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In abstract algebra , Abhyankar's conjecture for affine curves is a conjecture of Shreeram Abhyankar posed in 1957, on the Galois groups of algebraic function fields of characteristic p . [ 1 ] The soluble case was solved by Serre in 1990 [ 2 ] and the full conjecture was proved in 1994 by work of Michel Raynaud and Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhyankar's_conjecture |
The Abilene paradox is a collective fallacy , in which a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of most or all individuals in the group, while each individual believes it to be aligned with the preferences of most of the others. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It involves a breakdown o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_paradox |
abillion is a mobile application helping users to find vegan and sustainable products. [ 1 ]
The platform allow users to review plant-based , cruelty-free and sustainable products, while donating between 0.10 and $1 to nonprofit organisations for each review written. As of May 2023, the company claims to have donated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abillion |
The abiogenic petroleum origin hypothesis proposes that most of earth's petroleum and natural gas deposits were formed inorganically, commonly known as abiotic oil . [ 1 ] Scientific evidence overwhelmingly supports a biogenic origin for most of the world's petroleum deposits. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Mainstream theories about the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin |
In biology and ecology , abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems . Abiotic factors and the phenomena associated with them underpin biology as a whole. They affect a plethora of species, in all form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic_component |
Abiotic stress is the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. [ 1 ] The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a significant way. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic_stress |
Abivax SA is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on developing innovative treatments that harness the body’s natural regulatory mechanisms to modulate the immune response in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.
Abivax has one program in clinical development with its lead drug candidate, obefazimod (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abivax |
Ablation ( Latin : ablatio – removal) is the removal or destruction of something from an object by vaporization , chipping, erosive processes, or by other means. Examples of ablative materials are described below, including spacecraft material for ascent and atmospheric reentry , ice and snow in glaciology , biological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation |
Abnormal basal metabolic rate refers to a high or low basal metabolic rate (BMR). It has numerous causes, both physiological (part of the body's normal function) and pathological (associated with disease).
An abnormal basal metabolic rate is not necessarily indicative of disease; a number of physiological factors can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_basal_metabolic_rate |
In materials science , abnormal or discontinuous grain growth , also referred to as exaggerated or secondary recrystallisation grain growth , is a grain growth phenomenon in which certain energetically favorable grains ( crystallites ) grow rapidly in a matrix of finer grains, resulting in a bimodal distribution of gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_grain_growth |
" Abort, Retry, Fail? " (or " Abort, Retry, Ignore? ") is an error message found in DOS operating systems , which prompts the end-user for a course of action to follow. Although an improvement over CP/M , [ 1 ] the message has been cited as an example of poor usability in computer user interfaces .
In CP/M, attempting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort,_Retry,_Fail? |
" Abort, Retry, Fail? " (or " Abort, Retry, Ignore? ") is an error message found in DOS operating systems , which prompts the end-user for a course of action to follow. Although an improvement over CP/M , [ 1 ] the message has been cited as an example of poor usability in computer user interfaces .
In CP/M, attempting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort,_Retry,_Ignore,_Fail? |
" Abort, Retry, Fail? " (or " Abort, Retry, Ignore? ") is an error message found in DOS operating systems , which prompts the end-user for a course of action to follow. Although an improvement over CP/M , [ 1 ] the message has been cited as an example of poor usability in computer user interfaces .
In CP/M, attempting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort,_Retry,_Ignore? |
In a computer or data transmission system, to abort means to terminate , usually in a controlled manner, a processing activity because it is impossible or undesirable for the activity to proceed or in conjunction with an error. Such an action may be accompanied by diagnostic information on the aborted process. [ 1 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abort_(computing) |
Abortive initiation , also known as abortive transcription , is an early process of genetic transcription in which RNA polymerase binds to a DNA promoter and enters into cycles of synthesis of short mRNA transcripts which are released before the transcription complex leaves the promoter. This process occurs in both euk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortive_initiation |
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics , above-threshold ionization ( ATI ) is a multi-photon effect where an atom is ionized with more than the energetically required number of photons . [ 1 ] It was first observed in 1979 by Pierre Agostini and colleagues in xenon gas. [ 2 ]
In the case of ATI the photoelectron p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above-threshold_ionization |
Abraham Nitzan ( Hebrew : אברהם ניצן ; born 1944) is a professor of chemistry at the Tel Aviv University department of chemical physics and the University of Pennsylvania department of chemistry .
