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README.md
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---
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license: other
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license_name: commoncrawl-
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license_link: https://commoncrawl.org/terms-of-use
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pretty_name: Common Crawl
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tags:
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- common-crawl
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- web-graph
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path: vectors/emb-*.parquet
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---
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#
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Dense 128-dimensional embeddings for **52,913,544 web hosts**, learned by link prediction on the
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Common Crawl **host-level hyperlink graph** release `cc-main-2025-26-nov-dec-jan`
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> **Scope.** These are the **degree ≥ 8** hosts (total in+out degree), a 52.9 M / ~19 % induced
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> subgraph that carries ~97 % of the edges. The low-degree tail of the full 279 M-host graph is
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> **not** in this table — it is intended to be served separately via a domain/metadata fallback.
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## What each row is
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One host, keyed by two stable string identifiers derived deterministically from the Common Crawl
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host name (no per-release integer ids — those are ephemeral):
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("
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row = next(iter(ds))
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print(row["host_key"], len(row["embedding"]))
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```
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- **Source graph:** Common Crawl host webgraph `cc-main-2025-26-nov-dec-jan`, aggregating crawls
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**CC-MAIN-2025-47, CC-MAIN-2025-51, CC-MAIN-2026-04**.
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- **Encoder:** shallow (per-node) embedding table trained by link prediction (WholeGraph-sharded,
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in-batch negatives), `dim=128`, 3 epochs.
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- **Link-prediction quality (held-out edges):** MRR **0.957**, Hits@1 **0.939**, Hits@10 **0.984**.
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- **Precision:** float16 is the **primary published tier**; the lossless float32 master is archived
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(for L2-normalized unit vectors fp16's cosine error is ~3–4×10⁻⁵ — negligible for ranking).
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## What the embedding captures
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- Degree ≥ 8 hosts only (see Scope). No vectors for the isolated/low-degree tail.
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- Vectors are comparable **only within** `model_space_version`; a retrain / new window bumps it.
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- Identity keys are pure functions of the published (punycode) host string — no IDNA decoding.
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## License
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Derived from the Common Crawl host webgraph
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[Common Crawl Terms of Use](https://commoncrawl.org/terms-of-use).
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released for research use. *(Set the final license before making this dataset public.)*
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---
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license: other
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license_name: commoncrawl-tou
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license_link: https://commoncrawl.org/terms-of-use
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pretty_name: Common Crawl Web Graph Embeddings
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tags:
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- common-crawl
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- web-graph
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path: vectors/emb-*.parquet
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---
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# Web Graph Embedings from Common Crawl's Host-level Hyperlink Graph
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Dense 128-dimensional embeddings for **52,913,544 web hosts**, learned by link prediction on the
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Common Crawl **host-level hyperlink graph** release `cc-main-2025-26-nov-dec-jan`. Vectors are **L2-normalized** and served in **float16**;
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similarity is **cosine** (a dot product on the unit vectors). The corresponding source code is available on [Github](https://github.com/commoncrawl/web-graph-embeddings).
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> **Scope.** These are the **link degree >= 8** hosts (total in+out degree), a 52.9 M / ~19 % induced subgraph that carries ~97 % of the edges.
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## What each row is
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One host, keyed by two stable string identifiers derived deterministically from the Common Crawl
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host name (no per-release integer ids — those are ephemeral):
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("commoncrawl/web-graph-embeddings", split="train", streaming=True)
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row = next(iter(ds))
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print(row["host_key"], len(row["embedding"]))
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```
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- **Source graph:** Common Crawl host webgraph `cc-main-2025-26-nov-dec-jan`, aggregating crawls
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**CC-MAIN-2025-47, CC-MAIN-2025-51, CC-MAIN-2026-04**.
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- **Encoder:** shallow (per-node) embedding table trained by link prediction (WholeGraph-sharded,
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in-batch negatives), `dim=128`, 3 epochs.
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- **Link-prediction quality (held-out edges):** MRR **0.957**, Hits@1 **0.939**, Hits@10 **0.984**.
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## Explore it in the browser
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Two Hugging Face Spaces let you inspect the released vectors without downloading the full dataset.
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**[2D map](https://huggingface.co/spaces/commoncrawl/web-graph-embeddings)** — an interactive
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projection of all 52.9 M hosts, streamed by tile. Pan and zoom, hover any point for its hostname
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and stats, or jump to one of the top 20k hosts by name. The same layout recolours by link degree,
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topic, content language or quality, which makes it easy to see where the embedding separates a
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property and where it does not — the view above is coloured by language.
