Datasets:

introvoyz041
/

mujoco

.. _Sample:

Code samples
------------

MuJoCo comes with several code samples providing useful functionality. Some of them are quite elaborate
(:ref:`simulate.cc <saSimulate>` in particular) but nevertheless we hope that they will help users learn how to program
with the library.

.. _saTestspeed:

`testspeed <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/testspeed.cc>`_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This code sample times the simulation of a given model. The timing is straightforward: the simulation of the passive
dynamics (with optional control noise) is rolled-out for the specified number of steps, while collecting statistics
about the number of contacts, scalar constraints, and CPU times from internal profiling. The results are then printed to
the console. To simulate controlled dynamics instead of passive dynamics one can either install a control callback
:ref:`mjcb_control`, or modify the code to set control signals explicitly, as explained in the :ref:`simulation loop
<siSimulation>` section below. This command-line utility is run with

.. code-block:: Shell

   testspeed modelfile [nstep nthread ctrlnoise npoolthread]

Where the command line arguments are

.. list-table::
   :width: 95%
   :align: left
   :widths: 1 1 5
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Argument
     - Default
     - Meaning
   * - ``modelfile``
     - (required)
     - path to model
   * - ``nstep``
     - 10000
     - number of steps per rollout
   * - ``nthread``
     - 1
     - number of threads running parallel rollouts
   * - ``ctrlnoise``
     - 0.01
     - scale of pseudo-random noise injected into actuators
   * - ``npoolthread``
     - 1
     - number of threads in engine-internal threadpool

**Notes:**

- When ``nthread > 1`` is specified, the code allocates a single mjModel and per-thread mjData, and runs ``nthread``
  identical simulations in parallel. This tests performance with all cores active, as in Reinforcement
  Learning scenarios where samples are collected in parallel. The optimal ``nthread`` usually equals the number of
  logical cores.
- By default, the simulation starts from the model reference configuration with zero velocities. However, if a
  keyframe named "test" is present in the model, it is used as the initial state.
- The ``ctrlnoise`` argument prevents models from settling into a static state where, due to warmstarts, one can
  measure artificially faster simulation.
- When ``npoolthread > 1`` is specified, an engine-internal :ref:`mjThreadPool` is created with the specified number of
  threads, to speed up simulation of large scenes. Note that while it is possible to use both ``nthread`` and
  ``npoolthread``, the scenarios for which one would want these different types of multithreading are usually mutually
  exclusive.
- For more repeatable performance statistics, run the tool with the ``performance``
  `governor <https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt>`__ on Linux, or the
  ``High Performance`` power plan on Windows, to reduce noise from CPU scaling.
- Many modern CPUs contain a mixture of "performance" and "efficiency" cores. Users should consider restricting the
  process to only run on the same type of cores for more interpretable performance statistics. This can be done via the
  `taskset <https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/taskset.1.html>`__ command on Linux, or the
  `start /affinity <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/start>`__
  command on Windows (processor affinity cannot be specified through documented API means on macOS).

.. _saSimulate:

`simulate <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/simulate>`_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This code sample is a fully-featured interactive simulator. It opens an OpenGL window using the platform-independent
GLFW library, and renders the simulation state in it. There is built-in help, simulation statistics, profiler, sensor
data plots. The model file can be specified as a command-line argument, or loaded at runtime using drag-and-drop
functionality. This code sample uses the native UI to render various controls, and provides an
illustration of how the new UI framework is intended to be used. Below is a screen-capture of ``simulate`` in action:

..  youtube:: P83tKA1iz2Y
    :aspect: 16:9
    :width: 95%
    :align: center

Interaction is done with the mouse; built-in help with a summary of available commands is available by pressing the
``F1`` key. Briefly, an object is selected by left-double-click. The user can then apply forces and torques on the
selected object by holding Ctrl and dragging the mouse. Dragging the mouse alone (without Ctrl) moves the camera. There
are keyboard shortcuts for pausing the simulation, resetting, and re-loading the model file. The latter functionality is
very useful while editing the model in an XML editor.

