| position_id,stakeholder_group,representative_public_actor,core_position,factual_dependencies,least_welcome_evidence,source_ids,source_urls,source_sha256s |
| p01,Moratorium advocates,Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez,"Pause new AI data-center buildout until economic, environmental, and AI safeguards are in place","Scale of load, water use, subsidy, job delivery, emissions, and consumer-cost shifting","Verified no-rise rate years, strong cost-allocation protections, and delivered jobs; JLARC's modeled jobs and fiscal-return evidence, plus verified operating sites and no-rise rate years; Virginia and Dominion's 2019-2025 residential-rate changes are roughly flat after CPI adjustment and below the U.S. nominal increase.",federal.sanders.moratorium; federal.aoc.moratorium; va.jlarc.data_centers_report_pdf; tx.meta.all_locations; bls.cpi_u_all_items_2019_2025; eia.us_residential_annual_price_2019_2025,https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-ocasio-cortez-announce-ai-data-center-moratorium-act/; https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/media/press-releases/ocasio-cortez-introduces-house-version-ai-data-center-moratorium-act; https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2025/RD206/PDF; https://datacenters.atmeta.com/all-locations/; https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/; https://api.eia.gov/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/?api_key=DEMO_KEY&frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=price&facets%5Bsectorid%5D%5B%5D=RES&facets%5Bstateid%5D%5B%5D=US&start=2019&end=2025&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc&length=100,1cb69c4d5d0918db66f0006faa65611215f35eef72fecea02a238ee54430c66d; af4e39eaa640f90ea1457169f0ede9f503d48fb60033d191b1c6dedd38797f5b; 51af159f30efc46b650ee8c5a2684eac8ef14d2bd6e04e3f6690e26e0e11fb41; 6fe972dcb5f3960b0cef6dd9070c046e00269f06d7a1a5f1cc890f323ee1b952; 5ce46633924b8b797fc4049c15015762b3e27a0825a402c768d30fc750493f08; 2acc7f5c5ee02af44733759d8f5319e33356a0d626b2fde2ed115ef3861e7f5f |
| p02,Congressional oversight advocates,"Warren, Van Hollen, and Blumenthal staff",Companies are not paying all caused costs and disclosure is inadequate,"Company responses, incentive totals, job outcomes, NDA practices, and rate allocation","Facility-level proof that full incremental costs were recovered; JLARC's modeled jobs and fiscal-return evidence, plus verified operating sites and no-rise rate years; Virginia and Dominion's 2019-2025 residential-rate changes are roughly flat after CPI adjustment and below the U.S. nominal increase.",federal.warren.power_and_profits; va.jlarc.data_centers_report_pdf; tx.meta.all_locations; bls.cpi_u_all_items_2019_2025; eia.us_residential_annual_price_2019_2025,https://www.warren.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/ai-data-center-companies-reveal-to-warren-blumenthal-van-hollen-they-are-not-paying-their-full-costs-will-continue-using-ndas-and-seeking-tax-breaks/; https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2025/RD206/PDF; https://datacenters.atmeta.com/all-locations/; https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/; https://api.eia.gov/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/?api_key=DEMO_KEY&frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=price&facets%5Bsectorid%5D%5B%5D=RES&facets%5Bstateid%5D%5B%5D=US&start=2019&end=2025&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc&length=100,9565328ab0eefcbb971dc1b847e29a96c0affd20f87352ea0e85426f8082e6bf; 51af159f30efc46b650ee8c5a2684eac8ef14d2bd6e04e3f6690e26e0e11fb41; 6fe972dcb5f3960b0cef6dd9070c046e00269f06d7a1a5f1cc890f323ee1b952; 5ce46633924b8b797fc4049c15015762b3e27a0825a402c768d30fc750493f08; 2acc7f5c5ee02af44733759d8f5319e33356a0d626b2fde2ed115ef3861e7f5f |
