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714cbfe | 1 | [{},{"sy":[["PLMs",[]]],"ex":[["BERT (Devlin et al., 2018)",["Devlin et al., 2018"]],["RoBERTa (Liu et al., 2019)",["Liu et al., 2019"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["una información categorizada en este tipo de encuadre aporta sobre quién está ofreciendo una solución a un problema concreto, cuáles son sus alternativas para resolverlo y las posibles consecuencias de estas medidas",["Lawrence, 2000"]],["los encuadres temáticos se asocian con una lógica más política que mediática.",[]],["el encuadre de asunto se basa más en una lógica política, donde las y los políticos logran que sus ideas de campaña sean promocionadas en los medios de comunicación",[]]],"sy":[["encuadre temático",[]],["issue frames",[]],["encuadres de promoción",[]],["advocacy frames",[]],["encuadre estratégico",[]]],"rt":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",[]]]},{"de":[["una información categorizada en este tipo de encuadre aporta sobre quién está ofreciendo una solución a un problema concreto, cuáles son sus alternativas para resolverlo y las posibles consecuencias de estas medidas",["Lawrence, 2000"]],["una información categorizada en este tipo de encuadre aporta sobre quién está ofreciendo una solución a un problema concreto, cuáles son sus alternativas para resolverlo y las posibles consecuencias de estas medidas (Lawrence, 2000).",["Lawrence, 2000"]]],"sy":[["encuadre temático",[]]],"rt":[["encuadres de promoción (advocacy frames)",[]]]},{"sb":[["Tópicos femeninos",[]],["Tópicos masculinos",[]]]},{"de":[["Los estudios que analizan la cobertura periodística de mujeres políticas suelen revisar los temas en los cuáles las mujeres son representadas. La mayoría de estos trabajos realizan una distinción entre temas relacionados con lo masculino y lo femenino.",[]]]},{"de":[["las noticias de este encuadre evidencian una campaña polarizada, además que se suelen exponer conflictos sin debate sustantivo",[]],["el encuadre de conflicto se refiere a los ataques y reproches entre los políticos; mientras que el encuadre de debate o acuerdo político ocurre cuando se da un intercambio de posturas con el fin de alcanzar el consenso",[]],["los hombres fueron cubiertos en cuestiones de retos, ataques y desacuerdos entre los candidatos y algunos personajes políticos; mientras que el conflicto en el que presentaban a las candidatas eran sobre cuestiones que se resolverían a través de instancias judiciales, tribunales e instituciones competentes.",[]],["las noticias de este encuadre evidencian una campaña polarizada, además que se suelen exponer conflictos sin debate sustantivo.",[]]],"sb":[["encuadre de debate o acuerdo político",["Muñiz, 2022"]],["conflicto en términos de ataques y reproches",["Muñiz, 2022"]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",[]],["Encuadre de juego estratégico (strategic game frame)",[]]]},{"de":[["su delimitación es importante para separar meros ataques de conflictos sustantivos en ideas y asuntos",[]]],"rt":[["encuadre de conflicto",[]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",[]],["encuadre del conflicto",[]]]},{"de":[["Las noticias típicas de este encuadre son aquellas donde se reportan encuestas de intención del voto y se especula sobre los posibles resultados finales de la carrera",["Johnson-Cartee, 2005"]],["Esta información es editorializada por los redactores de la nota al interpretar los gráficos en términos de quién ganó puntos, quién cayó en los sondeos, quién se mantuvo o quién ganaría con amplia ventaja",["Dan e Iorgoveanu, 2013","Dunaway y Lawrence, 2015","López-López et al., 2018"]]],"sy":[["carrera de caballos",[]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",[]]],"ex":[["las noticias típicas de este encuadre se hacen explícitas cuando se difunden resultados de sondeos y encuestas de opinión, también abarca el apoyo que reciben por parte de su partido, organización de actos, comparativas y debates entre las narrativas de los candidatos",["Kahn, 1994","López-López et al., 2018"]]]},{"de":[["Estos marcos son útiles para retener el interés de la audiencia, pues contienen emociones y vivencias singulares que capturan la atención de los públicos",["Bennett, 2016"]],["Este encuadre es mayormente utilizado para hablar de otro tipo de temas ajenos a una campaña política tales como narcotráfico (Lacasse y Forster, 2012), asuntos de salud (Thorbjørnsrud e Ytreberg, 2020), pobreza (Vossen et al., 2018), entre otros.",["Lacasse y Forster, 2012","Thorbjørnsrud e Ytreberg, 2020","Vossen et al., 2018"]]],"sp":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",["Echeverría y González, 2018"]],["Encuadre de juego estratégico (strategic game frame)",[]]],"ex":[["permiten entender la problemática a través de una historia en particular, como puede ser la experiencia de una persona en un contexto de guerra",["Kim y Wanta, 2018"]],["incluyen información sobre ciudadanos particulares con el fin de darles un rostro humano y datos sobre su esfera íntima, entre otros acontecimientos chuscos durante la época electoral",[]],["narcotráfico (Lacasse y Forster, 2012)",[]],["asuntos de salud (Thorbjørnsrud e Ytreberg, 2020)",[]],["pobreza (Vossen et al., 2018)",[]]]},{"de":[["las noticias presentan la información política como un juego en el que quienes aspiran a la elección compiten para obtener la ventaja, a través de estrategias y tácticas diversas",["Cappella y Jamieson, 1997"]],["el encuadre está orientado en hacer disponibles los resultados de encuestas de opinión, así como en publicar historias de drama y conflictos entre actores de élite a partir de metáforas que retratan la contienda a través de una confrontación dramática entre opuestos que están obstinados por la victoria",["Aalberg et al., 2012","Jensen et al., 2018"]],["el de juego estratégico se puede reconocer como el encuadre de los periodistas porque son ellos quienes seleccionan lo que es noticioso de ese conflicto, encuestas o trayectos de campaña",["Dimitrova y Kostadinova, 2013"]],["la información en este encuadre se centra menos en la sustancia política y más en el proceso político, por lo que los marcos de asunto o temáticos pasan a un segundo plano",["De Vreese, 2012"]],["cuál de los cuatro encuadres que se engloban en él (conflicto, carrera de caballos, estrategia e interés humano)",[]],["los medios detectan que es este tipo de encuadre el que atrae mayor cantidad de lectores y genera discusión pública.",[]],["fomenta el cinismo político, esto es, una falta de confianza en los políticos y las instituciones",["Rodelo, 2020a","Zoizner, 2021"]],["se traduce en menor conocimiento de las ideas políticas de las aspirantes, lo cual no permite emitir un voto con certeza y confianza en el proyecto de las mujeres políticas, debido a que este se desconoce.",[]]],"sy":[["encuadre estratégico",[]]],"rt":[["cinismo político",[]],["encuadre de asunto",[]]],"sb":[["caballo de carreras",[]],["estratégico",[]],["conflicto",[]],["interés humano",[]],["Encuadre de carrera de caballos",[]],["Encuadre de conflicto",[]],["Encuadre de estrategia",[]],["Encuadre de interés humano",[]],["carrera de caballos",[]],["estrategia",[]]]},{"de":[["la información en este encuadre se centra menos en la sustancia política y más en el proceso político, por lo que los marcos de asunto o temáticos pasan a un segundo plano",[]],["el encuadre de juego estratégico se inserta más en una lógica mediática que política cuyo fin es la atracción de públicos con fines comerciales.",[]],["las noticias presentan la información política como un juego en el que quienes aspiran a la elección compiten para obtener la ventaja, a través de estrategias y tácticas diversas",["Cappella y Jamieson, 1997"]],["el encuadre está orientado en hacer disponibles los resultados de encuestas de opinión, así como en publicar historias de drama y conflictos entre actores de élite a partir de metáforas que retratan la contienda a través de una confrontación dramática entre opuestos que están obstinados por la victoria",["Aalberg et al., 2012","Jensen et al., 2018"]],["las noticias presentan la información política como un juego en el que quienes aspiran a la elección compiten para obtener la ventaja, a través de estrategias y tácticas diversas (Cappella y Jamieson, 1997).",["Cappella y Jamieson, 1997"]]],"sb":[["encuadre de horse race o carrera de caballos",[]],["encuadre de conflicto",[]],["encuadre de interés humano",[]]]},{"sb":[["encuadre de debate o acuerdo político",[]],["conflicto en términos de ataques y reproches",[]]]},{"sy":[["encuadre de juego estratégico",[]]]},{"rt":[["issue frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["lógica política",[]]]},{"rt":[["lógica mediática",[]]]},{"de":[["it should be used to refer to a type of speech that is sufficiently harmful to be regulated.",[]],["This simply means that hate speech must cause a sufficient degree of harm to its target to be regulated.",[]],["Such speech is a subordinate act.",[]],["The presence of structural inequalities within the context of the speech itself serves to classify the target group, those subjected to hate speech, as inferior.",[]],["Furthermore, hate speech legitimizes discriminatory acts against them and disenfranchises them.",[]],["The difficulty encountered by the target group in fighting back through their own counter-speech is compounded by the fear of reprisal or the inability to conform to the expectations of the perpetrators of hate speech",["5"]]]},{"sb":[["Subjective",[]],["Descriptive",[]]],"sp":[["speech act",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["Advice",[]],["Command",[]]],"sp":[["speech act",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Attitude",["Austin (1975)"]],["Behabitives",["1975","Austin (1975)"]]],"sp":[["speech act",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["linguistic pragmatics",[]]]},{"de":[["determine the attitudes (e.g., in favor of, against or neutral) toward predefined targets (e.g., entities, controversial topics or events) from a given text.",[]],["no training data in target language is available",[]]],"sy":[["stance identification",[]]],"rt":[["stance identification",[]]]},{"de":[["method (without target language data)",[]]],"rt":[["cross-lingual stance detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["se hacen pasar por personas reales y publican, tuitean, likean y comparten.",[]]]},{"rt":[["democracia participativa",[]]]},{"rt":[["democracia deliberativa",[]]]},{"de":[["siendo sus componentes «la eficacia del sistema y la satisfacción política» (p. 18) de modo que las personas pueden sentirse satisfechas con la democracia si es eficaz para resolver sus problemas y, en el caso contrario, viene la decepción y el correspondiente descontento.",["p. 18"]]]},{"sy":[["desinformación involuntaria",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["error",[]],["ignorancia voluntaria",[]]],"sb":[["error",[]],["ignorancia voluntaria",[]]]},{"de":[["las noticias falsas dividen a la sociedad",[]],["las FN se viralizan dentro del propio círculo, no relacionándose con los que piensan diferente y amplificando la noticia «por viralización dentro de un círculo cerrado donde se censuran las visiones diferentes»",[]]],"sy":[["noticias falsas",[]]],"rt":[["desinformación",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["desinformación",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["guerras de información",[]]]},{"rt":[["noticias falsas",[]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["mentira",[]]]},{"de":[["Se capacita para cuestionar lo que está detrás de los mensajes y, con ello, identificar las noticias falsas",["Lewandowsky, Ecker y Cook, 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["damaging to public health because it reflects the fact that people are continuing to engage in unsafe behaviors",[]]]},{"de":[["some authors have named it the global infodemic",["Zarocostas, 2020"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["credibility",[]],["congruence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["these generally involve presenting options to the intended audience in such a way that they become obvious, default choices",["Thaler and Sunstein, 2008"]]],"rt":[["actions and policies",[]]],"ex":[["encouraged people to wash their hands, advised them to stop face touching and hand shaking, recommended that individuals stayed at home if they felt ill, and advocated self-isolate if a continuous cough developed",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Characterized as an individual difference variable, high reactance is typified by desire for autonomy, resistance to rules and regulations, low concern for social norms, and defensiveness",["Seibel and Dowd, 2001"]]],"rt":[["Psychological Reactance Theory",["Brehm, 1966"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["strong, coherent official strategic health narratives should provide pertinent advice, clear rules, and convey correct vital information",["Gill and Boylan, 2012"]]],"rt":[["communication",[]]],"ex":[["the affectively powerful \"Stay Home, Protect the NHS, Save Lives\" slogan",[]]]},{"rt":[["fake news",[]],["hoaxes",[]]]},{"de":[["media literacy for users and journalists is nurtured, by showing them a simple and replicable method for verifying information published in the media and on the social networks, prior to sharing them",["2018, p. 313"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Viewing one headline may influence the user's opinion of the story corresponding to the second headline -by affecting their belief in the veracity of the story, their stance (for or against) on the events in the story, or by inducing them to perceive a causal relationship when there is only correlation.",[]],["If the subject views headline A and headline B together, will their impression of either story likely be different from what it would have been if the subject had viewed them individually?",[]]]},{"sp":[["media bias",["18,57,63,65"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Rather, it presents science as a subjective, human activity motivated by personal inclinations and thus imbued with subjectivity.",[]]],"rt":[["empiricist repertoire",[]]]},{},{"de":[["approach stance from the perspective of epistemic modality, or the degree of certainty or commitment given to claims",[]]],"rt":[["stance",[]]]},{"de":[["Possibility/permission/ability modal verbs can, could, may, might",[]],["Necessity/obligation modal verbs must, should, have to, got to",[]],["Prediction/volition modal verbs will, would, be going to",[]]],"sb":[["possibility modals",[]],["prediction modals",[]],["necessity modals",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["sometimes in very subtle ways.",[]],["Put simply, academic writers express personal opinions in their writing, and such expressions have been examined by scholars in a number of ways.",[]],["at their core they examine the interpersonal dynamics of writing and speaking beyond the transfer of purely informational content.",[]],["stance is contextual and can be found nearly anywhere in a text.",[]],["the word in bold type expresses the writer's perspective on the certainty, likelihood, or attitude toward the content of the sentence.",[]],["The writer/speaker of (1), for example, expresses their doubt that a test will have many questions, be particularly difficult, etc., while the writer of (4) paints a particular scenario as being unfortunate using the adverb unfortunately.",[]]],"sy":[["evaluation",["Hunston, 1994"]],["metadiscourse",["Hyland, 2007"]],["appraisal",["Martin & White, 2005"]]],"rt":[["evaluation",["Hunston, 1994"]],["metadiscourse",["Hyland, 2007"]],["appraisal",["Martin & White, 2005"]]]},{},{"de":[["'Adverbial' is a function, like 'subject' and 'object', rather than a form. Thus, different kinds of phrases and clauses, like adverbs and prepositional phrases, can perform the role of adverbial.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["It focuses on large polluters' accountability, human rights violations, and development approaches for affected nations.",[]],["a justice framework seeks to raise awareness of certain communities' vulnerability, ensuring that compensation does not perpetuate the victim-threat dichotomy.",[]],["It also highlights the dominant political-economic structures, which reduce resilience and recovery; the lack of acknowledgment when it comes to political decision-making; and the human rights of climate-displaced people.",[]],["This principle entails that the countries that have historically been the most significant emitters of greenhouse gases (i.e., the more developed countries) bear the responsibility to provide compensation to the less developed countries for the damage caused by climate change resulting, at least in part, from these emissions",["Nawrotzki, 2014"]]],"rt":[["climate justice",[]],["human rights",[]],["rights of migrants or refugees",[]],["social justice issues",[]]]},{"de":[["The portrayal of the climate migrant as a racialized figure, passive and helpless victim of global warming, is a product of these representations.",[]]]},{"de":[["This is a working definition of IOM with an analytic and advocacy purpose which does not have any specific legal value.",["International Organization for Migration, 2020: 37"]],["Migration in this context can be associated with greater vulnerability of affected people, particularly if it is forced. Yet, migration can also be a form of adaptation to environmental stressors, helping to build resilience of affected individuals and communities",["International Organization for Migration, 2020: 37"]],["This is a working definition of IOM with an analytic and advocacy purpose which does not have any specific legal value. Migration in this context can be associated with greater vulnerability of affected people, particularly if it is forced. Yet, migration can also be a form of adaptation to environmental stressors, helping to build resilience of affected individuals and communities (International Organization for Migration, 2020: 37).",["International Organization for Migration, 2020: 37"]]],"sb":[["internal displacements, occurring within one country's borders",[]],["international ones, involving movement to another state (in which case we would be talking about migration proper)",[]]]},{"sy":[["environmental refugees",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["moral frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["news values",[]]],"sp":[["news values",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It also highlights the dominant political-economic structures, which reduce resilience and recovery; the lack of acknowledgment when it comes to political decision-making; and the human rights of climate-displaced people.",[]],["In short, it is concerned with righting climate injustices such as risks to human rights, cultural loss, burdens of adaptation, and legacies of historical injustices stemming from colonization",["Abate, 2016","Bulkeley et al., 2013","Saad, 2017","Sakellari, 2022"]]]},{"de":[["This approach emphasizes the importance of community-derived and community-driven solutions, calling into question external intervention.",[]],["This emerging framework seeks to empower environmental migrants and highlight issues of inequality, marginalization, and injustice by promoting bottom-up, rights-based approaches to policy decision-making.",[]],["Key actors in this framework include researchers in political ecology, critical political economy, and postcolonial theory, as well as NGOs and community groups advocating for justice in resettlement and migration processes. This approach emphasizes the importance of community-derived and community-driven solutions, calling into question external intervention.",[]]]},{"de":[["Using sensationalist language",[]],["It is legitimized through geopolitical narratives that position the North as rational and in control, as opposed to a chaotic South.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["visibility as biological life",[]],["visibility as empathy",[]],["visibility as a threat",[]],["visibility as hospitality",[]],["visibility as self-reflection",[]],["empathy",[]],["hospitality",[]],["threat posed",[]],["biological life",[]],["threat",[]],["self-reflection",[]]]},{"de":[["emphasizing the need for all relevant actors, particularly the press and journalists, to adopt a moral perspective, which integrates objectivity with a greater degree of empathy towards individuals affected by climate change.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["current affairs",[]],["human interest",[]],["conflict",[]]]},{"de":[["Ultimately, victimization was offset by the presentation of the migrant as a political subject (and, therefore, a bearer of rights and obligations).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This principle entails that the countries that have historically been the most significant emitters of greenhouse gases (i.e., the more developed countries) bear the responsibility to provide compensation to the less developed countries for the damage caused by climate change resulting, at least in part, from these emissions",["Nawrotzki, 2014"]]]},{"de":[["These racialized images, which present refugees as dangerous \"others\" who threaten security, generate fear and justify securitization and border closures.",[]]],"sp":[["moral frames",[]]]},{"de":[["This approach dehumanizes refugees by presenting them as bodies in need of Western humanitarian aid to survive, without giving them a voice or a will of their own.",[]]],"sp":[["moral frames",[]]]},{"de":[["However, this representation tends to infantilize refugees, showing them as helpless and in need of protection, which perpetuates a patronizing relationship.",[]],["this representation tends to infantilize refugees, showing them as helpless and in need of protection, which perpetuates a patronizing relationship.",[]]],"sp":[["moral frames",[]]]},{"de":[["While these images promote transnational solidarity, they also marginalize refugees by not giving them visibility as political actors.",[]]],"sp":[["moral frames",[]]]},{"de":[["However, these representations often marginalize refugees, focusing on the celebrity figure or idealized depictions.",[]],["these representations often marginalize refugees, focusing on the celebrity figure or idealized depictions.",[]]],"sp":[["moral frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Rather, artificial intelligence is both embodied and material, made from natural resources, fuel, human labor, infrastructures, logistics, histories, and classifications.",["Crawford (2021)","2"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This framing acts as a form of representation that can emphasize certain aspects of a story while omitting or downplaying others, ultimately influencing how the information is perceived and interpreted.",[]]]},{"de":[["a word which literally denotes a safety barrier designed to protect against some sort of danger.",[]],["In the context of AI, the word has been adopted in a similar context to describe measures that mitigate risks.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a theoretical framework informed by media as practice, which treats journalism not as a set of fixed standards but as a constellation of everyday routines, interpretive judgments, and embodied competencies",["Couldry, 2004","Ahva, 2017"]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["macro factors",[]]]},{"rt":[["Prognostic framing",[]],["motivational framing",[]]],"sp":[["framing techniques",[]],["framing",[]]],"ex":[["RBK is the only media group to publish several critical notes as a part of diagnostic framing associated with the high cost and lengthiness of the programme",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["collective actions frames",[]]]},{"sb":[["diagnostic framing",[]],["prognostic framing",[]],["motivational framing",[]]]},{"de":[["they include timeless elements, conflict, prominence, significance and human interest",["Major, & Atwood, 2004b"]]]},{},{"rt":[["diagnostic framing",[]],["Prognostic framing",[]]],"sp":[["framing techniques",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["macro factors",[]]]},{"rt":[["main discourses",[]]]},{"de":[["archiving is a third space between forgetting and remembering, and this indeterminate status allows for a fluid negotiation between function and storage memory",[]]]},{"de":[["Crucially, the archives that I am dealing with here are not official or national archives that keep public records and governmental documents.