The code is long yet reasonably commented, so it is best to just read it. Here we provide a high-level overview.
The ``main()`` function initializes both MuJoCo and GLFW, opens a window, and install GLFW callbacks for mouse and
keyboard handling. Note that there is no render callback; GLFW puts the user in charge, instead of running a rendering
loop behind the scenes. The main loop handles UI events and rendering. The simulation is handled in a background
thread, which is synchronized with the main thread.

The mouse and keyboard callbacks perform whatever action is necessary. Many of these actions invoke functionality
provided by MuJoCo's :ref:`abstract visualization <Abstract>` mechanism. Indeed this mechanism is designed to be
hooked to mouse and keyboard events more or less directly, and provides camera as well as perturbation control.

The profiler and sensor data plots illustrate the use of the :ref:`mjr_figure` function
that can plot elaborate 2D figures with grids, annotation, axis scaling etc. The information presented in the profiler
is extracted from the diagnostic fields of mjData. It is a very useful tool for tuning the parameters of the
constraint solver algorithms. The outputs of the sensors defined in the model are visualized as a bar graph.

Note that the profiler shows timing information collected with high-resolution timers. On Windows, depending on the
power settings, the OS may reduce the CPU frequency; this is because :ref:`simulate.cc <saSimulate>` sleeps most of
the time in order to slow down to realtime. This results in inaccurate timings. To avoid this problem, change the
Windows power plan so that the minimum processor state is 100%.

.. _saCompile:

`compile <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/compile.cc>`_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This code sample evokes the built-in parser and compiler. It implements all possible model conversions from (MJCF, URDF,
MJB) format to (MJCF, MJB, TXT) format. Models saved as MJCF use a canonical subset of our format as described in the
:doc:`../modeling` chapter, and therefore MJCF-to-MJCF conversion will generally result in a different file.
The TXT format is a human-readable road-map to the model. It cannot be loaded by MuJoCo, but can be a very useful aid
during model development. It is in one-to-one correspondence with the compiled mjModel. Note also that one can use the
function :ref:`mj_printData` to create a text file which is in one-to-one correspondence
with mjData, although this is not done by the code sample.

.. _saBasic:

`basic <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/basic.cc>`_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This code sample is a minimal interactive simulator. The model file must be provided as command-line argument. It
opens an OpenGL window using the platform-independent GLFW library, and renders the simulation state at 60 fps while
advancing the simulation in real-time. Press Backspace to reset the simulation. The mouse can be used to control the
camera: left drag to rotate, right drag to translate in the vertical plane, shift right drag to translate in the
horizontal plane, scroll or middle drag to zoom.

The :ref:`Visualization` programming guide below explains how visualization works. This code sample is a minimal
illustration of the concepts in that guide.

.. _saRecord:

`record <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/record.cc>`_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This code sample simulates the passive dynamics of a given model, renders it offscreen, reads the color and depth pixel
values, and saves them into a raw data file that can then be converted into a movie file with tools such as ffmpeg. The
rendering is simplified compared to :ref:`simulate.cc <saSimulate>` because there is no user interaction, visualization
options or timing; instead we simply render with the default settings as fast as possible. The dimensions and number of
multi-samples for the offscreen buffer are specified in the MuJoCo model with the visual/global/{`offwidth
<https://mujoco.readthedocs.io/en/stable/XMLreference.html#visual-global-offwidth>`__, `offheight
<https://mujoco.readthedocs.io/en/stable/XMLreference.html#visual-global-offheight>`__} and visual/quality/`offsamples
<https://mujoco.readthedocs.io/en/stable/XMLreference.html#visual-quality-offsamples>`_ attributes, while the simulation
duration, frames-per-second to be rendered (usually much less than the physics simulation rate), and output file name
are specified as command-line arguments.

