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+Quite frequently it is some event in childhood that sets up a more or less severe symptom which persists during the years that follow. The connection is often so clear that it is quite evident how it was that the precipitating event produced this particular phenomenon rather than any other.;0
+In that case the symptom has quite obviously been determined by the precipitating cause. We may take as a very commonplace instance a painful emotion arising during a meal but suppressed at the time, and the producing nausea and vomiting which persists for months in the form of hysterical vomiting.;0
+"A girl, watching beside a sick-bed in a torment of anxiety, fell into a twilight state and had a terrifying hallucination, while her right arm, which was hanging over the back of the chair, went to sleep;";0
+"from this there developed a paresis of the same arm accompanied by contracture and anaesthesia. She tried to pray but could find no words; a length she succeeded in repeating a childrens prayer in English.";0
+When subsequently a severe and highly complicated hysteria developed, she could only speak, write and understand English, while her native language remained unintelligible to her for eighteen months. -;0
+The mother of a very sick child, which had at last fallen asleep, concentrated her whole will-power on keeping still so as not to waken it. Precisely on account of her intention she made a clacking noise with her tongue.;0
+(An instance of hysterical counter-will.);0
+"This noise was repeated on a subsequent occasion on which she wished to keep perfectly still; and from it there developed a tic which, in the form of a clacking with the tongue, occurred over a period of many years whenever she felt excited.";0
+- A highly intelligent man was present while his brother had an ankylosed hipjoint extended under an anaesthetic. At the instant at which the joint gave way with a crack, he felt a violent pain in his own hip-joint, which persisted for nearly a year.;0
+Further instances could be quoted. In other cases the connection is not so simple. It consists only in what might be called a symbolic relation between the precipitating cause and the pathological phenomenon - a relation such as healthy people form in dreams.;0
+For instance, a neuralgia may follow upon mental pain or vomiting upon a feeling of moral disgust. We have studied patients who used to make the most copious use of this sort of symbolization.;0
+In still other cases it is not possible to understand at first sight how they can be determined in the manner we have suggested. It is precisely the typical hysterical symptoms which fall into this class,;0
+such as hemi-anaesthesia, contraction of the field of vision, epileptiform convulsions, and so on. An explanation of our views on this group must be reserved for a fuller discussion of the subject.;0
+Observations such as these seem to us to establish an analogy between the pathogenesis of common hysteria and that of the traumatic neuroses, and to justify an extension of the concept of traumatic hysteria.;0
+In traumatic neuroses the operative cause of the illness is not the trifling physical injury but the affect of fright - the psychical trauma.;0
+In an analogous manner, our investigations reveal, for many, if not for most, hysterical symptoms, precipitating causes which can only be described as psychical traumas.;0
+"Any experience which calls up distressing affects - such as those of fright, anxiety, shame or physical pain - may operate as a trauma of this kind;";0
+and whether it in fact does so depends naturally enough on the susceptibility of the person affected (as well as on another condition which will be mentioned later).;0
+In the case of common hysteria it not infrequently happens that, instead of a single, major trauma, we find a number of partial traumas forming a group of provoking causes.;0
+These have only been able to exercise a traumatic effect by summation and they belong together in so far as they are in part components of a single story of suffering.;0
+There are other cases in which an apparently trivial circumstance combines with the actually operative event or occurs at a time of peculiar susceptibility to stimulation and in this way attains the dignity of a trauma which it would not otherwise have possessed but which thenceforward persists.;0
+But the causal relation between the determining psychical trauma and the hysterical phenomenon is not of a kind implying that the trauma merely acts like an agent provocateur in releasing the symptom, which thereafter leads an independent existence.;0
+"We must presume rather that the psychical trauma - or more precisely the memory of the trauma - acts like a foreign body which long after its entry must continue to be regarded as an agent that is still at work;";0
+and we find the evidence for this in a highly remarkable phenomenon which at the same time lends an important practical interest to our findings. For we found, to our great surprise at first,;0
+that each individual hysterical symptom immediately and permanently disappeared when we had succeeded in bringing clearly to light the memory of the event by which it was provoked and in arousing its accompanying affect, and when the patient had described that event in the greatest possible detail and had put the affect into words.;0
