Subset (2)

repeat4 · 1.33k rows

Split (1)

test · 1.33k rows

n_bytes int64 106 4.92k	n_words int64 16 804	repeat_n int64 4 4	repeated_base_tokens int64 50 1k	source_base_tokens int64 11 249	source_block_id int64 0 72	source_doc_id int64 0 61	source_reencoded_tokens int64 11 250	text stringlengths 106 4.92k
4,370	724	4	998	248	8	38	248	for as much as several thousand dollars. The bank shares he held paid relatively high dividends until 1791, when the bank received serious competition from the First Bank of the United States. The Bank of the United States was established by Alexander Hamilton to provide stable banking services on a national scale, and...
4,490	684	4	998	248	9	38	248	country estate in Waltham that grew over time to 300 acres (120 ha). He had a house built on the estate, most of which he operated as a gentleman farmer. He and other similarly-situated Federalists formed the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, of which he served as a trustee for several years; the organiz...
4,458	676	4	997	247	10	38	247	operating privateers out of the Port of Boston, but he was stymied by local juries that sympathized with the French. Duplaine was eventually expelled on orders from President George Washington based on evidence provided by Gore. Gore also promoted anti-French sentiment with political writings in Massachusetts newspaper...
4,550	716	4	998	248	11	38	248	The commission was established to arbitrate claims emanating from British seizures of American vessels and cargoes, and from British claims relating to violations of American neutrality in the ongoing French Revolutionary Wars. It consisted of three Americans (Gore, William Pinkney, and John Trumbull) and two British c...
4,178	696	4	998	248	12	38	248	, where the house had been largely destroyed by fire in 1799. After his return to London, with the commission work still stopped, he and Rebecca embarked on a tour of Europe. They visited Holland, Belgium, and Switzerland, and spent six months in Paris. During this trip, and later ones in England and Scotland, they too...
4,298	684	4	998	248	13	38	248	expatriates. When King left his post in May 1803 he named Gore to head the London embassy as chargé d 'affaires. Although President Thomas Jefferson never issued a formal appointment, the British government accepted his role for the two-month interval between King's departure and the arrival of James Monroe as King's r...
4,238	656	4	998	248	14	38	248	its secret central committee. He resumed his law practice, in which he took on as a student Daniel Webster. One of the highest profile cases he took on was the 1807 defense of Thomas Selfridge, accused of murdering Charles Austin. Selfridge, an older Federalist attorney, had been retained to assist in the collection of...
4,030	636	4	998	248	15	38	248	in a wide variety of businesses and infrastructure, spurring economic activity in the state. His investments ranged widely, including maritime insurance (where is father-in-law had made his fortune), bridges, locks, canals, and textiles. He was a major investor in the Middlesex Canal, the Craigie Bridge (the first to c...
4,282	644	4	998	248	16	38	248	That year the Republicans were in the majority, and the election for governor was close enough to require a recount. The legislature scrutinized the ballots in a partisan manner (for example, retaining ballots containing misspelled versions of Republican James Sullivan's name and discarding similar ballots marked for F...
4,494	660	4	998	248	17	38	248	ensure the selection of a Federalist slate of presidential electors. He also spearheaded actions to drive Senator John Quincy Adams from the Federalist Party over his support of Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy. The legislature elected Adams'successor nine months early, and gave Adams sufficiently distasteful instruct...
4,034	632	4	998	248	18	38	248	in the Napoleonic Wars), and Gore in early 1810 invited Francis James Jackson, who had been rejected as the UK's ambassador to the US, to visit the state. This pressure may have played a role in President James Madison's decision to renew relations with the UK and accept Jackson's credentials. The lessening of the war ...
3,342	588	4	999	248	19	38	249	9. He served on the college's Board of Overseers from 1810 to 1815 and as a Fellow from 1816 to 1820. Harvard's first library building, a Gothic structure built in 1838 of Quincy granite, was named in his honor, but was demolished when Widener Library was built in its place in 1915. (This structure is found on the seal...
4,174	692	4	998	248	20	38	248	He expressed approval of the 1814 Hartford Convention in which the New England states aired grievances concerning Republican governance of the country and the conduct of the war. Gore assented to the Treaty of Ghent that ended the war, but was unhappy that the nation had not gained anything from the war. He resigned in...