Abraham Nitzan was born in Tel Aviv . He received his bachelor's degree in chemistry from the Hebrew University in Jerusal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Nitzan |
The Abraham–Minkowski controversy is a physics debate concerning electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Two equations were first suggested by Hermann Minkowski (1908) [ 3 ] and Max Abraham (1909) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] for this momentum. They predict different values, from which the name of the controversy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham–Minkowski_controversy |
In mathematics, particularly in computer algebra , Abramov's algorithm computes all rational solutions of a linear recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients . The algorithm was published by Sergei A. Abramov in 1989. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The main concept in Abramov's algorithm is a universal denominator. Let K {\textsty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramov's_algorithm |
The Abramov reaction is the related conversions of trialkyl to α-hydroxy phosphonates by the addition to carbonyl compounds. In terms of mechanism, the reaction involves attack of the nucleophilic phosphorus atom on the carbonyl carbon. [ 1 ] It was named after the Russian chemist Vasilii Semenovich Abramov (1904–1968... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramov_reaction |
Abramowitz and Stegun ( AS ) is the informal name of a 1964 mathematical reference work edited by Milton Abramowitz and Irene Stegun of the United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Its full title is Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramowitz_and_Stegun |
Abrams' law (also called Abrams' water-cement ratio law ) [ 1 ] is a concept in civil engineering . The law states the strength of a concrete mix is inversely related to the mass ratio of water to cement . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] As the water content increases, the strength of concrete decreases.
Abrams’ law is a special case of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams'_law |
Abrasion is the process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using an abrasive . Abrasion can be an undesirable effect of exposure to normal use or exposure to the elements.
Ancient artists, working in stone, used abrasion to create s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical) |
Abraum salts is the name given to a mixed deposit of salts , including halite ( sodium chloride ), carnallite , and kieserite ( magnesium sulfate ), found in association with rock salt at Aschersleben-Staßfurt in Germany . The term comes from the German Abraum-salze , "salts to be removed." [ 1 ]
Abraum, which is red,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraum_salts |
In superconductivity , a fluxon (also called an Abrikosov vortex or quantum vortex ) is a vortex of supercurrent in a type-II superconductor , used by Soviet physicist Alexei Abrikosov to explain magnetic behavior of type-II superconductors. [ 2 ] Abrikosov vortices occur generically in the Ginzburg–Landau theory of su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrikosov_vortex |
The Absconditabacterales genetic code (tentative code number 37) translates UGA to glycine, and CGG and GCA to tryptophan, as determined by the codon assignment software Codetta; [ 1 ] it was further shown that these recodings are associated with three special tRNAs with appropriate anticodons and tRNA identity element... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absconditabacterales_genetic_code |
Absinthin is a naturally produced triterpene lactone from the plant Artemisia absinthium ( Wormwood ). It constitutes one of the most bitter chemical agents responsible for absinthe 's distinct taste. [ 1 ] The compound shows biological activity and has shown promise as an anti-inflammatory agent, [ 2 ] and should not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absinthin |
In chemistry , absolute configuration refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecular entity (or group ) that is chiral , and its resultant stereochemical description. [ 1 ] Absolute configuration is typically relevant in organic molecules where carbon is bonded to four different substituents . This type ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_configuration |
In mathematics , an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely (or to be absolutely convergent ) if the sum of the absolute values of the summands is finite. More precisely, a real or complex series ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n {\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}} is said to converge absolutely if ∑ n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_convergence |
Absolute electrode potential , in electrochemistry , according to an IUPAC definition, [ 1 ] is the electrode potential of a metal measured with respect to a universal reference system (without any additional metal–solution interface).
According to a more specific definition presented by Trasatti, [ 2 ] the absolute e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_electrode_potential |
In general relativity , an absolute horizon is a boundary in spacetime , defined with respect to the external universe, inside which events cannot affect an external observer. Light emitted inside the horizon can never reach the observer, and anything that passes through the horizon from the observer's side is never se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_horizon |
Absolute molar mass is a process used to determine the characteristics of molecules .