.. code-block:: Shell

   record modelfile duration fps rgbfile [adddepth]

Where the command line arguments are

.. list-table::
   :width: 95%
   :align: left
   :widths: 1 1 5
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Argument
     - Default
     - Meaning
   * - ``modelfile``
     - (required)
     - path to model
   * - ``duration``
     - (required)
     - duration of the recording in seconds
   * - ``fps``
     - (required)
     - number of frames per second
   * - ``rgbfile``
     - (required)
     - path to raw recording file
   * - ``adddepth``
     - 1
     - overlay depth image in the lower left corner (0: none)

For example, a 5 second animation at 60 frames per second is created with:

.. code-block:: Shell

   record humanoid.xml 5 60 rgb.out

The default `humanoid.xml <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/model/humanoid/humanoid.xml>`__ model
specifies offscreen rendering with 2560x1440 resolution. With this information in hand, we can compress the (large) raw
data file into a playable movie file:

.. code-block:: Shell

   ffmpeg -f rawvideo -pixel_format rgb24 -video_size 2560x1440
          -framerate 60 -i rgb.out -vf "vflip,format=yuv420p" video.mp4

Note that the offscreen rendering resolution of the model and ffmpeg's video_size must be identical.

This sample can be compiled in three ways which differ in how the OpenGL context is created: using GLFW with an
invisible window, using OSMesa, or using EGL. The latter two options are only available on Linux and are envoked by
defining the symbols MJ_OSMESA or MJ_EGL when compiling record.cc. The functions ``initOpenGL`` and ``closeOpenGL``
create and close the OpenGL context in three different ways depending on which of the above symbols is defined.

Note that the MuJoCo rendering code does not depend on how the OpenGL context was created. This is the beauty of
OpenGL: it leaves context creation to the platform, and the actual rendering is then standard and works in the same
way on all platforms. In retrospect, the decision to leave context creation out of the standard has led to unnecessary
proliferation of overlapping technologies, which differ not only between platforms but also within a platform in the
case of Linux. The addition of a couple of extra functions (such as those provided by OSMesa for example) could have
avoided a lot of confusion. EGL is a newer standard from Khronos which aims to do this, and it is gaining popularity.
But we cannot yet assume that all users have it installed.

	.. _Sample:

	Code samples
	------------

	MuJoCo comes with several code samples providing useful functionality. Some of them are quite elaborate
	(:ref:`simulate.cc <saSimulate>` in particular) but nevertheless we hope that they will help users learn how to program
	with the library.

	.. _saTestspeed:

	`testspeed <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/testspeed.cc>`_
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This code sample times the simulation of a given model. The timing is straightforward: the simulation of the passive
	dynamics (with optional control noise) is rolled-out for the specified number of steps, while collecting statistics
	about the number of contacts, scalar constraints, and CPU times from internal profiling. The results are then printed to
	the console. To simulate controlled dynamics instead of passive dynamics one can either install a control callback
	:ref:`mjcb_control`, or modify the code to set control signals explicitly, as explained in the :ref:`simulation loop
	<siSimulation>` section below. This command-line utility is run with

	.. code-block:: Shell

	testspeed modelfile [nstep nthread ctrlnoise npoolthread]

	Where the command line arguments are

	.. list-table::
	:width: 95%
	:align: left
	:widths: 1 1 5
	:header-rows: 1

	* - Argument
	- Default
	- Meaning
	* - ``modelfile``
	- (required)
	- path to model
	* - ``nstep``
	- 10000
	- number of steps per rollout
	* - ``nthread``
	- 1
	- number of threads running parallel rollouts
	* - ``ctrlnoise``
	- 0.01
	- scale of pseudo-random noise injected into actuators
	* - ``npoolthread``
	- 1
	- number of threads in engine-internal threadpool

	Notes:

