wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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206686 | List of caricaturists | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20caricaturists | List of caricaturists
Henry Bateman (1887–1970)
- William Auerbach-Levy (1889–1964)
- Sir David Low (1891–1963)
- Don Barclay (1892–1975)
- Peggy Bacon (1895-1987)
- Alexander Saroukhan (1898–1977)
- Boris Yefimov (1899–2008)
- Alex Gard (1900–1948)
- Oscar Berger (1901–1997)
- Al Hirschfeld (1903–2003)
- Lou... | 5,400 |
206686 | List of caricaturists | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20caricaturists | List of caricaturists
(1928–2018)
- Mort Drucker (born 1929)
- Ranan Lurie (born 1932)
- George Bahgoury (born 1932)
- Predrag Koraksić Corax (born 1933)
- Bruce Stark (born 1933)
- Patrick Oliphant (born 1935)
- Oğuz Aral (1936–2004)
- Gerald Scarfe (born 1936)
- Ralph Steadman (born 1936)
- Cabu (1938–2015)... | 5,401 |
206686 | List of caricaturists | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20caricaturists | List of caricaturists
(born 1951)
- Javad Alizadeh (born 1953)
- Sam Viviano (born 1953)
- Steve Brodner (born 1954)
- Massoud Mehrabi (born 1955)
- Robert Risko (born 1956)
- Philip Burke (born 1956)
- Tom Bachtell (born 1957)
- Bob Staake (born 1957)
- Dan Dunn (born 1957)
- Shawn McManus (born 1958)
- Jim... | 5,402 |
206686 | List of caricaturists | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20caricaturists | List of caricaturists
961)
- Zach Trenholm (born 1961)
- Glynis Sweeny (born 1962)
- Sebastian Krüger (born 1963)
- Shekhar Gurera, India (born 1965)
- Marshall Jay Kaplan (born 1965)
- Seyran Caferli (born 1966)
- Kerry G. Johnson (born 1966)
- Emad Hajjaj (born 1967)
- Raed Khalil (born 1973)
- Hermann Meji... | 5,403 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
USS Shangri-La
USS "Shangri-La" (CV/CVA/CVS-38) was one of 24 s completed during or shortly after World War II for the United States Navy.
Commissioned in 1944, "Shangri-La" participated in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations in World War II, earning two battle stars. Like many of he... | 5,404 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
was decommissioned in 1971 and sold for scrap in 1988.
# Nomenclature.
The naming of the ship was a radical departure from the general practice of the time, which was to name aircraft carriers after battles or previous US Navy ships. After the Doolittle Raid, launched from the aircraft carrier , Presid... | 5,405 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
sponsored by Josephine Doolittle (wife of Jimmy Doolittle). "Shangri-La" was commissioned on 15 September 1944, with Captain James D. Barner in command.
# Service history.
## World War II.
"Shangri-La" completed fitting out at Norfolk and took her shakedown cruise to Trinidad, between 15 September and... | 5,406 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
loaded passengers, stores, and extra planes for transit to Hawaii and got underway on 7 February. Upon her arrival at Pearl Harbor on 15 February, she commenced two months of duty, qualifying land-based Navy pilots in carrier landings.
On 10 April, she weighed anchor for Ulithi Atoll where she arrived 1... | 5,407 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
Japanese. The target was Okino Daito Jima, a group of islands several hundred miles to the southeast of Okinawa. Her planes successfully destroyed radar and radio installations there and, upon their recovery, the task group sailed for Okinawa. "Shangri-La" supplied combat air patrols for the task group a... | 5,408 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
TF 38, retaining "Shangri-La" as his flagship. On 2–3 June, the task force launched air strikes on the Japanese home islands – aimed particularly at Kyūshū, the southernmost of the major islands. Facing the stiffest airborne resistance to date, "Shangri-La"s airmen suffered their heaviest casualties.
On... | 5,409 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
remained at anchor there for the rest of June, engaged in upkeep and recreation.
