees and 36 percent for female hosts). Boys in camps have higher schooling rates (75 percent relative to 65 percent for hosts), reflecting their higher propensity to stay enrolled in primary or secondary schooling after the typical completion age, especially in South Sudanese camps where 84 perce... | {
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migration, and reason for movement including asylum / refugee protection (or conflict-induced internal migration) (UNHCR 2016), or a specific question to identify IDPs or refugees. However, not all censuses cover refugees and asylum-seekers (if foreigners are considered outside the scope of the census or because they a... | {
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18 household socioeconomic information. In some cases, socioeconomic information is collected at the individual or household level but more often information is collected at the community level. It is extremely rare to have unit record data sets on IDPs, which explains why we found only 18 studies in the Econpaper repo... | {
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**4.3 Climate Risk Screening**
All infrastructure subprojects were screened against flood hazard maps provided by the national disaster risk management agency and validated by the project's environmental specialist. Subprojects located within the 100-year flood hazard zone were required to incorporate climate-resilien... | {
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interactions between hosts and refugees may help improve hosts’ attitudes (Betts et al., 2023). In some contexts, refugee inflows have been found to harden in-group identification and increase support for ideological extremes. This was the case with refugee inflows in Denmark, for instance, but only in rural areas (Dus... | {
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6 However, this may reflect differences in rainfall or farming intensity.
7 We use two poverty maps based on the General Population and Housing Censuses of 1998 and 2009. The poverty
map for 1998 was developed by GREAT (Applied and Theoretical Economics Research Group) and combines the
1998 census and the household sur... | {
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violent conflict. Besley and Mueller (2015a) argue that foreign investors seem to know that growth volatility changes with strong executive constraints and therefore react significantly to their adoption. In summary, the literature suggests that a lack of constraints on executive power at the country level could play a k... | {
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These data are only for three districts in the province of Punjab, but is very recent, was conducted by an independent team of academics, and is a complete census of all households in the selected villages. Consequently, it yields sufficient madrassa enrollment to examine correlations with household attributes in a mea... | {
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animal-drawn carts. Across all domains, refugees have a lower value of productive assets such as farming tools and construction equipment. They are also less likely to own commercial cars, motorcycles, or Bajaj, a cause of a significant portion of the gap in total value of assets between refugees and hosts. With low em... | {
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General population registers In a small but growing number of countries, information from the central population register is the main source of migration statistics. 80 While population registers may generate statistics on both internal and international migration (if they record changes of residence, and international... | {
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Notably, while we cannot rule out that time outside due to employment may play a role (e. g., fresh air may boost one ’ s mood), our time-use data indicates that the average refugee already spends at least three hours outside per day, with no measurable difference between employed and cash arms. As we are powered to det... | {
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The activity monitoring dashboard provides a consolidated real-time view of implementation progress across the three project components. It is updated daily by the MIS system's automated batch processes and accessed by national and regional coordinators through a password-protected web portal. Dashboard visualizations ... | {
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The COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey of Households sample is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and rural areas.
The EHCVM sample itself covered 8,390 households across Mali and is nationally representative, representative of Bamako, and representative of both urban and ru... | {
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2 1. INTRODUCTION Refugees pose a massive moral, political and economic challenge for potential host countries. 1 The scale of the challenge is larger than ever, with 60 million people forcibly displaced by conflicts across the world (UNHCR, 2014). War in Syria has produced more refugees than any other conflict of the ... | {
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We also simulate the livestock effects across three AOGCM climate scenarios. The AOGCM scenarios predict a 2-3% increase in the probability of owning livestock by 2020, a 4-7% increase by 2060, and a 0-13% increase by 2100.
Washington W et al., 2000. Parallel Climate Model (PCM): Control and transient scenarios.