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["How to give voice to suffering against silence; how to enable interpretation against incomprehensibility; how to cultivate empathy against indifference; how to remember against forgetting; how to prevent against repetition",["2009:95"]],["storytelling as a form of 'witnessing' is also an ethico-political act",[]]],"rt":[["ethico-political acts of witnessing life during conflict",[]]]},{"rt":[["individual and collective memory",[]]]},{"rt":[["depth of reconciliation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["one interviewee says 'I don't think there are any Protestants around now -but in my youth there was a lot of Protestants' ('The Far West'/ Joel Smith)",[]]]},{"de":[["as opposed to ordinary documents that are produced organically in connection with the actions and transactions that gave rise to them",[]]],"sy":[["storytelling projects",[]]]},{},{"de":[["from people doing what might be termed 'invisible emotional labour'",[]]],"rt":[["invisible emotional labour",[]]]},{"de":[["storytelling has become a prevalent mode of addressing the legacy of violent conflict",[]],["storytelling as a conduit for remembering, which is at once shaped by the absence of policies and legal frameworks, but also shapes subsequent policies to deal with the past",[]]],"rt":[["oral history",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a form of 'subjective-in-between' that may reconcile fields of experience belonging to us and others",["Arendt 1958"]]]},{"sb":[["giving voice to suffering against silence",[]],["enabling interpretation against incomprehensibility",[]],["cultivating empathy against indifference",[]],["encouraging remembering against forgetting",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["A provenance event may describe various types of information throughout the lifecycle of a media asset: the creation of a media asset (i.e., image captured by a camera), a set of modifications applied by a user in a photo editing tool, the association of metadata accompanying a media content (e.g., EXIF or IPTC metadata in the case of digital images) or the relationship between various media assets in the context of media composition techniques (e.g., combination of foreground and background elements from various digital media sources).",[]]],"ex":[["the creation of a media asset (i.e., image captured by a camera)",[]],["a set of modifications applied by a user in a photo editing tool",[]],["the association of metadata accompanying a media content (e.g., EXIF or IPTC metadata in the case of digital images)",[]],["the relationship between various media assets in the context of media composition techniques (e.g., combination of foreground and background elements from various digital media sources)",[]]]},{"de":[["can be modelled as a direct acyclic graph that starts from the source(s), the origin, of a media asset up to its latest provenance event that characterizes the latest version of the asset.",[]]]},{"sp":[["unilateral coercive measures",[]]]},{},{"de":[["which only reinforces a cognitive bias that is present in everyday reasoning: the misinformation bias.",[]]],"rt":[["cognitive bias",[]],["misinformation bias",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["blockade",[]]],"sp":[["Sanctions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["often conveyed by Hollywood",[]]]},{"de":[["The reductivism and essentializations isolate particular populations and certain cultural practices as 'authentic' , thereby shifting everyone else into a blur and denying alternative modernities, such as asymmetrical structures of multilingualism and multiculturalism, as realities.",[]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech can be defined as ill talk toward any race, caste, religion, or ethnicity.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["disinformation post on the other hand would be propagated with the deliberate intention to deceive or mislead the recipient of the message.",[]]],"sb":[["malinformation",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation posts",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news types",[]]]},{"de":[["it can be automatically calculated from the datasets, such as: number of mentions, number of emojis, number of friends, age of the account, geo-location of the account, geo-location of the post, number of sharing related to that post, number of likes in that post, etc.",[]]]},{"de":[["While misinformation is always a false post created, shared or circulated with or without an aim of deception",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation posts",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["mal-information",[]]],"sp":[["fake news types",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["under-sampling",[]]]},{"de":[["This genre adopted the name corrido because these stories seemed to 'fly' and to 'run' (Burgos Dávila, 2013: 67), and corridos were initially transmitted through oral communication.",["Burgos Dávila, 2013: 67","Burgos Dávila, 2013"]],["The corridos' lyrics are poetic and popular compositions structured in four-line stanzas (Diccionario del Español de México (DEM), 2014).",["Diccionario del Español de México (DEM), 2014"]]],"sb":[["narcocorridos",[]]]},{"de":[["devices that work as building blocks of propaganda",["Lilleker, 2006","O'Shaughnessy, 2004"]],["Through these communication systems, communities explain and propagate their hegemonic values.",[]]],"rt":[["hegemonic values",[]]]},{"de":[["These songs are composed within a mafia-style community that supports a cultural industry that produces and distributes these cultural artefacts (i.e. songs, lyrics, and videos) to a transnational audience that has expanded throughout the entire continent, but primarily Mexico and the US (Burgos Dávila and Simonett, 2019).",["Burgos Dávila and Simonett, 2019"]]],"sp":[["narco-propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["The main feature of these songs is that their lyrics describe and portray a culture that gravitates towards drug trafficking.",[]]],"sp":[["corrido",[]]]},{"de":[["political communication outside its 'traditional' settings such as electoral cycles, journalism, or public administration within the framework of democracies",[]]],"rt":[["propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["states, governments, and corporations, as well as criminal and terrorist groups, have used propaganda to shape public opinion and to manufacture consent (Herman, 2000;Herman and Chomsky, 2002;Lasswell, 2013;Lippmann, 1922) in order to legitimate political regimes, elites and ideologies and/or to gain support for a cause and particular interests.",["Herman, 2000","Herman and Chomsky, 2002","Lasswell, 2013","Lippmann, 1922"]],["Propaganda 'can thus be understood as the forming of texts and opinions in support of particular interests and through media and non-media mediated means with the intention to produce public support and relevant action'",["Zollmann, 2017: 7"]],["This form of political communication is 'deceptive because those involved know people would less likely be persuaded if they knew the full picture' (Bakir et al., 2018: 12).",["Bakir et al., 2018: 12"]],["strategic use of propaganda as a form of political communication, which occurs in a violent context",[]],["Propaganda is political communication because it involves strategic communicative practices that have the goal of persuading or manipulating people's minds, opinions, emotions or behaviours, in order to gain support for ideas, causes, ideologies or actions (Herman and Chomsky, 2002;Lasswell, 2013;Lippmann, 1922;Wilke, 2008), i.e. to gain political power.",["Herman and Chomsky, 2002","Lasswell, 2013","Lippmann, 1922","Wilke, 2008"]],["One of propaganda's narrative functions is to spread knowledge about an idea, an ideology, a cause, or a person.",[]],["it has negative connotations",["Bakir et al., 2018"]],["it operates as part of the communication strategies of many political, economic, cultural, and social organizations around the Western world.",["Lilleker, 2006"]],["This form of political communication is 'deceptive because those involved know people would less likely be persuaded if they knew the full picture' (Bakir et al., 2018: 12)",["Bakir et al., 2018: 12"]]],"rt":[["political communication",[]],["advertising",["Bakir et al., 2018"]],["public relations",["Bakir et al., 2018"]],["strategic communication",["Bakir et al., 2018"]]],"sp":[["political communication",[]]]},{"sb":[["artistic satirical expressions",[]]]},{"de":[["deepfakes are classified as limited risk.",[]],["to avoid the risk of it being misinterpreted as authentic",[]],["disinformative memes, deepfakes and other forms of humour or satire can easily be mistaken for facts",[]]],"ex":[["deepfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["recognising its potential to undermine democratic discourse and public trust",[]],["Disinformation, on the other hand, must be understood as aiming to cause harm.",[]],["Disinformation is also understood as more severe acts with a certain specific goal, often some form of political gain, by actively deceiving the public.",["35"]],["false, exaggerated or simply disinformative expressions in political contexts",[]],["Disinformation that is hateful or discriminatory in nature",[]],["the risk of disinformation is most prominent in political contextsa context especially protected under the ECHR.",[]],["similar content aimed at deceiving or strongly swaying the receiver can be disinformation",["28"]],["the effects could still be harmful.",["73"]]],"rt":[["satire",[]],["parody",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation campaigns, both foreign and domestic, as well as other efforts to influence or disrupt the free political will of individuals by foreign state actors.",[]]]},{"rt":[["satire",[]],["parody",[]]]},{"de":[["Misinformation is also included here, and it is differentiated from disinformation by intent.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Satire, in forms such as memes, provocative videos, or even deepfakes portraying politicians, can be part of humorous political debate and exaggeration.",["11"]],["Where satirical memes or deepfakes are aimed at entertaining and provoking the recipient, this is simply satire",[]],["politicians are expected to endure criticism, especially in the form of mockery, parody and satire.",[]]],"sy":[["parody",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["parody",[]],["mockery",[]],["artistic expression",[]],["social commentary",[]],["humorous expression",[]]],"sb":[["political satire",[]]],"sp":[["artistic expression",[]],["artistic expressions",["62"]]],"ex":[["memes",[]],["provocative videos",[]],["deepfakes portraying politicians",[]],["a politician was portrayed as corrupt in a puppet show during a festival",[]],["putting a t-shirt on his three-year-old nephew with terrorism slogans on it, to wear to nursery school. The applicant said it was done in a humorous manner",[]],["the paintings were satirical in nature",[]],["The depiction of thirty-four public figures in sexual positions and situations was described by the Court as \"unrealistic and exaggerated,\" and the painting of the applicant, one of the thirty-four depicted, \"obviously did not aim to reflect or even to suggest reality.\"",["66"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["social-context-based",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This narrative emphasises symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments, reinforcing the perception of mental health challenges as purely medical issues.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The minority model underscores the need for societal change to address prejudice, discrimination, and structural inequities.",[]]]},{"ex":[["depictions of medical aspects, vulnerability or social pathology",["Grue 2016"]]]},{},{"sb":[["minority or civil rights model",[]],["cultural pluralism model",["Clogston 1994"]],["legal and consumer models",["Haller 2000"]],["legal",[]],["consumer models",[]]]},{},{"de":[["provides a socio-semantic inventory that systematically categorises the different ways social actors can be constructed in discourse.",["van Leeuwen 2008: 23"]]]},{},{"de":[["This process tends to begin with the labelling of human differences, followed by the application of negative stereotypes to interpret these differences",["Link & Phelan 2013"]]]},{},{"de":[["They also imply a heightened severity of the condition, as they underscore the active experience of suffering",["Price 2022"]]]},{"de":[["The Cuckoo mode, therefore, is typified by high levels of digital political participation by the public, modest levels of government response, and little or no interaction between government and citizens.",[]],["The Cuckoo mode is essentially confrontational, with the public energetically assembled on one side and official decision-makers reluctantly facing off on the other",["Coser, 1956"]],["when governments adopt either Ostrich or Cuckoo modes, they reduce their own credibility.",[]]],"sy":[["citizen-led",[]]],"rt":[["index of the networked public's participation",[]],["index of government response",[]],["index of public-government interaction",[]]],"sp":[["modes of government response to social media political participation",[]]],"ex":[["Sun Zhigang incident",["Hand, 2006"]],["Yao Jiaxin death penalty case",["Wines, 2011"]],["black brick kiln slavery cases in Shanxi and Henan provinces",["Franceschini, 2018"]],["Wenzhou train incident",[]],["Wukan protests against a corrupt real-estate deal",[]],["Protests of Wukan",[]],["Anti-trafficking event",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In this mode, social media users discuss issues online but the government neither responds nor acknowledges them.",[]],["Typically, there is a high level of participation from social media users but low levels of responsiveness from the government and little interaction between the two parties.",[]],["an Ostrich mode represents an avoidance strategy that does not resolve the issue",["Meijer & De Jong, 2020"]],["Ostrich 'denial' mode",[]],["when governments adopt either Ostrich or Cuckoo modes, they reduce their own credibility.",[]]],"rt":[["avoidance strategy",["Meijer & De Jong, 2020"]]],"ex":[["Dragon River cadmium contamination in Guangxi in 2012",["Zhao et al., 2018"]],["banning of an electronic bulletin board system (BBS) ii by the Binhai County Education Bureau in May 2010",["Liu et al., 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["responsiveness",["Hobolt and Klemmensen (2008)"]]]},{"de":[["draws on Castells' (2000) concept of political participation.",[]],["Digital platforms dramatically reduce the costs of citizen participation for both citizen and state (Chen, Huang, & Hsaio, 2003) and, hence, makes it easier and more cost-effective to incorporate the views of citizens into the policymaking process.",[]]],"rt":[["electronic democracy",["Browning, 2000"]],["online participation",["Zhang et al., 2016"]],["Eparticipation",["Kim & Lee, 2019","Linde & Karlsson, 2013","Wirtz, Daiser, & Binkowska, 2018"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["They favor selective government interventions to current problems while avoiding drastic measures that may shift society to either side of the spectrum.",[]]],"sy":[["centrist",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["statement bias",["4"]]],"sb":[["statement bias",["4"]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["left-liberal",[]]]},{"sy":[["libertarian",[]]],"ex":[["An extreme position in this direction would be anarchism.",[]]]},{"de":[["the nature of the bias is reflected in the vocabulary used and the entities mentioned by different news outlets.",[]],["some bias is inherent to all media, but how biased they are, depends, to an extent, upon a comparison to other media.",["8"]],["This bias reflects the political and socio-economic views of the institution, rather than the point of view of a particular reporter.",[]],["In other words, some bias is inherent to the media, but how biased they are (and on what direction they lean) will depend upon a comparison to other media in the same context.",[]],["media bias that are shaped through underlying general political or socio-economic orientations",[]],["comes embedded in a geopolitical news context determined by other outlets in the region.",[]],["some bias is inherent to the media, but how biased they are (and on what direction they lean) will depend upon a comparison to other media in the same context.",[]]],"rt":[["gatekeeping",["4"]],["statement bias",["4"]]]},{"de":[["presents the government as an important factor on the news selection and publishing process.",["48"]]]},{"de":[["According to the model, either by millionaire advertising contracts, controlling the sources or generating flack against opposed views, the government always tries to control the discourse.",[]],["describes the political elite, and the government in particular, as a very influential actor.",["2"]]]},{"sy":[["right-conservative",[]]]},{"rt":[["gatekeeping",["4"]]],"sp":[["gatekeeping",["4"]]]},{},{"de":[["play a significant role in shaping public opinion and fostering division",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The situation is made more complex by the practice of astroturfing, which refers to the practice of cajoling readers into believing that the content comes from grassroots individuals instead of the actual behind-the-scenes sponsors.",[]]]},{"de":[["However, three main factors help distinguish between them: the purpose, the parties spreading the message, and the veracity (i.e. whether the news is fake or based on fact).",[]]],"rt":[["persuasion",[]]],"sb":[["state-sponsored propaganda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The news content and retrieved evidence are then input into a detection model for verification.",[]]]},{"de":[["It not only misleads the public and causes confusion but also significantly influences public opinion.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Bias is thus associated with prejudice and unfair outcomes",["Turel and Kalhan, 2023"]],["While human bias is usually attributed to personal preference or cognitive quirks, bias in algorithms is the result either of programming or, in the case of AI, of stereotypical patterns in training data from which AI algorithms are derived",["Srinivasan and Chander, 2021"]],["Bias is thus associated with prejudice and unfair outcomes (Turel and Kalhan, 2023).",[]],["bias in algorithms is the result either of programming or, in the case of AI, of stereotypical patterns in training data from which AI algorithms are derived (Srinivasan and Chander, 2021).",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["associating genders with certain professions or ethnic backgrounds with certain traits or behaviors",[]]]},{"de":[["Covert biases are difficult to spot and hard to address",[]],["originating from the deeply encoded structures of the foundation models",[]],["covert, non-obvious biases originating from the deeply encoded structures of the foundation models",[]],["it is in the nature of these biases to be hard to detect",[]],["Covert biases are difficult to spot and hard to address, but they deserve urgent attention, as the latest models are becoming increasingly capable of inferring user characteristics from conversations, potentially biasing content in unwanted and unexpected ways.",[]]],"sy":[["covert, non-obvious biases",[]]],"rt":[["non-obvious bias",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the removal of gender or racial markers from the hiring process",["Dwork et al., 2012"]]]},{},{"de":[["However, \"frames serve as the underlying foundations on which narratives are expressed\" (Aukes, Bontje, & Slinger, 2020, \"'Narrative and Storytelling' vs. 'Frame and Framing',\" para. 1).",["Aukes, Bontje, & Slinger, 2020"]]],"sb":[["scientific frames",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["political bias in LLMs varies across both linguistic and geopolitical contexts",[]]]},{},{"de":[["allows for NLP practitioners to make the delineation between benign and harmful for each identity term separately, based on the particular task and use case at hand",["Olteanu et al., 2017","Blodgett et al., 2020","Czarnowska et al., 2021","Dev et al., 2021"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["difference is what matters. Some biases will be benign, while others will be harmful or stereotypical, such as othering and inappropriate sympathy",[]],["group-level differences in model output or assigned probabilities that result from different identity or demographic data present in input text.",[]]],"rt":[["demographic difference",[]]]},{"rt":[["bias in token likelihoods",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["word-list-based approach",[]]]},{"de":[["the sensationalist reporting of the event convicted parents Michael and Lindy of their daughter's murder outside official court processes",[]]],"rt":[["media circuses",[]],["public hype",[]]]},{"de":[["These spaces also function to foment \"agitational activities directed toward wider publics\" (Fraser 1990, 68) and suggest a multiplicity of views attending the event in a period of growing \"communal dissatisfaction\" with the guilty verdict (Belinda Wilson 1990, 16).",["Fraser 1990, 68","Belinda Wilson 1990, 16"]],["These spaces also function to foment \"agitational activities directed toward wider publics\" (Fraser 1990, 68)",["Fraser 1990, 68"]]]},{"de":[["Entman's definition is useful for outlining the associative connections made by audiences between an issue and its interpretation in the context of its definition, causes, implications, and treatment",["Tewksbury and Scheufele 2009, 24"]],["Entman's definition is useful for outlining the associative connections made by audiences between an issue and its interpretation in the context of its definition, causes, implications, and treatment (Tewksbury and Scheufele 2009, 24).",[]],["identifying frames enables researchers to consider the way in which \"particular definitions and interpretations\" are promoted in discourse and their ensuing effects (Dhavan V. Shah, Mark D. Watts, David Domke and David P. Fan 2002, 343).",[]]],"rt":[["cognitive structure",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["trial by media",[]]]},{"sy":[["trial by media",[]]]},{"de":[["media coverage of the Chamberlain case revealed systemic patriarchal bias",["Goldsworthy, February 15, 1986b"]],["an emerging concept in crime media research",["Nicholas Chagnon and Meda Chesney-Lind 2015, 41;Chris Greer and Eugene McLaughlin 2011"]],["the experience of sustained media prejudice is, if not owned by Lindy Chamberlain, then measured against hers in the worst degree.",[]]],"sy":[["media trials",["Ray Surette 2011"]],["tabloid justice",["Richard L. Fox, Robert W. van Sickel and Thomas L. Steiger 2007"]],["trial by the press",[]]],"rt":[["pre-trial publicity",["Jason Goldstein 2012"]],["trial by the press",[]]],"ex":[["North American football star O.J. Simpson",[]],["abducted British toddler Madeleine McCann",[]],["Bangladesh",["Bari Fazlul and Mohmmad Hussain 2014"]]]},{"rt":[["preemptive interventions",[]]]},{"de":[["The theory underlying this type of intervention is consistent with classic dualprocess models of attitude change and persuasion",["Eagly and Chaiken 1993","Petty and Cacioppo 1996"]]]},{"de":[["inoculation can operate through motivational or refutational mechanisms",["Banas and Miller 2013"]],["Additionally, inoculation can operate through motivational or refutational mechanisms (Banas and Miller 2013).",["Banas and Miller 2013"]]],"sb":[["motivational interventions",["Banas and Miller 2013"]],["refutational preventive interventions",["Banas and Miller 2013"]]]},{"sp":[["inoculation",[]]]},{"sy":[["preemptive interventions",[]]]},{"sp":[["inoculation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Media frames are employed to define issues, diagnose causes, induce moral judgments, or propose solutions for the issue being addressed (Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]]],"rt":[["manifested by the presence or absence of certain key-words, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments",["Entman, 1993"]]]},{},{"de":[["such as 'the working-class hero' or 'the enemy within'",[]]],"ex":[["Progress",[]],["the triumph of Democracy",[]]]},{"de":[["This concept, derived from the digital 'on-demand culture,' is characterized by the Russian government's use of digital media in conjunction with traditional media (Litvinenko & Toepfl, 2019), resulting in a communication strategy characterized by '(1) the multichannel distribution of propagandistic content, (2) large volumes of information or flooding, (3) an eclectic set of messages' (Litvinenko, 2022).",["Litvinenko & Toepfl, 2019","Litvinenko, 2022"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Media literacy",[]]],"sp":[["Media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["In response, young adults engaged in practices related to digital resilience, particularly those aimed at countering misinformation.",[]],["practices demonstrating digital resilience",[]]]},{"rt":[["Digital literacy",[]]],"sb":[["Digital literacy",[]]]},{"rt":[["hate speech",[]],["harassment",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["FOBS",[]]]},{"de":[["They do this by underlining positive elements when self-presenting and hereby construct a desirable image of themselves towards others (Goffman, 1959).",["Goffman, 1959"]]]},{"de":[["with users presenting idealized images of their lives to appear more likable and attractive",["Reinecke & Trepte, 2014","Yau & Reich, 2019"]],["Empirical research demonstrates the existence of this positivity bias in social media posts, whereby users aim to appear as interesting, likeable, and attractive as possible (Yau & Reich, 2019) and tend to only portray the positive and desirable aspects of their life (Reinecke & Trepte, 2014).",["Yau & Reich, 2019","Reinecke & Trepte, 2014"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Decades of research on this theory found that people inevitably compare themselves to others, most often in an upward direction to those who are seen as superior (Gerber et al., 2018).",["Gerber et al., 2018"]]],"rt":[["upward direction",["Gerber et al., 2018"]],["upward contrastive social comparison processes",["McComb et al., 2023"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Como fenómeno individual, la exposición selectiva, ya sea considerada desde la base de las teorías de los sesgos psicológicos o desde la heurística de la decisión, puede entenderse como un hecho perfectamente esperado e interpretable .",[]]],"rt":[["sesgo informacional",[]]]},{},{"de":[["El índice oscila entre 0, en el caso de que todos los usuarios sigan a los mismos agentes por igual, y 1, en el que no hay una exposición común. Este índice se calcula a través de toda la red o conjunto de relaciones y, por lo tanto, es una buena medida de la polarización de la estructura a la red.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["actores dentro del entorno informativo digital",[]]]},{"de":[["ocupan las posiciones más polarizadas",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["medios nativos",[]]],"sp":[["actores dentro del entorno informativo digital",[]]]},{"de":[["predominan en este centro de convergencia entre polos opuestos. En otras palabras, estos medios son los utilizados simultánea y asiduamente por ciudadanos de todo el espectro político. Aunque puedan tener orientaciones políticas dispares, estos medios que aparecen en el centro de la figura 3 siguen desempeñando un papel característico de la cultura de la comunicación de masas; menos como fuente de refuerzo de posiciones ideológicas y más como fuente de información.",[]]],"sp":[["actores dentro del entorno informativo digital",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["fabricated news",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["regional press",[]]]},{"de":[["In such cultures, there is a strong feeling of involvement in each other's lives and a strong feeling of loyalty and responsibility to the group.