Datasets:

dimhold
/

key-order

+---
+license: mit
+language:
+- en
+pretty_name: key-order
+size_categories:
+- n<1K
+tags:
+- postgres
+- database
+- benchmark
+- uuid
+- btree
+configs:
+- config_name: measurements
+  data_files:
+  - split: train
+    path: out/measurements-pass*.jsonl
+- config_name: reads
+  data_files:
+  - split: train
+    path: out/reads-pass*.jsonl
+- config_name: measurements_docker
+  data_files:
+  - split: train
+    path: out-docker/measurements-pass*.jsonl
+---
+# key-order
+Author: Dmitriy Semenkevich (dimhold)
+This dataset is an independent replication of the cost of a random UUID primary key against ordered keys on Postgres: 3 key strategies (random uuid, uuid v7, bigint TSID) inserted into identical tables, with every batch timing and buffer counter.
+Headline, from the repository: after three million rows the index on random keys has 49.8% leaf fragmentation and 66.7% leaf density, while the index on time ordered keys has 0% fragmentation and 90% density, on identical data. Reads cost the same: a point lookup answered in 236 us cold on both indexes.
+This is a mirror. The canonical home is the Zenodo record and the GitHub repository; criteria, limitations and full tables live there.
+- Paper: https://dimhold.by/papers/key-order/
+- Code and full write up: https://github.com/dimhold/key-order
+- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22128828
+## Files
+| path | what it is |
+|---|---|
+| `out/measurements-pass*.jsonl` | insert passes: per strategy sizes, `pgstatindex`, batch timings, settings |
+| `out/reads-pass*.jsonl` | cold and warm point lookups with buffer counters |
+| `out-docker/measurements-pass*.jsonl` | the same insert passes in Docker |
+Files ending in `.jsonl` here are `.ndjson` in the GitHub repository, renamed so the viewer reads them; the content is unchanged.
+## How it was produced
+Keys are generated deterministically ahead of time into a source table identical for every strategy, `fsync` stays on and the strategy order alternates between passes. The disproof threshold was fixed before counting (`CRITERIA.md` in the repository). No model was involved. The scripts that turn these files into every number are in the GitHub repository.
+## Licence
+MIT, the licence of the repository, covering code and data.
+## Citation
+```bibtex
+@misc{semenkevich2026keyorder,
+  author = {Semenkevich, Dmitriy},
+  title  = {key-order: what a random primary key costs on Postgres, an independent replication},
+  year   = {2026},
+  doi    = {10.5281/zenodo.22128828},
+  url    = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22128828}
+}
+```

out-docker/measurements-pass1.jsonl ADDED Viewed

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