On 1 July, "Shangri-La" got underway from Leyte to return to the combat zone. On the 2nd, the oath of office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air was administered to John L. Sullivan on board "Shangri-La", the first c... | 5,410 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
and Hokkaidō and, on 18 July, returned to Tokyo, also bombing battleship , moored close to shore at Yokosuka. From 20–22 July, "Shangri-La" joined the logistics group for fuel, replacement aircraft, and mail. By 24 July, her pilots were attacking shipping in the vicinity of Kure. They returned the next d... | 5,411 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
in the retirement area waiting for a typhoon to pass. On 9 August, after heavy fog had caused the cancellation of the previous day's missions, the carrier sent her planes aloft to bomb Honshū and Hokkaido once again. The next day, they raided Tokyo and central Honshū, then retired from the area for logis... | 5,412 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
on the latter date. From 23 August – 16 September, her planes sortied on missions of mercy, air-dropping supplies to Allied prisoners of war in Japan.
"Shangri-La" entered Tokyo Bay on 16 September, almost two weeks after the surrender ceremony onboard battleship , and remained there until 1 October. De... | 5,413 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
until 30 December, and then returned to San Diego.
## Post-war.
Upon her return, "Shangri-La" began normal operations out of San Diego, primarily engaged in pilot carrier landing qualifications. In May 1946, she sailed for the Central Pacific to participate in Operation Crossroads, the atomic bomb test... | 5,414 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
10 May 1951, Captain Francis L. Busey in command. For the next year, she conducted training and readiness operations out of Boston, Massachusetts. Reclassified as an attack carrier ("CVA-38") in 1952, she returned to Puget Sound that fall and decommissioned again on 14 November, this time for modernizati... | 5,415 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
U.S. carrier with an angled flight deck. She conducted intensive fleet training for the remainder of 1955, then deployed to the Far East on 5 January 1956. Until 1960, she alternated western Pacific cruises with operations out of San Diego. On 16 March 1960, she put to sea from San Diego en route to her ... | 5,416 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
after her return to Mayport, "Shangri-La" was ordered back to sea—this time to the Caribbean in response to trouble in Guatemala and Nicaragua. She returned to Mayport on 25 November and remained in port for more than two months.
Between 1961 and 1970, "Shangri-La" alternated between deployments to the ... | 5,417 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
she departed the Mediterranean in mid-August and arrived in Mayport on 28 August.
Following a month's stay at her home port, the aircraft carrier headed for New York and a major overhaul. "Shangri-La" was modified extensively during her stay in the yard. Four of her 5 in (127 mm) mounts were removed, bu... | 5,418 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
for another deployment. On 1 October 1963, she headed back to the 6th Fleet for a seven-month tour.
## Vietnam.
"Shangri-La" continued her United States Second Fleet and Sixth Fleet assignments for the next six years. From 15 February 1965 to 20 September 1965, she made a Mediterranean deployment with ... | 5,419 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
an extensive overhaul during the winter of 1965 and the spring of 1966, this time at Philadelphia, then resumed operations as before. On 30 June 1969, she was redesignated an antisubmarine warfare carrier ("CVS-38").
In 1970, "Shangri-La" returned to the western Pacific after an absence of 10 years. She... | 5,420 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
Kong, in October, and by 12 days in drydock at Yokosuka, Japan, in July.
On 9 November, "Shangri-La" stood out of Subic Bay to return home. En route to Mayport, she visited Sydney, Australia; Wellington, New Zealand; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She arrived in Mayport on 16 December and began preparation... | 5,421 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
for several years to provide spare parts for the training carrier . On 9 August 1988, she was sold for scrap and later towed to Taiwan for demolition.
An anchor from "Shangri-La" is in Litchfield, Minnesota. One of "Shangri-La"s four propellers is on display outside Meding's Seafood in Milford, Delaware... | 5,422 |
206657 | USS Shangri-La | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Shangri-La | USS Shangri-La
ttle stars for World War II service and three battle stars for service in the Vietnam War.