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Cultural similarity differs from shared nationality and other established in-group factors.",[]]],"sb":[["cultural distance",[]],["cultural clusters",[]],["voter collectivism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["social identity theories",[]]]},{"de":[["e.g., a high quality government",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This measure combines three characteristics of public sector practices: the extent to which corruption is prevalent, the strength of the 'rule of law', and the level of governmental effectiveness.",[]],["Impartial institutions generally believe that decisions should be based on quality rather than personal connections.",[]]],"rt":[["quality of government",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["ingroup-outgroup bias",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["in-group love",[]],["out-group hate",[]]]},{"rt":[["ingroup-outgroup bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["homophily",[]]]},{"de":[["A large voting bias is an overvaluation of a player relative to all other voters, and a low voting bias is an undervaluation of a player relative to all other voters.",[]]]},{"rt":[["journalism",[]],["police investigations",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["lies of omission",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Typically uttered when there is no benefit to others, its sole intention is to extricate oneself from trouble.",[]]],"sp":[["colors of lies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["deception is a behavior observed in various species and is considered an evolutionary adaptive trait.",["Schuiling, 2004"]],["deception is an integral part of social interactions, with the majority of humans engaging in deceptive acts at least once or twice a day.",["DePaulo and Kashy, 1998"]],["Deception is the intentional practice of twisting information. It is a nuanced societal practice deeply intertwined with human societal evolution, characterized by a multitude of facets.",[]],["It is a nuanced societal practice deeply intertwined with human societal evolution, characterized by a multitude of facets.",[]]],"sb":[["lies of omission",[]],["lies of commission",[]],["lies of influence",[]]]},{"sp":[["lies of omission",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["topic of lie",[]]]},{"sp":[["topic of lie",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["colors of lies",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["5W",[]]]},{"sp":[["propaganda technique",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["lies of omission",[]]]},{"sp":[["topic of lie",[]]]},{"de":[["These techniques are often employed in mass media, advertising, politics, and public relations.",[]]]},{"sp":[["topic of lie",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["colors of lies",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["topic of lie",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["lies of omission",[]]]},{"sp":[["lies of omission",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["colors of lies",[]]]},{"de":[["diverted discussions away from the harms perpetrated and the matters of accountability, truth and justice to a hypothetical discussion of 'good' versus 'bad' police officers.",[]],["Such narratives frame the discussion in terms of the individual character of police officers and completely ignore the institutional and structural dynamics of the cases.",[]],["This narrative links directly to the 'rotten apple' notion and arguably, suggests a 'rotten apple' explanation for the spycops scandal.",[]]],"rt":[["'rotten apple' explanations",[]]]},{"de":[["diverted discussions away from the harms perpetrated and the matters of accountability, truth and justice to a hypothetical discussion of 'good' versus 'bad' police officers",[]]],"rt":[["#notallcops narratives",[]]],"ex":[["robust but fair procedures for rooting out the bad ones",["Barton 2018"]]]},{},{"de":[["diverted discussions away from the harms perpetrated and the matters of accountability, truth and justice to a hypothetical discussion of 'good' versus 'bad' police officers.",[]],["frame the discussion in terms of the individual character of police officers and completely ignore the institutional and structural dynamics of the cases.",[]]]},{"de":[["frequently used the terms 'bizarre', 'ridiculous' and 'crazy' in their descriptions of the campaign.",[]],["Some of the negative articles suggested that due to its status as a private business, Lush had no right to comment on such cases and was intervening in matters it should not.",[]],["These articles frequently used the terms 'bizarre', 'ridiculous' and 'crazy' in their descriptions of the campaign.",[]]],"ex":[["'Lush's moronic #Spycops campaign is a new low for brand purpose'",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Middle-market tabloids are often viewed as a midway point between broadsheets and tabloids that focus on both serious news events and entertainment",["3"]],["Middle-market tabloids are often viewed as a midway point between broadsheets and tabloids that focus on both serious news events and entertainment (Williams 2010).",["Williams 2010"]]]},{},{"de":[["It posits that a single bad (or malign) actor among many good (or benign) actors can spoil those around them and tarnish the reputation of the group as a whole.",[]],["Further, and perhaps more importantly, it implies that institutional problems can be solved by removing that one bad actor.",[]],["The metaphor of the rotten (or bad) apple has often been employed to explain instances of state and corporate wrongdoing, making scapegoats of individuals or small groups of actors who are held culpable of the transgressions while maintaining the legitimacy of the state or corporate institutions.",[]]],"rt":[["rotten orchard",[]]]},{"de":[["It posits that a single bad (or malign) actor among many good (or benign) actors can spoil those around them and tarnish the reputation of the group as a whole.",[]],["Further, and perhaps more importantly, it implies that institutional problems can be solved by removing that one bad actor.",[]],["The metaphor of the rotten (or bad) apple has often been employed to explain instances of state and corporate wrongdoing, making scapegoats of individuals or small groups of actors who are held culpable of the transgressions while maintaining the legitimacy of the state or corporate institutions.",[]],["Allowing such explanations to predominate also enables the exposure of individual wrongdoing to be interpreted as 'testimony to the integrity of the system which dealt with it' (Chibnall 1977 in Greer and Reiner 2012: 252).",["Chibnall 1977 in Greer and Reiner 2012: 252"]],["Thus, such transgressions are understood as exceptions that by their very identification prove the rule that the system is working.",[]],["It posits that a single bad (or malign) actor among many good (or benign) actors can spoil those around them and tarnish the reputation of the group as a whole. Further, and perhaps more importantly, it implies that institutional problems can be solved by removing that one bad actor.",[]]]},{"de":[["Further, Punch argues that systemic change must take place following cases of systemic failure if confidence is to be restored and that 'the more \"systemic\" the deviance, the more profound and far-reaching the changes have to be' (Punch 2003: 194).",["Punch (2003)"]]],"rt":[["rotten apple",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["peripheral processing",[]]]},{"de":[["When media content reflects familiar cultural elements, it creates a sense of validation and comfort, enhancing the likelihood of message acceptance",["Atiq et al., 2022"]],["Cultural relatability not only influences individual attitudes but also contributes to broader societal impacts by promoting cultural understanding and reducing cultural biases.",[]],["cultural relatability as a structured evaluative mechanism",[]],["cultural relatability acts as a cognitive mediator that facilitates deeper audience engagement",[]],["Culturally relatable content aligns with audiences' lived experiences, making the media messages more authentic and trustworthy, which in turn triggers deeper emotional responses",["Kim and Drumwright, 2016"]],["cultural relatability acts as a cognitive mediator that facilitates deeper audience engagement, leading to stronger emotional resonance and, ultimately, a global impact.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Emotional resonance is critical in media communication as it enhances message retention, increases the likelihood of sharing content, and fosters a stronger bond between the audience and the media source",["Gu, 2024"]],["When media content resonates emotionally, it often leads to more profound attitudinal and behavioral impacts, suggesting that emotions play a pivotal role in how media influences individuals and broader cultural perceptions.",[]],["emotional engagement serves as a catalyst for shaping broader intercultural perceptions rather than only immediate reactions.",[]],["not merely an outcome of exposure",[]]],"rt":[["cultural relatability",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["global cultural orientation",[]]]},{"de":[["High media engagement often leads to increased attention, immersion, and a stronger personal connection with the content, which can influence attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors",["Bartsch and Viehoff, 2010"]],["In cultural communication contexts, such engagement increases the likelihood that audiences will actively interpret cultural narratives rather than passively consume them.",[]]],"ex":[["I often find myself deeply engaged when interacting with media content related to Chinese culture.",[]],["I actively participate and respond to media content about Chinese culture.",[]],["Media content related to Chinese culture captures my attention effectively.",[]],["I feel emotionally involved while consuming media content about Chinese culture.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Central route processing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["A well-known issue in text generation by LLMs are hallucinations or confabulations",[]]]},{"sy":[["cumulative advantage",[]]],"rt":[["\"success breeds success\" dynamic",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Frames are abstractions which work to organise or structure message meaning.",[]]],"rt":[["the frame",[]]]},{"de":[["widely used to explain the relationships between political elites and the media in situations of consensus and political dissent",[]]]},{},{"de":[["key actors, usually political elites, use speech acts to transform political issues into security issues.",[]],["this construction must be accepted by the target audience (Balzacq 2005), be it public opinion or specific communities of experts.",["Balzacq 2005"]],["securitization is an essentially discursive process.",[]],["Securitization is also related to communication theories since this concept understands that security, or the lack of it, results from communication processes occurring in society.",[]],["key actors, usually political elites, use speech acts to transform political issues into security issues. In this way, security issues are constructed",["Waever 1995, 55"]],["It is as follows: key actors, usually political elites, use speech acts to transform political issues into security issues. In this way, security issues are constructed (Waever 1995, 55).",["Waever 1995, 55"]]],"rt":[["intersubjective social construction",[]],["speech acts",[]]]},{"de":[["securitization can be studied as a framing process present in the media, especially in the Western media, in the conflicts of recent years (Vultee 2010;Qadri 2020), which has displaced other frames.",["Vultee 2010","Qadri 2020"]],["The ability to invoke security implies the need for extraordinary measures and a shared sense of national security danger (Vultee 2010, 34).",["Vultee 2010, 34"]]]},{},{"de":[["In recent decades, this evolution has overturned two of the principles of traditional visions: (a) the military one-dimensionality of security and (b) the centrality of the state in the analyses",["De-Cueto-Nogueras 2012, 4"]],["It is thus a concept which can be adapted according to the interests of different political agendas.",[]],["Security has evolved as a concept.",[]]],"sp":[["Security Studies",[]]]},{"de":[["focusing on the political and geopolitical aspects and not so much on the possible victims or the consequences for the population.",[]],["the security frame has been consolidated as a generic professional routine within Mediterranean newspapers.",[]]],"rt":[["human drama",[]]],"sb":[["European security",[]],["ethnic conflicts",[]],["insecurity by guerrillas",[]]],"sp":[["macro-frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Within this category we can distinguish three types of disinformation strategies: denialism, inactivism, and greenwashing.",[]],["most disinformation is anti-environmental in nature",[]]],"sb":[["climate denialism",[]],["inactivism",[]],["greenwashing",[]],["denialism",[]]],"sp":[["environmental disinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["denialism",["Björnberg et al., 2017"]],["skepticism",["Björnberg et al., 2017"]],["contrarianism",["Björnberg et al., 2017"]]],"rt":[["denialism",[]]],"sp":[["anti-environmental disinformation",[]]]},{"rt":[["inactivism",[]]]},{"sy":[["skepticism",["Björnberg et al., 2017"]],["contrarianism",["Björnberg et al., 2017"]]]},{},{"de":[["Inactivism may also blame immigration for national environmental degradation (Turner & Bailey, 2021) or argue that someone else should take action first and disruptive change is not necessary, pushing non-transformative solutions, such as advocating delaying environmental action by relying on future technologies and advocating fossil fuel solutionism (Lamb et al., 2020).",["Turner & Bailey, 2021","Lamb et al., 2020"]]],"rt":[["inactivism",[]]],"sp":[["anti-environmental disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["alarmist disinformation exaggerating the consequences of climate change or environmental degradation",[]],["disinformative formulas for counterattack",[]],["Alarmism could thus be defined as a disinformation strategy that serves the opposite function of denialism.",[]]],"sp":[["pro-environmental disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Applied to political environmental disinformation, greenwashing creates the impression of environmentally friendly activity (Naderer et al., 2017) when the opposite is the reality (López, 2022), allowing political actors to maintain external recognition while at the same time refrain from pro-environmental actions (Cislak et al., 2021).",["Naderer et al., 2017","López, 2022","Cislak et al., 2021"]],["disinformation aimed at improving the green reputation of the parties, such as the claims of PSOE (Newtral, 20/05/2022) and PP (Newtral, 11/09/2019) to be pioneers in taking environmental measures.",[]],["disinformation aimed at improving the green reputation of the parties",[]]],"sp":[["anti-environmental disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["the use of falsehoods to promote climate inactivism",[]]],"rt":[["climate inactivism disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["anti-environmental disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["false information in which politicians of the incumbent PSOE claim that other European countries are ahead in green actions (Newtral, 21/11/2018, 03/11/2020) and are used as an argument to justify the need to implement more ambitious policies.",[]]],"sp":[["pro-environmental disinformation",[]]]},{"sb":[["green alarmism",[]],["over-activism",[]],["negative environmental screening",[]],["environmental screening",[]]],"sp":[["environmental disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["This active engagement has been shown to enhance retention and transfer of skills to real-world contexts",["Hopkins et al., 2023","Leder et al., 2024"]]],"sp":[["inoculation theory",[]]]},{"de":[["Adapted to address misinformation, this strategy involves exposing individuals to weakened or small doses of manipulative techniques to increase their resistance to various forms of misinformation and enhance their critical response to future manipulations",["van der Linden, 2022"]]]},{"de":[["Adapted to address misinformation, this strategy involves exposing individuals to weakened or small doses of manipulative techniques to increase their resistance to various forms of misinformation and enhance their critical response to future manipulations",["van der Linden, 2022"]]]},{},{"de":[["These strategies, often referred to as news literacy or misinformation literacy, aim to foster critical and creative capacities for engaging with media",["Bateman & Jackson, 2024","Blair et al., 2024"]]],"sy":[["news literacy",[]]],"rt":[["news literacy",[]]],"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["These strategies, often referred to as news literacy or misinformation literacy, aim to foster critical and creative capacities for engaging with media",["Bateman & Jackson, 2024","Blair et al., 2024"]]],"sy":[["misinformation literacy",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation literacy",[]]],"sp":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["inoculation theory",[]]]},{},{"de":[["shapes the interpretation of their causes and consequences, allowing media to influence audience understanding (Gamson and Modigliani, 1989). By suggesting that one event caused another, the media can create a narrative that influences how audiences understand the situation (e.g., \"economic development\" → \"putin election win\" vs. \"surpression of opponents\" → \"putin election win\").",["(Gamson and Modigliani, 1989)"]],["By suggesting that one event caused another, the media can create a narrative that influences how audiences understand the situation",[]]],"sp":[["Framing devices",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This approach enriches research in communication, journalism, and social sciences by providing tools to dissect and interpret narratives within news articles",["Goffman, 1974"]],["By analyzing how events are framed, we can better understand the intentions and viewpoints of the media sources, providing insight into how information is presented to the public.",[]]]},{"de":[["These devices help construct a particular interpretation or understanding of events, issues, or individuals.",[]]],"sb":[["Selection and Omission of Events",[]],["Linguistic Information",[]],["Cause and Effect",[]],["selection or omission of events",[]]]},{"de":[["can significantly shape audience perception (Entman, 1993). For instance, labeling a protest as a \"riot\" versus a \"demonstration\" leads to different interpretations. Metaphors and analogies frame complex issues in relatable terms, such as describing an economic downturn as a \"storm,\" thereby guiding audience conceptualization. Euphemisms soften the perception of skeptical events (e.g., \"collateral damage\" instead of \"civilian casualties\"), while dysphemisms make events seem worse (e.g., \"regime\" versus \"government\").",["(Entman, 1993)"]]],"sp":[["Framing devices",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This process involves creating a broader storyline or context that connects individual events to convey a more comprehensive theme.",[]]]},{"de":[["can significantly influence public perception (Entman, 1993). Highlighting certain events makes them seem more important, while omitting others downplays their significance and shapes the overall story (e.g. presence vs. absence of Putin's opponents deaths).",["(Entman, 1993)"]]],"sp":[["Framing devices",[]]]},{"de":[["to shield the users from undesired spammy advertising of illegal products/services",[]]],"sp":[["Content moderation",[]]]},{"sb":[["Hate Speech",[]],["Commercial Spam",[]]]},{"de":[["to combine the theme-specific validations to reach a final Spam or Clear label",[]]]},{"sp":[["Content moderation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a policy can be seen as a collection of loosely coupled themes",[]]]},{"sy":[["credibility",["41"]]],"rt":[["credibility",[]]]},{"de":[["The rationale supporting the notion of constructed authority is that \"various communities\" and their standards as well as the needs of the learner will have different standards for what constitutes a trusted source.",["38"]]],"sy":[["credibility",["41"]]]},{"rt":[["ritual knowledge",[]]],"sp":[["troublesome knowledge",["26"]]]},{"ex":[["author",[]],["publisher",[]],["tone",[]],["sources cited",[]],["date",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This tendency was most evident when students wrote about the sources of the article they were evaluating. Using ritual knowledge, some students held journalistic writing to the same source and citation standards as scholarly research.",[]]],"rt":[["conceptually difficult knowledge",[]]],"sp":[["troublesome knowledge",["26"]]],"ex":[["I look to see if any of the information in the article is backed up with any other sources or sightings. [sic] There [are] no footnotes or bibliography, which again leads me to believe in a lack of credibility.",[]],["I do not think this article is very credible. The author did not cite the information she uses for data which makes me wonder if it was made up. Citing is an element I used to examine its credibility. If there were citations from a scholarly journal or a gov. [sic] website I would think the data used is credible.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["ritual knowledge",[]],["conceptually difficult knowledge",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["The collocates and their context of appearance help with the conceptualisation of frames, and subsequently construct an understanding of the frames.",[]]],"rt":[["keywords",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A frame is most effective when it becomes salient, as the frame is ultimately taken for granted as a natural means to think of an issue.",[]],["The salience of a frame may be constructed through the regularity of reporting, or the characterisation of an issue",["Jasperson et al. 1998"]],["offers a characterisation of issues being examined",[]]],"rt":[["keywords",[]],["collocates",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes \"moral evaluations, causal reasoning, appeals to principles, and recommendations for treatment of problems\" (Weaver 2007: 146).",["Weaver 2007: 146"]],["A frame is most effective when it becomes salient, as the frame is ultimately taken for granted as a natural means to think of an issue. The salience of a frame may be constructed through the regularity of reporting, or the characterisation of an issue (Jasperson et al. 1998)",["Jasperson et al. 1998"]]],"rt":[["agenda setting",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It is stable and its cognitive elements are shared by the whole group, providing homogeneity and generating the meaning of the social representation.",[]]]},{"de":[["not a clearly defined procedure: people can only assume that they can check information, due to the potential complexity of fact-checking and other obstacles such as value patterns.",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake news can spread rapidly, as authors use techniques to manipulate people's emotions, capture attention and arouse interest, trust and desire to share the information",["Yershov, 2018","Zelinskiy, 2018"]],["Authors create fake news with the aim of manipulating people's consciousness, deceiving for some goal, and increasing the popularity of the author.",[]],["Fake news can be recognized by loud headlines, eye-catching words, and clickbait.",[]],["fake news is published not only purposefully by professionals but also due to the mistakes and incompetence of journalists",[]],["fake news is one of the weapons used in information warfare",[]],["fake news is a common and deep-rooted phenomenon",[]],["understanding of fake news as a phenomenon native to society",[]],["Fake news can spread rapidly, as authors use techniques to manipulate people's emotions, capture attention and arouse interest, trust and desire to share the information (Yershov, 2018;Zelinskiy, 2018).",["Yershov, 2018","Zelinskiy, 2018"]]],"sy":[["fakes",[]]],"rt":[["fakes",[]],["rumors",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Accuracy of information should be verified by professional journalists.",[]]]},{"de":[["He also calls it \"a modern version of common sense\" (Emelyanova, 2001).",["2001","Emelyanova, 2001"]]],"sy":[["a modern version of common sense",["Emelyanova, 2001"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["has resulted in considerable harm to Muslim refugees.",[]]],"rt":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["Clearly delineating what counts as information disorder is difficult. Legislators struggle with content that might be legal in other contexts-incitement to violence or hate speech-but nevertheless harms individuals, organizations, or even the democratic process. The definition of information disorder is not black and white; it's fluid",["Wardle, 2018","2018"]],["Clearly delineating what counts as information disorder is difficult. Legislators struggle with content that might be legal in other contexts-incitement to violence or hate speech-but nevertheless harms individuals, organizations, or even the democratic process.",["Wardle, 2018"]]],"rt":[["satire