	- When ``nthread > 1`` is specified, the code allocates a single mjModel and per-thread mjData, and runs ``nthread``
	identical simulations in parallel. This tests performance with all cores active, as in Reinforcement
	Learning scenarios where samples are collected in parallel. The optimal ``nthread`` usually equals the number of
	logical cores.
	- By default, the simulation starts from the model reference configuration with zero velocities. However, if a
	keyframe named "test" is present in the model, it is used as the initial state.
	- The ``ctrlnoise`` argument prevents models from settling into a static state where, due to warmstarts, one can
	measure artificially faster simulation.
	- When ``npoolthread > 1`` is specified, an engine-internal :ref:`mjThreadPool` is created with the specified number of
	threads, to speed up simulation of large scenes. Note that while it is possible to use both ``nthread`` and
	``npoolthread``, the scenarios for which one would want these different types of multithreading are usually mutually
	exclusive.
	- For more repeatable performance statistics, run the tool with the ``performance``
	`governor <https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt>`__ on Linux, or the
	``High Performance`` power plan on Windows, to reduce noise from CPU scaling.
	- Many modern CPUs contain a mixture of "performance" and "efficiency" cores. Users should consider restricting the
	process to only run on the same type of cores for more interpretable performance statistics. This can be done via the
	`taskset <https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/taskset.1.html>`__ command on Linux, or the
	`start /affinity <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/start>`__
	command on Windows (processor affinity cannot be specified through documented API means on macOS).

	.. _saSimulate:

	`simulate <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/simulate>`_
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This code sample is a fully-featured interactive simulator. It opens an OpenGL window using the platform-independent
	GLFW library, and renders the simulation state in it. There is built-in help, simulation statistics, profiler, sensor
	data plots. The model file can be specified as a command-line argument, or loaded at runtime using drag-and-drop
	functionality. This code sample uses the native UI to render various controls, and provides an
	illustration of how the new UI framework is intended to be used. Below is a screen-capture of ``simulate`` in action:

	.. youtube:: P83tKA1iz2Y
	:aspect: 16:9
	:width: 95%
	:align: center

	Interaction is done with the mouse; built-in help with a summary of available commands is available by pressing the
	``F1`` key. Briefly, an object is selected by left-double-click. The user can then apply forces and torques on the
	selected object by holding Ctrl and dragging the mouse. Dragging the mouse alone (without Ctrl) moves the camera. There
	are keyboard shortcuts for pausing the simulation, resetting, and re-loading the model file. The latter functionality is
	very useful while editing the model in an XML editor.

	The code is long yet reasonably commented, so it is best to just read it. Here we provide a high-level overview.
	The ``main()`` function initializes both MuJoCo and GLFW, opens a window, and install GLFW callbacks for mouse and
	keyboard handling. Note that there is no render callback; GLFW puts the user in charge, instead of running a rendering
	loop behind the scenes. The main loop handles UI events and rendering. The simulation is handled in a background
	thread, which is synchronized with the main thread.

	The mouse and keyboard callbacks perform whatever action is necessary. Many of these actions invoke functionality
	provided by MuJoCo's :ref:`abstract visualization <Abstract>` mechanism. Indeed this mechanism is designed to be
	hooked to mouse and keyboard events more or less directly, and provides camera as well as perturbation control.

	The profiler and sensor data plots illustrate the use of the :ref:`mjr_figure` function
	that can plot elaborate 2D figures with grids, annotation, axis scaling etc. The information presented in the profiler
	is extracted from the diagnostic fields of mjData. It is a very useful tool for tuning the parameters of the
	constraint solver algorithms. The outputs of the sensors defined in the model are visualized as a bar graph.

	Note that the profiler shows timing information collected with high-resolution timers. On Windows, depending on the
	power settings, the OS may reduce the CPU frequency; this is because :ref:`simulate.cc <saSimulate>` sleeps most of
	the time in order to slow down to realtime. This results in inaccurate timings. To avoid this problem, change the
	Windows power plan so that the minimum processor state is 100%.

	.. _saCompile:

	`compile <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/compile.cc>`_
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This code sample evokes the built-in parser and compiler. It implements all possible model conversions from (MJCF, URDF,
	MJB) format to (MJCF, MJB, TXT) format. Models saved as MJCF use a canonical subset of our format as described in the
	:doc:`../modeling` chapter, and therefore MJCF-to-MJCF conversion will generally result in a different file.
	The TXT format is a human-readable road-map to the model. It cannot be loaded by MuJoCo, but can be a very useful aid
	during model development. It is in one-to-one correspondence with the compiled mjModel. Note also that one can use the
	function :ref:`mj_printData` to create a text file which is in one-to-one correspondence
	with mjData, although this is not done by the code sample.

