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 # Video files - compressed
 *.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+marxgraph.graphml filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+marxgraph.jsonl filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

VALIDATION.md

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+# Validation
+
+## Methodology
+
+Two independent samples were drawn for human validation, following a stratified
+sampling protocol (`src/sample_for_validation.py`):
+
+- **100 claims**, stratified proportionally across the six authors in the corpus
+  (Marx/Engels, Lenin, Luxemburg, Trotsky, Stalin, Mao), out of 71,572 total.
+- **50 concept-evolution edges**, stratified proportionally across the seven
+  transformation labels (EXTENDED, CONTEXTUALIZED, REFORMULATED, CONTESTED,
+  PRESERVED, INSUFFICIENT, REJECTED), out of 446 total.
+
+**Claims** were checked against a strict standard: is the claim's content actually
+verifiable from its cited `evidence_span` alone, treating anything outside that
+span (including background knowledge of the source text) as unverified. This
+is a conservative standard: it flags cases where the evidence span was
+truncated by an ellipsis in a way that hides the specific content the claim
+asserts, even if that content is accurate.
+
+**Evolution edges** were checked for internal coherence (does the rationale
+support the assigned label) and plausibility against known Marxist intellectual
+history. This is a weaker check than the claims review: the validation sample
+provides only the *IDs* of the claims each rationale cites
+(`key_earlier_claims`/`key_later_claims`), not their text, so word-level
+cross-referencing against source evidence was not possible in this pass.
+
+An initial automated pass (Claude, Anthropic) was run first, followed by human
+adjudication (the corpus author, a domain expert in this literature) on every
+case the automated pass could not resolve with confidence. This two-stage
+design exists because an LLM checking another LLM's extraction is not an
+independent check in the sense the validation protocol intends; both share
+similar reasoning patterns and blind spots. The domain-expert pass is what
+gives the final numbers below their evidentiary weight; the automated pass
+functioned as a fast pre-filter that surfaced candidates for review, not as a
+substitute for it.
+
+## Results
+
+| Sample | n | Correct | Accuracy |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Claims (vs. evidence span) | 100 | 99 | **99.0%** |
+| Evolution edges (rationale coherence + plausibility) | 50 | 50 | **100%** |
+
+5 of 150 total items were flagged as uncertain by the automated pass and
+resolved by human review. Of these, 4 were confirmed accurate on inspection:
+in each case the claim contained specific content (a name, an attribution, a
+causal detail) that had been elided by `...` in the extracted evidence span but
+was in fact correct given the full source passage. This illustrates a
+systematic conservatism in the evidence-span-only check: it under-counts
+correct claims whose exact wording happens to fall outside the quoted span.
+
+One item did not survive review:
+
+> **Claim:** "Political enemies repeatedly reused old accusations, shifting
+> them from right to left **without imagination**."
+> **Evidence span:** "they simply switched the same old accusations about
+> from one point to another, the movement being predominantly from right to
+> left"
+
+The phrase "without imagination" is an evaluative addition not present in the
+source text, a documented instance of the extraction model supplying a
+plausible-sounding editorial gloss beyond what the evidence supports. This is
+retained in the dataset (flagged `human_correct=n` in the validation CSV)
+rather than silently corrected, since it is a genuine and informative failure
+mode of the pipeline, not an isolated fluke to be memory-holed.
+
+## Caveats
+
+- **Sample size.** 100/71,572 claims (0.14%) and 50/446 evolution edges
+  (11.2%) were reviewed. These are point estimates, not corpus-wide guarantees;
+  a different random sample could yield a different figure, especially for the
+  claims accuracy given the small absolute sample relative to corpus size.
+- **Confidence scores are not a reliable uncertainty signal.** The 446
+  evolution edges have a confidence distribution with mean 0.852 and std 0.035
+  (75% of all edges fall between 0.85-0.86) - implausibly narrow for a model
+  genuinely discriminating between certain and uncertain judgments. Do not
+  filter or weight by this column as if it reflects calibrated uncertainty.
+- **Evolution-edge validation was weaker than claims validation**, for the
+  reason described above (no claim text in the sample, only IDs). A rigorous
+  cross-reference against full claim text has not yet been performed at scale.
+- **Interpretive edges are perspectival, not objective fact.** Transformation
+  labels (especially CONTESTED/REJECTED) reflect the extraction model's reading
+  of the cited passages, framed as a documentary+interpretive distinction (see
+  `config/ontology.yaml`) rather than a canonical verdict on contested
+  historical questions (e.g., continuity vs. rupture between Lenin and
+  Stalin). Different scholarly traditions describe these relationships
+  differently; the dataset records one LLM-assisted reading, evidence-linked
+  and human-spot-checked, not a settled adjudication.
+- **A likely duplicate work was identified but not yet removed as of this
+  validation pass**: Trotsky's *History of the Russian Revolution* appears to
+  have been ingested twice under different work_ids (a single-file edition and
+  a separately split 3-volume edition), via independent keyword matches on the
+  same harvested index page. `src/dedupe_works.py` exists to detect and remove
+  this class of duplicate but has not yet been run against the released
+  corpus. Downstream users should be aware that, until this is applied,
+  Trotsky's claims on any concept discussed in that book may be
+  double-weighted relative to other authors.

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validation_claims_annotated.csv

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+claim_id,author,title,claim,evidence_span,confidence,human_correct,notes
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0665__c1,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,Tacking became for the Compromisers a form of existence.,Tacking became for them a form of existence.,0.95,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0218__c2,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,Say's only achievement was to give a pompous and dogmatic form to an idea already expressed by earlier writers.,Says only achievement lies in having given a pompous and dogmatic form to an idea that others had expressed before him.,0.94,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0395__c0,mixed_marx_engels,German Ideology,"Stirner is unable to say anything about the subject itself, and right is what delves into his bowels",that right “delved” into his bowels and that he merely recorded the fact that right is not to his liking,0.96,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0333__c0,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)",The identity of opposites refers to real and concrete opposites and their concrete transformations into one another.,"In speaking of the identity of opposites in given conditions, what we are referring to is real and concrete opposites and the real and concrete transformations of opposites into one another.",0.96,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0155__c0,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","The workers, peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie remain the motive forces of the revolution, with the national bourgeoisie potentially added as a further force.","Basically, the workers, the peasants and the urban petty bourgeoisie arc still the motive forces of the revolution, but now there may be the national bourgeoisie as well.",0.96,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0029__c0,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","The presence of peasants armed with spears has caused police, armed guards and bailiffs to avoid villages and cease their extortions","The armed guards, the police and the bailiffs all keep out of the way and dare not go near the villages... they tremble at the sight of the peasants' spears.",0.97,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0077__c3,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,"Without such a struggle, educating the working class of ruling nations in the spirit of true internationalism and preparing them for proletarian revolution is impossible.","Without such a struggle the education of the working class of the ruling nations in the spirit of true internationalism, in the spirit of closer relations with the toiling masses of the dependent countries and colonies, in the spirit of real preparation for the proletarian revolution, is inconceivable",0.95,y,
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0057__c2,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,"Stolypin described the policy as “banking on the strong ones,” meaning the state encouraged wealthy peasants to acquire communal land and become supporters of the regime.",Stolypin ... described ... as “banking on the strong ones.” This meant: encourage the upper circles of the peasantry to get hold of the communal land ... and convert these new capitalist farmers into a support for the existing régime,0.95,y,
+lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0140__c3,lenin,The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky,Dialectics reject absolute truths and explain the successive changes of opposites and the significance of crises in history,Dialectics repudiate absolute truths and explain the successive changes of opposites and the significance of crises in history,1.0,y,
+lenin_two-tactics__p0104__c0,lenin,Two Tactics of Social-Democracy,The revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry inevitably follows from the entire Marxian worldview and program.,"the concept of the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry, which inevitably follows from the entire Marxian world outlook and from our program",0.95,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c1,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,The theory of worshipping spontaneity opposes the revolutionary character of the working‑class movement and favors only demands acceptable to capitalism.,The theory of worshipping spontaneity is decidedly opposed to the revolutionary character of the working class movement; it is in favour of the movement proceeding exclusively along the line of “realisable demands…acceptable” to capitalism.,0.94,y,
+stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0035__c9,stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,Productive forces in the USSR develop at an accelerated pace because the corresponding relations of production fully accommodate them.,"For this reason, the productive forces here develop at an accelerated pace; for the relations of production that correspond to them offer full scope for such development.",0.95,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0224__c5,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V4,"Under the influence of and in contradiction to the Physiocrats, Adam Smith formulates a second definition of “productive labour”.","Hence arises, under the influence of and in contradiction to the Physiocrats, his second definition of what is “productive labour”.",0.94,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0367__c5,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","The nine‑power treaty aimed to create joint control of China by imperialist powers, cleared the way for exclusive U.S. domination, and intended to frustrate Japan's plans for exclusive domination.","The aim of this treaty was to create a situation in which the imperialist powers had joint control of China, and it actually cleared the way for exclusive domination by the U.S. imperialists, the purpose being to frustrate Japan's plans for exclusive domination.",0.95,y,
+trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0049__c1,trotsky,Results Prospects Trotsky,Dividing the programme into maximum and minimum parts has profound principled significance while the bourgeoisie holds power.,The division of our programme into maximum and minimum programmes has a profound and tremendous principled significance during the period when power lies in the hands of the bourgeoisie.,0.95,y,
+lenin_left-wing-communism__p0050__c5,lenin,Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder,Advocating a blanket refusal to participate in bourgeois‑democratic parliaments is fundamentally wrong and detrimental to the revolutionary proletariat.,"the advocacy, even if with reservations, by the Dutch and the other ""Lefts"" of refusal to participate in parliaments is fundamentally wrong and detrimental to the cause of the revolutionary proletariat",0.93,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_eighteenth-brumaire__p0118__c1,mixed_marx_engels,Eighteenth Brumaire,People act only when a situation arises that makes retreat impossible and the conditions themselves demand action,"people do not act until: “a situation is created which makes all turning back impossible, and the conditions themselves call out: Here is the rose, here dance!”",0.94,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p1611__c0,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V4,"If a labourer is paid in the article he produces and a saving of expense occurs while his cost of production remains the same, he must receive a larger quantity proportionate to the increased productive power of capital, and the capitalist’s outlay remains proportionate to the return, so profits do not rise.","Assuming, therefore, that the labourer is paid in the very article he produces, it is evident that, when any saving of expense takes place in the production of that article, if the labourer still receives the same cost of production as before, he must receive an increased quantity, in the very same ratio in which the productive power of capital has been increased. But, if so , the outlay of the capitalist will bear exactly the same proportion to the return as it did before; and profits will not rise.",0.96,y,
+lenin_state-and-revolution__p0076__c0,lenin,The State and Revolution,Engels described the German Social-Democrats' fear of a renewal of the Anti‑Socialist Law as opportunism.,Engels particularly stressed ... and explicitly described it as opportunism;,0.95,y,Confirmed accurate by user (domain expert) despite detail being hidden behind '...' in the shown evidence span.
+stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0011__c6,stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,"Consciousness is secondary and derivative, being a reflection of matter.","consciousness is secondary, derivative, since it is a reflection of matter",0.95,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0347__c3,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,"If accumulation continues, constant capital must increase both absolutely and relatively to total new value, and the rate of surplus value must also increase.","Rather, if accumulation continues, c , the constant capital of both departments, must increase not only absolutely but also relatively to v + c or the total new value ... the surplus value must increase relatively to the variable capital ... the rate of surplus value ... must similarly increase.",0.94,y,
+trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0261__c5,trotsky,Revolution Betrayed Trotsky,The prohibition of other parties has been transformed from a temporary evil into a principle.,"The prohibition of other parties, from being a temporary evil, has been erected into a principle.",0.94,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0028__c1,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,Lenin asserts that imperialism is the eve of the socialist revolution.,"Lenin combines all these conclusions into one general conclusion that “ imperialism is the eve of the socialist revolution ” (see Vol. XIX, p. 71).",0.9,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0091__c1,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)",Party decisions are now carried out fairly well and erroneous demands for bottom‑up democratic centralism are no longer raised.,"Party decisions are now carried out fairly well; and no longer does anyone bring up such erroneous demands as that the Red Army should apply ""democratic centralism from the bottom to the top"" or should ""let the lower levels discuss all problems first, and then let the higher levels decide"".",0.95,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p1067__c3,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V4,"Ricardo assumes, from the outset, that the length of the working day is given.",From the outset he assumes ... that the length of the working-day is given,0.95,y,
+lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0054__c2,lenin,The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky,Kautsky’s pamphlet on The Dictatorship of the Proletariat raises the question of a state higher than a democratic bourgeois republic but ignores the question.,"Here is the most prominent theoretician ... in a special pamphlet on The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, specially dealing with Russia, where the question of a form of state that is higher than a democratic bourgeois republic has been raised ... ignoring this very question.",0.94,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0018__c3,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","Where landlord authority appears weaker but the political struggle is not sharp, peasants must intensify the political struggle until landlord authority is completely smashed.","In counties like Liling ... the authority of the landlords seems weaker than that of the peasants but, because the political struggle has not been sharp, is in fact surreptitiously competing with it. ... they must wage the political struggle more vigorously until the landlords' authority is completely smashed.",0.94,y,
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p1382__c2,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,Liberalism and nationalism have become fetters upon the world economy.,Liberalism and nationalism have become in like degree fetters upon world economy.,0.94,y,
+lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0120__c5,lenin,Materialism and Empirio-Criticism,Critics have not analyzed Dietzgen's philosophy to separate his materialism from alien elements.,But they did not take the trouble or were unable to analyse the dominant line of his philosophy and to disengage his materialism from alien elements.,0.96,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0304__c3,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V2,"To obtain ready money, producers may sell or slaughter cattle before normal age, harming agriculture and eventually raising meat prices.","The necessity of securing ready money ... solves this problem, e.g., by selling or slaughtering cattle before they have reached the economically normal age, to the great detriment of agriculture. This also brings about in the end a rise in the price of meat",0.93,y,
+lenin_two-tactics__p0149__c1,lenin,Two Tactics of Social-Democracy,Until April 1849 they ran only an “organ of democracy” without organisational ties to an independent workers’ party.,Until then they were merely running an “organ of democracy” unconnected by any organisational ties with an independent workers’ party.,0.95,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0107__c0,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)",Only concentration will enable us to wipe out comparatively large enemy units and occupy towns.,Only concentration will enable us to wipe out comparatively large enemy units and occupy towns.,0.95,y,
+trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v1__p0382__c4,trotsky,Ebook History Of The Russian Revolution V1,The Bolshevik resolution demanding the transfer of power to the soviets mustered an insignificant number of votes in the Petrograd Soviet.,"the Bolshevik resolution demanding the transfer of power to the soviets, mustered in the Petrograd Soviet an insignificant umber of votes.",0.94,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0045__c1,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,"The dictatorship of the proletariat is a stubborn struggle—bloody and bloodless, violent and peaceful, military and economic, educational and administrative—against the forces and traditions of the old society.","that “the dictatorship of the proletariat is a stubborn struggle-bloody and bloodless, violent and peaceful, military and economic, educational and administrative-against the forces and traditions of the old society”",0.97,y,
+trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v2__p0167__c8,trotsky,Ebook History Of The Russian Revolution V2,"Led by politicians who are afraid of their own shadow, the Soviet did not dare take power.","Led by politicians who are afraid of their own shadow, the Soviet did not dare take the power.",0.95,y,