and parody",[]],["false connection",[]],["misleading content",[]],["false context",[]],["imposter content",[]],["manipulated content",[]],["fabricated content",[]]],"sb":[["satire and parody",[]],["false connection",[]],["misleading content",[]],["false context",[]],["imposter content",[]],["manipulated content",[]],["fabricated content",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["They enable writers to convey their affective meanings such as surprise, agreement, importance, frustration rather than their commitment to propositions.",[]],["They are essentially concerned with writers' feelings, judgments, and affective positions.",[]],["These different sub-categories of attitude markers provide writers with an array of options to make evaluations of things in the real world.",[]],["The explicit attitude markers allow authorial intrusion into the texts, which is against the knowledge construction practice of natural science [22].",["22"]],["The explicit attitude markers allow authorial intrusion into the texts, which is against the knowledge construction practice of natural science",[]]],"rt":[["hedges",[]],["boosters",[]],["stance markers",[]]],"sb":[["Deontic verbs",[]],["Attitudinal adverbs",[]],["Attitude adjectives",[]],["Cognitive verbs",[]]],"sp":[["stance",[]],["stance markers",[]],["stance framework",[]]],"ex":[["Even X",[]],["should",[]],["have to",[]],["important",[]],["appropriate",[]],["unexpected",[]]]},{"de":[["Those linguistic devices for emphasizing certainty vary greatly from modal verbs to epistemic adverbs and adjectives, including modal verbs like will and must, adverbs like never and especially, adjectives like clear, high, and great.",[]],["Opinion columnists use more boosters than medical research writers to enhance the force of their statements.",[]],["opinion columnists try to persuade readers with the great amount of certainty put in the proposition and leave little room for a reader's objection.",[]],["The main purpose of medical researchers is to persuade the discourse community members to accept what they have proposed, and it is crucial for researchers to make an appropriate level of their claims [60].",["60"]],["According to Ngai et al. [61], scientists from life science employ more boosters for persuasion and the lexical verbs show, find, demonstrate are proven to be frequently used boosters in article abstracts",["61"]]],"rt":[["hedges",[]]],"sb":[["Modal verbs",[]],["Epistemic lexical verbs",[]],["Adverbs and adjectives",[]],["Attributors",[]],["Others phrases",[]],["adverbs and adjectives expressing epistemic certainty",[]]],"sp":[["stance",[]],["stance markers",[]],["stance framework",[]]]},{"rt":[["attitude markers",[]]]},{"de":[["These deontic verbs demonstrate how the writer intervenes in the discourse to highlight the necessity of actions to be taken.",["64"]]]},{"sp":[["hedges",[]]]},{"de":[["Writers use hedge devices such as might, possible and could to withhold their commitment to a proposition, and calculate the degree of precision and reliability they would like their claims or assertions to carry.",[]],["In newspaper OC, columnists use hedges to soft the statement and allow readers to make their own conclusions about the value of the proposition",["22"]],["demonstrating the writer's caution and modesty in making claims and also the necessity of expressing proper precision",["7"]]],"rt":[["boosters",[]],["stance markers",[]]],"sb":[["Modal verbs",[]],["Epistemic lexical verbs",[]],["Adverbs, adjectives and nouns",[]],["Other phrases",[]],["modal verbs describing possibility",[]],["approximators",[]],["epistemic adverbs, adjective and nouns",[]],["epistemic adverbs, adjectives and nouns of hedges",[]],["attributors expressing certainty",[]],["attitude adjectives",[]]],"sp":[["stance",[]],["stance markers",[]],["stance framework",[]]]},{"de":[["modal verbs can function as shields for researchers to avoid absolute statements which might put them in a risky situation.",[]],["modal verbs are used to tone down the degree of certainty on author's part as well as linked to the expression of precision or negative politeness",["31","32"]]],"sp":[["hedges",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The employment of explicit self-mention markers is a conscious choice to show writers' authorial identity and their particular stance.",[]]],"sb":[["First person pronouns",[]],["Nouns phrases",[]]],"sp":[["stance",[]],["stance framework",[]]]},{"de":[["The employment of self-mentions in both genres indicates that writers have a great tendency to attach themselves to the discourse community and present propositional, affective and interpersonal information",["66"]]],"sb":[["first person pronouns",[]],["noun phrases like the writer or the author",[]]],"sp":[["stance markers",[]]]},{"de":[["Stance can be realized through grammatical devices and lexical words, which express epistemic knowledge (e.g. might, suggest, probably, possibility, likely) and authors' attitudes towards propositions (e.g. unfortunately, surprisingly) [8].",["8"]],["refers to the extent of the commitments they express to the credibility of a claim, or the attitude they convey to the contents of propositions",["7"]],["Hyland's paradigm of stance is based on his interpersonal model of metadiscourse",["44"]]],"rt":[["evidentiality",["2"]],["affect",["3"]],["attitude",["4"]],["evaluation",["5"]],["appraisal",["6"]],["metadiscourse",["7"]],["interpersonal model of metadiscourse",[]]],"sb":[["hedges",[]],["boosters",[]],["attitude markers",[]],["self-mentions",[]]],"sp":[["interpersonal model of metadiscourse",[]]]},{"de":[["to construct their stance in writing",[]],["the construction of stance is highly related to the topic and conventions in different discursive practice",[]],["writers resort to different linguistic resources to realize their rhetorical goals",[]]],"sb":[["hedges",[]],["boosters",[]],["attitude markers",[]],["self-mentions",[]]]},{"de":[["This phenomenon is illustrated with several examples from journalistic discourse. They are frequently found in sports journalism, but this contribution also offers examples from political journalism related to the presentation of Germany and Europe.",[]],["a process psychologists call automaticity",[]],["a process psychologists call automaticity.",[]]]},{"de":[["A more nuanced, trans-dichotomous, but also fuzzier concept",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["inevitably generates interesting material for an imagological approach.",[]]],"rt":[["imagological approach",[]]]},{"de":[["Though an imagological approach complies with the classical features of adopting a method (systematicity of investigation, a mode of procedure, etc.), it is never put at a similar level with methods such as discourse analysis, corpus gathering, keystroke logging, eye tracking, interviews or surveys.",[]],["Sometimes it is called a \"working method\"",["1"]]],"sy":[["working method",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["transediting",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["journalator",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["she emphasizes that the acts and practices that constitute gender are citational: they always reference and re-animate a previous source.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Barad names this process \"intra-action\" to emphasize the inseparability of the material and the discursive, society and science, human and nonhuman, and nature and culture.",["Barad 2007"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["By claiming that AI identifies people's propensities to turn a protest violent, Geofeedia and Dataminr claim they know which people are likely to cause trouble for their clients.",[]]]},{"de":[["notably foundational performative \"let there be light\" in Genesis",[]],["changes things in the world",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["performativity is used to explain how communications events confer on data the meaning they have acquired in previous iterations",["Licoppe 2010"]],["performativity is what happens when a human and nonhuman set of actors create the world in the process of measuring it.",[]],["We specifically draw on the feminist understanding of performativity, as defined by philosopher Judith Butler and feminist physicist Karen Barad, as a more comprehensive way to look at the racializing effects of EDAC and of AI more broadly (Butler 1990, Barad 2007).",["Butler 1990","Barad 2007"]]]},{"de":[["tracking and listening should be understood not as acts of observation but as racializing processes",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["after people commit to an attitude, belief, or decision, they gather supportive information and neglect unsupportive information to avoid or eliminate the unpleasant state of post decisional conflict known as cognitive dissonance",["p. 556"]]]},{},{"de":[["Sometimes, defense motives can also provoke a devaluation of non-conforming or threatening information",["Ditto and Lopez, 1992","Edwards and Smith, 1996"]],["They strive to protect parts of the self, be it the self-image, attitudes, and opinions (general motives), or the physical integrity (health-specific motives), as a consequence of a potential (health) threat and as a precondition for biased information seeking and/or appraisal",[]]],"sb":[["opinion-defending motive",[]],["health-defending motive",[]]]},{"de":[["In relation to this, it is important, for an adequate search while facing a threat, that one has a certain ability to regulate potentially negative emotions that may arise (Das, 2012).",["Das, 2012"]]]},{"de":[["risk feedback is likely to directly prompt a health-defending motive (e.g., Greving et al., 2015) in order to protect a healthy self-image",["2015"]],["prompt a health-defending motive (e.g., Greving et al., 2015) in order to protect a healthy self-image",[]]],"sp":[["defense motives",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the opinion-defending motive is mainly triggered by external feedback (e.g., risk feedback), since such feedback constitutes a strong incentive to defend one's opinion.",[]]],"sp":[["defense motives",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["unrealistically positive selfevaluations, exaggerated perceptions of control or mastery, and unrealistic optimism",[]]]},{"de":[["the phenomenon of a biased selection of information (primarily with a preference for non-threatening information that serves one's self-image)",[]],["individuals tend to reassure themselves and therefore show a selective exposure to positive information.",[]],["Selective exposure might help patients to reassure themselves and cope with their emotional states, but it may also lead to an incorrect assessment of their individual health (risk) status.",[]]],"rt":[["bias in information selection",[]]]},{"ex":[["fear-appeal information suggesting an increased risk of developing cancer tends to be avoided by smokers-a classic example of selective exposure triggered by self-defending motivation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This perspective highlights the extent to which masculinity is bound up with popular expectations about leadership since both newspapers, regardless of their politics, couch their attacks using the lexis of emasculation.",[]]],"ex":[["This crude pun links effective leadership with sexual virility, in the most palpable way of emasculating Miliband that emerged from the coverage.",[]]]},{"de":[["there is nothing innate about gender",[]],["gender is something that is unconsciously foregrounded when we think of what it means to be a 'politician'",[]]]},{"de":[["In rendering explicit the gender biases evident in the framing of formal politics, we argue that politics is being played out not only at the level of policy debate, but at a more fundamental level: on the gendering of performance of what it is possible for a politician to be.",[]]]},{"de":[["The second, related frame was for newspapers to criticise or denigrate leaders in ways which explicitly emasculated or feminised them.",[]],["The third frame showed that not only does the debate format favour masculine behaviour; the debate itself was described as a form of combat.",[]]],"rt":[["emasculated",[]],["feminised",[]],["masculine behaviour",[]]]},{"de":[["The choice of games or sports metaphors and those of violent conflict further demonstrate the association of effective political leadership with traditionally masculine characteristics and behaviours.",[]],["tropes of strength and aggression are associated positively with masculinity",[]],["masculinity is reinforced and normalised as the criterion by which audiences are encouraged to evaluate the capacity and ability of politicians.",[]],["masculinity the 'norm' for which audiences are encouraged to view and evaluate politicians of all genders.",[]]],"rt":[["traditionally masculine credential of bravery",[]],["traditionally masculine traits",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["partisan strength",[]],["ideological extremity",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["introduces semantic and syntactic complexities to sentences which complicate automated text classification",[]],["introduces complexity to a phrase or sentence's semantics",[]],["CS is a common consequence of multilingualism",["48"]],["introduces both syntactic and semantic complexities to text, limiting the accuracy of models trained on monolingual data to classify code-switched text",[]]],"sy":[["CS",["47"]]],"sb":[["intra-sentential",["50","51"]],["inter-sentential",["50","51"]],["emblematic",["50","51"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the key characteristics that define both fake news and misinformation are authenticity of the information and the intent of the spreader",["37"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["the visual tradition of the Black Legend",[]]]},{"de":[["These news prints consisted of a printed image in a broadsheet format combined with a short text or poem that clarified the images for the reader.",["27"]]]},{"de":[["kept recycling the same themes and images throughout the seventeenth century, providing readers a mix of printed images adapted from the sixteenth-century designs of Hogenberg and Theodor de Bry",[]]],"rt":[["Spanish Tyranny",[]]]},{"sy":[["association",["Calsamiglia and van Dijk 2004"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["always hold the role of moral gatekeepers",["Kruvand 2012","23"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["causal consistency the least utilized",[]]],"rt":[["Surface Fluency",[]],["Discourse Coherence",[]]],"sp":[["Textual Features",[]]]},{"rt":[["pre-bunking",[]]]},{"rt":[["Surface Fluency",[]],["Causal Consistency",[]]],"sp":[["Textual Features",[]]]},{"ex":[["by exposing users to AI-generated text and providing immediate feedback (the \"weakened dose\"), we force users to update their Source Monitoring heuristics [12].",["12"]]]},{"rt":[["debunking",[]]]},{"de":[["heuristic cues (detail, fluency)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Truth-Default Theory, recently applied to AI [23], suggests that AI systems exhibit truth bias, which may create \"validity illusions\" for users who assume AI outputs are accurate; fluent foundation model outputs may thus be extiteroding the truth-default that humans apply to textual communication.",["23"]],["AI systems exhibit truth bias, which may create \"validity illusions\" for users who assume AI outputs are accurate",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Given a target sentence and its surrounding context, we extract a sequence of stance triplets that can be inferred from the input. Each triplet consists of a source entity and their sentiment towards a target entity, with entities in their canonical forms.",[]]],"rt":[["Stance detection",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["stance detection",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["stance detection",[]]]},{"sp":[["Stance Detection",[]]]},{"sb":[["sentiment-based",[]],["position-based",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The complaint is directed primarily at the specific offence",["Al-Nuwait, 1998","Najm, 1991"]],["The complaint is submitted by the victim or their legal representative (guardian).",[]],["In cases involving multiple victims, it is sufficient for one of them to submit the complaint. It is not required that all victims agree on a single submission, as the complaint is not divisible.",["Abdel Fattah, 2013"]],["It differs from a report submitted by a person to the competent public authorities to notify them of the occurrence of a crime or their observation of it, without the crime having been committed against them.",[]]]},{"de":[["an infringement on the privacy of private life constitutes an infringement of a personal right, which is not related to public order, and only the victim has an interest in pursuing the perpetrator.",[]]]},{"de":[["This definition clarifies that a journalist is not characterised by the nature of their activity or academic qualifications, but rather by their engagement in media work.",[]],["It also indicates that journalism must be their principal occupation, not a secondary or supplementary one.",[]],["Accordingly, engagement in and dedication to journalistic work determine the nature of the journalistic identity.",[]],["The designation of \"journalist\" is not limited to those who publish a newspaper or write its articles and news; it also includes anyone who contributes their skills and expertise to a section of the journalistic industry, helping produce publications.",[]],["under Jordanian legislation, a journalist, like their French counterpart, is someone who has taken up journalism as a primary profession, a source of livelihood, and is registered with the Jordanian Journalists Syndicate.",[]],["Not everyone who writes an article or delivers a speech qualifies as a journalist; it is the engagement and dedication to journalistic work that define a journalist's identity.",[]],["Furthermore, the Jordanian legal definition of a journalist is not limited to those who publish a newspaper or write its articles and news; it also encompasses anyone who contributes their skills and expertise to any section of the journalistic industry, including the production of publications.",[]]],"sy":[["a writer for a newspaper",["Gaillard, 1992"]]],"rt":[["journalistic work",[]]],"sb":[["practising journalists",[]],["non-practising journalists",[]],["Trainee journalists",[]],["Non-Jordanian journalists who have been authorised to practice the profession under the provisions of this law",[]]]},{"de":[["This work may take an editorial or technical form, requiring the journalist at times to be constantly on the move, or at other times to remain behind a desk or in the printing press, without this altering the nature of his journalistic activity.",["Boutros, 1974"]]],"rt":[["journalist",[]]]},{"rt":[["human dignity",[]],["individual autonomy",[]]]},{"sy":[["rhetorical warrants",[]]]},{"de":[["functioning as a tool for analyzing political and ideological agendas (Liando & Tatipang, 2022)",[]],["The core aim of CDA is to reveal both transparent and hidden power relations such as dominance, discrimination, and control encoded in language (Wodak, 2011).",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["material utility",[]]]},{"de":[["Said (1978) argues that the Orient has historically served as both a colonial prize and a cultural counterpoint to Europe, shaping self-definition of the West.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Orientalist ideology",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["causal framing",[]]],"sb":[["Contrastive, critical and causal framing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["They help frame blame and reinforce desired perceptions.",[]]],"ex":[["contrast",[]],["comparison",[]],["generalization",[]],["moral judgment",[]],["history",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["digital ethics is influenced by demographic factors, internet self-efficacy, and internet anxiety.",[]]],"ex":[["fake news in social, political, and academic contexts; overshare personal information; depend on social media; engage in plagiarism; and experience inferiority due to online social comparisons.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["CDA takes a clear position to understand, expose, then challenge social inequality.",[]],["CDA is known for its characteristics as an analysis tool that carries out social politics movement",["12"]]]},{"rt":[["language rhetoric",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["we can conclude that news is the fastest report of fact, new idea, exciting or important for most people through the newspaper, radio, television, and online media",["10"]],["news is the fastest report of fact, new idea, exciting or important for most people through the newspaper, radio, television, and online media",["10"]]]},{"sp":[["style of language",[]]]},{"sp":[["style of language",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The effect of these automated systems is divisive.",[]]]},{"de":[["This acronym depicts current and prevalent social media platforms that are engaged in behavioral modifications of their users to entice prolonged engagement for advertisement and data harvesting purposes.",[]]],"rt":[["behavioral modifications",[]]],"ex":[["social media platforms",[]]]},{"de":[["The resistance to dialectical engagement that leads to a critique of ideology is fundamental to the bundling of fasces.",[]]]},{"de":[["the figure of authority is no longer necessary to bind the fasces together.",[]],["The Fascist State has drawn into itself even the economic activities of the nation, and, through the corporative social and educational institutions created by it, its influence reaches every aspect of the national life and includes, framed in their respective organizations, all the political, economic and spiritual forces of the nation.",["Mussolini 1933, 24"]],["The foundation of fascism is the conception of the State, its character, its duty, and its aim.",[]],["No longer should the idea of fascism revolve around an authoritarian figure since the fabrication, proliferation, and implementation of ideologies can function without an authoritarian figure.",[]],["What is important in this original use of the word fascism is the emphasis on the \"group\" and \"action.