- Meritorious Unit Commendation
- Navy Expeditionary Medal
- American Campaign Medal
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" cla... | 5,423 |
206675 | Rosa Albach-Retty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa%20Albach-Retty | Rosa Albach-Retty
Rosa Albach-Retty
Rosa Albach-Retty (26 December 1874 – 26 August 1980) was a German-born Austrian movie and stage actress. She is mainly remembered today as actress Romy Schneider's paternal grandmother.
# Life.
Born into a well-known family of Austrian actors, she was the daughter of actor and di... | 5,424 |
206675 | Rosa Albach-Retty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa%20Albach-Retty | Rosa Albach-Retty
of Wolf Albach-Retty (1906–1967), an Austrian movie actor who married German movie actress Magda Schneider in 1937. She thereby was the grandmother of Romy Schneider and great-grandmother of Sarah Biasini.
Albach-Retty made her first film appearance in 1930, in Georg Jacoby's "Money on the Street", a... | 5,425 |
206675 | Rosa Albach-Retty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa%20Albach-Retty | Rosa Albach-Retty
isode" (1935)
- "Maria Ilona" (1939)
- "Hotel Sacher" (1939)
- "Whom the Gods Love" (1942)
- "Vienna 1910" (1943)
- "Maria Theresa" (1951)
- "The Spendthrift" (1953)
- "The Congress Dances" (1955)
# Decorations and awards.
- 1955: Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Aus... | 5,426 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
Caricature
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic drawings.
In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplificatio... | 5,427 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
English doctor Thomas Browne's "Christian Morals", published posthumously in 1716.
with the footnote:
Thus, the word "caricature" essentially means a "loaded portrait". Until the mid 19th century, it was commonly and mistakenly believed that the term shared the same root as the French 'charcuterie', likely... | 5,428 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
in the closed aristocratic circles of France and Italy, where such portraits could be passed about for mutual enjoyment.
While the first book on caricature drawing to be published in England was Mary Darly's "A Book of Caricaturas" (c. 1762), the first known North American caricatures were drawn in 1759 dur... | 5,429 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
was more of an artist and his work took its inspiration mostly from the public at large. Gillray was more concerned with the vicious visual satirisation of political life. They were, however, great friends and caroused together in the pubs of London.
In a lecture titled "The History and Art of Caricature", ... | 5,430 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
subject (the big ears, long nose, etc.); (2) the acquired characteristics (stoop, scars, facial lines etc.); and (3) the vanities (choice of hair style, spectacles, clothes, expressions, and mannerisms).
# Notable caricaturists.
- Sir Max Beerbohm (1872–1956, British), created and published caricatures of ... | 5,431 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
regularly in London at the Carfax Gallery (1901–18) and Leicester Galleries (1911–57).
- George Cruikshank (1792–1878, British) created political prints that attacked the royal family and leading politicians. He went on to create social caricatures of British life for popular publications such as "The Comic... | 5,432 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
("Le Charivari", "La Caricature" etc.)
- Mort Drucker (1929-, American) joined "Mad" in 1957 and became well known for his parodies of movie satires. He combined a comic strip style with caricature likenesses of film actors for "Mad", and he also contributed covers to "Time". He has been recognized for his ... | 5,433 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
Rose Theatre Collection of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
- Al Hirschfeld (1903–2003, American) was best known for his simple black and white renditions of celebrities and Broadway stars which used flowing contour lines over heavy rendering. He was also known for depicting a variety of... | 5,434 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
is known for his speedy style of Celebrity Caricaturing Stage Shows. He performs a 'Caricature Stage Show' which is a blend of poetry, anecdotes and socio-political satire and caricature.
- Sebastian Krüger (1963, German) is known for his grotesque, yet hyper-realistic distortions of the facial features of ... | 5,435 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
featured in the likes of "Stern", "L’Espresso", "Penthouse", and "Der Spiegel" and "USA Today". He has recently been working on select motion picture projects.
- David Levine (1926–2009, American) is noted for his caricatures in "The New York Review of Books" and "Playboy" magazine. His first cartoons appea... | 5,436 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
combinations of both.