3,322	548	4	874	217	21	38	217	am, suffering from worsening rheumatoid arthritis that made walking increasingly difficult. His declining health and lack of social scene in Waltham led him in 1822 to return to Boston in the winters. He died on March 1, 1827 in Boston and is buried in its Granary Burying Ground. Gore's wife died in 1834; the couple ha...
3,562	596	4	999	249	0	39	249	= Nero = Nero (/ ˈnɪəroʊ /; Latin: Nerō Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 15 December 37 AD – 9 June 68 AD) was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68, and the last in the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his grand-uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor, and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudiu...
3,862	688	4	998	248	1	39	248	was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome, which many Romans believed Nero himself had started in order to clear land for his planned palatial complex, the Domus Aurea. In 68, the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul and later the acclamation of Galba in Hispania drove Nero from the throne. Facing a false report of being denounce...
3,358	540	4	997	247	2	39	247	sources for Nero's reign, but a few surviving sources paint Nero in a more favourable light. Some sources, including some mentioned above, portray him as an emperor who was popular with the common Roman people, especially in the East. Some modern historians question the reliability of ancient sources when reporting on ...
3,558	576	4	998	248	3	39	248	of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor on his mother's side. Thus, Nero had as his paternal grandmother Antonia Major, and also claimed more remote descent from Antonia Minor as a great-grandson — later grandson after Claudius adopted him. Through Octavia, Nero was the great-nephew of Caesar Augustus. Nero's father had been ...
3,666	596	4	998	248	4	39	248	through their daughter Julia the Elder and her husband Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Agrippina's father, Germanicus, was a grandson of Augustus's wife, Livia, on one side and to Mark Antony and Octavia on the other. Germanicus' mother Antonia Minor, was a daughter of Octavia Minor and Mark Antony. Octavia was Augustus'elde...
3,494	556	4	998	248	5	39	248	less wealthy aunt, Domitia Lepida, who was the mother of Valeria Messalina, Claudius's third wife. Caligula, his wife Caesonia and their infant daughter Julia Drusilla were murdered on 24 January 41. These events led Claudius, Caligula's uncle, to become emperor. Claudius allowed Agrippina to return from exile. Claudiu...
3,714	636	4	998	248	6	39	248	his stepbrother Britannicus, and thus became heir to the throne. Nero was proclaimed an adult in 51 at the age of 14. He was appointed proconsul, entered and first addressed the Senate, made joint public appearances with Claudius, and was featured in coinage. In 53, he married his stepsister Claudia Octavia. == Empero...
3,646	684	4	998	248	7	39	248	ed to Claudius, as" the food of the gods, "as the Greek proverb has it. At any rate, after Claudius'death he vented on him every kind of insult, in act and word, charging him now with folly and now with cruelty; for it was a favourite joke of his to say that Claudius had ceased" to play the fool "among mortals, lengthe...
3,806	632	4	998	248	8	39	248	of his Annals, describes Nero as being' scarcely out of his boyhood 'at the time he became emperor. Ancient historians describe Nero's early reign as being strongly influenced by his mother, Agrippina, his tutor Lucius Annaeus Seneca, and the Praetorian Prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus, especially in the first year. Othe...
3,690	600	4	997	247	9	39	247	wanted to hear unlike his mother. In 54, Agrippina tried to sit down next to Nero while he met with an Armenian envoy, but Seneca stopped her and prevented a scandalous scene (as it was unimaginable at that time for a woman to be in the same room as men doing official business). Nero's friends also mistrusted Agrippina...
3,958	656	4	998	248	10	39	248	but was approaching legal adulthood. According to Tacitus, Agrippina hoped that with her support, Britannicus, being the blood son of Claudius, would be seen as the true heir to the throne by the state over Nero. However, the youth died suddenly and suspiciously on 12 February 55, the very day before his proclamation a...
3,834	592	4	997	247	11	39	247	already been tasted, and succumbed within minutes. After the death of Britannicus, Agrippina was accused of slandering Octavia and Nero ordered her out of the imperial residence. === Matricide and consolidation of power === Over time, Nero became progressively more powerful, freeing himself of his advisers and elimin...
3,594	580	4	998	248	12	39	248	because a marriage to Poppaea and a divorce from Octavia did not seem politically feasible with Agrippina alive, Nero ordered the murder of his mother in 59. A number of modern historians find this an unlikely motive as Nero did not marry Poppaea until 62. Additionally, according to Suetonius, Poppaea did not divorce h...