| p03,Bipartisan ratepayer-protection legislators,Castor and Fitzpatrick,Data-center development costs should not be shifted to families and small businesses,"Utility accounting and allocation of generation, transmission, and distribution upgrades",Evidence that proposed federal rules duplicate effective state protections or deter beneficial load,federal.house.castor_ratepayer_protection; federal.house.fitzpatrick_ratepayer_protection,https://castor.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=405231; https://fitzpatrick.house.gov/2026/9/fitzpatrick-led-effort-to-shield-ratepayers-from-data-center-costs-passes-house,70e89e240c90f42826be15a831d9fe9df87d0810a17fa6dbd69bc4660dd24b69; b5045854aa6455d2642e8deafc734310a64b14fcc7b2849a2608fc2687afb4ff |
| p04,Industry,Data Center Coalition,Data centers are not shown to be a historical driver of residential rates and may create system revenues,"Historical rates, cost-to-serve studies, utility revenues, and counterfactual load growth",Facility-linked upgrade costs assigned to other classes or stranded after project delay; the PJM IMM's quantified capacity-auction counterfactual and aggregate tax-expenditure growth,industry.dcc.e3_summary; pjm.imm.2027_2028_bra_part_a; ga.audit.data_center_exemption_report_pdf; bls.cpi_u_all_items_2019_2025; eia.us_residential_annual_price_2019_2025,https://www.datacentercoalition.org/cpages/e3-energy-white-paper; https://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/Reports/2026/IMM_Analysis_of_the_20272028_RPM_Base_Residual_Auction_Part_A_20260105.pdf; https://www.audits.ga.gov/ReportSearch/download/33298; https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/; https://api.eia.gov/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/?api_key=DEMO_KEY&frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=price&facets%5Bsectorid%5D%5B%5D=RES&facets%5Bstateid%5D%5B%5D=US&start=2019&end=2025&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc&length=100,0e887259de5bac1be75e539ae27b8e58c464efa1a40e468ba11ba21b09de9abe; c6a5ddc2e3909c287b3d1a4ebe75e7dec8bee9dd5a217a9baf1c38580ec19d2b; 1486390a48d1cd14c3c9c561048741bb09dca2339e41758e8799b35d0bf6c8c3; 5ce46633924b8b797fc4049c15015762b3e27a0825a402c768d30fc750493f08; 2acc7f5c5ee02af44733759d8f5319e33356a0d626b2fde2ed115ef3861e7f5f |
| p05,Economists and researchers,E3 and LBNL,"Multiple factors drive rates; geography, market design, gas prices, investment, and timing matter",Comparable rate series and defensible causal attribution,Microdata that overturns aggregate findings in either direction,research.e3.ratepayer_study_pdf; research.lbl.retail_prices_pdf; bls.cpi_u_all_items_2019_2025; eia.us_residential_annual_price_2019_2025,https://www.ethree.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/RatepayerStudy.pdf; https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2026-03/Retail%20Price%20Trends_2026%20edition.pdf; https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/; https://api.eia.gov/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/?api_key=DEMO_KEY&frequency=annual&data%5B0%5D=price&facets%5Bsectorid%5D%5B%5D=RES&facets%5Bstateid%5D%5B%5D=US&start=2019&end=2025&sort%5B0%5D%5Bcolumn%5D=period&sort%5B0%5D%5Bdirection%5D=asc&length=100,5df5917b5d8a810eb5eae15066719136ce5bfed9292e02896584af78c3deaad7; 353955154a9c49679b0c0cfeb1d994f8911cabf88fe03a728358a2f5082032cf; 5ce46633924b8b797fc4049c15015762b3e27a0825a402c768d30fc750493f08; 2acc7f5c5ee02af44733759d8f5319e33356a0d626b2fde2ed115ef3861e7f5f |