- Thomas Nast (1840–1902, American) was a famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered by some as written in 1908 by "The New York Times" to be the father of American political cartooning. He is often credited with creating the definitive caricatur... | 5,437 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
are known for their wide jaws, which Viviano has explained is a result of his incorporation of side views as well as front views into his distortions of the human face. He has also developed a reputation for his ability to do crowd scenes. Explaining his twice-yearly covers for "Institutional Investor" magaz... | 5,438 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
designed specifically for automatically creating caricatures.
Computer graphic system requires quite different skill sets to design a caricature as compared to the caricatures created on paper. Thus using a computer in the digital production of caricatures requires advanced knowledge of the program's functi... | 5,439 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
face. For example, if Prince Charles has more prominent ears than the average person, in his caricature the ears will be much larger than normal. Brennan's system implemented this idea in a partially automated fashion as follows: the operator was required to input a frontal drawing of the desired person havi... | 5,440 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
scaled difference back onto the mean face.
Though Brennan's formalization was introduced in the 1980s, it remains relevant in recent work. Mo et al. refined the idea by noting that the population variance of the feature should be taken into account. For example, the distance between the eyes varies less tha... | 5,441 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
Their system uses machine learning techniques to automatically learn and mimic the style of a particular caricature artist, given training data in the form of a number of face photographs and the corresponding caricatures by that artist. The results produced by computer graphic systems are arguably not yet o... | 5,442 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
direct geometric distortion of photographs.
# Caricature advantage.
Brennan's caricature generator was used to test recognition of caricatures. Rhodes, Brennan and Carey demonstrated that caricatures were recognised more accurately than the original images. They used line drawn images but Benson and Perret... | 5,443 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
be drawn specifically (and quickly) for a patron. These are popular at street fairs, carnivals, and even weddings, often with humorous results.
Caricature artists are also popular attractions at many places frequented by tourists, especially oceanfront boardwalks, where vacationers can have a humorous caric... | 5,444 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
Busch Museum in Hanover and the "Cartoonmuseum" in Basel. The first museum of caricature in the Arab world was opened in March, 2009, at Fayoum, Egypt.
# See also.
- List of caricaturists
- Cartoon
- Controversial newspaper caricatures
- Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
- Persona
- Physio... | 5,445 |
206682 | Caricature | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caricature | Caricature
ts
- Cartoon
- Controversial newspaper caricatures
- Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
- Persona
- Physiognomy
- Satire
- Zoomorphism
- Arab Cartoon Award
- Meme
# External links.
- International Society of Caricature Artists (ISCA) Official site of the International Society of Caricat... | 5,446 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
Lager Beer Riot
The Lager Beer Riot occurred on April 21, 1855 in Chicago, Illinois. Mayor Levi Boone, a Nativist politician and great-nephew of Daniel Boone, renewed enforcement of an old local ordinance mandating that taverns be closed on Sundays and led the city council to raise the cost of a liquor... | 5,447 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
for many immigrants. Although the jobs that awaited these immigrant were often poor-paying wage based positions, these opportunities were often more promising than that of their home country. These immigrants settled in their own neighborhoods, German immigrants congregating mainly on the North Side, ac... | 5,448 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
of social and political cohesiveness. Additionally, the Forty-Eighters among them had previously used demonstrations as a political tool during the European revolutions of 1848.
As in much of the rest of the country, nativist distrust of Catholic influence produced a backlash in the form of the "Know-N... | 5,449 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
Party which garnered him enough support to win the election. The Know-Nothing Party nationally had been feeding off the swell of nationalist sentiments brewing in the nation in the 1840s and 1850s. In his inauguration speech, Mayor Boone stated, "I cannot be blind to the existence in our midst of a powe... | 5,450 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
was seen as a means of control, utilized by the elites to further control the working class, in the eyes of immigrants. Although Boone's actions were in anticipation of Illinois enacting by referendum a Maine law that would prohibit the sale of alcohol for recreational purposes, the referendum failed in... | 5,451 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
own, elected town constables and night watchmen contributed to the protection of the city. In response to the inadequacy of the constable system, a police department separate and distinct from municipal courts was established in 1853. All eighty men who comprised the newly formed Chicago Police departme... | 5,452 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
contributed toward a common fund and counsel to represent all."