_Clim... | {
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The GLSS follows a multi-stage stratified cluster design with 580 enumeration areas selected in proportion to population size. Within each GLSS cluster, 20 households are systematically selected using a random start. The GLSS sample is designed to be representative at the regional level and for urban/rural disaggregati... | {
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This is exactly what we will do in the present paper. Using data from 333 municipalities
( _comuna_ s) in Chile, we will estimate short-run relationships between climate variables
1
For example, an extensive drought in Central America might damage its coffee-production and the reduced
supply of coffee would increase ... | {
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The database provides information on international bilateral migrant stocks (by citizenship2 or place of birth), sex, and age. There is considerable variation, however, in how destination countries collect, record, and disseminate immigration data. Meaningful comparison of destination country records over time is thus ... | {
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The model is estimated using data from the Turkish HBS in 2008 and 2009. The HBS is conducted annually by the Turkish Statistical Institute to collect information on household socioeconomic status, living standards, income, and consumption expenditures.
The survey data are then combined with the actual monthly rate sc... | {
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15 4. 1. 2. Empirical strategy In order to make use of the retrospective information on school attendance provided in the dataset, we have constructed what we have called an ‘ ad hoc panel ’, whereby we exploit the time-variation of the variables of interests (age, attendance status and grade attained by the respondent... | {
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The returnee population is relatively more prone to lethal landmine and ERW accidents than the
civilian population living in their community of origin. According to data from DMAC and UNMAS,
travelers including returnees and IDPs account for 30% of all landmine, ERW and Pressure Plate IED
accidents. Returnee population... | {
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(2009) have shown that, in Nepal, subjective welfare is negatively associated with geographical isolation. Census data on total population and population density in each district are used as proxies for urbanization and geographical proximity: the denser the population, the less geographically isolated individuals are ... | {
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The imputation of income poverty is done using the Turkish Labor Force Survey (LFS), and with information and modeling parameters determined from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC). More details and validation of this methodology is discussed throughout this paper. While explicit identification of Syrian... | {
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Figure 19: Trust and Conflict in the Cross Section The problem with a lack of trust and strong group identities is that they penetrate and pervert formal institutions. The ethnic politics analyzed by Burgess et al. (2015) is just one example. Shayo and Zussman (2011), for example, use data from Israeli small claims cour... | {
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29 evaluations have been conducted (Renton et al., 2000; Shaw, 2000; Shaw, 2002a; Shaw, 2002b; Paine et al., 2002; White, Greene and Murphy, 2003; Interagency working Group, 2003). For example, the Medical Research Council (from the United Kingdom) conducted an external evaluation of program effectiveness in the Gambia... | {
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25 less cohesion. The increase in solidarity is less apparent among refugees where the majority (53 %) stated that the crisis had no effect on solidarity. Figure 18: Levels of trust, by group (June) (%) Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. Perceptions that different groups have of others are important el... | {
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<!-- PAGE 7 -->
cities in the sample, providing a consistent mid-day activity benchmark for comparing CO2
concentration anomalies. [3] OCO-2 has an observation repeat time of 16 days. We have downloaded
georeferenced measures of XCO2 (the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2).
We compute the daily median XCO2 ... | {
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MIS data extracted at 30 September showed that cumulative cash transfer disbursements had reached 78 percent of the annual target, with 14,822 households having received at least one payment. The MIS disbursement module flagged 312 records with payment anomalies, of which 287 were resolved through validation against th... | {
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23 mega-cities, annual growth rates of peripheral population tend to reach around 10-20 percent compared to central business districts. 4. Implications for public policy Hazard management is a task both for the public sector and for private households and firms. For the public sector in cities, this includes ensuring t... | {
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count of existing contributions and the differing capacities and resources among States. ” It formally “ intends to provide a basis for predictable and equitable burden- and responsibility-sharing among all United Nations Member States, together with other rel- evant stakeholders as appropriate. ” Underpinning the globa... | {
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Historical trends and patterns of forced displacement: Insights from available global data This section provides an overview of the available global data on conflict-induced forced displacement, drawing largely on UNHCR ’ s published data on asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs. 41 Data are presented visually in a series ... | {
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Similarly, regional representation of the sample was found to be in line with actual regional distribution of the population in the north. 16 The code of the day is the sum of the two figures of the date, i. e. if it ’ s the 25th of August the code of the day is 2 + 5 = 7. The enumerater will chose house number 7 as a ... | {
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When the stable lights data set is examined, most countries display positive growth in _AoL_ and negative
growth in _R_ . There is a weak negative relationship in levels (Figure 7) and a somewhat stronger negative
relationship in growth rates (Figure 8). This outcome is not surprising. For all but a handful of rapidly
... | {
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Further, as Jordan and the international community develop new approaches that respond holistically to the specific needs of refugee and host communities, more evidence is needed about how gender ‐ based constraints and vulnerability affect refugee women ’ s ability to take up economic opportunities and to access the s... | {
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1 We use the generic term HCES to refer to a range of household survey efforts to capture total household
consumption expenditures. This can include surveys described as household budget surveys, living standards
surveys, or others.