\"",[]]],"rt":[["authoritarianism",[]],["racism",[]],["socialism",[]],["capitalism",[]],["liberal",[]],["right",[]],["left",[]],["class struggles",[]],["class conflict",[]],["contemporary manifestations of fascism",[]]],"sb":[["Gentilian-Mussolinian fascism",[]],["contemporary manifestations of fascism",[]]],"ex":[["Neo-Nazism does not need Adolf Hitler to constantly guide them or reinforce and mobilize the fasces into action.",[]]]},{"de":[["The persistence of an unassailable ideology is a hallmark of a fascistic tendency.",[]]]},{"rt":[["automated systems",[]]]},{"de":[["these strategies and operative functions of manufacturing consent are still used by powerful organizations despite the typical promises of connected and free-flowing modes of communication on the Internet.",[]]],"rt":[["Chomsky's propaganda model of mass media",[]],["elite domination of media",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["fandom",[]],["adoring audience",[]]]},{"rt":[["encoding",[]]]},{"rt":[["decoding",[]]]},{"de":[["Modern fan studies still feature debates on the definition of fan, since the concept has become increasingly malleable and marketable",[]],["encompasses five levels of activity: as a particular mode of reception, which involves sharing, enunciating, and debating meanings with other fans; as a particular form of criticism, which is \"playful, speculative, subjective\"; as a base of consumer activism in defense of fans' cultural preferences; as a particular art world with its own aesthetic traditions and practices; and as an alternative social community.",[]],["results of a collective creative play of imagination and interpretation; they emanate from the shared pleasure of producing new cultural forms, by the fans and for the fans.",[]],["ambivalent sociocultural phenomenon",[]],["One part of it was rather serious and genuinely political fandom / anti-fandom",["Sandvoss 2019"]],["Another part was openly humorous or ironic fandom, emanating from the attitudes and pleasures of mockery and shared laughter",["Ang 1985: 96-102"]]],"rt":[["participatory culture",[]],["negotiated readings",[]],["anti-fandom",["Sandvoss 2019"]]],"sb":[["affirmative and transformative fandom",[]],["political fandom / anti-fandom",["Sandvoss 2019"]],["humorous or ironic fandom",["Ang 1985: 96-102"]]]},{},{"de":[["refer to every culture with relatively low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement; strong support for creating and sharing one's creations with others; a certain type of informal mentorship whereby experienced participants pass along knowledge to novices; and members who believe that their contributions matter and feel some degree of social connection with one another (Jenkins et al. 2009).",["Jenkins et al. 2009"]],["now refers to a range of different groups deploying media production and distribution to serve their collective interests, as various scholars have linked considerations of fandom into a broader discourse about participation in and through media",["Jenkins & Ford & Green 2013: 2"]],["a key term explaining the common everyday attitudes and behaviors of millions of Web 2.0 users. It no longer describes the cultural production and social interactions of fan communities",[]]],"rt":[["fandom",[]],["spectatorship",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Media diplomacy differs from public diplomacy in content, timing, and intended purposes.",[]],["Media diplomacy is pursued in the context of negotiations",[]],["media diplomacy aims at short-range results",[]],["Media diplomacy is more specific than public diplomacy",[]],["the former is designed to create a favorable climate for a particular diplomatic process at a particular time and in a particular context",[]],["media diplomacy primarily entails a serious appeal for conflict resolution",[]],["Media diplomacy acts in a shorter timeframe than public diplomacy",[]],["media diplomacy is a conflict resolution tool",[]],["It functions in terms of visualizing the solutions and finding a response in society",[]],["Media diplomacy, which is used as a tool to solve foreign policy problems, becomes dysfunctional under these conditions.",[]],["media diplomacy uses the media to mobilize public support for policy-makers to exert pressure on other political actors and reach an agreement.",[]],["Media diplomacy is not only the relationship and cooperation of political actors and institutions with communication professionals, but also the effort to get the support of the internal public; it is a peaceful action designed to build trust with the foreign public and foreign societies through actions related to conflicts.",[]],["The media has become an important factor in global politics within the scope of media diplomacy. This new position also affected the development of diplomatic methods and results and changed the actors involved in the implementation of diplomacy.",[]],["Establishing the relationship between political actors and institutions and the media within the framework of a balanced structure is extremely necessary for an effective and rational foreign policy structuring.",[]],["In order for media diplomacy to be successful, the balance between the media used as a functional tool and political goals should be designed by considering the structural features of the media and its duties in the democratic process.",[]],["Media diplomacy is a concept that is often confused with public diplomacy.",[]],["Media diplomacy is pursued in the context of negotiations, whereas public diplomacy is conducted in the context of ideological confrontation.",["1998, p. 62"]],["Usually, media diplomacy aims at short-range results, whereas public diplomacy long-range outcomes.",["1998, p. 62"]],["Media diplomacy is more specific than public diplomacy.",["1998, p. 62"]],["Whereas the latter is designed to create a friendly climate within foreign society toward fundamental political and social issues, such as capitalism versus communism or human rights, the former is designed to create a favorable climate for a particular diplomatic process at a particular time and in a particular context.",["1998, p. 62"]],["Public diplomacy primarily involves the use of propaganda or public relations designed to foster an image and media diplomacy primarily entails a serious appeal for conflict resolution.",["1998, p. 62"]],["Media diplomacy determines media actions, including press conferences, interviews, leaks, visits of heads of state and discourse of mediators, visits to other countries, or even organized actions over communication channels such as nascent social media is the structure.",["Ceyhan, 2016, p. 988"]],["The aim here is to create a communication channel before reconciliation by mutually revealing the aims through the media and to conduct the relations through this communication channel. The purpose of the said communication channel is to eliminate the existing deadlocks, create an atmosphere of consensus by giving mutual messages, review the practitioner's strategic structures according to the behavior and reaction structures of the other party, and reconstruct them under the necessary conditions (Ceyhan, 2016, p. 988).",["Ceyhan, 2016, p. 988"]],["permits those who are engaged in complex negotiations to send signals that are multidirectional and can be interpreted and understood differently by different audiences",["Riley & Hollihan, 2012, p. 62"]],["media diplomacy acts as a conflict resolution integrated into the international functioning, not in the international arena that requires great power and economic investment such as military or economic interventions in a country's national interests.",[]],["it is a peaceful action designed to build trust with the foreign public and foreign societies through actions related to conflicts.",[]]],"rt":[["public diplomacy",["1998, p. 62"]],["production",["(2018, p. 28)"]],["distribution",["(2018, p. 28)"]],["media use",["(2018, p. 28)"]],["traditional diplomacy",[]],["diplomacy tools",[]],["media tools",[]]],"ex":[["press conferences, interviews, leaks, visits of heads of state and discourse of mediators, visits to other countries, or even organized actions over communication channels such as nascent social media",[]]]},{"de":[["Increasingly, these networks link all units or parts of this formation (individuals, groups and organizations). In western societies, the individual linked by networks is becoming the basic unit of the network society. In eastern societies, this might still be the group (family, community, work team) linked by networks.",[]]],"rt":[["media diplomacy",[]]]},{"rt":[["media diplomacy",[]]]},{"de":[["According to this model, there are two ways of communication for media diplomacy. In this communication process, political actors and institutions, and social elites enter the policy-making process to solve the international conflict or problem in the media.",["(2017, p. 18)","2017, p. 18"]]]},{"de":[["framing is a process that has been extensively examined in the fields of behavioural and social sciences.",[]],["weaving together a few fragments of perceived reality and then present a narrative that is convincing enough to persuade a particular audience.",["Coombs (2013)"]],["The media is able to capture the public attention by highlighting specific ideological viewpoints through the framing process.",[]],["framing allows the media to exclude other relevant ideas by focusing solely on a few selected ones.",[]],["information, images, and headlines generated through framing, which involve the selection and omission of elements, can significantly influence our perspectives.",[]],["highly effective methods that can be employed by the media or other relevant parties to influence the narratives surrounding an issue",[]],["The media is able to capture the public attention by highlighting specific ideological viewpoints through the framing process. Also, framing allows the media to exclude other relevant ideas by focusing solely on a few selected ones.",[]],["Also, framing allows the media to exclude other relevant ideas by focusing solely on a few selected ones.",[]]],"rt":[["othering",[]]]},{"de":[["The origins of othering can be traced all the way back to the colonial era, where colonisers felt that there was a need to set themselves apart from the colonised with them being regarded as the centre while the latter as the marginalised.",[]],["by othering the colonised, the colonisers were then able to employ that as a means of asserting their power, value, and dominance.",["Mushtaq (2010)"]],["By dividing into distinct categories of the in-group and out-group, the former then identify themselves as the 'I' who are spared from the marginalisation, disempowerment, and social exclusion imposed on the out-group.",["Bellinger (2020)"]],["it will always find itself closely intertwined with the notion of excluding certain individuals through the economic, social and legal strategies of those in power",["Greenberg, 1994"]],["highly effective methods that can be employed by the media or other relevant parties to influence the narratives surrounding an issue",[]],["Malaysians may feel more disunited because hate speeches are able to otherize certain races in Malaysia, which eventually dehumanise them.",[]]],"sy":[["bias",[]],["prejudice",[]],["discrimination",[]],["scapegoating",[]]],"rt":[["in-group",[]],["out-group",[]],["framing",[]]],"ex":[["portraying them as dirty due to their limited access to healthcare and sanitation systems, the Rohingyas have been othered as the group that could pose a health threat to Malaysians as they are more likely to get infected by the virus due to their poor living conditions",[]],["painting Muslims in a negative light by othering them as anti-democratic and anti-peace",[]],["how by constantly portraying them as dirty due to their limited access to healthcare and sanitation systems, the Rohingyas have been othered as the group that could pose a health threat to Malaysians as they are more likely to get infected by the virus due to their poor living conditions.",[]],["Western media is actively painting Muslims in a negative light by othering them as anti-democratic and anti-peace.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["critical media literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["the main reason for online falsehood",["Cavaliere, 2022"]]],"rt":[["online falsehood",["Cavaliere, 2022"]],["manufactured news",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["utilized to explain the material fitting with one's political viewpoint and is frequently cited as a push factor for individuals believing in fake news",["Bago et al., 2020"]]]},{"de":[["when there is no intention to cause any harm",["Gibbons and Carson (2022)"]]],"rt":[["manufactured news",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["whereby ministers become increasingly concerned to exert greater control over media representation while government press officers increasingly identify with and serve their particular needs",["Fredriksson et al. 2015, p27"]]]},{},{"de":[["asked to \"observe discretion and express comment with moderation, avoiding personal attacks, and would not normally speak in public for their Minister or the Department\"",[]]],"rt":[["media relations",[]]],"ex":[["the special adviser became the main conduit (IV14)",[]],["special advisers provided protection against media exposure but since their actions took place largely below the radar, they also provided a firebreak which could be disposed of when the inevitably risky game of media management took an unforeseen turn.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The contents of public archives delimit the narratives that may be told about the associated body politic, meaning that building out those archives is one means of claiming space to script the future.",[]]]},{"de":[["When such breaks do arrive, however, they are never sufficient to lift these women out of obscurity.",[]],["Effaced are the day-to-day working lives of these women.",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["misinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Emotional valence is one of the two dimensions-besides arousal-on which emotion can be located.",[]],["one of the two dimensions-besides arousal-on which emotion can be located",[]],["emotional valence potentially affects the spreading of (mis)information",[]],["emotional valence can also help to detect misinformation",[]]],"rt":[["arousal",[]]],"sb":[["anger",[]],["anxiety",[]],["joy",[]]]},{"de":[["In this paper, we emphasize what appears in the Google Fact Check Explorer API that was debunked as false, inaccurate or misleading from a fact-checkers point of view without taking intentions into consideration.",[]],["what appears in the Google Fact Check Explorer API that was debunked as false, inaccurate or misleading from a fact-checkers point of view without taking intentions into consideration.",[]],["Our conceptual understanding of misinformation, thus, is situational and expert/fact-checker driven.",[]],["identifying misinformation based on debunked stories from fact-checkers",[]],["misinformation is not necessarily created with the intention of causing harm or exerting influence (e.g. Carmi et al., 2020). In this paper, we emphasize what appears in the Google Fact Check Explorer API that was debunked as false, inaccurate or misleading from a fact-checkers point of view without taking intentions into consideration.",[]]],"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["information",[]]],"sb":[["virus characteristics",[]],["conspiracies",[]]]},{"de":[["Sentiment analysis is used, for example, to get insights about sentiments about products and services or to understand voter behavior and has been applied to several domains such as health care, financial services, and politics",["Pozzi et al., 2017"]],["different sentiment analysis methods could be tested on Twitter data also in order to replicate our findings",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["counter-performances of control",[]]]},{"de":[["social movement actors employ counter-performances such as demonstrations and strikes to impact political meaning-making practices and create alternative meanings (Apter, 2006;Eyerman, 2006).",["Apter, 2006","Eyerman, 2006"]]],"rt":[["contentious performances",["Tilly, 2008"]]],"ex":[["demonstrations and strikes",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the central concept used to analyze the transformation of meanings",[]],["\"Floating\" within and across discourses, empty signifiers typically constitute points of contestation.",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["monological",[]],["dialogical",[]],["plurilogical",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["As the \"showing of a doing, \" it conceives of performances as carefully staged and purposefully disseminated discursive events that aim to articulate political meaning (Rai, 2014;Rai et al., 2021).",["Rai, 2014","Rai et al., 2021"]]]},{"de":[["The virtual counter-performances both contested the legitimacy of institutional politics, in particular, governmental control during the crisis, and claimed control for grassroots actors like PEGIDA and their allies.",[]]],"sb":[["live broadcasts of political commentary",[]],["virtual protest events",[]]]},{},{"de":[["When they give voice to civil society actors, promote participation, or focus on reason and context instead of conflict, for instance, the media can facilitate public deliberation, conflict resolution, and citizens' self-government",["Lynch & McGoldrick, 2005","Wessler, 2018"]]],"rt":[["public deliberation",[]],["conflict resolution",[]],["citizens' self-government",[]],["critical role",[]]]},{"de":[["While alternative or critical media take a radical stance against power, mass media in the political mainstream instead function as watchdogs. They observe and comment on current processes and events and \"bark\" in the case of risks, threats, and dangers",["Christians et al., 2009","Zaller, 2003"]]],"rt":[["watchdogs",[]],["cooperative role",[]]]},{"de":[["Frames emphasize a particular problem definition, its underlying causes, and its consequences.",[]],["They thus promote a certain interpretation that contributes to the persuasiveness of arguments and suggests a positive or negative evaluation of the issue at stake",["Entman, 1993"]],["coded as a specific combination of a problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation",[]],["Frames emphasize a particular problem definition, its underlying causes, and its consequences. They thus promote a certain interpretation that contributes to the persuasiveness of arguments and suggests a positive or negative evaluation of the issue at stake",["Entman, 1993"]],["Frames emphasize a particular problem definition, its underlying causes, and its consequences. They thus promote a certain interpretation that contributes to the persuasiveness of arguments and suggests a positive or negative evaluation of the issue at stake (Entman, 1993).",["Entman, 1993"]]],"rt":[["problem definition",[]],["causal interpretation",[]],["moral evaluation",[]],["treatment recommendation",[]]],"sb":[["human interest",[]],["migration as a threat",[]],["economy",[]],["migration as a governance challenge",[]],["problem definition",[]],["causal interpretation",[]],["moral evaluation",[]],["treatment recommendation",[]]],"ex":[["as a humanitarian crisis in Arab countries or as a political crisis in Germany",[]]]},{"rt":[["issue-specific frames",["de Vreese, 2005"]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["soft-news-focused newscasts, political talk shows, and satirical shows",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["ideological role",[]]]},{"de":[["the things purchased by the irrational consumer were treated as trivial objects, often described using concepts such as 'wasteful' and 'gaudy'.",[]],["the focus was put on accentuating the constant need for things, and the inability to use one's already-acquired things for no other purpose than to highlight 'alleged' prestige.",[]],["the description of an irrational consumer went far beyond the boundaries of describing the relationship between a person and an object, and was broadened to define a person's values and provisions.",[]]]},{"sy":[["cult of things",[]],["materialism",[]]],"rt":[["materialism",[]]]},{"sy":[["cult of things",[]]]},{"de":[["As one of the means for the formation of rational consumption, Soviet propaganda had to impart to advertising the role of educating the consumer in aesthetic appreciation, since having seen product advertising created specifically for different products, consumers were meant not only to imagine what the products were for, but also to refine their aesthetic awareness and taste.",[]],["The choice of an item based almost purely on its functional purpose was considered as confirmation of a consumer's good aesthetic taste, that is, the item had to be convenient to use.",["50"]]]},{},{"rt":[["socialist principles",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The term thus describes an ideological stance, marked by its distrust towards authority, rather than a calculated effort to deceive.",[]],["typically seeks to 'reveal secret plots' behind it",["Rosenblum and Muirhead (2019, 20)"]]]},{},{"de":[["Security analysts and fact-checking companies often use Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior (that is, multiple inauthentic accounts pushing identical content), IP tracing, or linguistic traits to identify a connection with disinformation campaigns",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation campaigns",[]]]},{"de":[["The freedom to articulate one's views and convictions allows citizens to communicate with one another. It enables the key functions of collective self-government, such as agenda-setting, the defense of interests, negotiation, and persuasion",[]]]},{"de":[["I refer to disinformation as false content deliberately created to mislead and manipulate the political judgments of its audience.",[]],["This means that a piece of disinformation contains at least three elements: (i) the speaker believes that a statement is factually erroneous, (ii) the speaker consciously presents as what they believe to be factually true, and (iii) the purpose of this misrepresentation is to misguide the audience's political reasoning.",["1","2"]],["extensive deceptive information can counteract the democratic purpose of free speech",[]],["disinformation differs from factually false opinion since it does not convey authentic personal beliefs",[]],["deceptive speech denies others as co-founders of a common world by distorting the epistemic basis on which their judgments rest.",[]],["a disinformation speaker tends to (i) make baseless assertions without credible evidence, (ii) refuse to justify or correct claims when pressed, and (iii) urge listeners to disengage from other sources and rely solely on the speaker's authority.",[]],["Disinformation speakers, on the other hand, tend to delegitimize all the rival claims, calling them fake or politically tainted, and urge listeners to disengage from other sources and rely exclusively on the speaker's authority.",[]],["its defining feature is that the speaker deliberately misrepresents their views.",[]],["confronting disinformation requires differentiating deceptive falsehoods from other false accounts.",[]],["norm-disrupting speech seeking to disturb public deliberation",[]],["norm-disrupting, manipulative speech",[]],["its defining feature is that the speaker deliberately misrepresents their views",[]],["disinformation should not be conflated with factually false opinion, as it does not represent genuine personal beliefs",[]],["Specifically, I refer to disinformation as false content deliberately created to mislead and manipulate the political judgments of its audience.",[]],["disinformation, particularly as norm-disrupting, manipulative speech, is not entitled to the same protection as persuasion or mobilization.",[]]],"sy":[["deceptive speech",[]],["fake news",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["persuasion",[]],["manipulation",[]],["deception",[]],["strategic rhetoric",[]],["factually false opinion",[]],["toxic persuasion",[]],["false opinion",[]],["deceptive falsehoods",[]],["conspiracy theory",[]]],"sb":[["false connections",["Wardle 2020"]],["false context",["Wardle 2020"]],["imposter content",["Wardle 2020"]],["fabricated content",["Wardle 2020"]]],"sp":[["clear-cut lies",[]]],"ex":[["false connections",[]],["false context",[]],["imposter content",[]],["fabricated content",[]]]},{"sy":[["political gaslighting",["Beerbohm and Davis (2023)"]]]},{"de":[["Pervasive disinformation breeds what McKay and Tenove (2021, 708) call 'epistemic cynicism'",["McKay and Tenove (2021, 708)"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["Disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["The stubbornness of factual truth is manifest in a statement such as 'Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914', whose validity can be affirmed even by 'the most extreme and sophisticated believers in historicism'",[]]]},{"sp":[["Disinformation",[]]]},{"sp":[["Disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["the pursuit of truth, individual freedom, and the functioning of a democratic state",[]],["Free speech is therefore constitutive of democracy.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["does not 'reflect upon personal truthfulness'",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["ordinary persuasion",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["epistemic abuse",["Beerbohm and Davis (2023)"]]]},{"de":[["I propose a 'reduction model' and a two-track identification system to identify content that can be subject to removal.",[]],["Susskind proposes to sort platforms on their scales and the level of social risks they pose. Large-scale and high-risk platforms should be subject to more stringent regulation and reduce false content more rigorously.",["Susskind (2022)"]]]},{"de":[["the ability to verbalize internal thoughts is central to personal freedom.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Toxic persuasion tends not to be completely baseless and can retain a measure of validity in certain contexts.",[]]],"rt":[["false opinion",[]],["persuasion",[]]]},{"de":[["John Stuart Mill (2015[1859]) famously argues that even factually erroneous opinions should be freely aired, since public debate and deliberation may expose neglected truths.",[]]]},{"de":[["While clickbait is often viewed as a tool for selling content rather than intentionally deceiving or manipulating the audience, it is hard to ignore the possibility that this marketing activity may contribute to the dissemination of fake news (Alves et al., 2016).",["Alves et al., 2016"]]],"ex":[["The publication of clickbait itself can be considered as fake news, as it misleads the audience through headlines that are inconsistent with the actual content.",[]]]},{"de":[["It is a strategic and calculated action aimed at achieving specific effects, involving all components of the information process.",[]],["Understanding the intentionality behind disinformation is crucial to comprehending its nature and impact",["Gans, 2004","Wardle, 2020"]],["a phenomenon that contributes to political and social trends in 21st century societies",["McNair, 2018"]],["involving distorted signals unrelated to the truth or part of psychological warfare based on manipulating public opinion",["Alwairi, Alwahedi, 2018"]],["Disinformation is consciously distributed for specific purposes defined by the sender, often using channels that accelerate its dissemination and expand its reach to a wide audience.",[]],["Unlike conveying a message through lies, disinformation involves deliberate concealment or distortion of facts to create false beliefs in recipients.",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"rt":[["information bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["This echo chamber effect fosters extremism, as individuals within these bubbles become less critical and more unified in their beliefs, even if they are based on false information (Szpunar, 2014).",["Szpunar, 2014"]]],"rt":[["information bubbles",[]]]},{"de":[["The basic tool of disinformation is fake news, which encompasses the space between truth and lies.