| /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ | |
| ========= | | |
| \\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox | |
| \\ / O peration | Website: https://openfoam.org | |
| \\ / A nd | Copyright (C) 2014-2026 OpenFOAM Foundation | |
| \\/ M anipulation | | |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| License | |
| This file is part of OpenFOAM. | |
| OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
| under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by | |
| the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or | |
| (at your option) any later version. | |
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| FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License | |
| for more details. | |
| You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License | |
| along with OpenFOAM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. | |
| Class | |
| Foam::fv::solidificationMelting | |
| Description | |
| This source is designed to model the effect of solidification and melting | |
| processes, e.g. windshield defrosting. | |
| The isotherm phase change occurs at the melting temperature, \c Tsol (= \c | |
| Tliq). The not isotherm phase change occurs between solidus and liquidus | |
| temperature, \c Tsol < \c Tliq respectively, as long as the melt fraction is | |
| greater than the max eutectic melt fraction, \c alpha1e (0 = pure_substance, | |
| 1 = eutectic_mixture is not permitted), where a linear eutectic melt | |
| fraction to temperature relation is considered; e.g. given a specific | |
| quantity of a binary system, \c alpha1 is its melt fraction and \c alpha0 is | |
| its solid fraction, such that \c alpha0 = 1 - \c alpha1 therefore, assuming | |
| infinite solute diffusion, the quantity of a component in solid phase is | |
| (1 - \c alpha1) * \c CS where \c CS is the solid concentration of the | |
| considered component and the quantity of a component in liquid phase is \c | |
| alpha1 * \c CL where \c CL is the melt concentration of the considered | |
| component; considering that the total quantity of a component must be equal | |
| to the sum of the quantities of the considered component in the liquid and | |
| solid phases, if \c C0 is the initial concentration of the considered | |
| component before the phase change, then: | |
| \c C0 = (1 - \c alpha1) * \c CS + \c alpha1 * \c CL (lever rule) | |
| from which: \c alpha1 = (\c C0 - \c CS) / (\c CL - \c CS) | |
| and thus: | |
| - for a miscible binary system \c alpha1e = 0; | |
| - for a binary system not miscible at solid state | |
| \c alpha1e = \c C0 / \c CLE where \c CLE is eutectic melt concentration; | |
| - for a binary system partially-miscible at solid state | |
| \c alpha1e = (\c C0 - \c CSE) / (\c CLE - \c CSE) where \c CSE is eutectic | |
| solid concentration of the relative solid solution. | |
| The presence of the solid phase in the flow field is incorporated into the | |
| model as a momentum porosity contribution; the energy associated with the | |
| phase change is added as an enthalpy contribution. | |
| References: | |
| \verbatim | |
| Voller, V. R., & Prakash, C. (1987). | |
| A fixed grid numerical modelling methodology for convection-diffusion | |
| mushy region phase-change problems. | |
| International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 30(8), 1709-1719. | |
| Swaminathan, C. R., & Voller, V. R. (1992). | |
| A general enthalpy method for modeling solidification processes. | |
| Metallurgical transactions B, 23(5), 651-664. | |
| \endverbatim | |
| The model generates the field \c \<name\>:alpha1 which can be visualised to | |
| to show the melt distribution as a fraction [0-1]. | |
| Usage | |
| Example usage: | |
| \verbatim | |
| solidificationMelting1 | |
| { | |
| type solidificationMelting; | |
| cellZone iceZone; | |
| Tsol 273; | |
| L 334000; | |
| thermoMode thermo; | |
| beta 50e-6; | |
| rhoRef 800; | |
| } | |
| \endverbatim | |
| Where: | |
| \table | |
| Property | Description | Required | Default value | |
| Tsol | Solidus temperature [K] | yes | | |
| Tliq | Liquidus temperature [K] | no | Tsol | |
| alpha1e | Max eutectic melt fraction [0-1[ | no | 0 | |
| L | Latent heat of fusion [J/kg] | yes | | |
| relax | Relaxation coefficient [0-1] | no | 0.9 | |
| thermoMode | Thermo mode [thermo or lookup] | yes | | |
| rhoRef | Reference (solid) density [kg/m^3] | yes | | |
| rho | Name of density field | no | rho | |
| T | Name of temperature field | no | T | |
| Cp | Name of specific heat field | no | Cp | |
| U | Name of velocity field | no | U | |
| phi | Name of flux field | no | phi | |
| Cu | Model coefficient [1/s] | no | 100000 | |
| q | Model coefficient | no | 0.001 | |
| beta | Thermal expansion coefficient [1/K] | yes | | |
| g | Acceleration due to gravity | no | | |
| \endtable | |
| SourceFiles | |
| solidificationMelting.C | |
| \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ | |
| // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // | |
| namespace Foam | |
| { | |
| namespace fv | |