We explore a unique survey experiment which randomly assigned seven different HCES met... | {
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described above, HSP households received not only full rental subsidies for 9 to 18 months but also physical upgrades to the home environment. These proximate outcome measures can be seen as capturing successful program implementation. To measure physical improvements to the shelter, we constructed an index of self-rep... | {
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40 Sub ‐ Saharan Africa 8604000 5895000 7055000 5406100 5068000 N. A. MENA 6230000 8000000 6675000 8592900 10892000 N. A. Asia and Pacific 4325000 2405000 3392000 2128800 5490000 N. A. (excl. Australia, Japan, New Zealand) Americas 1126000 1280000 2176000 2900000 3661000 N. A. (excl. North America) Note: Refugee data a... | {
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10 scored on a Likert scale running from 0 (significantly worse) – 10 (significantly better). The survey questions on optimism were collected at outreach, baseline and endline. Employment status: Due to slight differences in access to labor markets for refugees in Jordan and Lebanon and differences in how we were able ... | {
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In order to take account of the building types in Indonesia we use information from the USGS building inventory for earthquake assessment, which provides estimates of the fractions of building types observed by country; see Jaiswal & Wald (2008). The data provides the share of 99 different building types within a co... | {
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ASPIRE does not cover all countries in the world. To expand the set of countries in this study, we proceed as follows. First, we estimate an econometric model that explains the share of income from transfers, for poor and nonpoor people in each country by the share of GDP spent on social protection at the national leve... | {
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The univariate analysis showed that migrants on average move to destinations where they are on average less likely to find people like them. The results presented in Table 4 present a different picture. Conditional on the other regressors, the ethnicity and language proximity indices are significant with the anticipated s... | {
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8 Flood return periods of 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 200, 250, 500 and 1000 are included in the Fathom data product.
We leverage a unique large-scale experiment on consumption measurement in Iraq designed for the Iraq Household and Socio-Economic Survey (IHSES) in 2012.
[1] In recall interviews, households are typically... | {
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We offer less restrictive assumptions and formal tests for these assumptions where data are available, provide more insights into the selection of control variables for model building, and offer simpler variance formulae. Our framework can be generally applied to imputation either from one survey 27 We also experimente... | {
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UNICEF (2017) reports that for boys, child labor, school violence, and the high costs of schooling (for transportation and stationery supplies) are the main barriers to their enrollment. For girls, barriers include the distance to the nearest school, the high cost of transportation, the need to help with household chor... | {
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3 The Government of Chad subscribes to this logic as evidenced by the application decree of Chad ’ s Asylum Law signed in 2023, 1 and the National Response Plan to the Impact of the Sudanese Crisis which is under preparation. The Law and the Plan promote the local integration of refugees, aim to avoid settling refugees... | {
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Ethiopia has experienced steady economic growth for much of the last two decades, but even before the country’s concurrent crises, economic growth did not transform the labor market structure. Between 2004 and 2020, Ethiopia’s GDP annual growth averaged 10 percent, helping to reduce the poverty by about ten percentage ... | {
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9 Beans, for instance, which are one of the most important food purchases and items in Brazil, have a raw calorie intake of 306 kcal per 100 g in TBCA (Feijão, carioca), while in the prepared form, TBCA assigns 71 kcal per 100 g, assuming a composition of 50 percent beans and 50 percent water to the meal.