+lenin_two-tactics__p0012__c6,lenin,Two Tactics of Social-Democracy,"Only a government of traitors could tolerate such a regime, not a government that is the organ of a popular insurrection.","Such a regime could be tolerated only by a government of traitors to the cause of the revolution, but not by a government which is the organ of a popular insurrection.",0.95,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0824__c1,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V4,"In competition, the cost-price, not the value, appears as the regulator of the market-price, serving as the immanent price of the commodity.","In competition, the cost-price and not the value appears as the regulator of the market-price—so to speak, as the immanent price, the value of the commodity.",0.94,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0063__c3,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V4,Turgot justifies interest by arguing that money capital can purchase land and therefore must yield as much surplus-value as land ownership would.,"Turgot on the other hand derives his justification of it from the fact that the money capitalist could buy land, that is, rent, and that therefore his money capital must bring him in as much surplus-value as he would receive if he converted it into landed property.",0.94,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0021__c3,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","In counties where the peasant movement is well developed, almost all the important local tyrants and evil gentry have fled, and this amounts to banishment.","In counties where the peasant movement is well developed, almost all the important local tyrants and evil gentry have fled, and this amounts to banishment.",0.95,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0101__c2,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,A new militant revolutionary party is necessary to lead the proletariat in the struggle for power.,"Hence the necessity for a new party, a militant party, a revolutionary party, one bold enough to lead the proletarians in the struggle for power...",0.96,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0135__c2,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,The surplus-product incorporated in Department I cannot simultaneously function as constant capital in both Department I and Department II.,It cannot perform this function simultaneously in I and II.,0.9,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0188__c2,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)",Some comrades argued that after the third encirclement campaign the Kuomintang army was merely an auxiliary force and that imperialists would have to become the main attacking force.,"Some responsible comrades ... held an ""auxiliary force"" theory, maintaining that the Kuomintang army had become merely an auxiliary force after the defeat of its third ""encirclement and suppression"" campaign and that the imperialists themselves would have to take the field as the main force",0.93,y,
+lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0381__c3,lenin,Materialism and Empirio-Criticism,"Mach rejected the law as a universal law of nature, viewing it only as an acknowledgement of causal dependence.",Mach refused to regard it as a universal law of nature and considered that it amounted merely to an acknowledgement of the causal dependence of phenomena.,0.93,y,
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0683__c0,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,"The Council of Churches, though mainly a clerical caste affair, did not stay limited to church bureaucracy.","The Council of Churches, although primarily a caste affair of the clergy itself, and especially of its upper tiers, nevertheless did not remain confined within the limits of the church bureaucracy.",0.96,y,
+stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0006__c0,stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,Dühring scolded Hegel but surreptitiously borrowed from him the thesis that the transition from the insentient world to the sentient world is a leap to a new state,"Finally, criticizing Dühring, who scolded Hegel for all he was worth, but surreptitiously borrowed from him the well‑known thesis that the transition from the insentient world to the sentient world, ... is a leap to a new state",0.95,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0117__c4,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,Stalin warns that American efficiency can degenerate into narrow and unprincipled practicalism if not combined with Russian revolutionary sweep.,American efficiency has every chance of degenerating into narrow and unprincipled practicalism if it is not combined with Russian revolutionary sweep.,0.94,y,
+trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v3__p0450__c1,trotsky,Ebook History Of The Russian Revolution V3,"Lenin considered himself the most free to praise both the heroism of the masses and the services of the leaders, as the author of “advice from the sidelines.”","It was just he himself, the author of “advice from the sidelines,” whom he considered most free to pay a tribute not only to the heroism of the masses, but to the services of the leaders.",0.94,y,
+stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0019__c2,stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,"New social ideas arise because they are necessary to society; the urgent tasks of material development cannot be carried out without their organizing, mobilizing and transforming action.","New social ideas and theories arise precisely because they are necessary to society, because it is impossible to carry out the urgent tasks of development of the material life of society without their organizing, mobilizing and transforming action.",0.95,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0188__c0,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,"MacCulloch's example assumes quantities that exactly meet societal needs, so that they contain no surplus for society.","he chooses for his example two products in quantities which are right from the start in strict conformity with these needs, and which therefore contain no surplus as far as society is concerned",0.96,y,
+lenin_two-tactics__p0009__c7,lenin,Two Tactics of Social-Democracy,"A constituent assembly must have real authority and power to constitute, not merely be a formal label.",This assembly must have the authority and power to “constitute.”,0.95,y,
+stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0040__c4,stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,"Spontaneous development gives way to conscious action, peaceful evolution yields to violent upheaval, and evolution transforms into revolution.","The spontaneous process of development yields place to the conscious actions of men, peaceful development to violent upheaval, evolution to revolution.",0.94,y,
+lenin_state-and-revolution__p0117__c0,lenin,The State and Revolution,Kautsky systematically deviates towards opportunism on the question of the state.,...his systematic deviation towards opportunism precisely on the question of the state.,0.94,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0082__c1,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,Lenin revealed the brilliant ideas of Marx and Engels on tactics and strategy that had been suppressed by the opportunists of the Second International.,It was precisely in this period that Lenin brought out into the light of day the brilliant ideas of Marx and Engels on tactics and strategy that been suppressed by the opportunists of the Second International.,0.96,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0095__c6,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)",Subjective analysis and guidance inevitably lead to opportunism or putschism.,subjective analysis of a political situation and subjective guidance of work inevitably result either in opportunism or in putschism,1.0,y,
+lenin_state-and-revolution__p0025__c4,lenin,The State and Revolution,"The exploiting classes need political rule to maintain exploitation, serving the selfish interests of an insignificant minority against the vast majority of all people.","The exploiting classes need political rule to maintain exploitation, i.e., in the selfish interests of an insignificant minority against the vast majority of all people.",0.97,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0629__c2,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V1,"The development of capitalism raises the minimum amount of individual capital required to operate a business, forcing smaller capitals into limited spheres of production.","with the development of the capitalist mode of production, there is an increase in the minimum amount of individual capital necessary to carry on a business under its normal conditions. The smaller capitals, therefore, crowd into spheres of production which Modern Industry has only sporadically or incompletely got hold of.",0.95,y,
+lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0410__c5,lenin,Materialism and Empirio-Criticism,"A minority of new physicists, due to ignorance of dialectics, have slipped into idealism by way of relativism.","A minority of new physicists ... have, owing to their ignorance of dialectics, slipped into idealism by way of relativism.",0.93,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p1966__c2,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V4,Different aspects of capital and landed property constitute separate claims to the appropriation of other people’s labour based on two essentially different means of production.,"Thus one aspect of capital confronts another aspect of the same capital just as rigidly as do landed property and capital which, in fact, constitute the separate claims to appropriation of other people’s labour which are based on two essentially different means of production.",0.95,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0320__c0,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","Imperialism can oppress by political, economic and cultural means, leading ruling classes in semi‑colonial countries to capitulate and ally with imperialism to jointly oppress the masses.","When imperialism carries on its oppression not by war, but by milder means—political, economic and cultural— the ruling classes in semi-colonial countries capitulate to imperialism, and the two form an alliance for the joint oppression of the masses.",0.96,y,
+trotsky_permanent-revolution-trotsky__p0168__c3,trotsky,Permanent Revolution Trotsky,Trotsky asserts that the formula of a democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry is now repeated in the Communist International as a supra‑historical dogma without analyzing recent historical experiences.,"This formula is now repeated in the Communist International as a sort of supra‑historical dogma, with no attempt to analyse the living historical experiences of the last quarter‑century.",0.95,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0083__c1,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,Marx's distinction between constant and variable capital reveals the internal mechanisms of the production of surplus value and relates it to producer and consumer goods.,"Marx's diagram is based upon the precise distinction between constant and variable capital which alone reveals the internal mechanisms of the production of surplus value and brings it, as a value-relationship, into precise relation with the two material categories of production: that of producer and consumer goods.",0.96,y,
+lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0182__c2,lenin,Materialism and Empirio-Criticism,"Engels does not deny the scientific value of investigating the development of ideas of time and space, but insists on providing a consistent answer to the epistemological question of the source and significance of human knowledge.","The point is not that Engels denies the necessity and scientific value of investigations into the change and development of our ideas of time and space, but that we should give a consistent answer to the epistemological question",0.94,y,
+luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0014__c3,luxemburg,The National Question,"Only by establishing a socialist system that abolishes class oppression can all forms of oppression, including national, be eliminated once and for all.","only in this way could they hasten the introduction of a socialist system that, by abolishing class oppression, would do away with all forms of oppression, including national, once and for all",0.95,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0089__c1,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)",Selfish departmentalism leads them to think only of the Fourth Army and prevents them from recognizing the Red Army's task of arming the local masses.,Selfish departmentalism--they think only of the Fourth Army and do not realize that it is an important task of the Red Army to arm the local masses.,1.0,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0332__c8,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,In a socialist society a machine competes with the labour actually performed and is adopted as soon as it can save more human labour than is required to produce it.,the machine competes not with the labour that is necessary to maintain the worker but with the labour he actually performs... the use of machinery is economic‑aims indicated just as soon as it can save more human labour than is necessary for making it,0.95,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0299__c7,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V2,A prolongation of the production time reduces the velocity of turnover as much as a prolongation of the circulation time.,Hence a prolongation of the time of production reduces the velocity of the turnover quite as much as a prolongation of the time of circulation.,0.99,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0166__c4,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","In practice, generals should be brave and sagacious, normally winning battles, rather than being ever‑victorious","What we can ask for is generals who are brave and sagacious and who normally win their battles in the course of a war, generals who combine wisdom with courage",0.94,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0187__c2,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V1,The alienation of labour-power and its appropriation by the buyer are separated by an interval of time.,"The alienation of labour-power and its actual appropriation by the buyer, its employment as a use-value, are separated by an interval of time.",1.0,y,
+luxemburg_the-russian-revolution-luxemburg__p0024__c1,luxemburg,The Russian Revolution,The pattern of these nations aligning with German imperialism is typical rather than exceptional.,"The conduct of Finland, Poland, Lithuania, the Baltic lands, the peoples of the Caucasus, shows most convincingly that we are not dealing here with an exceptional case, but with a typical phenomenon.",0.94,y,
+lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0132__c1,lenin,The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky,The discrepancy between the composition of the elected Constituent Assembly and the actual will of the people on ending the war is inevitable.,It is clear that the discrepancy between the composition of the elected Constituent Assembly and the actual will of the people on the question of terminating the war is inevitable from this point of view too.,0.96,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v3__p0087__c3,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V3,"It is the only situation where the number of labourers, labour intensity, and length of the working day stay unchanged while variable capital and the rate of surplus value vary together.","This is the only case in which the number of labourers, the intensity of labour, and the length of the working‑day remain unchanged, while v and s' vary simultaneously.",0.93,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0019__c3,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","Peasants impose fines on local tyrants and evil gentry for offences revealed by account checking and other violations, causing the fined individuals to lose face.","The peasants work out fines for such offences as irregularities revealed by the checking of accounts ... Naturally, a man who has been fined by the peasants completely loses face.",0.94,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0171__c3,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,"Sismondi treats exploitation and class antagonism as the necessary spur to production, aligning with the followers of Ricardo and Malthus.","Thus he makes exploitation and class antagonism the necessary spur to production, quite in accord with the followers of Ricardo and Malthus.",0.95,y,
+luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0181__c6,luxemburg,The National Question,"At the same time rural communes lost their traditional self‑governing institutions, falling completely under the authority of landowners due to the growth of serfdom.","At the same time, the rural communes lost their traditional self-governing institutions, having completely fallen, through the growth of serfdom, under the authority of landowners.",0.95,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0199__c1,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,"Engels criticizes Dühring for explaining a real industrial crisis by means of an imaginary one, likening it to a storm at sea represented by a storm in a teacup, and calls him a real German literatus.","Engels, in his devastating criticism ... has shown himself a real German literatus.",0.94,y,Confirmed accurate by user (domain expert) despite the storm-in-a-teacup analogy being hidden behind '...' in the shown evidence span.
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0250__c2,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,"Individual entrepreneurs lack knowledge of others’ production, which can lead them to over‑estimate demand and overstock the market.","The individual entrepreneur does not know how much others are producing, and so it may easily happen that he over-estimates the demand for a certain commodity with which he will then overstock the market.",0.95,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_anti-duhring__p0185__c2,mixed_marx_engels,Anti Duhring,"Political economy in its positive formulation by the physiocrats and Adam Smith is essentially a child of the eighteenth century, sharing the merits and demerits of that Enlightenment period.","political economy ... is nevertheless essentially a child of the eighteenth century, and ranks with the achievements of the contemporary great French philosophers of the Enlightenment, sharing with them all the merits and demerits of that period.",0.95,y,Confirmed accurate by user (domain expert): physiocrats/Adam Smith is the correct attribution despite not appearing in the shown evidence span.
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0059__c5,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)",The preparations were inadequate and officers and men did not understand the purpose of the operation,"the preparations were inadequate, and officers and men did not understand the purpose of the operation",0.95,y,
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0928__c2,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,"The movement of the villages passed, with inevitable delay, through the same two great stages as the movement of the cities.","the movement of the villages passed, with inevitable delay, through the same two great stages as the movement of the cities.",1.0,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0361__c0,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,"Marx's more profound analysis, including his diagrammatic demonstration of the total reproductive process and his exposition of simple reproduction, reveals the salient feature of the problem of accumulation.","has only been shown up by Marx's more profound analysis, his precise diagrammatic demonstration of the total reproductive process, and especially his inspired exposition of the problem of simple reproduction.",0.96,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0159__c1,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,Marx realized that he would never be able to complete the second and third volumes satisfactorily without a complete revolution in his health.,"About this time Marx seems to have realised that he would never be able to complete the second and third volume in a manner satisfactory to himself, unless a complete revolution in his health took place.",0.97,y,
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p1340__c2,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,During the first two months of 1917 Russia was ruled by a monarch who believed in saints’ mummies and submitted to Rasputin.,"During the first two months Russia was ruled, through right of monarchic succession, by a man inadequately endowed by nature who believed in saints’ mummies and submitted to Rasputin.",0.95,y,
+mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0402__c1,mao,"Selected Works, Volume I (incl. On Practice, On Contradiction)","Guarantee freedom of speech, assembly and association, and release all political prisoners.","(2) guarantee freedom of speech, assembly and association, and release all political prisoners;",0.95,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0074__c5,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,The question of the rights of nations is part of the general problem of the proletarian revolution and must be considered subordinate to the whole.,"The question of the rights of nations is not an isolated, self-sufficient question; it is a part of the general problem of the proletarian revolution, subordinate to the whole...",0.93,y,
+lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0103__c3,lenin,The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky,Peasants' antagonism to the socialist proletariat could not reveal itself all at once.,Their antagonism to the socialist proletariat could not reveal itself all at once.,0.93,y,
+luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0048__c1,luxemburg,The Accumulation of Capital,It is impossible to find any means of production in which value is embodied without it being itself the product of some previous labour.,"It is impossible to find any means of production in which value is embodied, without it being itself the product of some previous labour.",0.96,y,
+stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0001__c1,stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,Dialectical materialism is called so because its method of studying nature is dialectical while its interpretation of nature is materialistic.,"It is called dialectical materialism because its approach to the phenomena of nature, its method of studying and apprehending them, is dialectical, while its interpretation of the phenomena of nature, its conception of these phenomena, its theory, is materialistic.",0.96,y,
+lenin_two-tactics__p0072__c0,lenin,Two Tactics of Social-Democracy,The proletariat is the most advanced and only consistently revolutionary class and therefore should play the leading part in the general democratic revolutionary movement in Russia.,"the proletariat, being, by virtue of its very position, the most advanced and the only consistently revolutionary class, is for that very reason called upon to play the leading part in the general democratic revolutionary movement in Russia;",0.98,y,
+stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0029__c1,stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,"Consequently, changes in the instruments of production are accompanied by changes in men, specifically in their production experience, labour skill, and ability to handle the instruments of production.","the change and development of the instruments of production was accompanied by a change and development of men, ... their production experience, their labor skill, their ability to handle the instruments of production",0.94,y,
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0223__c1,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,"The present situation’s essence is that the old state has collapsed, causing the entire former legal order to be questioned by the masses.","The very essence of the present situation was that the old state had suddenly collapsed, and the entire old system of rights had been called in question by the masses.",0.95,y,
+trotsky_in-defense-of-marxism-trotsky__p0080__c2,trotsky,In Defense Of Marxism Trotsky,The revision of Marxism leads to its outright liquidation and to the liquidation of every doctrine and every method.,"The revision of Marxism passes here into its downright liquidation; more than that, into the liquidation of every doctrine and every method.",0.93,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_wage-labour-capital__p0017__c6,mixed_marx_engels,Wage Labour Capital,"In production, human beings work not only upon nature but also upon one another.","In the process of production, human beings work not only upon nature, but also upon one another.",1.0,y,
+trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v2__p0380__c2,trotsky,Ebook History Of The Russian Revolution V2,"Railroad workers and clerks demanded higher wages, but their demands were ignored, causing agitation.","The railroad workers and clerks ... had been demanding a raise. Commission had followed commission, nobody had made an answer, and this was getting on the nerves of the railroad workers.",0.95,y,
+trotsky_lessons-of-october-trotsky__p0065__c2,trotsky,Lessons Of October Trotsky,"When the Bolsheviks assumed power in the Petrograd Soviet, they continued and deepened the methods of dual power.","When we Bolsheviks assumed power in the Petrograd Soviet, we only continued and deepened the methods of dual power.",0.95,y,
+stalin_foundations-leninism__p0036__c3,stalin,The Foundations of Leninism,"Lenin maintained that the revolution should culminate in the transfer of power to the proletariat, whereas permanent revolutionists wanted to establish proletarian power immediately.","Lenin proposed that the revolution be crowned with the transfer of power to the proletariat, whereas the adherents of “permanent” revolution wanted to begin at once with the establishment of the power of the proletariat",0.94,y,
+luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0009__c6,luxemburg,The National Question,Western socialists granted the solicited vouchers and wrote letters or essays with little reflection because they were presented with a fait accompli and lacked reason to question the program’s rationality.,"the Western socialists … granted the solicited voucher, wrote the requested letters or essays without too much reflection, and said a few words here and there at an occasional meeting – which of course was precisely why they had been invited.",0.92,y,
+mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0446__c2,mixed_marx_engels,Capital V4,In the second transaction the money functions as a means of purchase and as a means of circulation for commodities.,"In the second transaction, on the other hand, the money functions as means of purchase, means of circulation for commodities.",0.95,y,
+lenin_lenin-one-step-forward__p0116__c3,lenin,"One Step Forward, Two Steps Back",The minority evaded a discussion of the question on its merits and instead appealed to emotional rhetoric such as ‘shedding tears’ and ‘indulging in pathos’.,"The minority evaded a discussion of the question on its merits and talked instead of their celebrated harmony, “shedding tears” and “indulging in pathos” (Lange’s speech, p. 327), as though “somebody was being murdered”.",0.93,y,
+trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0657__c0,trotsky,History Of The Russian Revolution Trotsky,"Political enemies repeatedly reused old accusations, shifting them from right to left without imagination","they simply switched the same old accusations about from one point to another, the movement being predominantly from right to left",0.9,n,Confirmed by user: 'without imagination' is an unsupported embellishment not present in Trotsky's text.
+luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0081__c8,luxemburg,The National Question,"Insuring all nations the possibility of self‑determination would revert society to a medieval small‑state order, earlier than the 15th‑16th centuries.","the idea of insuring all “nations” the possibility of self-determination is equivalent to reverting from Great‑Capitalist development to the small medieval states, far earlier than the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries",0.93,y,

validation_evolution_annotated.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+concept,earlier_author,later_author,transformation,rationale,key_earlier_claims,key_later_claims,confidence,human_correct,notes
+revolution,mixed_marx_engels,lenin,REFORMULATED,"Lenin defines revolution chiefly as an authoritarian act in which one part of the population imposes its will by force, whereas Marx and Engels describe revolution as a practical, mass movement that overturns the ruling class and transforms material conditions. The term is retained but its core meaning shifts from emancipatory transformation to coercive imposition.","[""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0079__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0079__c1"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0079__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0412__c4""]","[""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0068__c2"", ""lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0019__c0""]",0.86,y,Confirmed accurate by user (domain expert): Lenin's authoritarian framing of revolution is a fair characterization of the shift from Marx/Engels.
+commodity_capital,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,EXTENDED,"Luxemburg retains Marx’s core idea that commodity‑capital is a distinct functional form in the circuit of capital (e.g., Marx’s claim that commodities become commodity‑capital as a functional form derived from production). She extends this by emphasizing the continuous alternation of three capital forms and introducing the problem of unsalable commodity‑capital and virtual money‑capital, adding a crisis‑related mechanism not present in the earlier passages.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0049__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0050__c2""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0074__c2"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0134__c3""]",0.86,y,
+mode_of_production,mixed_marx_engels,stalin,PRESERVED,"Stalin’s statements (p0024 c0, c3) define the mode of production as the method of procuring material means of life and as comprising productive forces and relations of production, which mirrors Marx’s earlier description of the mode of production as the economic structure, the conditions of production, and the combination of forces and social relations (p0335 c2, p0782 c0). No new components or altered scope are introduced, only a restatement of the same core concept.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0335__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0782__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v3__p0424__c2""]","[""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0024__c0"", ""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0024__c3""]",0.86,y,
+historical_materialism,lenin,trotsky,EXTENDED,"Lenin defends historical materialism as the scientific basis of socialism and stresses the materialist conception of history and the party’s role in recognizing material prerequisites. Trotsky keeps this core meaning but adds a broader methodological framing (Marxism as a method of analyzing social relations) and applies it to the concrete conditions of the 1917 revolution, emphasizing the forces of production and the party’s alignment with historical development. This adds new scope while preserving the original concept.","[""lenin_two-tactics__p0031__c2"", ""lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0003__c1""]","[""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0001__c0"", ""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0034__c1"", ""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0111__c0""]",0.88,y,
+anarchism,lenin,luxemburg,CONTESTED,"Lenin describes anarchism as a distinct principle that can emerge in practice (lenin_one-step-forward p0218 c4) and as a stance condemning participation in provisional governments (lenin_two-tactics p0075 c2). Luxemburg, writing later, argues that in Russia anarchism is being liquidated, does not lead the mass strike, and is not a serious tendency (luxemburg_mass-str p0004 c4; luxemburg_mass-str p0005 c4), directly opposing Lenin’s more neutral or even affirming description of anarchism’s theoretical relevance.","[""lenin_lenin-one-step-forward__p0218__c4"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0075__c2""]","[""luxemburg_mass-str__p0004__c4"", ""luxemburg_mass-str__p0005__c4""]",0.78,y,
+proletarian_culture,lenin,trotsky,CONTESTED,"Trotsky explicitly argues that the goal should be a socialist culture rather than a 'proletarian culture', challenging Lenin's endorsement of a distinct proletarian culture distinct from the past. He also stresses the proletariat's lingering ties to historic heritage, further contesting Lenin's view.","[""lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0006__c1"", ""lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0006__c0""]","[""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0175__c5"", ""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0175__c3""]",0.78,y,
+vanguard_party,lenin,mao,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Lenin defines the vanguard party as a disciplined, theoretically advanced organisation that must lead the masses through concrete action and professional revolutionaries (e.g., ""the role of the vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory""; ""the vanguard must demonstrate its leading role through concrete actions""). Mao retains the idea of a leading Communist Party but adapts it to Chinese conditions, stressing rural political propaganda, strong party organization in base areas, and the indispensable role of party representatives within Red Army units (e.g., ""The spread of political propaganda in the countryside is entirely an achievement of the Communist Party""; ""The system of Party representatives must not be abolished""). He does not reject Lenin’s core theory, but applies it to a different historical‑national context, thus the concept is contextualized.","[""lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0023__c0"", ""lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0070__c0"", ""lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0090__c2""]","[""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0032__c2"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0047__c0"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0063__c0""]",0.86,y,