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["Fake science comprises theories and claims that may appear similar to scientific theories in terms of writing, methodology, and argumentation, but lack empirical confirmation.",[]],["Unlike pseudoscience, fake science employs a reproducible methodology and is based on true claims (May, 2019).",["May, 2019"]],["fake science, which distorts reality by presenting facts as non-facts and presenting pseudo-evidence as credible evidence.",[]],["It can be seen as an imitation of science.",[]],["Unlike pseudoscience, fake science employs a reproducible methodology and is based on true claims",["May, 2019"]],["distorts reality by presenting facts as non-facts and presenting pseudo-evidence as credible evidence",[]],["employs a reproducible methodology and is based on true claims (May, 2019)",["May, 2019"]]],"rt":[["pseudoscience",[]]]},{"sp":[["washing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["As a result, recipients of information avoid conflicting messages, intellectually isolating themselves from their environment. This leads to a selfperpetuating cycle of opinions, where people are locked into echo chambers, repeating the same content and surrounding themselves with information that confirms their preexisting beliefs.",[]],["distort our perception of reality. Such bubbles can contribute to the disappearance or significant reduction of awareness about the phenomenon of disinformation, making it a fertile ground for its spread.",[]],["As a result, recipients of information avoid conflicting messages, intellectually isolating themselves from their environment.",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]],["This leads to a selfperpetuating cycle of opinions, where people are locked into echo chambers, repeating the same content and surrounding themselves with information that confirms their preexisting beliefs.",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]],["Disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation are three perspectives from which we can understand the impact of information disorder.",[]]],"sb":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]],["malinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["As a result, the recipient receives a factual message, but their emotional response to it may be different than if they had received it in a neutral or contextually appropriate context.",[]],["Malinformation is often used in political struggles to discredit a social group or individual, portraying them in a negative light or undermining their social standing.",[]],["The impact of malinformation is serious and often more dangerous than the previous two types of information disorder, as it is difficult to track and eliminate.",[]],["The criteria for detecting context manipulation are not as transparent as identifying false information in content, and the social impact is significant as it is aimed at harming specific members of society",["Wardle, 2020"]],["In theory, the information may be true, but in practice, the effects are similar to disinformation.",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["a key skill in the 21st century that allows individuals to navigate the information environment and make informed choices.",[]]]},{"de":[["Even though the content is shared in good faith, it can still cause social harm",["Wardle, 2021"]],["Often, the sender shares this information in good faith, such as when they learn something important and want to share it with friends or family.",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["However, in reality, it is a strategy used to shift the focus away from overt discrimination, exclusion, or violence, disguised under the guise of inclusive rhetoric.",[]]],"sy":[["rainbowwashing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Their actions can weaken companies and their position in the industry by spreading messages about alleged crises or the unprofitability of entire sectors.",[]]]},{"de":[["It often refers to concepts lacking scientific justification or combines them with scientific definitions and publications from unknown or unrecognized sources, relying on isolated and ambiguous experiments (Żukowska et al., 2021).",["Żukowska et al., 2021"]],["It often refers to concepts lacking scientific justification or combines them with scientific definitions and publications from unknown or unrecognized sources, relying on isolated and ambiguous experiments",["Żukowska et al., 2021"]]],"rt":[["fake science",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["washing",[]]],"ex":[["organizing sporting events, ranging from local tournaments to world championships, or owning a sports team or club",[]],["organizing sporting events, ranging from local tournaments to world championships, or owning a sports team or club, such as Paris Saint-Germain",[]]]},{"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["They launch disinformation attacks in the form of entertainment or hate speech publications, with the aim of destabilizing discussions, misleading other participants, and tarnishing the reputation of companies. Trolls generate up to 12 times more content, often using colloquial language and profanity, and they respond to almost every comment that references their statements",["Musiał, 2017"]]]},{"sp":[["washing",[]]],"ex":[["changing logos to Ukrainian colors or claiming withdrawal from the Russian market despite lacking actual plans to do so",["Korcz, Podus, 2022"]]]},{"sb":[["greenwashing",[]],["sportwashing",[]],["warwashing",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["A response can be a comment to the source post, or to a response",[]],["A response can be a comment to the source post, or to a response;",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Concern over bio medical fake news is rising",[]]]},{"sy":[["fraudulent biomedical news",[]],["bogus news",[]]]},{"de":[["certain groups also exploit these channels negatively, frequently to obtain financial advantage and occasionally to influence public opinion, affect people's attitudes, or propagate irony or ridiculousness",["6"]]]},{},{"de":[["The impact of fake news extends beyond individual beliefs, as it can shape public opinion, influence decision-making, and even incite social unrest",["2"]],["It can be categorized into various types, including fabricated stories, clickbait headlines, satire or parody, and manipulated content [4].",["4"]]],"sy":[["hoaxes",["5"]]],"sb":[["fabricated stories",["4"]],["clickbait headlines",["4"]],["satire or parody",["4"]],["manipulated content",["4"]],["fabricated stories, clickbait headlines, satire or parody, and manipulated content",["4"]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["X happened because Y.",[]]]},{"ex":[["X increased, while Y decreased.",[]],["Even though X, Y happened.",[]]]},{"de":[["Score 1: All facts are captured.",[]],["Score 0: One or more facts are missing.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["If the original sentence encodes a relationship (causal, temporal, comparative, conditional, attribution), the decomposition must preserve that relationship.",[]],["Score 1: Fully faithful to the source.",[]],["Score 0: Alters or misrepresents the source or does not preserve relationship.",[]]],"sy":[["Coherence",[]],["Entailment",[]]],"ex":[["Original claim: James was born in 1998.",[]]]},{"ex":[["X did not happen.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Score 1: Verifiable.",[]],["Score 0: Vague or unverifiable.",[]]],"ex":[["Tesla's Q4 2024 revenue was $25 billion.",[]],["Tesla is very successful.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Include as verifiable: entity/role facts; events (who/what/when/where); quantified facts (numbers/dates/comparisons); attributed statements/stances; context-bridged answers (e.g., Q: \"Who is CEO?\" → A: \"John.\").",[]]]},{"de":[["a component of fake news",[]],["Thai authorities slowed the propagation of misinformation and disinformation during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic",["Smith & Perry, 2020, p. 259"]]],"rt":[["inauthentic behaviours",[]],["harm",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["each jurisdiction has developed its own definition of fake news.",[]],["Singapore and Thailand have tried to provide a simple definition which, unfortunately, leaves a considerable amount of leeway for judges to bring their understanding of what constitutes fake news.",[]],["the offences of spreading fake news do not require that it be carried out with intent.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["This concept further says that public media should be completely free from the government's supremacy and should be governed by the public.",[]],["Furthermore, this theory explains the purpose of this media system is not only to earn capital but also to work as a watchdog for unequal power distribution in government and corruption",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["framing devices",["Tankard, 2001"]]]},{"de":[["It could be both comforting and alarming at the same time (ambivalent) and neither positive nor negative (neutral).",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["accuracy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Estos mensajes suelen emplear categorías objetivas o neutras para describir a un grupo social.",["De Lucas et al., 2022"]]],"ex":[["Un grupo de marroquíes ha llegado a la frontera",[]],["\"Un grupo de marroquíes ha llegado a la frontera\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Estos discursos suelen estar relacionados con la generalización de conductas negativas.",["De Lucas et al., 2022"]]],"ex":[["Los inmigrantes se aprovechan de las ayudas sociales",[]],["\"Los inmigrantes se aprovechan de las ayudas sociales\"",[]]]},{"de":[["En este nivel no hay insultos explícitos, pero se construye un discurso de rechazo hacia el colectivo.",["De Lucas et al., 2022"]]],"ex":[["Los musulmanes solo vienen a imponer su religión",[]],["\"Los musulmanes solo vienen a imponer su religión\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Este nivel incluye también intensificadores lingüísticos, como \"de mierda\" o \"pedazo de\", que aumentan la carga negativa del mensaje.",["De Lucas et al., 2022"]]],"rt":[["intensificadores lingüísticos",[]]],"ex":[["Marruecos solo exporta marroquíes de mierda que no quieren trabajar",[]],["\"Marruecos solo exporta marroquíes de mierda que no quieren trabajar\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Estas expresiones pueden incluir intimidaciones, alegrías explícitas ante un daño ya consumado o incitaciones no directas a la violencia.",[]],["Estas expresiones pueden incluir intimidaciones, alegrías explícitas ante un daño ya consumado o incitaciones no directas a la violencia. Aunque no siempre se da una incitación clara y explícita, el mensaje busca generar miedo, humillación o un ambiente hostil hacia el colectivo objetivo.",["De Lucas et al., 2022"]]],"ex":[["Ten cuidado cuando vayas por la calle; no todos los fachas llegan a casa enteros",[]],["Me alegra que se haya muerto ese torero; la tauromaquia debería desaparecer junto con ellos",[]],["\"Ten cuidado cuando vayas por la calle; no todos los fachas llegan a casa enteros\"",[]],["\"Me alegra que se haya muerto ese torero; la tauromaquia debería desaparecer junto con ellos\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Estas expresiones pueden incluir referencias a acciones como matar, golpear, violar o agredir físicamente a los miembros de un colectivo, o atacar instituciones, símbolos o propiedades relacionadas con ellos.",["De Lucas et al., 2022"]]],"ex":[["Deberíamos matar a todos esos musulmanes; están destruyendo nuestro país",[]],["Hay que quemar todas las mezquitas; no son más que nidos de terroristas",[]],["\"Deberíamos matar a todos esos musulmanes; están destruyendo nuestro país\"",[]],["\"Hay que quemar todas las mezquitas; no son más que nidos de terroristas\"",[]]]},{"sp":[["peace journalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["generic influences",["3"]]]},{"sp":[["peace journalism",[]]]},{"rt":[["conflict-related influences",["3"]]]},{"de":[["Promoting a humanizing approach towards individuals entangled in conflicts, encompassing both victims and perpetrators, and discouraging dehumanizing depictions that fuel hostility and bias.",[]]],"sp":[["peace journalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["an ethical framework based on alethic rights",[]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation generally serves some agenda and can be dangerous. During this pandemic, we are seeing it used to try to erode our trust in each other and in our government and public institutions",["World Health Organization, 2021"]]],"sy":[["nonaccidentally misleading information",["Fallis, 2015"]],["intentionally misleading information",["Søe, 2021"]]],"sp":[["information disorder",["Wardle & Derakshan, 2017, p. 5"]]]},{"de":[["Disinformation generally serves some agenda and can be dangerous. During this pandemic, we are seeing it used to try to erode our trust in each other and in our government and public institutions",["World Health Organization, 2021"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["Mis-information",[]],["Mal-information",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["epistemic injustice",[]]]},{"de":[["fake news dissemination may fall in disinformation or misinformation categories, according to its intention to be harmful.",["Agarwal & Alsaeedi, 2021"]],["fake news is part of democratic life but profoundly anti-democratic.",[]],["fake news reveals greater problems, like politicization and weaponization of information, traditional media crisis, and technological incapacity to control the spread of misinformation",["Zimdars & Mcleod, 2020"]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]],"sb":[["fake news as satire",["Anstead, 2021","(Anstead, 2021)"]],["fake news as misleading content",["Anstead, 2021","(Anstead, 2021)"]],["fake news as populist rhetoric",["Anstead, 2021","(Anstead, 2021)"]]]},{"de":[["Some of it is merely confusing, but some of the misinformation can be actively harmful to life",["World Health Organization, 2020, p. 1"]]]},{"de":[["information hygiene should be inculcated among all citizens from the earliest age. Just as children are taught to brush their teeth daily and wash their hands after visiting the toilet",[]]]},{"de":[["information literacy should be taught as a dynamic experience and process",["Mignardi & Sturge, 2021, p. 19"]],["information should be critically assessed as production of society",[]],["and information should be critically assessed as production of society.",["Delellis & Rubin, 2020"]]],"rt":[["media literacy",[]]]},{"rt":[["Mis-information",[]],["Dis-information",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",["Wardle & Derakshan, 2017, p. 5"]]]},{"de":[["Misinformation is often started by someone who genuinely wants to understand a topic and cares about keeping other people safe and well. It is then shared by others who feel the same. Everyone believes they are sharing good information -but unfortunately, they are not. And depending on what is being shared, the misinformation can turn out to be quite harmful",["World Health Organization, 2021"]]],"sp":[["information disorder",["Wardle & Derakshan, 2017, p. 5"]]]},{"de":[["misinformation cultivated an us-versus-them mentality that could easily lead the public to viewing librarians as an enemy.",["Young et al., 2020, p. 8"]],["the authors propose the adoption of a creator and user perspective, along with some solutions, that theoretically include disinformation and misinformation in an information behavior model",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["Dis-information",[]],["Mal-information",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["post-truth amounts to a form of ideological supremacy, whereby its practitioners are trying to compel someone to believe in something whether there is good evidence for it or not.",["McIntyre, 2018, p. 13"]]],"rt":[["information disorder",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["gender bias",[]]]},{"sy":[["sexism",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["gender bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["gender bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["gender prominence",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["For example, the category 'against Brussels' could be generated from 'fault of' and 'Brussels' or 'hazard' and 'Brussels' and so on.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["economic migrants",[]],["refugees",[]]]},{},{"de":[["He also stresses its most important properties in relation to communication: 1) Lying, 2) Th e withholding of information, 3) strategic selectivity, 4) exaggeration, 5) explicit or covert aff ective appeals to desire or to fear and 6) Use of a \"rhetoric of visual display and/or linguistic structure which seek to manage phatic contexts (e.g., of trust, of intimacy) and to organize the fl ow of meaning and of value in ways not arising out of the rational content of the communication\"",["Corner, 2007, pp. 674-675"]],["He also stresses its most important properties in relation to communication: 1) Lying, 2) Th e withholding of information, 3) strategic selectivity, 4) exaggeration, 5) explicit or covert aff ective appeals to desire or to fear and 6) Use of a \"rhetoric of visual display and/or linguistic structure which seek to manage phatic contexts (e.g., of trust, of intimacy) and to organize the fl ow of meaning and of value in ways not arising out of the rational content of the communication\" (Corner, 2007, pp. 674-675).",["Corner, 2007, pp. 674-675"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["disinformation tactics such as hashtag flooding",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Texts that contain explicit threats of violence or encourage violent acts against individuals or groups.",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Can extend to mocking people with physical disabilities, skin conditions, or other visible physical traits.",[]],["Texts that criticize or mock someone's physical appearance, such as body size or traits, including physical disabilities or conditions.",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Texts that reinforce harmful gender stereotypes or discriminate based on gender identity or expression. Includes sexist or transphobic remarks.",[]]],"rt":[["sexist remarks",[]],["transphobic speech",[]],["misogynistic",[]],["misandrist",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Hate speech can potentially inflict societal harm by promoting division among communities, exacerbating mental health problems, and inciting violence",["Sahoo et al., 2024"]],["The lack of hate speech moderation cultivates an environment of intolerance and magnifies the negative impact on the target communities",["Hangartner et al., 2021"]],["Hate speech lacks a consistent definition across the literature",[]],["Dehumanizing language or comparisons",[]],["Calls for violence or harm",[]],["Discriminatory slurs or epithets",[]],["Stereotyping entire groups negatively",[]],["Promoting supremacy of one group over others",[]],["HATE SPEECH DEFINITION: Text that expresses or incites hatred, discrimination, or violence against individuals or groups based on: -Political affiliation -Religion (e.g., Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, Christian) -Gender -Personal offense -Abusive or violence -Origin -Body Shaming",[]]],"rt":[["offensive language",[]],["sexism",[]],["abusive content",[]],["slang",[]],["cyberbullying",[]],["explainability",[]],["fairness",[]],["bias mitigation",[]]],"sb":[["Political",[]],["Religious",[]],["Gender",[]],["Personal Offense",[]],["Abusive/Violence",[]],["Origin",[]],["Body Shaming",[]]]},{"de":[["Includes racial slurs, promotion of racist/nationalist ideologies, calls for racial segregation or deportation, or speech that attributes negative characteristics to groups.",[]],["Texts targeting someone based on their nationality, ethnicity, or race. This includes racial slurs or calls for exclusion based on origin.",[]]],"rt":[["racial slurs",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Includes mocking tragedies, using insulting names, or making derogatory comments.",[]],["Deeply insulting or offensive remarks directed at an individual, which do not target a specific group but are highly personal.",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Includes calls for harming political opponents, dehumanizing metaphors applied to political groups, or the deliberate spread of disinformation intended to foment hatred.",[]],["Texts that attack, criticize, or promote hate based on political affiliations, views, or ideologies. This includes language dehumanizing political opponents or encouraging harm.",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["Includes language that demonizes religious communities, advocates for discrimination against religious groups, or incites violence toward religious institutions or adherents.",[]],["Texts targeting someone's religious beliefs or lack thereof, or that promote violence or discrimination based on religion.",[]]],"sp":[["hate speech",[]]]},{"de":[["overly generous distribution of campaign funds in bulk",[]],["inefficient in terms of delivering impressions, it is relatively successful in reaching desired demographics",[]],["very loosely targeted social media advertisement campaigns",[]]],"rt":[["microtargeted social media campaigns",[]]]},{"sy":[["business parties",[]]]},{"rt":[["lifestyle politics",["Suuronen et al. (2022)"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["formal politics",["Suuronen et al. (2022)"]]]},{"rt":[["political influentials",[]],["opinion leaders",[]]],"sp":[["social media influencers",[]]]},{"de":[["to understand political impact, we will look at social media influencers who regularly post political content on their profiles.",[]],["From a political communication perspective, this study contributes to an emerging literature which not only considers social media influencers as brand ambassadors, but also as actors who potentially transmit political messages to their followers.",[]]],"rt":[["brand ambassadors",[]]]},{"sp":[["mediated deliberation",[]]]},{"de":[["The first is that deliberation helps people to identify which problems affect their community.",[]],["The second refers to the fact that deliberation serves to build solutions to these problems.",[]]]},{"sy":[["republican",[]],["republican democracy",[]]]},{"sp":[["mediated deliberation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["assume, in many cases, that the coverage generated from the country's capital (quintile I) and the so-called \"national media\" correctly represents what is happening at the national level",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Thus, citizens can observe the deliberations between politicians, journalists, lobbyists, intellectuals, and other public actors, through the press, and learn about the rules of operation of the political system, and its values, as well as the various existing positions on controversial issues.",[]]],"rt":[["Civility",[]],["Proposals",[]],["Reason giving",[]],["Dialogism",[]]],"sb":[["reason-giving (5)",[]],["plurality of voices (6)",[]],["civility (7)",[]],["dialogism (8)",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["editorial treatment",[]],["visibility",[]]],"sp":[["impartiality",[]]]},{"sy":[["JOURNALISTIC QUALITY",[]]]},{"sp":[["mediated deliberation",[]]]},{"de":[["tendency towards political personalization in the coverage of electoral campaigns focused on the candidates and not on the political parties",[]],["a trend that has been detected for years and in different countries around the world",["Mazzoleni, 2014"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Denmark has a 'feminine culture'",[]]]},{"rt":[["Framing theory",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Studies on ads have found credibility ratings to be higher when the gender of a message source matches the gender of the receiver (Bochner 1994).",["1994"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["conspiracy mentality",[]]]},{"sy":[["conspiracy ideation",[]]]},{"de":[["Individuals with a conspiracy mentality tend to deny official accounts of events (Uscinski et al., 2020), engage in a variety of strategies to maintain their worldview (e.g., Miller et al., 2016) and have a strong need for control (van Prooijen & Acker, 2015).",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["in contrast to hyperpartisan news outlets that take a strong ideological stance on current events",["Pennycook & Rand, 2021"]]],"rt":[["hyperpartisan news outlets",[]]],"ex":[["the New York Times",[]],["the BBC",[]]]},{"de":[["Here, we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term covering false claims in general",["Lewandowsky et al., 2020"]],["as it is impossible in this context to know the intention behind them.",[]],["it may even be shared by people trying to be helpful (Wardle, 2018).",["Wardle, 2018"]],["Here, we use the term misinformation as an umbrella term covering false claims in general (see also Lewandowsky et al., 2020), as it is impossible in this context to know the intention behind them.",["Lewandowsky et al., 2020"]]],"sy":[["false claims in general",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["as it signals people's awareness or lack thereof of how much they can trust the information ecosystem they experience.",[]]],"sp":[["misinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["deeper, more complex competencies",[]]],"sp":[["digital literacy",[]],["complex competencies",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["digital literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["Es la fobia hacia el pobre la que lleva a rechazar a las personas, a las razas y a aquellas etnias que habitualmente no tienen recursos y, por lo tanto, no pueden ofrecer nada, o parece que no pueden hacerlo",["Cortina, 2017, p. 21"]]]},{"sy":[["noticias o hechos falsos o malinterpretados",[]]]},{"de":[["Estos contenidos se caracterizan por su falta de rigor y por haber sido creados con la voluntad de manipular a la opinión pública a través de la distorsión de los hechos.",["Olmo & Romero, 2019"]],["De esta forma, consiguen transmitir una realidad ficticia con el objetivo de desestabilizar a la audiencia que los recibe (Olmo & Romero, 2019).",["Olmo & Romero, 2019"]],["Estos contenidos se caracterizan por su falta de rigor y por haber sido creados con la voluntad de manipular a la opinión pública a través de la distorsión de los hechos. De esta forma, consiguen transmitir una realidad ficticia con el objetivo de desestabilizar a la audiencia que los recibe",["Olmo & Romero, 2019"]],["Estos contenidos se caracterizan por su falta de rigor y por haber sido creados con la voluntad de manipular a la opinión pública a través de la distorsión de los hechos. De esta forma, consiguen transmitir una realidad ficticia con el objetivo de desestabilizar a la audiencia que los recibe (Olmo & Romero, 2019).",["Olmo & Romero, 2019"]]],"sy":[["bulos",[]],["fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["con una carga semántica más allá de su propio significado",[]]]},{"de":[["El uso en el discurso de términos que insultan, que agreden, y que no requieren de otro tipo de contexto para saber que estamos ante una agresión