3,810	604	4	999	248	13	39	249	62, Nero's adviser, Burrus, died. Additionally, Seneca was again faced with embezzlement charges. Seneca asked Nero for permission to retire from public affairs. Nero divorced and banished Octavia on grounds of infertility, leaving him free to marry the pregnant Poppaea. After public protests, Nero was forced to allow ...
3,570	588	4	998	248	14	39	248	a party. Later, Nero ordered the exile of Fabricius Veiento who slandered the Senate in a book. Tacitus writes that the roots of the conspiracy led by Gaius Calpurnius Piso began in this year. To consolidate power, Nero executed a number of people in 62 and 63 including his rivals Pallas, Rubellius Plautus and Faustus ...
3,462	600	4	998	248	15	39	248	spices, embalmed and put in the Mausoleum of Augustus. She was given a state funeral. Nero praised her during the funeral eulogy and gave her divine honors. It is said that Nero "burned ten years' worth of Arabia's incense production at her funeral. In the beginning of 66, he married Statilia Messalina. She was already...
4,026	716	4	998	248	16	39	248	was criticized as being obsessed with personal popularity. Nero began his reign in 54 by promising the Senate more autonomy. In this first year, he forbade others to refer to him with regard to enactments, for which he was praised by the Senate. Nero was known for spending his time visiting brothels and taverns during ...
4,306	688	4	999	248	17	39	249	ots from the people, Nero supported the Senate on their measure, and deployed troops to organise the execution of 400 slaves affected by the law. However, he vetoed strong measures against the freedmen affected by the case. After tax collectors were accused of being too harsh to the poor, Nero transferred collection au...
3,986	628	4	1,000	248	18	39	250	ymnasiums and theatres. Enormous gladiatorial shows were also held. Nero also established the quinquennial Neronia. The festival included games, poetry, and theater. Historians indicate that there was a belief that theatre led to immorality. Others considered that to have performers dressed in Greek clothing was old fa...
3,382	580	4	998	248	19	39	248	He reduced the weight of the denarius from 84 per Roman pound to 96 (3.85 grams to 3.35 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 99.5 % to 93.5 % — the silver weight dropping from 3.83 grams to 3.4 grams. Furthermore, Nero reduced the weight of the aureus from 40 per Roman pound to 45 (8 grams to 7.2 grams). Betw...
3,998	688	4	998	248	20	39	248	" thoroughly exhausted by contributions of money "with" the provinces ruined. "Modern historians, though, note that the period was riddled with deflation and that it is likely that Nero's spending came in the form of public works projects and charity intended to ease economic troubles. === Great Fire of Rome (64 AD) =...
3,862	672	4	998	248	21	39	248	. It is uncertain who or what actually caused the fire — whether accident or arson. Suetonius and Cassius Dio favor Nero as the arsonist, so he could build a palatial complex. Tacitus mentions that Christians confessed to the crime, but it is not known whether these confessions were induced by torture. However, acciden...
3,998	696	4	998	248	22	39	248	Tacitus, upon hearing news of the fire, Nero returned to Rome to organize a relief effort, which he paid for from his own funds. Nero's contributions to the relief extended to personally taking part in the search for and rescue of victims of the blaze, spending days searching the debris without even his bodyguards. Aft...
4,066	656	4	998	248	23	39	248	the empire. Tacitus, in one of the earliest non-Christian references to the origins of Christianity, notes that the population searched for a scapegoat and rumors held Nero responsible. To deflect blame, Nero targeted Christians. He ordered Christians to be thrown to dogs, while others were crucified and burned. === P...
4,034	664	4	999	249	24	39	249	67 in order to improve relations with Greece and display Roman dominance. As a competitor, Nero raced a ten-horse chariot and nearly died after being thrown from it. He also performed as an actor and a singer. Though Nero faltered in his racing (in one case, dropping out entirely before the end) and acting competitions...
3,778	636	4	999	248	25	39	249	ia to Rome. The peace did not last and full-scale war broke out in 58. The Parthian king Vologases I refused to remove his brother Tiridates from Armenia. The Parthians began a full-scale invasion of the Armenian kingdom. Commander Corbulo responded and repelled most of the Parthian army that same year. Tiridates retre...