+social_division_of_labour,mixed_marx_engels,trotsky,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Marx defines the social division of labour as the specialization of useful labour that arises with commodity production and remains conceptually stable, while Trotsky uses the same term to describe a historically contingent phenomenon that failed to emerge in Russia due to low economic development and state oppression, applying the concept to a specific national context without altering its core meaning.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0049__c6"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0050__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0050__c3""]","[""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0014__c0"", ""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0014__c4""]",0.86,y,
+variable_capital,mixed_marx_engels,lenin,PRESERVED,"Lenin’s statements restate the Marx‑Engels definition of variable capital as the part of capital expended on labour‑power and used to calculate the rate of surplus‑value (s/v). The later claims echo the earlier ones about the variable component’s role in generating surplus value and the ratio s/v, without adding new mechanisms or scope.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0229__c1"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0237__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0239__c0""]","[""lenin_karl-marx__p0022__c8"", ""lenin_karl-marx__p0022__c9"", ""lenin_karl-marx__p0022__c10""]",0.9,y,
+insurrection,lenin,trotsky,CONTESTED,"Lenin argues that the party must subject and lead the insurrection (e.g., lenin_two-tactics__p0074__c4, lenin_two-tactics__p0075__c0, lenin_two-tactics__p0075__c3), whereas Trotsky reports that attempts to lead the insurrection directly through the party produced no results (trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v3__p0337__c1), directly challenging Lenin's prescription while retaining the term.","[""lenin_two-tactics__p0074__c4"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0075__c0"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0075__c3""]","[""trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v3__p0337__c1""]",0.85,y,
+productivity_of_labour,mixed_marx_engels,trotsky,REFORMULATED,"Marx defines productivity of labour as a technical/social transformation that shortens socially necessary labour time and requires a revolution of the mode of production (e.g., c3, c1). Trotsky uses the same term but locates productivity gains in piece‑work incentives within commodity circulation, linking them to mass output, price changes and inequality (e.g., c0, c5), thereby shifting its theoretical role from a revolutionary condition to a market‑based incentive effect.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0335__c3"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0335__c1""]","[""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0082__c0"", ""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0114__c5""]",0.78,y,
+imperialism,mixed_marx_engels,mao,EXTENDED,"Mao retains Marx’s core idea of imperialism as a stage of capitalist exploitation (e.g., the ""imperialist epoch"" and colonial domination in Marx’s claims) but adds new components: he links imperialism to domestic landlord and comprador classes, frames it as a concrete enemy in the Chinese revolutionary struggle, and emphasizes mass anti‑imperialist propaganda. This broadens the concept beyond Marx’s abstract stage to a specific national‑political context.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0052__c3"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0942__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p1015__c0""]","[""mao_oppose-book-worship-mao-zedong__p0005__c1"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0002__c0"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0007__c5""]",0.86,y,
+surplus_value,stalin,mao,INSUFFICIENT,"The provided Stalin passages discuss exploitation under capitalism and slavery without mentioning surplus value, while Mao's passages focus on merchant and peasant exploitation without using the term surplus value. Because neither set of claims explicitly addresses the concept of surplus value, we cannot determine how Mao's later treatment relates to Stalin's earlier one.",[],[],0.9,y,
+socialism,mixed_marx_engels,mao,REFORMULATED,"The earlier Marx‑Engels passages describe socialism as a humanist, moral order that replaces wealth/poverty with a ""rich human being"" and gives equal social significance to wealth and poverty, emphasizing anthropology and anarchic ideals. Mao’s statements treat socialism as a concrete historical stage of material distribution (""from each according to ability, to each according to work"") and a phase to be reached after a bourgeois‑democratic revolution, shifting the term from a moral‑humanist concept to a material‑political one. This change in core content warrants a reformulation label.","[""mixed_marx_engels_manuscripts-1844__p0111__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0581__c2""]","[""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0095__c2"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0265__c5""]",0.85,y,
+capital_profit,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,EXTENDED,"Luxemburg retains the terms ground rent and capital profit and treats them as forms of revenue accruing to owners, preserving their basic meaning as returns to land and capital. She expands the concept by situating it within the overall division of surplus labour in the capitalist economy, adding a macro‑economic framing absent in Marx/Engels' inverse‑relationship description.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0661__c3"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p0661__c4""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0258__c1"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0258__c6""]",0.85,y,
+opportunism,lenin,stalin,EXTENDED,"Lenin defines opportunism as a lack of firm principles and a tendency to adopt any formula, characterising an opportunist wing that undermines centralist party discipline. Stalin retains this negative sense but extends it by labeling the ""theory of spontaneity""—which downplays conscious, vanguard leadership—as a specific form of opportunism, adding a new theoretical mechanism to the concept.","[""lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0160__c1"", ""lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0160__c2"", ""lenin_lenin-one-step-forward__p0003__c0""]","[""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c0"", ""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c4""]",0.86,y,
+private_property,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Luxemburg keeps Marx’s core meaning of private property as ownership of the means of production (e.g., earlier claim c1) but applies it to the French Third Republic’s attempt to replace clan communism with bourgeois private property, focusing on legal‑political mechanisms (later claims p0392 c0, c3, c4). She does not alter the theoretical definition, merely situates it in a new historical context.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0755__c1"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0755__c6""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0392__c0"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0392__c3"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0392__c4""]",0.85,y,
+revolutionary_agency,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,EXTENDED,"Luxemburg retains the Marxist claim that the proletariat itself must be the agent of overthrow (e.g., Marx’s insistence that ""the emancipation of the working class must be the act of the workers themselves"" and that only a practical revolution drives history). She adds new elements—mass strike tactics, the necessity of political education, and the role of schools as revolutionary tools—expanding the original notion of revolutionary agency without abandoning its core.","[""mixed_marx_engels_critique-gotha-programme__p0031__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology-v1__p0029__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology-v1__p0030__c1""]","[""luxemburg_mass-str__p0027__c2"", ""luxemburg_mass-str__p0027__c3"", ""luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0199__c1""]",0.92,y,
+primitive_accumulation,mixed_marx_engels,trotsky,EXTENDED,"Marx and Engels describe primitive accumulation as the forcible expropriation of peasants and creation of a free proletariat through land grabs and capitalist expansion. Trotsky retains the core idea of a tendency toward accumulation but locates it in a planned‑economy context, attributing it to scarcity ('want') and 'pores' of the system, thereby adding a new mechanism and scope. This extends rather than merely restates or merely contextualizes the concept.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0716__c4"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0716__c5"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0450__c7""]","[""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0251__c5""]",0.78,y,
+spontaneity,mixed_marx_engels,stalin,CONTESTED,"Stalin explicitly denounces the 'theory of spontaneity' as opportunist and contrary to the vanguard party, whereas Marx and Engels describe spontaneity as a natural, unplanned emergence of worker action and cooperation. He retains the term but argues against its earlier positive or neutral valuation.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0381__c5"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0727__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0727__c3""]","[""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c0"", ""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c1"", ""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c3""]",0.9,y,
+instrument_of_production,mixed_marx_engels,trotsky,REFORMULATED,"Trotsky uses the term 'instrument of production' to compare the material quality of Soviet‑made production equipment with consumer goods, focusing on manufacturing standards. Marx and Engels employ the term to distinguish natural versus created instruments and to describe individuals' social role within division of labour, a fundamentally different theoretical content.","[""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology-v1__p0043__c1"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology-v1__p0043__c2""]","[""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0204__c0"", ""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0204__c2""]",0.86,y,
+soviet_power,lenin,luxemburg,CONTESTED,"Luxemburg retains the term ‘Soviet power’ but argues that in practice it suppresses freedoms, outlawing press and association and employing terror, directly contradicting Lenin’s positive portrayal of Soviets as democratic, emancipatory organs of the proletariat. This explicit criticism shows she contests Lenin’s earlier positive treatment while keeping the concept.","[""lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0026__c4"", ""lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0028__c0"", ""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0099__c6""]","[""luxemburg_the-russian-revolution-luxemburg__p0042__c1"", ""luxemburg_the-russian-revolution-luxemburg__p0051__c3"", ""luxemburg_the-russian-revolution-luxemburg__p0039__c0""]",0.9,y,
