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README.md
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- benchmark
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- kdd-2026
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- nanoparticles
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---
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# RADII: Radius-Resolved Benchmark of Nanoparticle Structures
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**RADII** measures where graph generative models start to fail as the structures
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generate grow larger. Radius is treated as a continuous scaling knob from
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in-distribution to out-of-distribution; the dataset spans
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with leakage-free splits.
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- **Paper:** *How Far Can You Grow? Characterizing the Extrapolation Frontier of Graph Generative Models for Materials Science* — KDD '26
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- **Code:** [github.com/KurbanIntelligenceLab/RADII](https://github.com/KurbanIntelligenceLab/RADII) (MIT)
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- **Archival DOI:** [10.5281/zenodo.20431021](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20431021) (CC-BY-4.0)
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## Quick start
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This dataset uses a custom loader that downloads the seed (3 MB) from Zenodo
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and regenerates the full ~12 GB benchmark locally on first use. **First call
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takes minutes to ~1 hour depending on hardware; subsequent calls are instant.**
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```bash
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pip install datasets
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```
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("KurbanIntelligenceLab/RADII", split="train"
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print(ds.features, len(ds), ds[0])
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```
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`
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```python
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ds = ds.with_format("torch")
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```
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## Splits
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| `id_test` | 13,500 | 6 values: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 (interleaved, unseen orientations) |
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| `ood_test` | 13,480 | 4 values: 6, 7, 29, 30 (strictly outside training range) |
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training structures (atom counts 33–11,298 vs train 81–9,148).
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## Materials (10)
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| `cell_pos` | list[list[float32]] | Unit-cell basis positions (per-material) |
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| `cell_z` | list[int8] | Unit-cell basis atomic numbers |
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##
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-
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Zenodo record and regenerates locally — keeping a single source of truth and
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making the reproducibility story explicit. The HF datasets cache makes subsequent
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calls fast.
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## Citation
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## License
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CC-BY-4.0. See [10.5281/zenodo.20431021](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20431021)
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for the archival record terms.
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- benchmark
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- kdd-2026
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- nanoparticles
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configs:
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- config_name: default
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data_files:
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- split: train
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path: train.parquet
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- split: id_test
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path: id_test.parquet
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- split: ood_test
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path: ood_test.parquet
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---
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# RADII: Radius-Resolved Benchmark of Nanoparticle Structures
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**RADII** measures where graph generative models start to fail as the structures
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they generate grow larger. Radius is treated as a continuous scaling knob from
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in-distribution to out-of-distribution; the dataset spans 10 materials and 25
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radii with leakage-free splits.
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- **Paper:** *How Far Can You Grow? Characterizing the Extrapolation Frontier of Graph Generative Models for Materials Science* — KDD '26
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- **Code (models, trainer, generation pipeline):** [github.com/KurbanIntelligenceLab/RADII](https://github.com/KurbanIntelligenceLab/RADII) (MIT)
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- **Archival DOI:** [10.5281/zenodo.20431021](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20431021) (CC-BY-4.0)
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## Quick start
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```bash
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pip install datasets
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```
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("KurbanIntelligenceLab/RADII", split="train").with_format("torch")
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print(ds.features, len(ds), ds[0]["material"], ds[0]["num_atoms"])
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```
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That's it — no `trust_remote_code`, no Zenodo download, no regeneration.
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## Splits
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| `id_test` | 13,500 | 6 values: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 (interleaved, unseen orientations) |
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| `ood_test` | 13,480 | 4 values: 6, 7, 29, 30 (strictly outside training range) |
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OOD test structures are ~59% smaller and ~24% larger than the smallest and
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largest training structures (atom counts 33–11,298 vs train 81–9,148).
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## Materials (10)
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| `cell_pos` | list[list[float32]] | Unit-cell basis positions (per-material) |
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| `cell_z` | list[int8] | Unit-cell basis atomic numbers |
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## Analysis recipes (per-radius, per-material, cross-split)
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The metadata columns are first-class, so slicing and grouping are one-liners:
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# All three splits at once
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ds_all = load_dataset("KurbanIntelligenceLab/RADII")
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# Per-radius slice — every train sample at R=12
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r12 = ds_all["train"].filter(lambda x: x["radius"] == 12)
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# Per-material grouping
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materials = ds_all["train"].unique("material") # ['Ag', 'Au', ...]
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ag_ood = ds_all["ood_test"].filter(lambda x: x["material"] == "Ag")
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# Cross-split: atom counts by radius
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import pandas as pd
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for split in ("train", "id_test", "ood_test"):
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df = ds_all[split].select_columns(["radius", "num_atoms"]).to_pandas()
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print(split, df.groupby("radius")["num_atoms"].agg(["mean", "min", "max"]))
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# Atom-count envelope check (replicates the paper's 59% / 24% statistic)
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train_min, train_max = ds_all["train"]["num_atoms"], ds_all["train"]["num_atoms"]
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print("train atom-count range:", min(train_min), "to", max(train_max))
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print("OOD atom-count range:", min(ds_all["ood_test"]["num_atoms"]),
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"to", max(ds_all["ood_test"]["num_atoms"]))
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```
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## PyTorch collate (variable-length `pos`/`z`)
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```python
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import torch
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from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
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def collate(batch):
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return {
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"pos": [torch.as_tensor(b["pos"]) for b in batch],
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"z": [torch.as_tensor(b["z"]) for b in batch],
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"cell_matrix": torch.stack([torch.as_tensor(b["cell_matrix"]) for b in batch]),
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"material": [b["material"] for b in batch],
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"radius": torch.tensor([b["radius"] for b in batch]),
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}
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loader = DataLoader(ds, batch_size=32, shuffle=True, collate_fn=collate)
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```
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For PyTorch Geometric, the `pos`/`z` lists drop straight into
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`torch_geometric.data.Batch.from_data_list(...)`.
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## Models
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The 5 baselines from the paper (ADiT, CDVAE, DiffCSP, FlowMM, MatterGen) live
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in the GitHub repo's `radii.models` namespace and follow the standard
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HuggingFace model interface (`PyTorchModelHubMixin`):
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```python
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from radii.models import ADiTUnitCell
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from radii.train_config import ModelConfig
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m = ADiTUnitCell(**ModelConfig.ADiT.to_dict())
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m.save_pretrained("./my_adit")
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m2 = ADiTUnitCell.from_pretrained("./my_adit")
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# m.push_to_hub("my-username/my-radii-adit") also works
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```
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See the GitHub README for training (`python -m radii.train --model adit`) and
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override flags (`--epochs`, `--lr`, `--from-checkpoint`, `--eval-only`).
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## Citation
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## License
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CC-BY-4.0. See [10.5281/zenodo.20431021](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20431021)
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for the archival record terms. Accompanying code is MIT-licensed at the GitHub repo.
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