+"Recollection without affect almost invariably produces no result. The psychical process which originally took place must be repeated as vividly as possible; it must be brought back to its status nascendi and then given verbal utterance.";0
+Where what we are dealing with are phenomena involving stimuli (spasms, neuralgias and hallucinations) these re-appear once again with the fullest intensity and then vanish for ever.;0
+Failures of function, such as paralyses and anaesthesias, vanish in the same way, though, of course, without the temporary intensification being discernible.;0
+The possibility of a therapeutic procedure of this kind has been clearly recognized by Delboeuf and Binet, as is shown by the following quotations : On sexpliquerait d\u00e9s lors;0

train.csv

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+Even to-day I regard them not as errors but as valuable first approximations to knowledge which could only be fully acquired after long and continuous efforts.;0
+The attentive reader will be able to detect in the present book the germs of all that has since been added to the theory of catharsis: for instance, the part played by psychosexual factors and infantilism, the importance of dreams and of unconscious symbolism.;0
+And I can give no better advice to any one interested in the development of catharsis into psycho-analysis than to begin with Studies on Hysteria and thus follow the path which I myself have trodden. FREUD VIENNA, July 1908;0
+PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION (1893) (BREUER AND FREUD) I ON THE PSYCHICAL MECHANISM OF HYSTERICAL PHENOMENA: PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION (1893) (BREUER AND FREUD) I A chance observation has led us, over a number of years,;0
+to investigate a great variety of different forms and symptoms of hysteria, with a view to discovering their precipitating cause - the event which provoked the first occurrence, often many years earlier, of the phenomenon in question.;0
+In the great majority of cases it is not possible to establish the point of origin by a simple interrogation of the patient, however thoroughly it may be carried out.;0
+This is in part because what is in question is often some experience which the patient dislikes discussing but principally because he is genuinely unable to recollect it and often has no suspicion of the causal connection between the precipitating event and the pathological phenomenon.;0
+As a rule it is necessary to hypnotize the patient and to arouse his memories under hypnosis of the time at which the symptom made its first appearance when this has been done, it becomes possible to demonstrate the connection in the clearest and most convincing fashion.;0
+This method of examination has in a large number of cases produced results which seem to be of value alike from a theoretical and a practical point of view. They are valuable theoretically because they have taught us that external events determine the pathology of hysteria to an extent far greater than is known and recognized.;0
+It is of course obvious that in cases of traumatic hysteria what provokes the symptoms is the accident. The causal connection is equally evident in hysterical attacks when it is possible to gather from the patients utterances that in each attack he is hallucinating the same event which provoked the first one.;0
+The situation is more obscure in the case of other phenomena. Our experiences have shown us, however, that the most various symptoms, which are ostensibly spontaneous and, as one might say, idiopathic products of hysteria, are just as;0
+strictly related to the precipitating trauma as the phenomena to which we have just alluded and which exhibit the connection quite clearly. The symptoms which we have been able to trace back to precipitating factors of this sort include neuralgias and anaesthesias of very various kinds,;0
+many of which had persisted for years, contractures and paralyses, hysterical attacks and epileptoid convulsions, which every observer regarded as true epilepsy, petit mal and disorders in the nature of tic,;0
+chronic vomiting and anorexia, carried to the pitch of rejection of all nourishment, various forms of disturbance of vision, constantly recurrent visual hallucinations, etc.;0
+The disproportion between the many years duration of the hysterical symptom and the single occurrence which provoked it is what we are accustomed invariably to find in traumatic neuroses.;0

unsupervised.csv

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+text;label
+Quite frequently it is some event in childhood that sets up a more or less severe symptom which persists during the years that follow. The connection is often so clear that it is quite evident how it was that the precipitating event produced this particular phenomenon rather than any other.;0
+In that case the symptom has quite obviously been determined by the precipitating cause. We may take as a very commonplace instance a painful emotion arising during a meal but suppressed at the time, and the producing nausea and vomiting which persists for months in the form of hysterical vomiting.;0
+A girl, watching beside a sick-bed in a torment of anxiety, fell into a twilight state and had a terrifying hallucination, while her right arm, which was hanging over the back of the chair, went to sleep;0