explícita",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Verification is the editorial technique used by journalists -including fact-checkers-to verify the accuracy of a statement",["Verification Handbook, 2013"]],["Esta verificación consistiría en comprobar si las declaraciones realizadas por alguien, especialmente responsables políticos, o los contenidos generados por los usuarios, son verdaderos, falsos o imprecisos, a través de la comprobación de datos y hechos.",[]]],"rt":[["fact-checking",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Esta verificación consistiría en comprobar si las declaraciones realizadas por alguien, especialmente responsables políticos, o los contenidos generados por los usuarios, son verdaderos, falsos o imprecisos, a través de la comprobación de datos y hechos.",[]]]},{"de":[["Attitude was operationalized via two statements that Asian immigrants who are allowed to stay in the United States should be grateful for that and not complain about their situation",[]]],"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]]]},{"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]],["CARIN criteria",[]]]},{"de":[["The control principle was measured using a single statement referring to whether Asian immigrants who come to the United States for work should be entitled to remain in the country.",[]]],"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]],["CARIN criteria",[]]]},{"de":[["the perceived motive for migration-whether forced or not-is critical, as it is the key distinction in various legal definitions between refugees and immigrants",["Douglas et al., 2019"]]],"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]]]},{"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]]]},{"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]],["CARIN criteria",[]]]},{"rt":[["kinship relations",["Meuleman et al., 2020"]],["place of residence",["Meuleman et al., 2020"]]],"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]]]},{"sb":[["control",[]],["attitude criterion",[]],["reciprocity criterion",[]],["identity condition",[]],["need",[]],["attitude",[]],["reciprocity",[]],["identity",[]]]},{"de":[["Finally, the need criterion was measured using two items stating that permanent settlement should be reserved for those Asian immigrants living in poverty or with dependent young children",[]]],"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]],["CARIN criteria",[]]]},{"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]]]},{"de":[["Reciprocity was measured by two statements that settlement in the country should depend on their potential contributions to the national economy or labor market",[]]],"sp":[["migrant deservingness",[]]],"ex":[["participation in the labor market",[]],["an appreciation of thanks",[]]]},{"rt":[["cyberbullying",[]],["hate-speech",[]],["pile-ons",[]],["public shaming",[]],["cross-platform trolling",[]],["doxxing",[]],["revenge porn",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["networked model",["(p. 1)"]]]},{"rt":[["institutional model of science communication",["(p. 1)"]]]},{"sp":[["Propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["Recent work on automatically identifying media frames includes developing coding schemes and semi-automated methods (Boydstun et al., 2013), datasets such as the Media Frames Corpus (Card et al., 2015), and systems to automatically detect media frames (Liu et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2019), large-scale automatic analysis of news articles (Kwak et al., 2020), and semi-supervised approaches (Cheeks et al., 2020).",["Boydstun et al., 2013","Card et al., 2015","Liu et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2019","Kwak et al., 2020","Cheeks et al., 2020"]]],"sb":[["Economy",[]],["Capacity and resources",[]],["Morality",[]],["Fairness and equality",[]],["Legality, constitutionality and jurisprudence",[]],["Policy prescription and evaluation",[]],["Crime and punishment",[]],["Security and defense",[]],["Health and safety",[]],["Quality of life",[]],["Cultural identity",[]],["Public opinion",[]],["Politics",[]],["External regulation and reputation",[]],["Other",[]]]},{},{"de":[["At least on the surface, epidemic psychology seems to be a universal human trait.",[]]]},{"de":[["It could even speed up the epidemic by influencing and fragmenting social response",["Kim et al., 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["The metaphors used in these automythologies were: having a new life, having been lucky, and having a fire burning inside.",[]]],"sp":[["quest narratives",[]],["quest narrative",[]]],"ex":[["Reborn. Alva Ivarsson is convinced that everything has a meaning. \"For me the accident meant that I had to learn to listen to myself and I found a new Alva. This is my second life!\"",[]],["I have had a guardian angel",[]],["I felt something being lit inside me by that fire.",[]]]},{"de":[["Narratives become broken because tellers' bodies are somehow broken, lacking capacities essential for storytelling, such as speech or memory. (Frank, 2013, p. 201)",["Frank, 2013, p. 201"]],["Telling broken narratives \"requires someone else's collaboration\" (Frank, 2013, p. 201), i.e. a vicarious voice (Hydén, 2008)",["Frank, 2013, p. 201"]],["It is a process of voicing, albeit not only physically but also psychologically. (Hydén, 2008, p. 40)",["Hydén, 2008, p. 40"]]],"rt":[["vicarious voice",[]]],"sp":[["narrative types",[]]]},{"de":[["While experiencing ongoing chaos, producing a narrative is difficult and therefore chaos narratives are told in retrospect.",[]],["Instead, the narrative is about vulnerability, futility, and impotence.",[]],["While the restitution narrative trusts in medicine, the chaos narrative is about medicine's inability to control the illness, leaving the person with a sense of lost hope and control.",[]],["which may be an intent to raise awareness about shortcomings in the rehabilitation systems for people with aphasia.",[]],["While experiencing ongoing chaos, producing a narrative is difficult and therefore chaos narratives are told in retrospect. However, distance from the chaos does not imply that a happy ending has been achieved. Instead, the narrative is about vulnerability, futility, and impotence. While the restitution narrative trusts in medicine, the chaos narrative is about medicine's inability to control the illness, leaving the person with a sense of lost hope and control.",[]],["The chaos is about struggling with the aphasia without seeing any way out.",[]],["While experiencing ongoing chaos, producing a narrative is difficult and therefore chaos narratives are told in retrospect. However, distance from the chaos does not imply that a happy ending has been achieved. Instead, the narrative is about vulnerability, futility, and impotence.",[]]],"rt":[["restitution narrative",[]]],"sp":[["narrative types",[]]]},{"de":[["they were in minority in relation to the much larger number of success stories.",[]]],"sb":[["chaos narratives",[]],["broken narratives",[]]],"ex":[["defeat story (n = 11)",[]]]},{"de":[["how something is presented (the frame) influences the choices people make",["Asemah & Edegoh, 2012, p. 117"]]],"rt":[["framing theory",[]]]},{"de":[["frames are not only about what is being discussed, but also about what is not being discussed.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["humour narrative tellers create a distance to the hardships by making jokes at their own expense.",[]]]},{"sp":[["quest narratives",[]],["quest narrative",[]]]},{"de":[["Many of these memoir narratives were framed as stories about stubbornness (e.g. being strong, having willpower, or never giving up)",[]],["the person was said to have gained something from the experience of acquiring and living with aphasia, in terms of appreciating life more or being a better person",[]]],"sp":[["quest narratives",[]]],"ex":[["The fact that she is now back and even working part time is due to her underlying stubbornness and strength.",[]],["I enjoy life more now. I have a whole new understanding of what life is worth and can give",[]]]},{"de":[["regarding who was given voice",[]]]},{"de":[["In these necessity narratives, the tellers have to some extent surrendered to the situation (and thus given up their agency) but at the same time they have decided to keep on struggling (being agents in their recovery) to make the best of their life with aphasia.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["memoirs",[]],["manifestos",[]],["automythologies",[]]]},{"de":[["the active agents were the persons with aphasia themselves, as opposed to the external solutions that constituted the remedy in the restitution narratives.",[]],["What is considered restitution, chaos, or quests for one group may not be so for another because of differences in whether the condition is congenital or acquired or because of differences in the condition's severity or anticipated trajectory.",[]]],"sp":[["Frank's typology",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["participatory media",["Rodríguez 2008"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["proposed by Michael Renov",[]]]},{"sy":[["citizen's media",["Rodríguez 2008"]]],"rt":[["alternative media",[]],["citizens' media",[]]]},{"sp":[["different types of documentary",[]]]},{"sp":[["sustainable journalism",[]]]},{"sp":[["sustainable journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["the cross-border frame consists of the combination of nation-states (Ukraine, Senegal, Russia), transnational organisations (African Union), and particular parts of the world (the West), testifying to a coverage that spatially stretches over several continents.",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["It thus concerns media's ability to endow covered events and problems ideally with local, domestic, and global perspectives simultaneously and to explain their relations",["Cottle, 2009","Hellmueller & Berglez, 2022","Rothenberger et al., 2023"]],["or at least combining two of these perspectives.",[]],["In classic SD thinking, cross-border interdependencies are of pivotal importance (Brundtland, 1987(Brundtland, /2022)). Decisions, actions, and processes in one part of the world affect living conditions on the other side of the planet, and vice versa, not least across the Global North and Global South (Cohen, 2021: 7-8).",["Brundtland, 1987(Brundtland, /2022)","Cohen, 2021"]]],"rt":[["cross-border relations",[]]],"sp":[["sustainable journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["The more of such \"double hybridisation\", the stronger the sustainability discourse in the news.",[]]]},{"de":[["frames function as organising principles that structure experience and guide interpretation",[]],["a central organizing idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them",[]]],"sb":[["Generic frames",[]],["Issue-specific frames",[]],["Generic frames -broad interpretive structures that recur across multiple issues and contexts, such as responsibility and morality",["Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000"]],["Issue-specific frames -tailored to particular topics and reflecting an issue's distinctive discursive features, such as \"scientific uncertainty\" in climate coverage",["Pan & Kosicki, 1993"]]]},{"rt":[["hybrid frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]],["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["Rather than considering these two frames as two distinct ways of framing analysis, or even as opposing schools, the idea is to demonstrate how they complement each other in holistic fashion.",[]]],"rt":[["Generic frames",[]],["Issue-specific frames",[]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["hybrid frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]],["frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the concept has been used to label the search for economic resilience through business model innovation",[]],["tangible practice of organising -that is, framing -society, primarily deduced from Brundtland's (1987Brundtland's ( /2022) report, Our Common Future: Report of the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development, for the United Nations, but also taking into account the criticism that has been directed against it, namely the rather onesided focus on environmental sustainability and uncritical understanding of the existing economic system.",[]],["The optimal fulfilment of sustainable journalism thus occurs when several hybrid frames \"work together\" in reporting.",[]],["oscillating between the past, present, and future, in media reporting",[]],["throughout the economic crisis of legacy news media, the concept has been used to label the search for economic resilience through business model innovation (Harlow, 2018;Moro & Aikat, 2010;Posetti, 2018;Santos-Silva, 2021).",["Harlow, 2018;Moro & Aikat, 2010;Posetti, 2018;Santos-Silva, 2021"]],["Rather than the survival of the planet or any explicit contributions to a societal development in line with the SDGs, here, \"sustainability\" primarily refers to the economic persistence of news organisations and sustenance of established journalistic practices (Franklin, 2014;Pantic, 2022;Price, 2020;Requedo-Alemán & Lugo-Ocando, 2014).",["Franklin, 2014;Pantic, 2022;Price, 2020;Requedo-Alemán & Lugo-Ocando, 2014"]]],"rt":[["constructive journalism",[]],["peace journalism",[]],["development journalism",[]],["solutions journalism",[]]],"sb":[["three-pillar",[]],["time reflexive",[]],["cross-spatial",[]],["three-pillar, time reflexive, and cross-spatial frames",[]]]},{"sp":[["sustainable journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This frame qualifies as a hybrid (Brüggemann & D'Angelo, 2018) because it necessarily combines a generic dimension-that is, the interrelations among environmental, social, and economic aspects -while anchoring it in something concrete and issue-specific (Moscovici, 2001: 158)",["Brüggemann & D'Angelo, 2018","Moscovici, 2001: 158"]],["Brundtland's (1987/2022) report for the United Nations, Our Common Future: Report of the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development, paved the way for an increasing focus on how the future of the planet requires solutions in which economic, ecological, and social challenges are increasingly interconnected -hence a three-pillar mode of thinking.",[]]],"sp":[["sustainable journalism",[]]],"ex":[["Los Angeles Times (2022, July 8), issues of environmental, social, and economic sustainability come together in relation to the water issue in the western US",[]]]},{"de":[["The temporal dimension of the sentence is central, that is, the relation between the past, present, and future.",[]],["Sustainable journalism is thus about \"time-reflexive framing\", that is, oscillating between the past, present, and future, in media reporting.",[]]],"sp":[["sustainable journalism",[]]]},{"sp":[["Fake News Detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In a real-world news platform, a news piece is released in a single domain (channel). However, a news piece is a mixture of diverse elements which makes it relate to multiple news domains.",[]],["In other words, it is difficult to discriminate domains by news content.",[]],["a news piece is a mixture of diverse elements which makes it relate to multiple news domains, e.g., the political news (c) is also related to the health news (b), leading to the challenge of domain labeling incompleteness.",[]]],"rt":[["missing label issue",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Content-based models",[]],["Social-context-based models",[]]]},{"de":[["Integrity = 2*HasHead + 2*HasImage + 2*HasVideo + 2*HasTag + HasAt + HasUrl.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Interestingness = Rhetoric + Exclamation mark + Face + Idiom + Adversative + Adj + Image.",[]]]},{"de":[["Logic = Forward reference + Conjs.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Fake News Detection",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Their articles contain hyperlinks to further sources of information, present arguments of all involved parties, distinguish between facts, speculations, and commentaries.",[]]],"ex":[["public media",[]],["objective press",[]],["public media, objective press",[]]]},{"rt":[["hate speech",[]],["stereotypization",[]],["logical fallacy detection",[]]]},{"de":[["Such sources are often linked to (e.g., owned or funded by) entities intending to influence general political views.",[]]],"ex":[["fake news media",[]],["state propaganda press",[]],["fake news media, state propaganda press",[]]]},{"de":[["These sources often present speculations as facts or do not present arguments of all involved parties.",[]]],"ex":[["gutter media",[]],["press owned by political figures",[]],["press with strong political bias",[]],["gutter media, press owned by political figures, press with strong political bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In the original traditional domain of agenda-setting, the salience of public issues, there is considerable evidence that the shifting salience of issues on the media agenda often is the basis for public opinion.",[]]],"rt":[["public agenda",[]],["media agenda",[]],["salience of public issues",[]]]},{"de":[["The core theoretical idea is that elements prominent in the media picture become prominent in the audience's picture.",[]],["Those elements emphasized in the media agenda come to be regarded as important by the public",["Mccombs, 2004"]],["the theory assumes that the mass media make people know or do not know, interested in or ignore general issues.",[]],["The media does not affect people's attitudes, but their awareness.",[]],["It helps by arranging and organizing the priorities of the issues that must be understood instead of dealing with a wide range of issues.",[]],["The core theoretical idea is that elements prominent in the media picture become prominent in the audience's picture. Those elements emphasized in the media agenda come to be regarded as important by the public",["(Mccombs, 2004)"]]],"rt":[["first level of Agenda Setting Theory",[]],["Those elements emphasized in the media agenda come to be regarded as important by the public",["Mccombs, 2004"]]],"sb":[["first level of Agenda Setting Theory",[]],["second level",[]]]},{"de":[["Content analysis is popular with mass media researchers because it is an efficient way to investigate the content of the media",["Wimmer & Dominick, 2006"]]],"rt":[["quantitative content analysis",[]]]},{"de":[["the public knows the importance of the issues on the basis of quantity of coverage of the issues",[]],["The media coverage of a specific issue makes it important. Thus, the public knows the importance of the issues on the basis of quantity of coverage of the issues",["(Wanta, Golan, & Lee, 2004)","Wanta, Golan, & Lee, 2004"]]],"rt":[["object salience",[]]],"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory",[]]]},{"de":[["Those elements emphasized in the media agenda come to be regarded as important by the public",[]]],"rt":[["public agenda",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["media agenda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It can be said that in Agenda Setting, readers learn not only about a given issue, but also how important it is to attach to that issue from the amount of information received.",[]]],"rt":[["first level",[]]],"sp":[["Agenda Setting Theory",[]]]},{"de":[["usually posted by experts",[]]],"rt":[["fake news videos",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Fake news videos contain conflicting information with the real ones",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["debunking videos",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["dimensions",[]]]},{"de":[["Media framing influences how people think about the issue in question and is, therefore, a crucial factor for explaining citizen's political attitudes and engagement",["Camaj, 2014","Moon, 2013"]]]},{},{"de":[["how the presidency is framed in terms of political relevance",[]],["how far the EU's rotating presidency is publicly ascribed to be politically related and useful for (EU) politics, in the sense of politically succeeding in conducting the tasks ascribed to the presidency.",[]],["a presidency of political relevance, that is, one that has proved politically useful, is rooted in the holding member state's high degree of expertise, credibility, reputation, organisation, and the general attitudes of the government towards EU integration.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["hedging of essential journalism principles",["Perreault et al., 2025"]]]},{"de":[["where AI handles mechanical tasks while humans retain control over news judgment",["Porlezza, 2023"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["directly impacts their competitiveness and credibility through its efficiency and quality",["Hong et al., 2025","Munoriyarwa et al., 2023"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["A COVID-19 post p n is considered as misleading (y n = 1) if it contains partial or entire false information.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The semantic logic of a COVID-19 post denotes the relations between different entities in the post regardless of the semantic meaning of the entities.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["if there is no indication of targeting any protected group, it does not meet our hate speech criteria.",[]],["hate speech depends on cultural context",[]],["Majority groups or groups defined via other characteristics are not protected groups.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["protected groups",[]]]},{"de":[["For this work, we only consider marginalized social groups as protected groups.",[]]],"sy":[["marginalized groups",[]]]},{"de":[["hate speech consists of verbal or non-verbal communication that involves hostility directed towards particular social groups",[]],["hate speech is a persecutory, hateful and degrading message",[]],["hate speech is the expression of hatred against persons or groups",[]],["hate speech as a speech or address inciting hatred or intolerance",[]],["hate speech as a direct attach against people",[]],["from legal to public discourse hate speech consists of verbal or non-verbal communication that involves hostility directed towards particular social groups",["Kindermann, 2023"]],["philosophy hate speech is a persecutory, hateful and degrading message",["Kindermann, 2023"]],["linguistics hate speech is the expression of hatred against persons or groups",["Kindermann, 2023"]],["Oxford English dictionary hate speech as a speech or address inciting hatred or intolerance",["Kindermann, 2023"]],["Facebook's community standards hate speech as a direct attach against people",["Kindermann, 2023"]]],"rt":[["discriminatory speech",[]]]},{"de":[["the basis for much media content",[]],["how policy agendas are constructed and what roles the media as well as other actors play in these processes",[]],["One type is studies on media content as an independent agenda-shaping force, for instance when investigative reporting uncovers important facts or stories that strongly influence public and political debate. Another type is studies that analyse reciprocity and interchange among policymakers, mass media and mass publics. A third type of studies examine influences on media content, for instance in tracing the impact of information subsidies such as press releases and press conferences from governments and other actors.",[]]],"rt":[["policy agendas",[]],["information subsidies",[]]]},{"sy":[["opinion pieces",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["modified and partial reproduction",["Opiłowski 2006;Holthuis 1993, p.92"]],["which",["Orr, 2003"]],["extrapolates beyond its attribution to create 'a new entity greater than any of its constituent parts'",["ibid.","2003"]]],"sb":[["structural allusion",[]],["Lexical allusion",[]],["visual allusion",[]]]},{"rt":[["documentary quoting",[]]],"sp":[["quotation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["creative quoting",[]]],"sp":[["quotation",[]]]},{"de":[["make news more entertaining and reflective of popular culture",["2006, p.99"]]]},{"de":[["inter-semiotic relations between different artefacts of culture which are typical of today's media communication, e.g. the interplay between verbal texts and visual images",[]]]},{"de":[["intertextuality appears to be a fuzzy concept ranging from parody to plagiarism, from intentional intertextual allusions to the idea of a text dissolving in the vast universe of inter-textual relations.",[]],["intertextuality is an inherent feature of texts or a stylistic device, such as quotation or allusion, used to attract the attention of the audience or to elicit their desired response.",[]],["The broad notion of intertextuality is typical of literary studies and sees a text as an interface between other texts",[]],["the narrow, linguistic approach concentrates on specific, intentional and marked references between a given text and other texts.",[]],["intertextual relationships between utterances, texts, genres and discourses",[]],["intertextual potentials of a given text but she regards the reader as the ultimate agent of creating intertextual references",[]],["an interpretive practice unconsciously exercised by audiences living in a postmodern landscape and a textual strategy consciously incorporated by media producers that invites audiences to make specific lateral associations between texts",["2000"]],["concerns the factors which make the utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previously encountered texts",["1994"]],["In the latter sense, which is the main point of interest of this study, intertextuality is an inherent feature of texts or a stylistic device, such as quotation or allusion, used to attract the attention of the audience or to elicit their desired response.",[]],["The broad notion of intertextuality is typical of literary studies and sees a text as an interface between other texts, whereas the narrow, linguistic approach concentrates on specific, intentional and marked references between a given text and other texts.",[]]],"rt":[["text allusion",[]],["intertextual analysis",[]],["generic intertextuality",[]],["referential intertextuality",[]]],"sb":[["generic intertextuality",[]],["referential intertextuality",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["intertextuality",[]]]},{"rt":[["lexical allusions",[]]]},{"de":[["in practice, well-known texts are more suitable as being more readily accessible to the receiver audience",["1994, p.186"]]]},{},{"de":[["attributing responsibility to the government or politicians that they can turn to",[]]],"rt":[["human interest",[]]],"sp":[["framing dimensions",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing dimension",[]]],"ex":[["bh 22 gamis bantah uec",[]],["uo 22 asas bantah cadangan iktiraf uec",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["an episodic frame tunes down an issue's complexity by diverting the responsibility to individuals",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["\"attribution of responsibility\"",[]],["\"conflict\"",[]],["\"human interest\"",[]],["\"economic consequence\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Undoubtedly, readers easily focus on headlines that deal with human interest (Graber 2001), especially those relevant to them.",["Graber 2001"]],["the actions taken will trigger readers' emotional concerns",[]]],"rt":[["attribution of responsibility",[]]],"sp":[["framing dimensions",[]],["framing dimension",[]]],"ex":[["hm 10 uec akan \"rosakkan\" Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["News is therefore not only information gathering and presentation but also a result of accumulated decisions and media framing.",[]],["In Malaysia's media setting, news framing is often attributed to the interplay between political and ethical considerations.