3,654	636	4	998	248	26	39	248	The result was a deal where Tiridates again became the Armenian king, but was crowned in Rome by Emperor Nero. In the future, the king of Armenia was to be a Parthian prince, but his appointment required approval from the Romans. Tiridates was forced to come to Rome and partake in ceremonies meant to display Roman domi...
3,590	560	4	998	248	27	39	248	major rebellion broke out in the province of Britannia. While the governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and his troops were busy capturing the island of Mona (Anglesey) from the druids, the tribes of the southeast staged a revolt led by queen Boudica of the Iceni. Boudica and her troops destroyed three cities before the ar...
3,586	584	4	998	248	28	39	248	the conspiracy and reported it to Nero's secretary, Epaphroditos. As a result, the conspiracy failed and its members were executed including Lucan, the poet. Nero's previous advisor, Seneca was ordered to commit suicide after admitting he discussed the plot with the conspirators. The First Jewish War of 66 – 70 In 66, ...
4,002	648	4	998	248	29	39	248	s rebellion. In an attempt to gain support from outside his own province, Vindex called upon Servius Sulpicius Galba, the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, to join the rebellion and further, to declare himself emperor in opposition to Nero. At the Battle of Vesontio in May 68, Verginius' forces easily defeated those ...
4,014	724	4	998	248	30	39	248	from there, to take a fleet to one of the still-loyal eastern provinces. According to Suetonius, Nero abandoned the idea when some army officers openly refused to obey his commands, responding with a line from Vergil's Aeneid:" Is it so dreadful a thing then to die? "Nero then toyed with the idea of fleeing to Parthia,...
3,934	708	4	998	248	31	39	248	he found them all abandoned. When he called for a gladiator or anyone else adept with a sword to kill him, no one appeared. He cried," Have I neither friend nor foe? "and ran out as if to throw himself into the Tiber. Returning, Nero sought for some place where he could hide and collect his thoughts. An imperial freedm...
4,070	728	4	997	247	32	39	247	served the imperial family all their lives and felt a sense of loyalty to the deified bloodline, if not to Nero himself. The men actually had the goal of returning Nero back to the Senate, where the Senate hoped to work out a compromise with the rebelling governors that would preserve Nero's life, so that at least a fu...
3,598	600	4	998	248	33	39	248	's final words were" Too late! This is fidelity! "He died on 9 June 68, the anniversary of the death of Octavia, and was buried in the Mausoleum of the Domitii Ahenobarbi, in what is now the Villa Borghese (Pincian Hill) area of Rome. With his death, the Julio-Claudian dynasty ended. The Senate, when news of his death ...
3,910	656	4	998	248	34	39	248	" those who were supported by the famous excesses of Nero ", on the other hand, were upset with the news. Members of the military were said to have mixed feelings, as they had allegiance to Nero, but were bribed to overthrow him. Eastern sources, namely Philostratus II and Apollonius of Tyana, mention that Nero's death...
4,054	680	4	999	248	35	39	249	ive. This reworking of images is often explained as part of the way in which the memory of disgraced emperors was condemned posthumously (see damnatio memoriae). Champlin, however, doubts that the practice is necessarily negative and notes that some continued to create images of Nero long after his death. The civil war...
3,642	632	4	998	248	36	39	248	Otho used" Nero "as a surname and reerected many statues to Nero. Vitellius overthrew Otho. Vitellius began his reign with a large funeral for Nero complete with songs written by Nero. After Nero's suicide in 68, there was a widespread belief, especially in the eastern provinces, that he was not dead and somehow would ...
4,094	676	4	1,000	247	37	39	247	accompaniment of the lyre and looked like Nero but he, too, was killed. Twenty years after Nero's death, during the reign of Domitian, there was a third pretender. He was supported by the Parthians, who only reluctantly gave him up, and the matter almost came to war. == Physical appearance == In his book The Lives of...
3,766	644	4	997	247	38	39	247	secondary and tertiary histories on Nero written by the next generations of historians. A few of the contemporary historians are known by name. Fabius Rusticus, Cluvius Rufus and Pliny the Elder all wrote condemning histories on Nero that are now lost. There were also pro-Nero histories, but it is unknown who wrote the...