Robin Einhorn argues that the scheduling of such an event, "in effect, scheduled the riot." Protesters clashed with police near the Cook County Court House. Waves of angry immigrants stormed the downtown area. "As the marchers, coming from... | 5,453 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
Martin was then killed by police, and Hunt's arm had to be amputated. Rumors flew throughout the city that more protesters were killed, although there is no evidence to support this. Loaded cannons set on the public square contributed to these rumors.
# Outcomes.
The Lager Beer Riot lead to a compromi... | 5,454 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
their community. Mayor Levi Boone's temperance policy thus united German property owners—who could have been a natural ally of the mayor because of their strong interest in order—with working class German immigrants.
In addition to the economic implications of the riot, there were compelling socio-cult... | 5,455 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
a larger issue of a nativist approach to control the immigrant working class. Drinking, particularly on Sundays, was considered unacceptable. Closing taverns on Sundays and raising the cost of liquor licenses was a way to enforce what was considered acceptable behavior. While the new policies were an at... | 5,456 |
43573 | Lager Beer Riot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lager%20Beer%20Riot | Lager Beer Riot
that ultimately resulted in the founding of the Chicago Police Department.
The lasting effects of such a traumatic event would influence Chicago for decades to come. Tensions only increased between those who advocated temperance and those who enjoyed the pastime. According to Sam Mitrani, "the bulk of ... | 5,457 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
Begging the question
In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. It is a type of circular reasoning: an argument that requires that the desired conclusion be true.... | 5,458 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
of the Latin "," which actually translates to "assuming the initial point".
# History.
The original phrase used by Aristotle from which "begging the question" descends is: τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς (or sometimes ἐν ἀρχῇ) αἰτεῖν, "asking for the initial thing." Aristotle's intended meaning is closely tied to th... | 5,459 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
thing" (τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ) and one of the rules of the debate is that the questioner cannot simply ask for it (that would be trivial and uninteresting). Aristotle discusses this in "Sophistical Refutations" and in "Prior Analytics" book II, (64b, 34–65a 9, for circular reasoning see 57b, 18–5... | 5,460 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
term was translated into English from Latin in the 16th century. The Latin version, ', "asking for the starting point", can be interpreted in different ways. ' (from '), in the post-classical context in which the phrase arose, means "assuming" or "postulating", but in the older classical sense mean... | 5,461 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
knowledge rests on an epistemology and metaphysics wherein appropriate first principles become apparent to the trained dialectician:
Thomas Fowler believed that ' would be more properly called ', which is literally "begging the question".
# Definition.
To "beg the question" is to put forward an ... | 5,462 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
to pass as the valid claim . This is a form of circular reasoning, and may involve any number of variables.
When the fallacy involves only a single variable, it is sometimes called a "hysteron proteron" (Greek for "later earlier"), a rhetorical device, as in the statement:
- "Opium induces sleep ... | 5,463 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
typically might lead someone to question the conclusion":
For example, one can obscure the fallacy by first making a statement in concrete terms, then attempting to pass off an identical statement, delivered in abstract terms, as evidence for the original. One could also "bring forth a proposition... | 5,464 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
the fallacy of begging the question is committed in more than one step, some authors dub it "" ("reasoning in a circle") or, more commonly, "circular reasoning".
Begging the question is not considered a formal fallacy (an argument that is defective because it uses an incorrect deductive step). Rat... | 5,465 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, and does not lack relevance. However, circular reasoning is not persuasive because a listener who doubts the conclusion also doubts the premise that leads to it.
Begging the question is similar to the "complex question" (also known as "trick ques... | 5,466 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
related fallacy is "ignoratio elenchi" or "irrelevant conclusion": an argument that fails to address the issue in question, but appears to do so. An example might be a situation where A and B are debating whether the law permits A to do something. If A attempts to support his position with an argum... | 5,467 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
low... Which begs the question: are open letters the only kind the future will know?"
- "Hopewell's success begs the question: why aren't more companies doing the same?".