The first absolute measurements of molecular weights (i.e. made without reference to standards) were based on fundamental physical characteristics and their relation to the molar mass. The most useful of these were membrane osmometry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_molar_mass |
In physics , the concept of absolute rotation — rotation independent of any external reference —is a topic of debate about relativity , cosmology , and the nature of physical laws .
For the concept of absolute rotation to be scientifically meaningful, it must be measurable. In other words, can an observer distinguish ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_rotation |
Absolute space and time is a concept in physics and philosophy about the properties of the universe. In physics, absolute space and time may be a preferred frame .
A version of the concept of absolute space (in the sense of a preferred frame ) can be seen in Aristotelian physics . [ 1 ] Robert S. Westman writes that a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time |
In algebra , an absolute value [ a ] is a function that generalizes the usual absolute value . [ 1 ] More precisely, if D is a field or (more generally) an integral domain , an absolute value on D is a function, commonly denoted | x | , {\displaystyle |x|,} from D to the real numbers satisfying:
It follows from the ax... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value_(algebra) |
In mathematics , a subset C of a real or complex vector space is said to be absolutely convex or disked if it is convex and balanced (some people use the term "circled" instead of "balanced"), in which case it is called a disk .
The disked hull or the absolute convex hull of a set is the intersection of all disks cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set |
In mathematics , an absolutely integrable function is a function whose absolute value is integrable , meaning that the integral of the absolute value over the whole domain is finite.
For a real -valued function, since ∫ | f ( x ) | d x = ∫ f + ( x ) d x + ∫ f − ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int |f(x)|\,dx=\int f^{+}(x)\,d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely_integrable_function |
In mathematical logic , a formula is said to be absolute to some class of structures (also called models), if it has the same truth value in each of the members of that class. One can also speak of absoluteness of a formula between two structures, if it is absolute to some class which contains both of them. [ clarifica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absoluteness_(logic) |
Absorbance is defined as "the logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample (excluding the effects on cell walls)". [ 1 ] Alternatively, for samples which scatter light, absorbance may be defined as "the negative logarithm of one minus absorptance, as measured on a uniform sample". [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbance |
Absorbed dose is a dose quantity which represents the specific energy ( energy per unit mass ) deposited by ionizing radiation in living matter . Absorbed dose is used in the calculation of dose uptake in living tissue in both radiation protection (reduction of harmful effects), and radiology (potential beneficial effe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbed_dose |
In the study of heat transfer , absorptance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in absorbing radiant energy . It is the ratio of the absorbed to the incident radiant power . [ 1 ]
Hemispherical absorptance of a surface, denoted A is defined as [ 2 ]
where
Spectral hemispherical absorptance in frequency... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorptance |
Absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms , molecules or ions enter the liquid or solid bulk phase of a material. This is a different process from adsorption , since molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption).
A more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry) |
In physics , absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms ) takes up a photon 's energy —and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy ). [ 1 ]
A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation) |
Absorption is the journey of a drug travelling from the site of administration to the site of action. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The drug travels by some route of administration ( oral , topical-dermal , etc.) in a chosen dosage form (e.g., tablets , capsules , or in solution ). [ 3 ] Absorption by some other routes, such as intrave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology) |
In spectroscopy , an absorption band is a range of wavelengths , frequencies or energies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are characteristic of a particular transition from initial to final state in a substance.
According to quantum mechanics , atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_band |
In physics , absorption cross-section is a measure of the probability of an absorption process. More generally, the term cross-section is used in physics to quantify the probability of a certain particle-particle interaction, e.g., scattering , electromagnetic absorption , etc. (Note that light in this context is descr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_cross_section |
In algebra , the absorption law or absorption identity is an identity linking a pair of binary operations .
Two binary operations, ¤ and ⁂, are said to be connected by the absorption law if:
A set equipped with two commutative and associative binary operations ∨ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \lor } ("join") and ∧ {\dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_law |
In higher plants water and minerals are absorbed through root hairs which are in contact with soil water and from the root hairs zone a little the root tips.
Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of adenosine triphosphate , generated by the root respiration : as the root cells ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_of_water |
Absorption spectroscopy is spectroscopy that involves techniques that measure the absorption of electromagnetic radiation , as a function of frequency or wavelength , due to its interaction with a sample. The sample absorbs energy, i.e., photons, from the radiating field. The intensity of the absorption varies as a fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy |
An absorption wavemeter is a simple electronic instrument used to measure the frequency of radio waves . It is an older method of measuring frequency, widely used from the birth of radio in the early 20th century until the 1970s, when the development of inexpensive frequency counters , which have far greater accuracy,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_wavemeter |
In mathematics, an abstract cell complex is an abstract set with Alexandrov topology in which a non-negative integer number called dimension is assigned to each point. The complex is called “abstract” since its points, which are called “cells”, are not subsets of a Hausdorff space as is the case in Euclidean and CW com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_cell_complex |
In model theory , a discipline within mathematical logic , an abstract elementary class , or AEC for short, is a class of models with a partial order similar to the relation of an elementary substructure of an elementary class in first-order model theory. They were introduced by Saharon Shelah . [ 1 ]
⟨ K , ≺ K ⟩ {\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_elementary_class |
An abstract family of acceptors (AFA) is a grouping of generalized acceptors . Informally, an acceptor is a device with a finite state control, a finite number of input symbols, and an internal store with a read and write function. Each acceptor has a start state and a set of accepting states. The device reads a sequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_family_of_acceptors |
In computer science , in particular in the field of formal language theory,
an abstract family of languages is an abstract mathematical notion generalizing characteristics common to the regular languages , the context-free languages and the recursively enumerable languages , and other families of formal languages studi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_family_of_languages |
In mathematical logic , an abstract logic is a formal system consisting of a class of sentences and a satisfaction relation with specific properties related to occurrence, expansion, isomorphism, renaming and quantification. [ 1 ]
Based on Lindström 's characterization, first-order logic is, up to equivalence, the onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_logic |
In mathematics , abstract nonsense , general abstract nonsense , generalized abstract nonsense , and general nonsense are nonderogatory terms used by mathematicians to describe long, theoretical parts of a proof they skip over when readers are expected to be familiar with them. [ 1 ] These terms are mainly used for abs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_nonsense |
In mathematics and related fields, an abstract structure is a way of describing a set of mathematical objects and the relationships between them, focusing on the essential rules and properties rather than any specific meaning or example. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
For example, in a game such as chess , the rules of how the pieces mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_structure |
In software engineering and computer science , abstraction is the process of generalizing concrete details, [ 1 ] such as attributes , away from the study of objects and systems to focus attention on details of greater importance. [ 2 ] Abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science and software engineering ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science) |
Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying structures , patterns or properties of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(mathematics) |
In computer programming , abstraction inversion is an anti-pattern arising when users of a construct need functions implemented within it but not exposed by its interface . The result is that the users re-implement the required functions in terms of the interface, which in its turn uses the internal implementation of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_inversion |
Abu Bakarr Kanu is a Sierra Leonean analytical chemist who is a professor at Winston-Salem State University . His research considers separation-type instrumentation for the rapid analysis of chemical and biological compounds. Kanu is also involved with education and outreach programmes, and works to bring hands-on chem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakarr_Kanu |
Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam ibn Muḥammad Ibn Shujāʿ ( Latinized as Auoquamel , [ 1 ] Arabic : أبو كامل شجاع بن أسلم بن محمد بن شجاع , also known as Al-ḥāsib al-miṣrī —lit. "The Egyptian Calculator") (c. 850 – c. 930) was a prominent Egyptian mathematician during the Islamic Golden Age . He is considered the first mathem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Kamil |
The Abu Sayda bombing was a chlorine car bombing attack that occurred on 15 May 2007, in an open-air market in the Iraqi Diyala Governorate village of Abu Sayda. [ 1 ] The attack killed up to 45 people and wounded 60 more in the Shia village, [ 2 ] the highest death toll of all chlorine bombings in Iraq . Iraqi and Ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayda_chlorine_bombing |
In ecology , local abundance is the relative representation of a species in a particular ecosystem . [ 1 ] It is usually measured as the number of individuals found per sample . The ratio of abundance of one species to one or multiple other species living in an ecosystem is referred to as relative species abundances .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_(ecology) |
The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as mg/kg, or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).