Table 2 show... | {
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A number of different road indicators are available and we choose road line type to use in the analysis. Road type is defined by the following: The reference category (0) points out squares with dual lane / divided highways, other primary roads, or road connectors within urban areas (types 1 or 8 in the ESRI dataset). ... | {
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III THE VENREPS-KIDS STUDY In this section, we offer a detailed overview of the VenRePs-kids Study, covering its de- sign, implementation, the questionnaire utilized, and the primary outcomes that will be employed to evaluate the human development disparities between forcibly displaced children and adolescents and thei... | {
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The data on total gross profits and net sales acquired from the Turkish Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology are compiled from administrative taxation data and was provided upon request by the ministry. The key difference from the Chamber of Commerce data is that the sales and profits data include all businesses i... | {
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Data Sources: proGres v4 (PRIMES) hosts the data of refugees and asylum-seekers in 11 countries. In South Africa, the data are managed by the
government. In Angola, DRC, Zambia and Zimbabwe, some portions of the data are external. For IDP data, the source of DRC’s IDP figure is the OCHA;
the sources in Mozambique and Z... | {
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followed the same standards and procedures as the HoWStat. SESRE data was not collected alongside HoWStat due to security concerns at the time of data collection for HoWStat, especially in the refugee areas. The SESRE aimed to solve two problems: (i) gaps in data on the socioeconomic dimensions of refugees, and (ii) ga... | {
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We test the two parts of the redistribution hypothesis using the most recent data from Luxembourg Income Study for 20 OECD countries covering the period 1967-2005 (total number of country/years is 110).
_Economy_ (Milanovic, 2000) and which for the first time used household level data derived from household income sur... | {
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the intensity of conflicts, and iv) population density in refugee host countries by region. Appendix B presents the list of variables along with description and summary statistics. 5. Empirical strategy To estimate the impact of refugee inflow19 on host community ’ s livelihood strategy choice, we use the following bas... | {
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33 In school: an indicator for whether the respondent currently attends regular education (schooling). This does not preclude also being employed. Retired: an indicator for a respondent who declares that they are not engaged in job search because they are retired. Full / part-time employment: an indicator for whether a... | {
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**6. Conclusions**
This paper has used historical rainfall data to estimate a putative history of payouts on
Indian rainfall insurance policies. We have found that indemnities are concentrated in the
According to Census data (CNBS, 2001), shares of these crops in five of China's provinces
The climate data (monthl... | {
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Page 14 of 51 Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys From the education perspective, an improvement in the profile of workers employed as NSE can be observed in the countries analyzed, even though there are some exceptions. In fact, in most of the countries of our sample, the prevalence of workers with sec... | {
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3 five methods, it was not possible to consider non-sampling error. This paper goes a step further by using simulations to describe the sampling error and a field experiment in an IDP camp in South Sudan to measure the total survey error of each design compared to a census, allowing for the disaggregation of the total ... | {
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14 3. Refugees as Agents of Their Own Destiny 3. 1 The Composition of Africa ’ s Refugee Population and Its Consequences One of the first elements that catch the eye in Figure 6 is the difference in the composition of the refugee population in Africa compared to the rest of the world. The share of children and women am... | {
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to guide and define camp-specific cooking energy options. • In Afar, Gambella, and Melkadida, more than 382,000 refugees and 85,000 hosts have access to alternative cooking fuels and market-based clean electricity from solar-mini grids. • More than 1,739,726 seedlings were planted, 160m3 check dams were built, and 8 km... | {
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Since 2006, Rwanda is divided into 30 districts, which are the main service-delivery units. All
household surveys are representative at the district level, but there is no information on districtlevel economic growth. Estimating district-level growth based on nightlights is however
complicated by the low intensity of l... | {
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Use of state level data on rental restrictions, together with a nationally representative survey from India, suggests that, contrary to original intentions, rental restrictions negatively affect productivity and equity.