- [Universal access to all-female schools is] "an appeal bound to elicit sympathy, especially from guilty liberals, but it beg... | 5,468 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
prescriptivist grammarians and people versed in philosophy, logic, and law object to such usage as "incorrect", or at best unclear, claiming that the classical sense of Aristotelian logic is the only "correct" one.
The phrase is sometimes used in the opposite sense, of "evades the question" or "ig... | 5,469 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
1993. .
- Davies, Arthur Ernest. "A Text-book of Logic". R.G. Adams and Company, 1915.
- Follett, Wilson. "Modern American Usage: A Guide". Macmillan, 1966. .
- Gibson, William Ralph Boyce, and Augusta Klein. "The Problem of Logic". A. and C. Black, 1908.
- Herrick, Paul. "The Many Worlds of Lo... | 5,470 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
of This Book: A sourcebook of philosophical puzzles, paradoxes and problems". Broadview Press, 2002. .
- Mercier, Charles Arthur. "A New Logic". Open Court Publishing Company, 1912.
- Mill, John Stuart. "A system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive: being a connected view of the principles of e... | 5,471 |
43582 | Begging the question | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging%20the%20question | Begging the question
losophical puzzles, paradoxes and problems". Broadview Press, 2002. .
- Mercier, Charles Arthur. "A New Logic". Open Court Publishing Company, 1912.
- Mill, John Stuart. "A system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive: being a connected view of the principles of evidence, and the methods of scien... | 5,472 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
John Manley
John Paul Manley (born January 5, 1950) is a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician. He served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Ottawa South from 1988 to 2004, and was deputy prime minister between 2002 and 2003. From January 2010 until October 2018 he was President and CEO of the Busi... | 5,473 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
the Chief Justice of Canada. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1978.
Manley's early career was in tax law at the firm Perley-Robertson Hill & McDougall LLP.
He is married to Judith Manley with whom he has three children: Rebecca, David and Sarah.
Manley is also an accomplished marathoner.
# Cabinet ca... | 5,474 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
help to equalize the gap between urban and smaller, rural schools. These initiatives were partially aimed at combating the "brain drain", and Manley himself stated that "Canada needs to pursue policies that will make it a magnet for brains, attracting them from elsewhere and retaining the ones we have."
Ma... | 5,475 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
He was widely applauded for his work in foreign affairs, particularly for helping to ease strained Canada-U.S. relations. He was seen as able to communicate with the U.S. administration, and had a good working relationship with both Colin Powell and Tom Ridge. David Rudd, then director of Toronto's Canadian... | 5,476 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
of Finance, following the departure of Paul Martin. His 2003 federal budget laid out billions of dollars in new spending, primarily in health-care, child-care, and for First Nations. It also introduced new accountability features to help limit federal waste.
# 2003 Liberal leadership election.
When Jean C... | 5,477 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
well ahead of Copps but far behind Martin.
From the beginning, it was apparent that Martin had a significant head start on his rivals. Martin's record as Minister of Finance was impressive and he also controlled much of the party machinery by 2002. Manley attacked Martin's refusal to disclose his campaign ... | 5,478 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
including Rock who dropped out of the race early on. Seeing his inevitable defeat, Manley withdrew from the race on July 22, 2003, and endorsed Martin.
Upon Martin's landslide victory at the leadership convention on November 14, 2003, political commentators wondered whether someone so closely linked to Chr... | 5,479 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
likely poisoned the relationship between the two men, hurting Manley's chances of remaining a Minister. Indeed, Manley, Stewart, and Whelan were dropped from cabinet, while Bryden's constituency was abolished after Martin was sworn in as Prime Minister.
Martin, who would release the list of his new cabinet... | 5,480 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
leadership someday. Frank McKenna, who had also been considered a federal leadership contender, was appointed instead. On November 28, Manley announced his retirement from politics, remaining as a backbencher until the 2004 federal election.