+from this there developed a paresis of the same arm accompanied by contracture and anaesthesia. She tried to pray but could find no words a length she succeeded in repeating a childrens prayer in English.;0
+When subsequently a severe and highly complicated hysteria developed, she could only speak, write and understand English, while her native language remained unintelligible to her for eighteen months. -;0
+The mother of a very sick child, which had at last fallen asleep, concentrated her whole will-power on keeping still so as not to waken it. Precisely on account of her intention she made a clacking noise with her tongue.;0
+(An instance of hysterical counter-will.);0
+This noise was repeated on a subsequent occasion on which she wished to keep perfectly still and from it there developed a tic which, in the form of a clacking with the tongue, occurred over a period of many years whenever she felt excited.;0
+- A highly intelligent man was present while his brother had an ankylosed hipjoint extended under an anaesthetic. At the instant at which the joint gave way with a crack, he felt a violent pain in his own hip-joint, which persisted for nearly a year.;0
+Further instances could be quoted. In other cases the connection is not so simple. It consists only in what might be called a symbolic relation between the precipitating cause and the pathological phenomenon - a relation such as healthy people form in dreams.;0
+For instance, a neuralgia may follow upon mental pain or vomiting upon a feeling of moral disgust. We have studied patients who used to make the most copious use of this sort of symbolization.;0
+In still other cases it is not possible to understand at first sight how they can be determined in the manner we have suggested. It is precisely the typical hysterical symptoms which fall into this class,;0
+such as hemi-anaesthesia, contraction of the field of vision, epileptiform convulsions, and so on. An explanation of our views on this group must be reserved for a fuller discussion of the subject.;0
+Observations such as these seem to us to establish an analogy between the pathogenesis of common hysteria and that of the traumatic neuroses, and to justify an extension of the concept of traumatic hysteria.;0
+In traumatic neuroses the operative cause of the illness is not the trifling physical injury but the affect of fright - the psychical trauma.;0
+In an analogous manner, our investigations reveal, for many, if not for most, hysterical symptoms, precipitating causes which can only be described as psychical traumas.;0
+Any experience which calls up distressing affects - such as those of fright, anxiety, shame or physical pain - may operate as a trauma of this kind;0
+and whether it in fact does so depends naturally enough on the susceptibility of the person affected (as well as on another condition which will be mentioned later).;0
+In the case of common hysteria it not infrequently happens that, instead of a single, major trauma, we find a number of partial traumas forming a group of provoking causes.;0
+These have only been able to exercise a traumatic effect by summation and they belong together in so far as they are in part components of a single story of suffering.;0
+There are other cases in which an apparently trivial circumstance combines with the actually operative event or occurs at a time of peculiar susceptibility to stimulation and in this way attains the dignity of a trauma which it would not otherwise have possessed but which thenceforward persists.;0
+But the causal relation between the determining psychical trauma and the hysterical phenomenon is not of a kind implying that the trauma merely acts like an agent provocateur in releasing the symptom, which thereafter leads an independent existence.;0
+We must presume rather that the psychical trauma - or more precisely the memory of the trauma - acts like a foreign body which long after its entry must continue to be regarded as an agent that is still at work;0
+and we find the evidence for this in a highly remarkable phenomenon which at the same time lends an important practical interest to our findings. For we found, to our great surprise at first,;0
+that each individual hysterical symptom immediately and permanently disappeared when we had succeeded in bringing clearly to light the memory of the event by which it was provoked and in arousing its accompanying affect, and when the patient had described that event in the greatest possible detail and had put the affect into words.;0
+Recollection without affect almost invariably produces no result. The psychical process which originally took place must be repeated as vividly as possible it must be brought back to its status nascendi and then given verbal utterance.;0
+Where what we are dealing with are phenomena involving stimuli (spasms, neuralgias and hallucinations) these re-appear once again with the fullest intensity and then vanish for ever.;0
+Failures of function, such as paralyses and anaesthesias, vanish in the same way, though, of course, without the temporary intensification being discernible.;0
+The possibility of a therapeutic procedure of this kind has been clearly recognized by Delboeuf and Binet, as is shown by the following quotations : On sexpliquerait d\u00e9s lors;0