3,322	572	4	998	248	39	39	248	Nero in a favourable light. Some sources, though, portray him as a competent emperor who was popular with the Roman people, especially in the east. Cassius Dio Cassius Dio (c. 155 – 229) was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator. He passed the greater part of his life in public service. He was a senator under ...
3,778	680	4	998	248	40	39	248	rule indefinitely. They longed for his rule once he was gone and embraced imposters when they appeared: Indeed the truth about this has not come out even yet; for so far as the rest of his subjects were concerned, there was nothing to prevent his continuing to be Emperor for all time, seeing that even now everybody wis...
3,978	720	4	998	248	41	39	248	But I omit any further discourse about these affairs; for there have been a great many who have composed the history of Nero; some of which have departed from the truth of facts out of favour, as having received benefits from him; while others, out of hatred to him, and the great ill-will which they bore him, have so i...
3,078	576	4	998	248	42	39	248	ostratus II" the Athenian "(c. 172 – 250) spoke of Nero in the Life of Apollonius Tyana (Books 4 – 5). Though he has a generally bad or dim view of Nero, he speaks of others'positive reception of Nero in the East. Pliny the Elder The history of Nero by Pliny the Elder (c. 24 – 79) did not survive. Still, there are seve...
3,554	576	4	998	248	43	39	248	very well of Nero. Suetonius Suetonius (c. 69 – 130) was a member of the equestrian order, and he was the head of the department of the imperial correspondence. While in this position, Suetonius started writing biographies of the emperors, accentuating the anecdotal and sensational aspects. Tacitus The Annals by Tacitu...
3,602	624	4	998	248	44	39	248	life as a senator after Nero's death and, by Tacitus'own admission, owed much to Nero's rivals. Realising that this bias may be apparent to others, Tacitus protests that his writing is true. Girolamo Cardano In 1562 Girolamo Cardano published in Basel his Encomium Neronis, which was one of the first historical referenc...
3,542	640	4	998	248	45	39	248	in Jerusalem to be destroyed, but would punish the one to carry it out. Nero said," He desires to lay waste His House and to lay the blame on me, "whereupon he fled and converted to Judaism to avoid such retribution. Vespasian was then dispatched to put down the rebellion. The Talmud adds that the sage Reb Meir Baal Ha...
3,746	596	4	997	247	46	39	247	alleged trip to Jerusalem or his alleged conversion to Judaism. There is also no record of Nero having any offspring who survived infancy: his only recorded child, Claudia Augusta, died aged 4 months. === Christian tradition === Non-Christian historian Tacitus describes Nero extensively torturing and executing Christ...
3,566	588	4	998	248	47	39	248	instigation of Chrestus, he [emperor Claudius] expelled them from Rome "(" Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma expulit "). These expelled" Jews "may have been early Christians, although Suetonius is not explicit. Nor is the Bible explicit, calling Aquila of Pontus and his wife, Priscilla, both expelled ...
3,826	656	4	998	248	48	39	248	was the first to write explicitly that Paul was beheaded in Rome during the reign of Nero. He states that Nero's persecution led to Peter and Paul's deaths, but that Nero did not give any specific orders. However, several other accounts going back to the 1st century have Paul surviving his two years in Rome and travell...
3,698	632	4	998	248	49	39	248	that Nero would return as the Antichrist. In 310, Lactantius wrote that Nero" suddenly disappeared, and even the burial place of that noxious wild beast was nowhere to be seen. This has led some persons of extravagant imagination to suppose that, having been conveyed to a distant region, he is still reserved alive; and...
1,442	244	4	367	90	50	39	91	kins University) of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the editors of the Oxford & Harper Collins Study Bibles, contend that the number 666 in the Book of Revelation is a code for Nero, a view that is also supported in Roman Catholic Biblical commentaries. The concept of Nero as the Antichrist is often a cen...
3,882	676	4	999	249	0	40	249	= Manila = Manila (/ məˈnɪl.ə /) is the capital city of the Philippines, founded on June 24, 1571 by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi. It is one of the oldest cities in the country and was the seat of power for most of the colonial rules of the Philippines. It is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Ba...
3,598	576	4	998	248	1	40	248	Manila as a global city. Manila has six representative districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Furthermore, the city is composed of 16 districts, namely: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Port Area, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa ...