# Post-political career.
Shortly after Manley announced his reti... | 5,481 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
Directors of telecommunications firm Nortel Networks. On January 27, 2005, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. He was also co-chair of the Independent Task Force on North America, a project of the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations. In March 2005, the Task Forc... | 5,482 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
a candidate to replace Paul Martin if he were to step down in the next three to four years and was maintaining a cross-country organizational network for this purpose. Although he denied the existence of a formal pact with former cabinet-mate Martin Cauchon, he indicated that in a later leadership race he w... | 5,483 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
a position he had discussed with Liberal leader Stéphane Dion beforehand. Both Dion and Liberal Foreign Affairs critic Bob Rae had encouraging words for the panel.
Manley's panel reported on Canada's Afghanistan mission to Prime Minister Harper on January 28, 2008. Harper accepted the findings, which argue... | 5,484 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party after Stéphane Dion's resignation following the 2008 election, but on November 4, 2008, he announced that he would not be a candidate.
In the December 6, 2008 edition of "The Globe and Mail", Manley demanded Liberal leader Stéphane Dion step down so the par... | 5,485 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
and should have left his post immediately." Dion did, in fact, step down as party leader shortly after Manley's letter was published, however this was a result of internal party pressure and the significance of Manley's letter to this end is debatable.
In June 2009, Manley was named the new President and C... | 5,486 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
leader who had played an important role in the promotion of international aid and co-operation.
He is a member of the Trilateral Commission and sits on the Advisory Council of the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. In 2014, he was appointed as Chairman of the Board of CIBC.
# Political ideolo... | 5,487 |
206666 | John Manley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Manley | John Manley
d by some as being from the centre-right of the Liberal party, favouring fiscal conservatism, free trade, and friendly relations with the United States, although his budget included substantial program spending.
Manley seems committed to many of the policies implemented under Chrétien, particularly to expa... | 5,488 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
President of Poland
The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: "Prezydent RP") is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition the president has a right to dissolve parliam... | 5,489 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
Józef Piłsudski had been "Chief of State" ("Naczelnik Państwa") under the provisional Small Constitution of 1919. In 1926 Piłsudski staged the "May Coup", deposed President Stanisław Wojciechowski and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, thus establishing the "Sanation regime"... | 5,490 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
Raczkiewicz, at the time the speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency after Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939. Following the fall of France, the president and the Polish government-in-exile were evacuated to London, United Kingdom. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in acco... | 5,491 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
Polish people's referendum. When the Sejm passed the Small Constitution of 1947, based in part on the 1921 March Constitution, Bierut was elected president by that body. He served until the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic of 1952 eliminated the office of the president.
Following the 19... | 5,492 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
of the office.
# Election.
The President of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the President is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a secon... | 5,493 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
a free choice in selecting the Prime Minister, yet in practice he usually gives the task of forming a new government to a politician supported by the political party with the majority of seats in the Sejm (usually, though not always, it is the leader of that political party).
The President has the ... | 5,494 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
the Constitution, which in practice bears a decisive influence on the legislative process.
In his role as supreme representative of the Polish state, the President has power to ratify and revoke international agreements, nominates and recalls ambassadors, and formally accepts the accreditations of ... | 5,495 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
of the General Staff and the commanders of all of the service branches; in wartime he nominates the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and can order a general mobilization. The President performs his duties with the help of the following offices: the Chancellery of the President, the Office of N... | 5,496 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
of the Republic of Poland since 1993. The first presidential tenant was Lech Wałęsa when he moved to the Palace from Belweder in 1994.
- Belweder, in Warsaw, was the official seat of the President until 1993, and is currently owned by the Office of the President as the "official residence of the Pr... | 5,497 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
Since 2002 it is again a property of the President, restored and opened in 2005 by the President Aleksander Kwaśniewski. It is today a recreational and conference centre for the President and a hotel.
- Residence of the President of the Republic of Poland in Łucień.
- Manor House of the President ... | 5,498 |
43581 | President of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%20of%20Poland | President of Poland
a President for a maximum of 60 days until elections are called.
On 10 April 2010, a plane carrying Polish President Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk-North Airport in Russia. There were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting ... | 5,499 |
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