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**[Nearest-neighbour search](https://huggingface.co/spaces/commoncrawl/web-graph-knn)** — type a
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hostname and get its closest hosts in the full 128-dimensional space rather than in the 2D
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projection. All 52,913,544 hosts are indexed. It is the quickest way to check what the embedding
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considers "similar" for a site you already know well.
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## Evaluation
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The model is trained only to predict links, so every result below is a probe of what link structure
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alone turns out to encode. Held-out link prediction is near-saturated (`test_mrr 0.9574`); the
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interesting question is what transfers.
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### Topic — the strongest transfer
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A logistic probe on the raw vectors reaches **macro-F1 0.388** over 24 WebOrganizer topics, against
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**0.062** for a majority-topic-per-TLD baseline — about **6×** the identity baseline, on 170,399
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labelled hosts. Link structure makes a site's topic close to linearly separable.
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### Language — near-perfect on well-connected hosts
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A single 120-class macro-F1 badly understates this, because it averages over many classes with
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almost no held-out support. Stratified by link degree the signal is unambiguous (300,000 held-out
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hosts, cosine kNN):
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| host degree | accuracy | neighbour-precision | weighted-F1 | macro-F1 @sup≥20 |
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| 8–16 | 0.613 | 0.455 | 0.525 | 0.095 |
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| 128–512 | 0.740 | 0.662 | 0.710 | 0.326 |
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| 512–4096 | 0.921 | 0.892 | 0.913 | 0.596 |
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| ≥ 4096 | **0.980** | **0.970** | **0.976** | **0.713** |
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Overall accuracy is 0.673 and weighted-F1 0.612. Mid-resource languages climb from the floor to
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strong as degree rises — Spanish 0.02 → 0.45, Polish 0.03 → 0.95, Indonesian 0.02 → 0.83. **The more
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links a host has, the more precisely the embedding places its language.**
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### Spam — an independent and unusually durable signal
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The embedding never saw a spam label. Compared with **Anti-TrustRank** (ATR), the classic link-based
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spam algorithm, over 52.6 M candidate hosts:
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- **They are not the same signal.** Spearman(embedding, ATR) = **−0.04**.
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- **The embedding is the better clean-vs-spam discriminator.** Against operator-reviewed clean
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sites, gold-AUROC is **0.937** for the graph-propagated embedding, **0.874** for a plain logistic
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probe, and 0.865 for ATR.
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- **It detects what ATR cannot.** At a 1% false-positive budget against hard, spam-shaped sites that
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reviewers had manually cleared, the embedding finds **40%** of known spam where ATR finds ~0%; at a
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5% budget, **74%** vs ~0%.
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- **It cuts false positives 4.5×.** Using ATR for recall and the embedding to vet its top 1,000 drops
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legitimate false positives from 0.122 to **0.027**, holding spam precision at 0.967.
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- **It survives a crawl change.** On spam labelled from a *later* crawl, ATR's gold-AUROC falls to
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0.56 — chance — while the embedding still ranks it (enrichment **173×**, AUROC 0.91).
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ATR remains the stronger raw ranker on the easy full-web pool (enrichment@1k 117.8×). The practical
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recipe is both: ATR for recall, the embedding to vet its hits and to catch the spam that
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guilt-by-association misses.
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**In one line: link structure alone carries a surprising amount of what a site is** — its topic, its
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language wherever the host is well connected, and a spam signal independent of the classic
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link-based one.
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## Coverage and limitations
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- **Only the well-connected core.** Training used hosts with total degree ≥ 8: 52.9 M of the crawl's
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279.4 M hosts (**19%**), covering 13.07 B of ~13.4 B edges. The 81% long tail — hosts with almost
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no links — is *not* in this artifact. There is no vector for a host that was not trained.
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- **Transductive.** There is no encoder to apply to a new host; a host absent from the training crawl
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cannot be embedded without retraining.
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- **Direction-blind**, as above.
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- **One crawl window.** Vectors from different releases are not comparable — the model space is
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arbitrary up to rotation, so a new release means a new space (tracked by `model_space_version` in
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the manifest).
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- **Spam metrics are a conservative floor.** The label sets are partial, so unlabelled true spam is
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scored as a false positive; real precision is better than the numbers above.
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## License
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Derived from the Common Crawl host webgraph. Its use is subject to the
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[Common Crawl Terms of Use](https://commoncrawl.org/terms-of-use).
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