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Collagenous spherulosis |
== References == |
== External links == |
What is atypical ductal hyperplasia? (hopkinsmedicine.org) Archived 2011-08-11 at the Wayback Machine |
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00ff4734f470f996b8f35d07e7262e83f9dfb1c1dca50cbeed8f9bd0feaa966c wp-adh.txt |
TITLE: Ductal carcinoma in situ |
REVID: 1375701311 |
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as intraductal carcinoma, is a pre-cancerous or non-invasive cancerous lesion of the breast. DCIS is classified as Stage 0. It rarely produces symptoms or a breast lump that can be felt, typically being detected through screening mammography. It has been diagnosed in a signif... |
In DCIS, abnormal cells are found in the lining of one or more milk ducts in the breast. It is termed in situ as the abnormal cells have not moved out of the mammary duct and into any of the surrounding tissues in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive and spread to other tissues, but there is no way of de... |
DCIS has been classified according to the architectural pattern of the cells (solid, cribriform, papillary, and micropapillary), tumor grade (high, intermediate, and low grade), or the presence or absence of comedo histology; or, in the case of the apocrine cell-based in situ carcinoma, apocrine ductal carcinoma in sit... |
DCIS is the most common type of pre-cancer in women. About 20–30% of those who do not receive treatment develop breast cancer. There is some disagreement on its status as cancer; some bodies include DCIS in breast cancer statistics, while others do not. |
== Terminology == |
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) literally means groups of "cancerous" epithelial cells which remain in their normal location within the ducts and lobules of the mammary gland. Clinically, DCIS is considered to be a premalignant (i.e. potentially malignant) condition, because the biologically abnormal cells have not yet... |
For statistical purposes, DCIS is sometimes counted as a "cancer", but this is not always the case. When classified as a cancer, it is referred to as a "non-invasive" or "pre-invasive" form. It is described by the National Cancer Institute as a "noninvasive condition". |
== Signs and symptoms == |
Most of the women who develop DCIS do not experience any symptoms. The majority of cases (80-85%) are detected through screening mammography. The first signs and symptoms may appear if the cancer advances. Because of the lack of early symptoms, DCIS is most often detected at screening mammography. |
In a few cases, DCIS may cause: |
A lump or thickening in or near the breast or under the arm |
A change in the size or shape of the breast |
Nipple discharge or nipple tenderness; the nipple may also be inverted, or pulled back into the breast |
Ridges or pitting of the breast; the skin may look like the skin of an orange |
A change in the way the skin of the breast, areola, or nipple looks or feels such as warmth, swelling, redness or scaliness. |
== Causes == |
The specific causes of DCIS are still unknown. The risk factors for developing this condition are similar to those for invasive breast cancer. |
Some women are however more prone than others to developing DCIS. Women considered at higher risks are those who have a family history of breast cancer, those who have had their periods at an early age or who have had a late menopause. Also, women who have never had children or had them late in life are also more likel... |
Long-term use of estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for more than five years after menopause, genetic mutations (BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), atypical hyperplasia, as well as radiation exposure or exposure to certain chemicals may also contribute in the development of the condition. Nonetheless, the risk of... |
== Diagnosis == |
80% of cases in the United States are detected by mammography screening. More definitive diagnosis is made by breast biopsy for histopathology. |
== Treatment == |
There are different opinions on the best treatment of DCIS. Surgical removal, with or without additional radiation therapy or tamoxifen, is the recommended treatment for DCIS by the National Cancer Institute. Surgery may be either a breast-conserving lumpectomy or a mastectomy (complete or partial removal of the affect... |
While surgery reduces the risk of subsequent cancer, many people never develop cancer even without treatment and the associated side effects. There is no evidence comparing surgery with watchful waiting and some feel watchful waiting may be a reasonable option in certain cases. |
=== Radiation therapy === |
Use of radiation therapy after lumpectomy provides equivalent survival rates to mastectomy, although there is a slightly higher risk of recurrent disease in the same breast in the form of further DCIS or invasive breast cancer. Systematic reviews (including a Cochrane review) indicate that the addition of radiation the... |
=== Mastectomy === |
There is no evidence that mastectomy decreases the risk of death over a lumpectomy. Mastectomy, however, may decrease the rate of the DCIS or invasive cancer occurring in the same location. |
Mastectomies remain a common recommendation in those with persistent microscopic involvement of margins after local excision or with a diagnosis of DCIS and evidence of suspicious, diffuse microcalcifications. |
=== Sentinel node biopsy === |
Some institutions that have encountered high rates of recurrent invasive cancers after mastectomy for DCIS have endorsed routine sentinel node biopsy (SNB). However, research indicates that sentinel node biopsy has risks that outweigh the benefits for most women with DCIS. SNB should be considered with tissue diagnosis... |
== Prognosis == |
With treatment, the prognosis is excellent, with greater than 97% long-term survival. If untreated, DCIS progresses to invasive cancer in roughly one-third of cases, usually in the same breast and quadrant as the earlier DCIS. About 2% of women who are diagnosed with this condition and treated died within 10 years. Bio... |
== Epidemiology == |
DCIS is often detected with mammographies but can rarely be felt. With the increasing use of screening mammography, noninvasive cancers are more frequently diagnosed and now constitute 15% to 20% of all breast cancers. |
Cases of DCIS have increased five-fold between 1983 and 2003 in the United States due to the introduction of screening mammography. In 2009 about 62,000 cases were diagnosed. |
== References == |
== External links == |
[site licence, API siteinfo rightsinfo read 2026-10-01]: {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"rightsinfo":{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en","text":"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0"}}} |
2933be99f9306adcc090e9aaf5f5750c3122fada878dfb97edbbfe697c010d8e wp-dcis.txt |
TITLE: Fibroadenoma |
REVID: 1373667518 |
Fibroadenomas are benign breast tumours characterized by an admixture of stromal and epithelial tissue. Breasts are made of lobules (milk producing glands) and ducts (tubes that carry the milk to the nipple). These are surrounded by glandular, fibrous and fatty tissues. Fibroadenomas develop from the lobules. The gland... |
Since both fibroadenomas and breast lumps as a sign of breast cancer can appear similar, it is recommended to perform ultrasound analyses and possibly tissue sampling with subsequent histopathologic analysis in order to make a proper diagnosis. Unlike typical lumps from breast cancer, fibroadenomas are easy to move, wi... |
Fibroadenomas are sometimes called breast mice or a breast mouse owing to their high mobility in the breast. |
== Signs and symptoms == |
Fibroadenomas are benign tumours of the breast, most often present in women in their 20s and 30s. Clinically, fibroadenomas are usually solid breast lumps that are: |
Painless |
Firm or rubbery |
Mobile |
Solitary-round with distinct, smooth borders |
People who have a simple fibroadenoma likely do not have an increased risk of developing malignant (harmful) breast cancer compared to the general population. Complex fibroadenomas may increase the risk of breast cancer slightly. |
In the male breast, fibroepithelial tumors are very rare, and are mostly phyllodes tumors. Exceptionally rare case reports exist of fibroadenomas in the male breast; however, these cases may be associated with antiandrogen treatment. In transgender women using feminizing hormone therapy fibroadenomas may develop and be... |
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