+vanguard_party,stalin,mao,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Mao retains Stalin's core idea that the Communist Party must lead and guide the masses, but he applies it to the Chinese revolutionary context—emphasizing party propaganda in the countryside and the indispensable role of Party representatives within Red Army units—without rejecting the vanguard principle. This shows adaptation to new historical conditions rather than a substantive change of the concept.","[""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c0"", ""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0023__c3"", ""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0022__c1"", ""stalin_foundations-leninism__p0054__c0""]","[""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0063__c0"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0063__c4"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0047__c4"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0032__c2""]",0.78,y,
+law_of_value,mixed_marx_engels,lenin,PRESERVED,"Lenin’s statement that Volume III of Capital solves how the average rate of profit is formed on the basis of the law of value restates Marx’s earlier claim that an equal average profit can arise on the basis of the law of value, without adding new elements. Both treat the law of value as the theoretical basis for profit formation.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v3__p0012__c0""]","[""lenin_karl-marx__p0026__c2""]",0.78,y,
+capitalist_class,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,PRESERVED,"Luxemburg restates Marx and Engels' description of the capitalist class as the sole holder and circulator of money and as one of only two classes (capitalist and working class), echoing the earlier claims about general accumulation of money‑capital and the binary class structure without adding fundamentally new components.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0447__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0447__c1"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0447__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0447__c3"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0447__c4"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0433__c4"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0433__c5""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0343__c1"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0343__c2"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0343__c3"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0343__c4"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0074__c3"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0074__c4""]",0.85,y,
+socialism,lenin,trotsky,EXTENDED,"Lenin describes socialism as the first, lower phase of communist society, a transitional stage marked by partial abolition of bourgeois law and a class struggle against private property. Trotsky retains the idea of socialism as a lower stage but expands the concept: he defines it as planned, harmonious production for human wants, stresses that collective ownership is only a legal premise, links socialism’s feasibility to the development of productive forces and an international economic basis, and emphasizes its role in creating conditions for socialist psychology. These additions extend Lenin’s core meaning with new theoretical components.","[""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0109__c2"", ""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0104__c3"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0086__c0""]","[""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p1409__c3"", ""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p1409__c4"", ""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p1409__c5"", ""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p1409__c8"", ""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0044__c5""]",0.85,y,
+combined_uneven_development,lenin,trotsky,EXTENDED,"Trotsky takes Lenin’s observation of uneven development as a universal law and expands it into a new ‘law of combined development’ that explains how backward nations fuse archaic and modern elements, adding a theoretical mechanism and broader scope. The later claims explicitly derive this law from the universal unevenness Lenin described, thus extending the concept.","[""lenin_imperialism-highest-stage__p0069__c1"", ""lenin_imperialism-highest-stage__p0125__c5""]","[""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0013__c4"", ""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0012__c4"", ""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0017__c2""]",0.86,y,
+democracy,lenin,mao,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Lenin defines democracy in terms of formal equality, proletarian soviet structures and as a class‑based principle opposed to bourgeois liberalism. Mao invokes democracy as a national objective tied to independence, freedom and a legal national assembly that bridges reactionary rule to democratic rule, adapting the term to the Chinese anti‑imperialist struggle without explicitly revising Lenin’s theoretical core.","[""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0110__c3"", ""lenin_renegade-kautsky__p0102__c0"", ""lenin_lenin-one-step-forward__p0211__c3""]","[""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0265__c10"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0278__c0""]",0.78,y,
+economism,lenin,trotsky,PRESERVED,"Lenin defines Economism as the tendency for workers to limit activity to economic (trade‑union) struggles while Marxist intelligentsia align with liberals for political work (e.g., lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0017__c1‑c2). Trotsky describes the Economists as arguing that Iskra remains in the realm of theory and they should lead the concrete labor movement (trotsky_in-defense-of-marxism-trotsky__p0084__c5), which mirrors the same core idea of separating economic activity from revolutionary politics. Thus Trotsky’s treatment restates Lenin’s concept with essentially the same content and scope.","[""lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0017__c1"", ""lenin_what-is-to-be-done__p0017__c2""]","[""trotsky_in-defense-of-marxism-trotsky__p0084__c5"", ""trotsky_lessons-of-october-trotsky__p0018__c5""]",0.92,y,
+primitive_democracy,mixed_marx_engels,lenin,EXTENDED,"Lenin keeps the core idea of primitive democracy as a form where the state is not a separate power over the people (as in Marx/Engels' description of direct assembly rule), but he adds new components: linking it to a necessary stage in the transition to socialism, to the reduction of state servants' wages, and to the modern simplification of state functions. This expands the original concept’s scope beyond ancient polis contexts.","[""mixed_marx_engels_origin-family__p0099__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_origin-family__p0099__c1"", ""mixed_marx_engels_origin-family__p0099__c2""]","[""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0047__c0"", ""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0047__c1"", ""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0047__c2""]",0.86,y,
+commodity_production,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,PRESERVED,"Both thinkers describe commodity production as the universal or general form of production and link it to the circulation/ownership of money. The later thinker restates the earlier claim that the universal form is commodity production and adds that this entails money circulation, which is already implicit in the earlier M‑C circuit description.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0046__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0046__c3""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0055__c6"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0074__c1""]",0.9,y,
+base_superstructure,stalin,mao,REFORMULATED,"Stalin presents a strictly deterministic base‑superstructure relation, asserting that material life (the economic base) is primary and ideas, institutions and the spiritual realm are merely reflections of it. Mao retains the terminology but explicitly argues that, under certain conditions, the superstructure (relations of production, theory, politics, culture) can become the principal and decisive factor, thereby altering the core deterministic role assigned to the base. This change in theoretical role constitutes a reformulation of the concept.","[""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0016__c0"", ""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0016__c1"", ""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0026__c0""]","[""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0326__c1"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0326__c5""]",0.86,y,
+surplus_value,stalin,trotsky,INSUFFICIENT,"Stalin's excerpts discuss exploitation and class relations but never mention surplus value or define it, while Trotsky's excerpts explicitly define surplus product/value and its appropriation. Because the earlier claims do not address the concept, we cannot judge whether Trotsky preserves, extends, or reforms it.","[""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0033__c2"", ""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0035__c4""]","[""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0001__c1"", ""trotsky_terrorism-communism-trotsky__p0159__c0""]",0.85,y,
+historical_materialism,mixed_marx_engels,trotsky,EXTENDED,"Trotsky restates the core historical‑materialist claim that the development of the forces of production determines the social‑historical process (earlier claim p0022__c3), but he adds new components – a methodological emphasis on analysis of social relations, a claim that Marxism can forecast concrete revolutionary developments, and a focus on party action in the Russian Revolution – thereby extending the original formulation.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0022__c3"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0022__c0""]","[""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0001__c0"", ""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0034__c1"", ""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0107__c0""]",0.85,y,
+surplus_value,mixed_marx_engels,mao,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Mao’s excerpts describe merchants, landlords and usurers extracting profit and exploiting peasants, echoing Marx’s core idea that surplus value stems from exploitation of producers, but they situate the analysis in Chinese rural trade and land relations without redefining the theoretical term itself.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0162__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0165__c6"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0172__c0""]","[""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0040__c1"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0113__c1"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0120__c0""]",0.78,y,
