| /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ | |
| ========= | | |
| \\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox | |
| \\ / O peration | Website: https://openfoam.org | |
| \\ / A nd | Copyright (C) 2024-2026 OpenFOAM Foundation | |
| \\/ M anipulation | | |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| License | |
| This file is part of OpenFOAM. | |
| OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
| under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
| the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or | |
| (at your option) any later version. | |
| OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT | |
| ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or | |
| FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License | |
| for more details. | |
| You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
| along with OpenFOAM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | |
| Class | |
| Foam::fv::wallBoiling | |
| Description | |
| Model for nucleate wall boiling between two phases on the surface of a | |
| number of wall patches. | |
| This model implements a version of the well-known RPI wall boiling model | |
| (Kurul & Podowski, 1991). The model is based on an implementation described | |
| in Peltola et al. (2019) and is similar to the model described by Peltola & | |
| Pättikangas (2012). | |
| References: | |
| \verbatim | |
| Kurul, N., & Podowski, M.Z. (1991). | |
| On the modeling of multidimensional effects in boiling channels. | |
| ANS. Proc. National Heat Transfer Con. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, | |
| 1991. | |
| ISBN: 0-89448-162-1, pp. 30-40. | |
| \endverbatim | |
| \verbatim | |
| Peltola, J., Pättikangas, T., Bainbridge, W., Lehnigk, R., Schlegel, F. | |
| (2019). | |
| On Development and validation of subcooled nucleate boiling models for | |
| OpenFOAM Foundation Release. | |
| NURETH-18 Conference Proceedings, Portland, Oregon, United States, 2019. | |
| \endverbatim | |
| \verbatim | |
| Peltola, J., & Pättikangas, T.J.H. (2012). | |
| Development and validation of a boiling model for OpenFOAM multiphase | |
| solver. | |
| CFD4NRS-4 Conference Proceedings, Daejeon, Korea, 2012. | |
| paper 59. | |
| \endverbatim | |
| Usage | |
| Example usage: | |
| \verbatim | |
| wallBoiling | |
| { | |
| type wallBoiling; | |
| libs ("libmultiphaseEulerFvModels.so"); | |
| // Note: Order is important. This model is one-way. It turns liquid | |
| // into vapour. The phases should be specified in this order. | |
| phases (water steam); | |
| energySemiImplicit no; | |
| saturationTemperature | |
| { | |
| type constant; | |
| value 372.76; | |
| } | |
| partitioningModel | |
| { | |
| type Lavieville; | |
| alphaCrit 0.2; | |
| } | |
| nucleationSiteModel | |
| { | |
| type LemmertChawla; | |
| Cn 1; | |
| NRef 30000000; | |
| deltaTRef 10; | |
| } | |
| departureDiameterModel | |
| { | |
| type TolubinskiKostanchuk; | |
| dRef 0.00024; | |
| dMax 0.0014; | |
| dMin 1e-06; | |
| } | |
| departureFrequencyModel | |
| { | |
| type KocamustafaogullariIshii; | |
| Cf 1.18; | |
| } | |
| } | |
| \endverbatim | |
| In addition to the above fvModel specification, wall patches on which | |
| boiling is to be calculated should have an alphatPhaseChangeWallFunction | |
| boundary condition applied to the turbulent thermal diffusivity field. | |
| See also | |
| Foam::alphatPhaseChangeWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField | |
| SourceFiles | |
| wallBoiling.C | |
| \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ | |
| // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // | |
| namespace Foam | |
| { | |
| // Forward declaration of classes | |
| namespace wallBoilingModels | |
| { | |
| class partitioningModel; | |
| class nucleationSiteModel; | |
| class departureDiameterModel; | |
| class departureFrequencyModel; | |
| } | |
| class wallBoilingPhaseChangeRateFvPatchScalarField; | |
| namespace fv | |
| { | |
| /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ | |
| Class wallBoiling Declaration | |
| \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ | |
| class wallBoiling | |
| : | |
| public wallPhaseChange, | |
| public nucleation | |
| { | |
| private: | |
| // Private classes | |
| //- Struct to hold properties that are held constant during the | |
| // iterative solution procedure | |
| struct laggedProperties; | |
| // Private Data | |
| //- Reference to the liquid phase | |
| const phaseModel& liquid_; | |
| //- Reference to the vapour phase | |
| const phaseModel& vapour_; | |
| //- Reference to the liquid turbulent thermal diffusivity | |
| const volScalarField& alphatLiquid_; | |
| //- Reference to the vapour turbulent thermal diffusivity | |
| const volScalarField& alphatVapour_; | |
| //- Reference to the field associated with the pressure equation | |
| const volScalarField& p_rgh_; | |
| //- Solution tolerance | |
| scalar tolerance_; | |
| //- Estimate liquid temperature using logarithmic wall function? | |
| bool liquidTemperatureWallFunction_; | |
| //- Turbulent Prandtl number | |
| scalar Prt_; | |
| //- Bubble waiting time ratio | |
| scalar bubbleWaitingTimeRatio_; | |
| //- Saturation temperature as a function of pressure | |
| autoPtr<Function1<scalar>> Tsat_; | |
| //- Run-time selected heat flux partitioning model | |