4,390	676	4	998	248	2	40	248	quistadors arrived from Mexico, from across the Pacific, and founded present-day Manila in what today is Intramuros. Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city and incorporated Tondo under Manila and then built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The Conquistadors renamed the...
4,406	704	4	999	246	3	40	246	Philippines. Order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia. Before the Spanish – American War, Manila saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. Under the American rule following the Spanish – American War, the Uni...
3,618	572	4	998	248	4	40	248	esians migrated in and assimilated them. The Kingdom of Tondo flourished during the latter half of the Ming Dynasty as a result of direct trade relations with China. Tondo district was maintained as the traditional capital of the empire, with its rulers as sovereign kings and not mere chieftains, and were addressed var...
3,622	592	4	998	248	5	40	248	" which is a historical name for the city of Manila is listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot, which is now Sulu, and Kalka. During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah from 1485 to 1521, the Bruneian Empire invaded, wanting to take advantage of Tondo's China trade by attacking its environs and establishing "كوتا سلودوڠ Kota Saludo...
4,010	648	4	998	248	6	40	248	before it became the seat of the colonial government of Spain. On June 24, 1571, Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain (now Mexico), and then exercised rule of the Spanish city of Manila as a territory of New Spain with the establishment of a city council in what today is the district of I...
3,910	628	4	997	247	7	40	247	Africa and Latin America across the Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia (Which was already an entrepot for goods coming from India, Indonesia and China) and trade also flowed vice versa. Silver that was mined in Mexico and Peru were exchanged for Chinese silk, Indian gems, and the spices of the Southeast Asia, some of wh...
4,426	672	4	999	248	8	40	249	itated direct rule from Spain. Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry and education flourished more than it had in the previous two centuries. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The growing wealth and education attracted indigenous, Chinese, Indians, Lati...
3,994	600	4	997	247	9	40	247	been tacit: that the City of Manila was not Intramuros alone but also all its arrabales. The new city charter proclaimed that Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts — presumably Tondo, Binondo, Santa Cruz, Sampaloc, San Miguel, Pandacan, Santa Ana, Paco, Malate, Ermita and Intramuros. In addition to these, t...
4,362	704	4	997	247	10	40	247	included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from Luneta to the present Taft Avenue. The Philippine Capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing toward the sea, and would form, with the buildings of different government bureaus and departments, a quadrangle, lagoon in th...
3,634	624	4	998	248	11	40	248	the Empire of Japan on January 2, 1942, it was recaptured by joint American and Filipino troops from February 3 to March 3, 1945. Some 100,000 civilians were killed in Manila in February 1945. It was the second most devastated city in the world after Warsaw during the Second World War. At the end of World War II, almos...
3,714	608	4	998	248	12	40	248	), Manila underwent The Golden Age, once again earning its status as the "Pearl of the Orient", a moniker it earned before the Second World War. After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by Antonio Villegas for most of the 1960s. Ramon Bagatsing (an Indian-Filipino) was mayor for nearly the entire 1970s until th...
3,910	608	4	999	248	13	40	249	824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns, as a separate regional unit of government. On the 405th anniversary of the city's foundation on June 24, 1976, Manila was reinstated by Marcos as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of governme...
3,782	612	4	997	247	14	40	247	Lim was elected mayor, the first Chinese-Filipino to hold the office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by Lito Atienza, who served as his vice-mayor. Atienza was known for his campaign (and city slogan) "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of several parks and th...
3,290	528	4	999	248	15	40	249	itation of public schools, and was heavily criticized for his haphazard resolution of the Rizal Park hostage taking incident, one of the deadliest hostage crisis in the Philippines. Later on, Vice Mayor Isko Moreno and 28 city councilors filed another case against Lim in 2012, stating that Lim's statement in a meeting ...
3,686	600	4	998	248	16	40	248	and bought dialysis machines and magnetic resonance imaging scanners, increased the efficiency of the police force and reduced crime. Manila has become the most competitive city in the Philippines by 2015, making the city the best place for doing business and for living in. Despite his achievements and unprecedented fe...
3,906	624	4	999	248	17	40	249	vention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the American colonial times. Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out due to the urbanization of the city. As of 2013, Manila has a total area of 42.88 square kilometres (16.56 sq mi). === Earthquakes === Manila sits astr...
3,526	548	4	999	248	18	40	249	ila features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator means that the temperature range is very small, rarely going below 20°C (68°F) or above 38°C (100°F). Temperature extremes have ran...