The Earth's crust is one "reservoir" for measurements of abundance. A reservoir is any large body to be studied as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth's_crust |
The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrences of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of three ways: by mass fraction (in commercial contexts often called weight fraction ), by mole fraction (fraction of atoms by numerical cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements |
The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical ( ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page) |
An abutment is the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam supporting its superstructure . [ 1 ] Single-span bridges have abutments at each end that provide vertical and lateral support for the span, as well as acting as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach. Mul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutment |
The Abyss Box is a vessel containing 16 litres (3.5 imp gal; 4.2 US gal) of water at the very high pressure of 18 megapascals to simulate the natural underwater environment of bathyal fauna living at about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) below the surface. [ 1 ] It is on display at Oceanopolis aquarium in Brest, France . [ 1 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyss_Box |
The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. The word abyss comes from the Greek word ἄβυσσος ( ábussos ), meaning "bottomless". [ 1 ] At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft), [ 2 ] this zone remains in perpetual darkness. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It covers 83% of the total area of the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssal_zone |
Ac/Ds transposable controlling elements was the first transposable element system recognized in maize . The Ac Activator element is autonomous, whereas the Ds Dissociation element requires an Activator element to transpose. [ 1 ] Ac was initially discovered as enabling a Ds element to break chromosomes . Both Ac and Ds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac/Ds_transposable_controlling_elements |
Actinium(III) oxide is a chemical compound containing the rare radioactive element actinium . It has the molecular formula Ac 2 O 3 . It is similar to its corresponding lanthanum compound, lanthanum(III) oxide , and contains actinium in the oxidation state +3. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Actinium oxide is not to be confused with Ac 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac2O3 |
Acacia-ant symbiosis is the interaction between myrmecophilous Vachellia trees ( ant acacias ) and ants that nest on them ( acacia ants ). Obligate acacia ants dwell in the gall -like domatia within the swollen stipular spines of African or Central American ant acacia species, and they also take the food ( nectar or Be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia-ant_symbiosis |
AcademiaNet is an international database containing profiles of women scientists . It is a non-profit project with the goal to raise the share of women in leadership positions in academia. AcademiaNet was initiated in 2010 in Germany by the Robert Bosch Stiftung and the publishing house " Spektrum der Wissenschaft ". T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AcademiaNet |
Academic Health Science Networks (AHSNs) are membership organisations within the NHS in England . They were created in May 2013 with the aim of bringing together health services, and academic and industry members. Their stated purpose is to improve patient outcomes and generate economic benefits by promoting and encour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Health_Science_Networks |
The Academy ratio of 1.375:1 (abbreviated as 1.37:1) is an aspect ratio of a frame of 35 mm film when used with 4-perf pulldown . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was standardized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as the standard film aspect ratio in 1932, although similar-sized ratios were used as early as 1928. [ 1 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_ratio |
In mycology , acanthocyte refers to stellate cells found on the hyphae of fungi of the genus Stropharia . Recent work, published in 2006, on those of Stropharia rugosoannulata has shown them to have nematode -killing properties. [ 1 ]
This Agaricales -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocyte_(mycology) |
An acarinarium is a specialized anatomical structure which is evolved to facilitate the retention of mites on the body of an organism, typically a bee or a wasp. The term was introduced by Walter Karl Johann Roepke . [ 1 ]
The acarinarium has evolved to enhance the mutualistic relationship between the mites and the ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarinarium |
Acaryochloris marina is a species of unicellular Cyanobacteria that produces chlorophyll d as its primary pigment (instead of the typically used chlorophyll a ), allowing it to photosynthesize using far-red light, at 700-750 nm wavelength. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A. marina is found in temperate and tropic marine environments. Stra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaryochloris_marina |
Acatech (styled acatech), founded in 2002 and established as the German Academy of Science and Engineering ( German : Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften ) on 1 January 2008, represents the interests of German technical sciences independently, in self-determination and guided by the common good, at home and abr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatech |
Accela is an American private government technology company. [ 1 ] It was established in 1999 as a result of a merger with Sierra Computer Systems and Open Data Systems. [ 1 ] Accela's platform is used by state and local government agencies in the United States and in other countries. [ 2 ]
Accela was founded in 1999 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accela |
Accelerated aging is testing that uses aggravated conditions of heat, humidity, oxygen, sunlight, vibration, etc. to speed up the normal aging processes of items. It is used to help determine the long-term effects of expected levels of stress within a shorter time, usually in a laboratory by controlled standard test me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_aging |
Accelerated solvent extraction ( ASE ), also known as pressurized solvent extraction ( PSE ), is a method for extracting various chemicals from a complex solid or semisolid sample matrix . The process uses high temperature and pressure, which results in the extraction taking less time and requiring less solvent, and po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_solvent_extraction |