| autoPtr<wallBoilingModels::partitioningModel> partitioningModel_; | |
| //- Run-time selected nucleation site density model | |
| autoPtr<wallBoilingModels::nucleationSiteModel> nucleationSiteModel_; | |
| //- Run-time selected bubble departure diameter model | |
| autoPtr<wallBoilingModels::departureDiameterModel> | |
| departureDiameterModel_; | |
| //- Run-time selected bubble departure frequency model | |
| autoPtr<wallBoilingModels::departureFrequencyModel> | |
| departureFrequencyModel_; | |
| //- Counter for the evaluations of the pressure equation sources | |
| mutable label pressureEquationIndex_; | |
| //- The phase change rate | |
| mutable volScalarField mDot_; | |
| // Private Member Functions | |
| //- Non-virtual read | |
| void readCoeffs(const dictionary& dict); | |
| //- Get the liquid temperature patch field and the parameters | |
| // associated with its boundary condition that are necessary for | |
| // approximately evaluating the boundary condition's heat flux at | |
| // a given wall temperature. | |
| const fvPatchScalarField& getLiquidTemperaturePatchField | |
| ( | |
| const laggedProperties& lagProps, | |
| scalarField& isFixed, | |
| scalarField& h, | |
| scalarField& hTaPlusQa | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Calculate the boiling for the given wall temperature. Return | |
| // the total sum of all heat fluxes. Set the properties passed by | |
| // non-const reference. Used by the functions below. | |
| tmp<scalarField> calcBoiling | |
| ( | |
| const laggedProperties& lagProps, | |
| const scalarField& TLiquid, | |
| const scalarField& wetFraction, | |
| scalarField& dDeparture, | |
| scalarField& fDeparture, | |
| scalarField& nucleationSiteDensity, | |
| scalarField& qQuenching, | |
| scalarField& qEvaporative, | |
| scalarField& mDot | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Calculate the boiling for the given wall temperature. Return | |
| // the total sum of all heat fluxes. Use this to solve the balance | |
| // between the heat fluxes specified by the boiling models and the | |
| // temperature boundary condition without changing the stored | |
| // boiling state. | |
| tmp<scalarField> calcBoiling | |
| ( | |
| const wallBoilingPhaseChangeRateFvPatchScalarField& mDot, | |
| const laggedProperties& lagProps, | |
| const scalarField& TLiquid | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Calculate the boiling for the given wall temperature. Return | |
| // the total sum of all heat fluxes. Also set the stored boiling | |
| // state. Use this after solving with the final wall temperature | |
| // to set the boiling state. | |
| tmp<scalarField> evaluateBoiling | |
| ( | |
| wallBoilingPhaseChangeRateFvPatchScalarField& mDot, | |
| const laggedProperties& lagProps, | |
| const scalarField& TLiquid | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Correct the phase change rate | |
| void correctMDot() const; | |
| public: | |
| //- Runtime type information | |
| TypeName("wallBoiling"); | |
| // Constructors | |
| //- Construct from explicit source name and mesh | |
| wallBoiling | |
| ( | |
| const word& name, | |
| const word& modelType, | |
| const fvMesh& mesh, | |
| const dictionary& dict | |
| ); | |
| // Member Functions | |
| // Access | |
| //- Return a mask indicating whether phase change is occurring | |
| virtual const scalarField& active(const label) const; | |
| //- Access the turbulent thermal diffusivities for a patch | |
| virtual Pair<const scalarField&> alphats(const label) const; | |
| // Evaluation | |
| //- Return the fraction of the latent heat that is transferred into | |
| // the second phase | |
| virtual tmp<DimensionedField<scalar, fvMesh>> Lfraction() const; | |
| //- Return the diameter of nuclei | |
| virtual tmp<DimensionedField<scalar, fvMesh>> d() const; | |
| //- Return the number rate at which nuclei are generated | |
| virtual tmp<DimensionedField<scalar, fvMesh>> nDot() const; | |
| //- Return the nucleation time scale | |
| virtual tmp<DimensionedField<scalar, fvMesh>> tau() const; | |
| // Sources | |
| //- Return the mass transfer rate | |
| virtual tmp<DimensionedField<scalar, fvMesh>> mDot() const; | |
| //- Return the mass transfer rate for the given patch | |
| const wallBoilingPhaseChangeRateFvPatchScalarField& mDotPf | |
| ( | |
| const label patchi | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Return the mass transfer rate for the given patch | |
| wallBoilingPhaseChangeRateFvPatchScalarField& mDotPfRef | |
| ( | |
| const label patchi | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Use phaseChange's source functions | |
| using phaseChange::addSup; | |
| //- Override the pressure equation to add the mass transfer rate | |
| // linearised in the pressure | |
| void addSup | |
| ( | |
| const volScalarField& alpha, | |
| const volScalarField& rho, | |
| fvMatrix<scalar>& eqn | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Correct the fvModel | |
| virtual void correct(); | |
| // IO | |
| //- Read source dictionary | |
| virtual bool read(const dictionary& dict); | |
| }; | |
| // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // | |
| } // End namespace fv | |
| } // End namespace Foam | |
| // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // | |
| // ************************************************************************* // | |