3,794	620	4	999	248	19	40	249	98 % of the population. Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths. Ermita is Manila's most air polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste. According to a report in 2003, The Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of indu...
4,182	600	4	999	248	20	40	249	ks along the riverside, along with stricter pollution controls. == Cityscape == === Architecture === Manila has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences. Prominet F...
4,502	664	4	998	248	21	40	248	street of the Philippines. Unfortunately, much of Manila's prewar and Spanish colonial architecture was destroyed during World War II. Reconstruction took place afterwards, replacing the destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the city's character. Some buildings destroyed by the war ...
4,074	644	4	999	248	22	40	249	18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, although it did periodically level the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude quake in accordance to the country's building code. === Barangays and districts === Manila is composed of fourte...
3,410	568	4	999	246	23	40	246	Furthermore, the AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region was created in 2012 to ensure peace and stability in Metro Manila, of which Manila is a part. It bears the same functions of the deactivated National Capital Regional Command, although it operates on a much smaller size than its predecessor. === Slums === ...
3,866	572	4	999	248	24	40	249	Manila's population density dwarfs that of Kolkata (27,774 inhabitants per km2), Mumbai (22,937 inhabitants per km2), Paris (20,164 inhabitants per km2), Dhaka (19,447 inhabitants per km2), Shanghai (16,364 inhabitants per km2, with its most dense district, Nanshi, having a density of 56,785 inhabitants per km2), and ...
4,214	616	4	998	248	25	40	248	of Japanese Filipino, Indian Filipino, and other migrants or expatriates also speak their parents' languages at home, aside from English and / or Filipino for everyday use. Minnan Chinese (known as Lannang-oe) is spoken by the city's Chinese-Filipino community. == Economy == The city is a major center for commerce, b...
4,606	716	4	998	248	26	40	248	it the premier international shipping gateway to the country. The Philippine Ports Authority is government agency responsible to oversee the operation and management of the ports. The International Container Terminal Services Inc. cited by the Asian Development Bank as one of the top five major maritime terminal operat...
4,034	596	4	998	248	27	40	248	Divisoria in Tondo is dubbed as the "shopping mecca of the Philippines". Numerous shopping malls are located in this place, which sells products and goods at bargain price. Small vendors occupies several roads that causes pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A famous landmark in Divisoria is the Tutuban Center, a large sh...
4,422	680	4	998	248	28	40	248	an Oil Depot houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of the three major players in the country's petroleum industry, namely Caltex Philippines, Pilipinas Shell and Petron Corporation. The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact to the residents of...
4,286	660	4	997	247	29	40	247	existing newspaper is headquartered in Binondo. Manila serves as the headquarters of the Central Bank of the Philippines which is located along Roxas Boulevard. Some universal banks in the Philippines that has its headquarters in the city are the Landbank of the Philippines and Philippine Trust Company. Philam Life Ins...
3,954	680	4	998	248	30	40	248	known as Luneta Park, is the national park of the country and has an area of 58 hectares (140 acres), making it the largest urban park in Asia. In the Tourism Act of 2009, Rizal Park along with Intramuros are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone. A new attraction called Paseo de Manila...
3,550	540	4	998	248	31	40	248	the Intramuros Administration (IA). The architecture of Intramuros reflects the Spanish colonial style and the American neoclassical architectural style, since the Philippines was a colony of Spain and the United States before it is granted its independence in 1946. Kalesa is a popular mode of transportation in Intramu...
3,718	596	4	999	248	32	40	249	1859). Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining "de Manila" in its name) in 1952. Other prominent educational institutions include the Manila ...
3,798	664	4	998	248	33	40	248	city. The mall was the second and by-far, the largest Robinson Mall ever built by John Gokongwei. SM Supermall maintains presence in the city. One of their shopping mall is the SM City Manila, the first SM Supermall in the city featuring major SM brands like The SM Store, SM Supermarket, SM Cinemas and SM Foodcourt. It...
3,726	600	4	998	248	34	40	248	is where lots of department stores are located. One of Recto Avenue's famous destination is Divisoria, home to numerous shopping malls in the city. It is also dubbed as the shopping mecca of the Philippines where everything is sold at bargain price. Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world, is the city's center of co...

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