| { | |
| /*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ | |
| Class solidificationMelting Declaration | |
| \*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ | |
| class solidificationMelting | |
| : | |
| public fvModel | |
| { | |
| public: | |
| enum class thermoMode | |
| { | |
| thermo, | |
| lookup | |
| }; | |
| static const NamedEnum<thermoMode, 2> thermoModeTypeNames_; | |
| private: | |
| // Private Data | |
| //- The cellZone the fvModel applies to | |
| mutable fvCellZone zone_; | |
| //- Temperature at which isotherm melting occurs | |
| // and not isotherm melting starts e.g. eutectic [K] | |
| scalar Tsol_; | |
| //- Temperature at which not isotherm melting stops (Tliq > Tsol) [K] | |
| scalar Tliq_; | |
| //- Max eutectic melt fraction [0-1[ | |
| // where 0 = pure substance is default value, | |
| // 1 = eutectic mixture is not permitted | |
| scalar alpha1e_; | |
| //- Latent heat of fusion [J/kg] | |
| scalar L_; | |
| //- Phase fraction under-relaxation coefficient | |
| scalar relax_; | |
| //- Thermodynamics mode | |
| thermoMode mode_; | |
| //- Reference density - typically the solid density | |
| scalar rhoRef_; | |
| //- Name of temperature field - default = "T" (optional) | |
| word TName_; | |
| //- Name of specific heat capacity field - default = "Cp" (optional) | |
| word CpName_; | |
| //- Name of velocity field - default = "U" (optional) | |
| word UName_; | |
| //- Name of flux field - default = "phi" (optional) | |
| word phiName_; | |
| //- Mushy region momentum sink coefficient [1/s]; default = 10^5 | |
| scalar Cu_; | |
| //- Coefficient used in porosity calc - default = 0.001 | |
| scalar q_; | |
| //- Thermal expansion coefficient [1/K] | |
| scalar beta_; | |
| //- Reference heat capacity for thermoMode::lookup | |
| scalar CpRef_; | |
| //- Gravitational acceleration | |
| vector g_; | |
| //- Phase fraction indicator field | |
| mutable volScalarField alpha1_; | |
| //- Current time index (used for updating) | |
| mutable label curTimeIndex_; | |
| //- Temperature change cached for source calculation when alpha1 updated | |
| mutable scalarField deltaT_; | |
| // Private Member Functions | |
| //- Non-virtual read | |
| void readCoeffs(const dictionary& dict); | |
| //- Return the specific heat capacity field | |
| tmp<volScalarField> Cp() const; | |
| //- Return the gravity vector | |
| vector g() const; | |
| //- Update the model | |
| void update(const volScalarField& Cp) const; | |
| //- Helper function to apply to the energy equation | |
| template<class RhoFieldType> | |
| inline void apply(const RhoFieldType& rho, fvMatrix<scalar>& eqn) const; | |
| public: | |
| //- Runtime type information | |
| TypeName("solidificationMelting"); | |
| // Constructors | |
| //- Construct from explicit source name and mesh | |
| solidificationMelting | |
| ( | |
| const word& name, | |
| const word& modelType, | |
| const fvMesh& mesh, | |
| const dictionary& dict | |
| ); | |
| //- Disallow default bitwise copy construction | |
| solidificationMelting | |
| ( | |
| const solidificationMelting& | |
| ) = delete; | |
| // Member Functions | |
| // Checks | |
| //- Return the list of fields for which the fvModel adds source term | |
| // to the transport equation | |
| virtual wordList addSupFields() const; | |
| // Evaluation | |
| //- Add explicit contribution to enthalpy equation | |
| virtual void addSup | |
| ( | |
| const volScalarField& he, | |
| fvMatrix<scalar>& eqn | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Add implicit contribution to momentum equation | |
| virtual void addSup | |
| ( | |
| const volVectorField& U, | |
| fvMatrix<vector>& eqn | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Add explicit contribution to compressible enthalpy equation | |
| virtual void addSup | |
| ( | |
| const volScalarField& rho, | |
| const volScalarField& he, | |
| fvMatrix<scalar>& eqn | |
| ) const; | |
| //- Add implicit contribution to compressible momentum equation | |
| virtual void addSup | |
| ( | |
| const volScalarField& rho, | |
| const volVectorField& U, | |
| fvMatrix<vector>& eqn | |
| ) const; | |
| // Mesh changes | |
| //- Update for mesh motion | |
| virtual bool movePoints(); | |
| //- Update topology using the given map | |
| virtual void topoChange(const polyTopoChangeMap&); | |
| //- Update from another mesh using the given map | |
| virtual void mapMesh(const polyMeshMap&); | |
| //- Redistribute or update using the given distribution map | |
| virtual void distribute(const polyDistributionMap&); | |
| // IO | |
| //- Read source dictionary | |
| virtual bool read(const dictionary& dict); | |
| // Member Operators | |
| //- Disallow default bitwise assignment | |
| void operator=(const solidificationMelting&) = delete; | |
| }; | |
| // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // | |
| } // End namespace fv | |
| } // End namespace Foam | |
| // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // | |
| // ************************************************************************* // | |