| p06,Utilities,"Dominion, Georgia Power, and AEP Ohio through public tariffs and regulator summaries","Long contracts, minimum bills, collateral, and special terms can protect other customers while serving large loads","Forecast accuracy, project completion, actual collections, and upgrade cost assignment","Under-collected costs, unused infrastructure, or exceptions that bypass protections",va.scc.data_center_initiatives_2026; ga.psc.data_center_rule_newsletter; oh.aep.data_center_tariff,https://www.scc.virginia.gov/media/sccvirginiagov-home/about-the-scc/fact-sheets/scc-data-center-initiatives-02-2026.pdf; https://psc.ga.gov/site/assets/files/8702/winter_2025-1.pdf; https://www.aepohio.com/company/about/rates/data-center-tariff/,56ea4ef3c605dfc5fe5fa564e220863093ccd601d1b85d5c2dce966b53f836e5; 160a824473423ed5dca6d89847f4d12865ff0f854a1b7a1399a16f571158d046; 46646733ddca1ecd2dc3c86e594d9e89fa25b95d21738bf77f011c4b4dff1e41 |
| p07,Regulators and consumer advocates,"VA SCC, GA PSC, PUCO/OCC, ERCOT, and FERC",Large-load growth requires docket-specific interconnection and cost-allocation controls,"Tariffs, contracts, load forecasts, queue behavior, and customer-class impacts","Protections that look strong on paper but fail in collections or allocation; JLARC's modeled jobs and fiscal-return evidence, plus verified operating sites and no-rise rate years",va.scc.data_center_initiatives_2026; ga.psc.data_center_rule_newsletter; oh.occ.data_center_facts; tx.ercot.large_load_integration; ferc.pjm_colocation_docket; va.jlarc.data_centers_report_pdf; tx.meta.all_locations; va.dominion.2025_irp_update; in.iurc.cause_46097_final_order; ga.power.2025_irp_one_page_summary,https://www.scc.virginia.gov/media/sccvirginiagov-home/about-the-scc/fact-sheets/scc-data-center-initiatives-02-2026.pdf; https://psc.ga.gov/site/assets/files/8702/winter_2025-1.pdf; https://www.occ.ohio.gov/factsheet/quick-facts-data-centers-ohio; https://www.ercot.com/services/rq/large-load-integration; https://elibrary.ferc.gov/eLibrary/docketsheet?docket_number=el25-49-000; https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2025/RD206/PDF; https://datacenters.atmeta.com/all-locations/; https://cdn-dominionenergy-prd-001.azureedge.net/-/media/content/about/our-company/irp/pdfs/2025-integrated-resource-plan-update.pdf?rev=c656e4bd80184dbc80d4531cb6e9e975; https://iurc.portal.in.gov/_entity/sharepointdocumentlocation/2b48cf93-d9ee-ef11-be20-001dd80b8c52/bb9c6bba-fd52-45ad-8e64-a444aef13c39?file=ord_46097_021925.pdf; https://www.georgiapower.com/content/dam/georgia-power/pdfs/about/2025-irp-one-page-summary.pdf,56ea4ef3c605dfc5fe5fa564e220863093ccd601d1b85d5c2dce966b53f836e5; 160a824473423ed5dca6d89847f4d12865ff0f854a1b7a1399a16f571158d046; ab00569a53c0b9b2e38dccb988f12c31cb869a202b7bc3af1fbb28c2474dff6d; c0e3b8fab3c8c80fe1fb283283cdc20a64cf87a062785ed42c2f6910fb43bb1b; 72716b6e968dbf58db236f6c6e01f66cab4c787f6175fcf64c43c41084dc34aa; 51af159f30efc46b650ee8c5a2684eac8ef14d2bd6e04e3f6690e26e0e11fb41; 6fe972dcb5f3960b0cef6dd9070c046e00269f06d7a1a5f1cc890f323ee1b952; eae4045aa76ea4f4b35e151ef72339622cad6deee33737a7321a13a8c8746979; b30dff310d647604571a1c21378cd2223effdb90be9a3a4feeb3f930702656f0; 45ce3cf13152482cb678d416e0dd9ac2fad59e77bf7cc2a67acb02393d1d32c9 |
| p08,Labor,IBEW,Capture skilled construction work while making data centers pay their fair share,"Trade-job duration, wages, training, permanent jobs, and grid investment","Short-lived work, weak labor standards, or unrecovered grid costs",labor.ibew.data_center_surge; labor.ibew.ratepayer_protection,https://ibew.org/electrical_worker/the-data-center-surge-a-new-generation-of-ibew-jobs/; https://ibew.org/press-release/house-passage-of-the-ratepayer-protection-act/,effe5faade244392bf58a1bb5086678f445c5d8c24c07a8cb9ae5bbe71b709dd; fd499ba98367e567e4101b63406abb696f66a76c7caadb35edb18622a26ef3e5 |