1 Using census figures, Appu (1997) estimates that, to avoid having to give rights to tenants, land... | {
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Integrating refugees into functioning national education systems can improve future outcomes for refugee children and their hosts (UNHCR, 2020; Piper et al., 2020; Abu-Ghaida and Silva, 2020; Crawford et al., 2015; Bilgili et al., 2019). As Chapter 2 highlighted, more than half of all refugees are children under the ag... | {
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In settings with clearly distinguishable individual structures, these methods can also be reasonably accurate for the purposes of rapid estimation of displaced population (Checchi, et al. 2013). 101 The use of unmanned drones is also becoming more popular as the cost of this technology falls. This technique has been us... | {
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2 1. Introduction The most common sampling approach for cross-sectional household surveys in the developing world is a stratified two-stage design (Grosh and Munoz, 1996). Following stratification based on administrative boundaries, clusters are selected in the first stage with probability proportional to size from a n... | {
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In order to address these potential sample biases, the CAVR supplemented its documentation with reports produced by Amnesty International and Fokupers (a local NGO). The information contained in these reports was then included into the HRVD database. 9 Note that we do not analyse school completion in 2001 because most ... | {
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The data sources are (1) Romania MoF firm-level data for the period 2011-20, and (2) the World Bank Businesses of the State (BOS) database for Romania, and (3) the taxonomy of sectors developed by Dall'Olio et al.
<!-- PAGE 8 -->
the period 2011 to 2020. It is based on financial statements and contains balance sheet i... | {
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15 causes of death. The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre (1999) found severe malnutrition and high mortality in a survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau. They report higher malnutrition and higher mortality for children living in a non ‐ camp setting, compared to children living in a camp. The Goma epidemi... | {
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6. Robustness Checks 6. 1. Sample attrition Many challenges were encountered during survey implementation, due to the context – the densely populated and impoverished communities in and around Monrovia are difficult settings in which to find and track respondents — as well as the transience of a young study population.... | {
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Some data challenges common to refugees and IDPs Irrespective of the specific questions related to refugee and IDP data, there are also general questions that refer to the forcibly displaced in general and that are distinct from data collection of regular populations or even migrant populations. We explore here selecte... | {
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We developed pseudo-EAs from the list by location (sub-city and Woreda); some EAs covered more than one Woreda, and multiple EAs were in a single Woreda. We selected a sample of EAs and households from each EAs in collaboration with UNHCR. Finding refugees in Addis Ababa was challenging, as they change their location f... | {
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**Appendix G: Comparison of GLSS and DHS Wealth Indices**
The GLSS wealth index and the DHS wealth index are both constructed using principal component analysis but differ in their input variables. The GLSS wealth index draws on 32 asset and housing variables, while the DHS wealth index uses 40 variables including cou... | {
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For example, IDPs who subsequently cross international borders may be counted as both IDPs and refugees (e. g. in the case of the Syrian displacement crisis). Table 4: Stocks and Flows Stock Increases Decreases Asylum- seekers New applications for asylum, separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs ... | {
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8 as self-confidence, responsibility, and respect. Additionally, the curriculum includes workplace readiness skills, such as interviewing and time management. SECTION 2: STUDY TIMELINE & DATA A quasi experimental impact evaluation design was embedded into the NVSP. As mentioned before, the NVSP received 38 applications... | {
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6 3 Methodology 3. 1 The A-F method and individual deprivations The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) used in this paper was first presented, with a full methodological discussion, in Admasu et al. (2021). Here we present a general overview of the measure for the individual-level and intrahousehold analyses. The MPI... | {
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We find no evidence that Pashtun households are more likely to send their children to Madrassas compared to the rest of the sample, suggesting that geopolitical factors and geographical proximity to Afghanistan matter more than cultural preferences. 16 Similarly there is no evidence for religiosity or household prefere... | {
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In addition to the publicly available imagery, NOAA has produced, especially for this paper, monthly frequency composites for the 2004 to 2013 period. These satellite-month datasets
from the labor force survey (LFS) ENOE. Specifically, we produce a quarter-year panel of
The national water commission (CONAGUA) provide... | {
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