	.. _saBasic:

	`basic <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/basic.cc>`_
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This code sample is a minimal interactive simulator. The model file must be provided as command-line argument. It
	opens an OpenGL window using the platform-independent GLFW library, and renders the simulation state at 60 fps while
	advancing the simulation in real-time. Press Backspace to reset the simulation. The mouse can be used to control the
	camera: left drag to rotate, right drag to translate in the vertical plane, shift right drag to translate in the
	horizontal plane, scroll or middle drag to zoom.

	The :ref:`Visualization` programming guide below explains how visualization works. This code sample is a minimal
	illustration of the concepts in that guide.

	.. _saRecord:

	`record <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/sample/record.cc>`_
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This code sample simulates the passive dynamics of a given model, renders it offscreen, reads the color and depth pixel
	values, and saves them into a raw data file that can then be converted into a movie file with tools such as ffmpeg. The
	rendering is simplified compared to :ref:`simulate.cc <saSimulate>` because there is no user interaction, visualization
	options or timing; instead we simply render with the default settings as fast as possible. The dimensions and number of
	multi-samples for the offscreen buffer are specified in the MuJoCo model with the visual/global/{`offwidth
	<https://mujoco.readthedocs.io/en/stable/XMLreference.html#visual-global-offwidth>`__, `offheight
	<https://mujoco.readthedocs.io/en/stable/XMLreference.html#visual-global-offheight>`__} and visual/quality/`offsamples
	<https://mujoco.readthedocs.io/en/stable/XMLreference.html#visual-quality-offsamples>`_ attributes, while the simulation
	duration, frames-per-second to be rendered (usually much less than the physics simulation rate), and output file name
	are specified as command-line arguments.

	.. code-block:: Shell

	record modelfile duration fps rgbfile [adddepth]

	Where the command line arguments are

	.. list-table::
	:width: 95%
	:align: left
	:widths: 1 1 5
	:header-rows: 1

	* - Argument
	- Default
	- Meaning
	* - ``modelfile``
	- (required)
	- path to model
	* - ``duration``
	- (required)
	- duration of the recording in seconds
	* - ``fps``
	- (required)
	- number of frames per second
	* - ``rgbfile``
	- (required)
	- path to raw recording file
	* - ``adddepth``
	- 1
	- overlay depth image in the lower left corner (0: none)

	For example, a 5 second animation at 60 frames per second is created with:

	.. code-block:: Shell

	record humanoid.xml 5 60 rgb.out

	The default `humanoid.xml <https://github.com/google-deepmind/mujoco/blob/main/model/humanoid/humanoid.xml>`__ model
	specifies offscreen rendering with 2560x1440 resolution. With this information in hand, we can compress the (large) raw
	data file into a playable movie file:

	.. code-block:: Shell

	ffmpeg -f rawvideo -pixel_format rgb24 -video_size 2560x1440
	-framerate 60 -i rgb.out -vf "vflip,format=yuv420p" video.mp4

	Note that the offscreen rendering resolution of the model and ffmpeg's video_size must be identical.

	This sample can be compiled in three ways which differ in how the OpenGL context is created: using GLFW with an
	invisible window, using OSMesa, or using EGL. The latter two options are only available on Linux and are envoked by
	defining the symbols MJ_OSMESA or MJ_EGL when compiling record.cc. The functions ``initOpenGL`` and ``closeOpenGL``
	create and close the OpenGL context in three different ways depending on which of the above symbols is defined.

	Note that the MuJoCo rendering code does not depend on how the OpenGL context was created. This is the beauty of
	OpenGL: it leaves context creation to the platform, and the actual rendering is then standard and works in the same
	way on all platforms. In retrospect, the decision to leave context creation out of the standard has led to unnecessary
	proliferation of overlapping technologies, which differ not only between platforms but also within a platform in the
	case of Linux. The addition of a couple of extra functions (such as those provided by OSMesa for example) could have
	avoided a lot of confusion. EGL is a newer standard from Khronos which aims to do this, and it is gaining popularity.
	But we cannot yet assume that all users have it installed.