Accelerated testing of adhesives is used to predict long term performance of adhesive exposed to a variety of environmental factors. Adhesives are sometimes used as load bearing and sealing joints, which points great stress on them. In accelerated testing, factors like the temperature , moisture , vibrations , voltage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_testing_of_adhesives |
Acceleration in human development process is the phenomenon which has been registered in many populations around the world. This applies equally to the growth of certain anthropometric parameters and the speed of reaching sexual maturity. These facts illustrate the results of secular changes in body height and appearan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration_(human_development) |
Acceptable daily intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (originally applied for a food additive , later also for a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide) in food or drinking water that can be ingested (orally) daily over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk. [ 1 ] ADIs are express... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake |
Access Grid is a collection of resources and technologies that enables large format audio and video based collaboration between groups of people in different locations. The Access Grid is an ensemble of resources, including multimedia large-format displays, presentation and interactive environments, and interfaces with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Grid |
In computer science and computer programming , access level denotes the set of permissions or restrictions provided to a data type . Reducing access level is an effective method for limiting failure modes , reducing debugging time, and simplifying overall system complexity. It restricts variable modification to only th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_level |
The access stratum (AS) in computer networking and telecommunications is a functional layer in the UMTS and LTE wireless telecom protocol stacks between radio network and user equipment . [ 1 ] While the definition of the access stratum is very different between UMTS and LTE , in both cases the access stratum is respon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_stratum |
Access time is the time delay or latency between a request to an electronic system, and the access being initiated or the requested data returned.
In computer and software systems , it is the time interval between the point where an instruction control unit initiates a call to retrieve data or a request to store data,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_time |
Accessible housing refers to the construction or modification (such as through renovation or home modification ) of housing to enable independent living for persons with disabilities. Accessibility is achieved through architectural design, but also by integrating accessibility features such as modified furniture, shelv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible_housing |
The accessible surface area (ASA) or solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) is the surface area of a biomolecule that is accessible to a solvent . Measurement of ASA is usually described in units of square angstroms (a standard unit of measurement in molecular biology ). ASA was first described by Lee & Richards in 197... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible_surface_area |
An accession number , in bioinformatics , is a unique identifier given to a DNA or protein sequence record to allow for tracking of different versions of that sequence record and the associated sequence over time in a single data repository. Because of its relative stability, accession numbers can be utilized as forei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_number_(bioinformatics) |
Accessory gene regulator (agr) is a complex 4 gene locus that is a global regulator of virulence in Staphylococcus aureus . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It encodes a two-component transcriptional quorum-sensing (QS) system activated by an autoinducing, thiolactone-containing cyclic peptide (AIP). [ 4 ]
Agr occurs in 4 allelic su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_gene_regulator |
Accessory pigments are light-absorbing compounds, found in photosynthetic organisms , that work in conjunction with chlorophyll a . They include other forms of this pigment, such as chlorophyll b in green algal and vascular ("higher") plant antennae , while other algae may contain chlorophyll c or d . In addition, ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_pigment |
Accident-proneness is the idea that some people have a greater predisposition than others to experience accidents , such as car crashes and industrial injuries . It may be used as a reason to deny any insurance on such individuals. [ 1 ]
The early work on this subject dates back to 1919, in a study by Greenwood and Wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident-proneness |
The accident data recorder ( ADR , German commonly abbr.: UDS , also accident (data) writer) [ 1 ] is an independent electronic device that records before, during, and after a traffic accident relevant data and thus resembles a flight recorder .
It can be installed in motor vehicles ( cars , trucks , buses , motorcycl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_data_recorder |
Acclimatization or acclimatisation ( also called acclimation or acclimatation ) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod , or pH ), allowing it to maintain fitness across a range of environmental conditions. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatization |
The accommodation index is a statistic used in the neurosciences for describing spike train data. Many methods of experimental neuroscience, such as voltage clamp recordings, give their output in the form of measured voltages of individual neurons. Generally, the only important element of these voltage traces is the oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_index |
Account pre-hijacking attacks are a class of security exploit related to online services . They involve anticipating a user signing up for an online service and signing up to the service in their name, and then taking over their account when they attempt to register it themselves. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The attack relies on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account_pre-hijacking |
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