| p09,Local residents,Aggregated by Town of Tyrone; no resident names retained,"Demand concrete answers on water, power, noise, environmental effects, tax revenue, and local authority","Permit-level water and power data, tax agreements, operating noise, and enforceable conditions",Either harms or benefits stated without facility-level receipts,ga.tyrone.data_center_information,https://www.tyronega.gov/datacenter,5e73d2c385a39c4e1c4df0bd857d4ccd7b7be19e1db85d362eb6a806f972df03 |
| p10,Pro-growth Republican state executives,Texas Governor's Office and Indiana governors through IEDC,"Recruit data centers for capital investment, jobs, and technology leadership","Realized investment, verified jobs, fiscal return, and infrastructure cost",Large incentives with few permanent jobs or shifted infrastructure costs,tx.governor.google_40b; tx.governor.facebook_groundbreaking; in.iedc.aws_new_carlisle; in.iedc.meta_leap; in.iedc.microsoft_northwest,https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-google-announce-40-billion-investment-in-texas; https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor_abbott_breaks_ground_on_new_facebook_data_center; https://iedc.in.gov/events/news/details/2024/04/25/gov.-holcomb-announces-amazon-web-services-plans-to-invest-11b-to-create-a-new-data-center-campus-in-northern-indiana; https://iedc.in.gov/events/news/details/2026/02/11/gov.-braun-breaks-ground-on-10b-meta-data-center-campus-at-leap-district; https://www.iedc.in.gov/events/news/details/2024/06/04/gov-holcomb-announces-plans-for-new-1b-microsoft-data-center-in-northwest-indiana,bdf8d3fdfbcc6999d3c57c4f195cc1dece187d2988e6c358d21e4a3b98a208d3; cdd5acdde0fa6dd9011684a688908261829a92bdc7751b192e390a4f983ae684; d3a2dbc8f445c750d68f7855bd17addf0bd8334ccc69232c6f4cb7b103a9aa70; 3a704739b35a85e3893a9eb622c5b2bbf6a396d076452c624d1a2109af57d04e; 222f2285d0286f327d3c958725564b79fbab3f7dd11bbe60b171dd996ed8aa76 |
| p011,,,,,,ercot.large_load_integration; tx.sb6.analysis,https://www.ercot.com/services/rq/large-load-integration; https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/analysis/pdf/SB00006F.pdf,cd4438f4ccbdb7bce85dafc79dadf366e91b543d0917e438b6f9f246c9443612; bbdc1d88d858790b65703166030f9091467c0a91498dab1fcb035a621c47d834 |
| p012,,,,,,isone.large_load_integration,https://www.iso-ne.com/committees/key-projects/large-loads-integration-key-project,5902513255fbd0922a06961fcd3fc4c46036bf509494c3eaa9cab5641ad32c4e |
| va_vedp_accountability_mixed_evidence_v17,State economic-development agencies,Virginia Economic Development Partnership,Performance reports can document delivered jobs and investment for completed projects while active portfolio grants may still report TBD performance.,"Project-level verification methods, performance dates, payment applications, and exact facility crosswalks.","Completed projects that missed targets or active grants whose reported performance remains unknown; conversely, verified projects that substantially exceeded targets.",vedp_cof_post_performance_2025;vedp_custom_grant_performance_2025,https://www.vedp.org/sites/default/files/2025-10/COF%20Post%20Performance%20Period%20Report%2006-30-25%20for%20Website.pdf;https://www.vedp.org/sites/default/files/2025-10/Custom%20Grant%20Performance%20Report%206-30-2025%20for%20Website.pdf,e21c90ba424cad190c521acf47fa4399e5050d17012f7eaef997a3eb91b5824e;a2112fd0fbecff2591e2f342624d8678fa140a746c9831b3969591251fe695c2 |
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