+dialectics,mixed_marx_engels,mao,EXTENDED,"Mao retains the core idea that dialectics is a method for dealing with contradictions (the earlier claim links dialectics to abolishing fixed ideas), but he adds a more detailed definition—splitting a whole into contradictory parts and the unity of opposites—thereby extending the concept’s content and scope.","[""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0221__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0221__c1""]","[""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0410__c0"", ""mao_mao-selected-works-1__p0410__c1""]",0.86,y,
+capital_accumulation_crisis,mixed_marx_engels,stalin,EXTENDED,"Stalin retains Marx’s core idea that capitalist development leads to periodic over‑production crises (e.g., Marx’s “periodic cycle… whose crowning point is the universal crisis” and “over‑production… crisis”), but he adds new explanatory elements – the role of fully developed productive forces, the ruin of the mass, and the claim that socialist production avoids such crises – thereby extending the original formulation.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0024__c4"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0457__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0457__c1""]","[""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0034__c0"", ""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0034__c3""]",0.85,y,
+money,mixed_marx_engels,trotsky,REJECTED,"Trotsky argues that Soviet money no longer functions as a universal equivalent or a measure of value, claiming it has ""ceased to be money"" and is merely a state‑designated label, which directly repudiates Marx’s earlier definition of money as a commodity that serves as the universal equivalent and the form of value expression. This rejects the earlier concept rather than merely adapting or contesting it.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0107__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0107__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0109__c0""]","[""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0066__c2"", ""trotsky_revolution-betrayed-trotsky__p0066__c3""]",0.86,y,
+provisional_government,lenin,trotsky,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Lenin discusses the provisional revolutionary government as a theoretical outcome of a victorious popular insurrection and argues the party should not aim to join it, while Trotsky describes the concrete Provisional Government of 1917 as dependent on official democratic support and subject to Kerensky's conditions. Trotsky therefore adapts the term to a specific historical situation without explicitly rejecting Lenin’s earlier theoretical framing.","[""lenin_two-tactics__p0016__c1"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0075__c1""]","[""trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v1__p0220__c1"", ""trotsky_ebook-history-of-the-russian-revolution-v2__p0376__c0""]",0.78,y,
+past_labour,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,EXTENDED,"Luxemburg retains Marx’s core idea that past labour is embodied in capital (e.g., Marx’s claim that value includes past labour) but adds a macro‑level claim that society hoards a stock of past labour that exceeds the annual labour needed for reproduction, treating past labour as a surplus reserve. This broadens the concept beyond Marx’s focus on commodity value to a systemic, reproductive function.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v3__p0325__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v3__p0325__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v4__p1158__c5""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0065__c4"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0065__c5"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0065__c8""]",0.9,y,
+state,lenin,trotsky,REFORMULATED,"Lenin treats the state as a class‑based political authority that will wither away after a proletarian revolution (e.g., lenin_state-and-revolution__p0068__c0) and emphasizes its bureaucratic, repressive origins (lenin_state-and-revolution__p0028__c1). Trotsky, by contrast, describes the state as an agent that accelerates economic development, grafts industry onto a natural economic base, and mediates foreign influence (trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0006__c1, trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0006__c2). The term “state” is retained, but its core theoretical role shifts from a tool of class oppression destined to disappear to a developmental apparatus, indicating a reformulation.","[""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0068__c0"", ""lenin_state-and-revolution__p0028__c1""]","[""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0006__c1"", ""trotsky_results-prospects-trotsky__p0006__c2""]",0.86,y,
+proletariat,lenin,luxemburg,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Lenin defines the proletariat as the revolutionary class whose political interests demand democratic liberty and eventual dictatorship, focusing on class struggle against bourgeois forces. Luxemburg retains this core meaning but applies the proletariat to the specific national context of Poland, urging it to shape national self‑government and defend self‑determination, without altering the underlying theory of the proletariat’s role.","[""lenin_two-tactics__p0007__c0"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0086__c4"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0086__c8""]","[""luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0094__c2"", ""luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0094__c8""]",0.78,y,
+peasantry_as_revolutionary_base,lenin,luxemburg,CONTESTED,"Luxemburg characterizes the peasantry as a passive, conservative force that preserves national traditions and cannot serve as an active revolutionary element, directly opposing Lenin’s view that the peasantry contains revolutionary elements and should be mobilized as an ally of the proletariat. Both use the term ‘peasantry’ but Luxemburg rejects its revolutionary role as Lenin asserts.","[""lenin_two-tactics__p0034__c2"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0103__c0"", ""lenin_two-tactics__p0049__c0""]","[""luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0205__c0"", ""luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0205__c2"", ""luxemburg_the-national-question-luxemburg__p0205__c3""]",0.95,y,
+surplus_value,mixed_marx_engels,stalin,CONTEXTUALIZED,"Stalin retains the Marxist link between surplus value and exploitation but situates it in a new historical context, asserting that in the socialist USSR exploitation (and thus surplus value) no longer exists, whereas Marx defines surplus value as the excess produced in capitalist circulation. The later claims (e.g., p0035 c4‑c6) adapt the concept to a different mode of production rather than redefining or rejecting it outright.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0162__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0165__c6""]","[""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0035__c4"", ""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0035__c6""]",0.78,y,
+realism,mixed_marx_engels,lenin,CONTESTED,"Lenin explicitly criticizes realism as a philistine trend that attempts to smuggle materialism and rejects Engels' acceptance of realism as a neutral category, whereas Marx/Engels simply list realism as one of three basic philosophical categories of history. Thus Lenin contests the earlier positive treatment while retaining the term.","[""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0131__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_german-ideology__p0135__c0""]","[""lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0385__c0"", ""lenin_lenin-materialism-and-empirio-criticism__p0386__c2""]",0.85,y,
+lumpenproletariat,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,REFORMULATED,"Luxemburg retains the term lumpenproletariat but shifts its meaning from Marx’s description of a marginal, outcast, crisis‑swollen class (e.g., c0, c2) to an integral, inseparable element of bourgeois society that functions as a counter‑revolutionary enemy (e.g., c1, c3). This change alters the core theoretical role of the concept.","[""mixed_marx_engels_eighteenth-brumaire__p0148__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_eighteenth-brumaire__p0148__c2""]","[""luxemburg_the-russian-revolution-luxemburg__p0047__c1"", ""luxemburg_the-russian-revolution-luxemburg__p0047__c3""]",0.86,y,
+bourgeoisie,mixed_marx_engels,trotsky,EXTENDED,"Trotsky retains the Marxist core idea of the bourgeoisie as a ruling capitalist class, but adds new evaluative and historical dimensions—its unprecedented scoundrelism, political incapacity, and specific Russian context—thereby extending the concept beyond Marx and Engels’ more general description of its revolutionary role and parliamentary dominance.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0954__c0"", ""mixed_marx_engels_eighteenth-brumaire__p0040__c1""]","[""trotsky_terrorism-communism-trotsky__p0198__c1"", ""trotsky_lessons-of-october-trotsky__p0025__c3"", ""trotsky_history-of-the-russian-revolution-trotsky__p0020__c2""]",0.86,y,
+accumulation,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,CONTESTED,"Luxemburg retains the term accumulation but explicitly challenges Marx’s earlier formulation, arguing that his scheme omits the crucial money stage, creates hoarding problems, and fails to resolve inter‑departmental circulation, even noting Marx’s own later remarks undermine his prior treatment. This constitutes a direct contestation of the earlier content while keeping the concept.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0569__c2"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0569__c3"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0569__c4"", ""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v1__p0569__c6""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0122__c0"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0122__c2"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0133__c3"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0138__c0""]",0.86,y,
+working_class,mixed_marx_engels,luxemburg,PRESERVED,"Both Marx/Engels and Luxemburg describe the working class as one of only two classes in capitalist society, the other being the capitalist class that owns the means of production. Luxemburg's statements echo the earlier claim without adding new components or altering the core meaning.","[""mixed_marx_engels_capital-v2__p0447__c1""]","[""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0343__c3"", ""luxemburg_accumulation-capital__p0343__c4""]",0.86,y,
+surplus_value,lenin,stalin,INSUFFICIENT,"Lenin’s excerpts explicitly define surplus value as the excess produced by labor beyond its own value, linking it to exploitation and the rate of exploitation. Stalin’s provided excerpts discuss exploitation and class struggle in capitalism and the absence of exploitation in socialism, but never mention the term “surplus value” or its specific Marxist definition, so the relation cannot be judged from the given evidence.","[""lenin_karl-marx__p0022__c3"", ""lenin_karl-marx__p0022__c5"", ""lenin_karl-marx__p0022__c7"", ""lenin_karl-marx__p0022__c10""]","[""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0035__c4"", ""stalin_d-and-h-materialism-stalin__p0035__c6""]",0.9,y,

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