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a thematically-framed issue creates an impression to readers that the issue is collective in nature; hence, its locus and solution at the governmental level is determined",[]]]},{"de":[["An issue can also be made salient by portraying it positively, neutrally, or negatively. It makes up the continuum of valence, namely, a qualitative value of the issue, which influences readers.",[]],["negative valence",[]],["neutral",[]],["positive valence",[]],["An issue can also be made salient by portraying it positively, neutrally, or negatively.",[]]],"sb":[["negative valence",[]],["neutral",[]],["positive valence",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["running on automatic",["Lang, 2000, p. 53"]]]},{},{"de":[["contents must fade away as quickly as they rose, so that they distract public debate rather than nourishing it.",[]],["the notion of junk news bubbles applies less to specific pieces of content, than to a general acceleration of online attention cycles.",[]],["speculative waves that destroy rather than create richness in public debate.",[]],["being an acceleration, trendiness predictably shortens the lifespan of attention matters and, being a positive feedback, it increases their maximum visibility. Their combination, however, is remarkable as it creates a shoaling of attention waves which reduces the width and increases the height of attention curves.",[]],["contents must fade away as quickly as they rose, so that they distract public debate rather than nourishing it",[]],["the notion of junk news bubbles applies less to specific pieces of content, than to a general acceleration of online attention cycles",[]],["it creates a shoaling of attention waves which reduces the width and increases the height of attention curves",[]],["the fascination with trendiness of digital platforms and their users may create an over-accelerated public debate in which a disproportionate share of media attention is captured by matters which are incapable to sustain it",[]]],"rt":[["junk news",[]],["media storms",["Boydstun et al., 2014"]]],"sp":[["media disorder",[]]]},{"de":[["social problems are projections of collective sentiments rather than simple mirrors of objective conditions",[]],["we define a social problem as a putative condition or situation that is labeled a problem in the arenas of public discourse and action",[]]],"sy":[["social problems",[]],["Attentions matters",[]]],"rt":[["attention arena",[]]]},{"sy":[["matters of attention",[]]]},{"de":[["scientists and journalists are drawn into the world of advocacy because politicians and lobbyists use scientific knowledge for political causes, and scientists (at least in the case of climate science) and journalists themselves are coming under attack, particularly when interacting with the new wave of populists that political polarization has brought to power.",[]],["Advocacy -understood as seeking benefits for oneself or a specific group or organization -is likely to foster polarization, but advocating common goods may create common ground across party lines.",[]],["The result may be that scientists and journalists become advocates, but not necessarily in the conventional and narrow sense of pursuing self-interest or partisan politics.",[]]],"ex":[["The example of the Marches for Science illustrates that some scientists have become advocates of broader goods and values such as the freedom and professional authority of science.",[]],["freedom of speech",[]],["sustainability",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["post-normal journalism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Objectivity (scientific)",[]]]},{"rt":[["Objectivity (journalistic)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Science communication differs from other forms of public communication, such as political communication, as it happens under the influence of (or in conflict with) the norms of science",["Jamieson, 2017"]],["This type of communication deals with \"scientific issues\" as well as \"public issues involving science\" [Wynne, 2014, p. 64], and should be studied as the \"co-evolution of science, society and communication media\" [Bucchi and Trench, 2014, p. 9].",["Wynne, 2014, p. 64","Bucchi and Trench, 2014, p. 9"]]],"rt":[["political communication",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It also entails the disclosure of remaining uncertainties, as advocated by Funtowicz and Ravetz [1993].",["Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1993","1993"]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["accuracy and completeness, reliability, credibility, factualness, fairness, balance, believability, informativeness, comprehensive coverage, presentation of multiple points of view, and avoidance of sensa-tionalism",["Hollifield, 2006","McQuail, 1992","Schatz & Schulz, 1992"]]]},{"sp":[["perceived news media performance",[]]]},{"de":[["reflects the central concept as used by Wang and Cohen (2009)",[]]],"sp":[["perceived news media performance",[]]]},{"sy":[["infotainment",[]],["bad news",["Newhagen & Reeves, 1992"]],["soft news",["Baum, 2002"]],["tabloidization",["Bek, 2004"]],["arousing news",["Kleemans et al., 2012"]]],"rt":[["infotainment",["Graber, 1994"]],["bad news",["Newhagen & Reeves, 1992"]],["soft news",["Baum, 2002"]],["tabloidization",["Bek, 2004"]],["arousing news",["Kleemans et al., 2012"]]],"sb":[["arousing content",[]],["tabloid packaging",[]]]},{"de":[["we label this category of sensationalism tabloid packaging",["Grabe et al., 2000","Grabe et al., 2003"]],["tabloid packaging increased perceptions of sensationalism, but only for non-arousing content stories.",[]]],"sp":[["sensationalist news",[]]],"ex":[["fast pacing, sound effects, music onsets, and decorative editing techniques such as wipes, fades, and dissolves",["Grabe et al., 2000","Grabe et al., 2003","Hendriks Vettehen, Nuijten, & Beentjes, 2005","Lang, 2000","Lang et al., 1999"]]]},{},{"rt":[["photo-montage",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["Object Occlusion",[]]]},{"de":[["An existing image is used out of context but is also manipulated by adding one more objects from other images to change its meaning.",[]]],"sy":[["image montages",[]]],"rt":[["image montages",[]]]},{"de":[["The coverage depends on if the information in the statement is mentioned/supported by the corresponding summary, not if the exact words are stated in the corresponding summary.",[]],["evaluation should consider coverage of the summary with regard to the question and answers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["evaluation should consider faithfulness of the summary with regard to the given article",[]]]},{"rt":[["multi-document summarization (MDS)",[]]],"sp":[["multi-document summarization (MDS)",[]]]},{"de":[["whether the LLM evaluator favors certain positions over others",[]]]},{"rt":[["position bias",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Their focus in model construction is frequently external, while the locus of causation is situated in people and their actions. Thus, they also perceive a high level of control over the causes of the changes they seek. Their targets are the masses, whom they seek to influence to change their behavior in a certain way in order to achieve their goals. These leaders operate best in ordered environments where they can focus on swaying people's visions to reflect their own.",[]],["They also tend to employ positive emotions when communicating with their followers",["Hunter et al. 2011, 72","Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 465"]],["They utilize positive events as reference (type of experience used) and seek multiple positive outcomes for their followers (number and type of outcomes sought). Their focus in model construction is frequently external, while the locus of causation is situated in people and their actions. Thus, they also perceive a high level of control over the causes of the changes they seek. Their targets are the masses, whom they seek to influence to change their behavior in a certain way in order to achieve their goals. These leaders operate best in ordered environments where they can focus on swaying people's visions to reflect their own. They also tend to employ positive emotions when communicating with their followers",["Hunter et al. 2011, 72","Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 465"]]]},{"de":[["Differences between styles are most easily observed during periods of crisis, which are managed differently based on the leader's prevalent style.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They pursue few, transcendent goals of a return to traditional values and past glory (number and type of outcomes sought) with a small group of followers (target of influence) and largely attribute control over current events to external forces such as the situation (locus of causation). They are often in their element when chaotic conditions prevail, where their strongly held beliefs and past-oriented perspective can provide stability and guidance",["Hunter et al. 2011, 72-73","Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 467"]],["They pursue few, transcendent goals of a return to traditional values and past glory (number and type of outcomes sought) with a small group of followers (target of influence) and largely attribute control over current events to external forces such as the situation (locus of causation). They are often in their element when chaotic conditions prevail, where their strongly held beliefs and past-oriented perspective can provide stability and guidance (Hunter et al. 2011, 72-73;Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 467).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["locus of causation",[]],["discursively constructed when Sanjay Gupta situates the cause of the crisis in the virus, which is 'very contagious' (example 4), while attributing a mediating effect to people's actions",[]],["stresses that people working together can have a significant impact",[]]]},{"de":[["Consequently, their perspective tends to be much narrower, focusing on selected issues that require attention, drawing on the experiences necessary to best address the situation at hand (type of experience used). Their goals may also change as the problem evolves. These leaders are best situated in localized, stable conditions where concrete problems can be identified and solved in a rational process (Bedell-Avers, Hunter, and Mumford 2008, 91;Hunter et al. 2011, 72-73;Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 468).",[]],["Consequently, their perspective tends to be much narrower, focusing on selected issues that require attention, drawing on the experiences necessary to best address the situation at hand (type of experience used). Their goals may also change as the problem evolves. These leaders are best situated in localized, stable conditions where concrete problems can be identified and solved in a rational process",["Bedell-Avers, Hunter, and Mumford 2008, 91","Hunter et al. 2011, 72-73","Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 468"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The communication of this model to all followers provides them with a common framework through which they can interpret new events, allowing the group to function more cohesively to confront and overcome problems",["Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 464"]]],"rt":[["Sensemaking",[]]],"ex":[["press conferences or public statements",[]]]},{"de":[["By looking backwards at past occurrences, leaders develop a narrative that explains events. This is then used as a basis and justification for future decisions, i.e., a prescriptive model.",["Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 463"]],["The efficacy of this model and its consistency with the situation at hand are essential, since an inadequate model can further complicate crisis conditions, as the basis for a group's problem solving becomes flawed",["Crayne and Medeiros 2021, 463"]],["pragmatic approach to sensemaking",[]],["By looking backwards at past occurrences, leaders develop a narrative that explains events.",[]]],"rt":[["sensegiving",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["time frame orientation",[]],["focuses on the present situation in a very pragmatic manner, evaluating the actions taken and the current results",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the model tends to provide moderated responses that consider the complexity of the issue at hand.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["topics",[]]]},{"de":[["can provide more credence to the opposite opinion",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["propaganda techniques",[]]],"ex":[["a tweet posted by ConBici (Coordinadora Española en Defensa de la Bicicleta), an IG advocating for the use of bicycles, on 17 May, in which it was contended that in Spain \"the bicycle industry employs 25,000 people, a number that could increase if this mode of transport is promoted and adequate political measures are taken.\"",[]]]},{"ex":[["the bicycle industry employs 25,000 people, a number that could increase if this mode of transport is promoted and adequate political measures are taken.",[]]]},{"de":[["Communication plays a fundamental role in grassroots lobbying aimed at shaping public opinion.",[]],["has profited from new technology, which has helped lowering the cost of grassroots mobilization",[]],["aimed at public opinion building",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["IG resort more often to internal strategies (i.e., those whose purpose is not to sway public opinion) to influence decisions of the European Union",["Dür and Mateo, 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["Lobbies can be \"agencies, press offices or law firms, professionally devoted to lobbying on behalf of interest or pressure groups that have hired them for that purpose\"",["Martínez Calvo, 1998, p. 732"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["when an IG approaches government to call for a specific piece of legislation, or to voice its opposition to an existing one, it becomes a pressure group",[]]]},{"de":[["\"the desired intent of the propagandist\" always has to do with achieving, maintaining, and reinforcing a position of social power, often underpinned by ideological content",["Pineda Cachero, 2008"]]],"rt":[["lobbying communication",[]],["political communication",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the problem definition contains the main problem in the text",[]],["The causal interpretation is about reasons and those who are responsible for the risks or benefits of the problem",[]],["The moral evaluation can be positive, negative, or neutral, and assesses the risks and benefits",[]],["The treatment recommendation includes a call to action",["Matthes and Kohring, 2008"]],["How often a frame appeared in the materials did not matter for defining it as a frame.",[]],["Each overarching frame had to include a unique problem definition not covered by any other frame.",[]],["to identify a frame in a text, a problem definition as well as at least two other frame elements had to be coded.",[]],["many frames comprised several moral evaluations, causal interpretations, and/or treatment recommendations.",[]]],"rt":[["moral evaluations",[]],["causal interpretations",[]],["treatment recommendations",[]],["problem definition",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["often criticized for being too unspecific",["Semetko and Valkenburg, 2000"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Compared to the more intuitive thematic analysis-a related qualitative approach-qualitative content analysis \"allows for more precise definitions and gets closer to the actual text\"",["Mayring, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["allow for more accurate descriptions of coverage on specific issues but at the cost of reduced transferability to other contexts",["de Vreese, 2005"]],["accused of being too topic-specific and often not going beyond the individual case they have been developed for",["de Vreese, 2005"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["when the forgery operation involves just parts of the same image",[]]]},{"rt":[["image splicing",[]]],"sp":[["Image forgery",[]]]},{"de":[["user-friendly applications to generate fake videos, some of which are used solely to generate pornographic content effortlessly",["Farokhmanesh 2018"]]]},{"sp":[["content falsification",[]]]},{"sb":[["image splicing",[]],["copy-paste",[]]]},{"de":[["the result of a composition (splicing) of at least two different photographs",[]]],"sy":[["image composition/splicing",[]]],"sp":[["Image forgery",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["constructed between the ordinary public and the controlling elite",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["establishes boundaries within which political issues are publicly discussed",[]]]},{"de":[["Usually gendering involves seeing the male as the norm, and the female as the remarkable. In terms of the media and politics, this gendering includes the under-representation of women politicians, an emphasis on their appearance, marital and maternal status, and personality rather than the policies and issues of debate.",[]],["Usually gendering involves seeing the male as the norm, and the female as the remarkable.",[]]]},{"de":[["reporting elections as a 'horse-race' between the leading parties",[]]]},{"de":[["used by the media in election reporting with constant reference to who is in the lead, laying bets on who will win or lose",["Johnson-Cartee (2005)"]]]},{"de":[["McGregor (p. 185) reports on the response of political journalists to women politicians and claims that",[]]]},{},{"de":[["as political parties and leaders attempt to ensure that the reporting of elections reflects the favourable image decided upon and managed by their own public relations team, in the battle to win the public opinion race",[]],["political parties and leaders attempt to ensure that the reporting of elections reflects the favourable image decided upon and managed by their own public relations team",[]]]},{"de":[["The applicability of benevolence values was measured on the same scale with items focusing on sociability, empathy, compassion, and social competence",[]]]},{"de":[["Thus, they are also implying possible solutions and treatment recommendations (cf. Entman et al., 2009, p. 182;Nelson & Kinder, 1996, p. 1057).",["Entman et al., 2009, p. 182","Nelson & Kinder, 1996, p. 1057"]]],"sb":[["valence frames",[]],["value frames",[]]],"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing effects",[]],["framing",[]]]},{"sb":[["equivalency frames",[]],["emphasis or issue frames",[]]]},{"de":[["include more than a single argument, and address the essence of a problem. Thus, they are also implying possible solutions and treatment recommendations",["Entman et al., 2009, p. 182","Nelson & Kinder, 1996, p. 1057"]]],"sp":[["framing effects",[]]]},{},{"de":[["people base their estimations not only on perceived exposure of the target group but also on assumptions about their personal weaknesses, social environments, and orientation toward the content.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This concept suggests that effects estimates for others are primarily based on perceived exposure.",[]]]},{"de":[["people tend to deny mass media's influence on themselves. On the other hand, when asking people about how the same media content affects other people, they are likely to attribute a significant impact to it.",[]],["Because it is most pronounced when it comes to negative media effects, the existence of third-person perceptions has been demonstrated in contexts such as television violence (e.g., Hoffner et al., 2001;Rojas, Shah, & Faber, 1996), pornography (e.g., Gunther, 1995;Lo & Wei, 2002), and reality shows (e.g., Cohen & Weimann, 2008).",[]],["third-person perceptions are most likely to appear under three conditions. First, when (particularly) undesirable messages are evaluated. Second, when perceived distance between self and others is large (social distance corollary) and/or the third persons are viewed as the main target or recipients of a given message (target corollary). Third, when respondents possess certain characteristics that make them more susceptible to showing self-other discrepancies.",[]]]},{"de":[["the gap between perceived effects on self and others",[]]]},{"de":[["This can be explained by the concept of unrealistic optimism",[]],["people are more inclined to admit to positive effects on themselves when it comes to desirable consequences",["Gunther & Mundy, 1993"]],["indicating that people are more inclined to admit to positive effects on themselves when it comes to desirable consequences",[]]],"rt":[["third-person perceptions",[]]]},{"sp":[["emphasis/issue frames",[]],["emphasis or issue frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["By mentioning and extensively dwelling on the causes of death, the intention was not to separate death from its causal significance but to establish the consequences of such causes.",[]]]},{"sp":[["public sphere",[]]]},{},{"de":[["broad enough to apply to",[]]],"ex":[["wives, children, clients, political followers, religious acolytes, titled associates, occupational apprentices and so on",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Within these spaces, compromise and unanimous decisions were reached by means of unfettered, logical, and critical deliberation among bourgeois citizens freed from the feudal hierarchies of early modern Europe.",["18","19"]],["convened by these newspapers",[]],["commodified form of the public sphere, dependent on payment, that constructed a certain class status in the editorial pages of most of the newspapers.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Unlike passive information processing, cognitive elaboration represents active mental engagement, requiring people to exert cognitive efforts to evaluate the information they encounter, integrate it with prior knowledge, and deliberate on its effects",["Eveland, 2001"]],["Individuals are more likely to learn from a given information, derive new implications from it, and even form attitudes toward an issue the information addresses when they engage in elaborative processing",["Eveland, 2001"]],["individuals may also deliberately reflect on a certain type of message or message addressing a specific issue",[]],["the more individuals mentally engage with fake news, the more likely they are to perceive it as a societal problem that demands attention",["Chang, 2021"]],["people who devote more mental effort to thinking about fake news are likely to exhibit greater concern about its potential societal harms, such as the erosion of trust in journalism and the broader information ecosystem",["Wagner & Boczkowski, 2019"]]],"sy":[["elaborative processing",[]]],"ex":[["some people may exert cognitive effort when processing news overall, while for others, only news stories relevant to them (e.g., immigration) elicit elaboration.",[]]]},{"de":[["perceived exposure to fake news could provide significant insights into understanding people's cognitive responses to fake news and their perception of its potential harms",[]],["this construct evaluates the perceived frequency of exposure to fake news through the following items: \"How often, if at all, do you think you see\": \"fabricated information that mimics news media content and could mislead readers,\" \"articles that originate from satirical websites, but were transformed by others and put in a misleading context,\" and \"stories containing deliberatively misleading elements making the reader believe it is correct\" (10-point Likert scale, 1 = never, 10 = all the time).",[]]],"sy":[["self-perceived fake news exposure",[]]]},{"de":[["It further assumes that people can reflect on this exposure over time, evaluating its frequency with reasonable accuracy.",[]]],"ex":[["fabricated information that mimics news media content and could mislead readers",[]],["articles that originate from satirical websites, but were transformed by others and put in a misleading context",[]],["stories containing deliberatively misleading elements making the reader believe it is correct",[]]]},{"de":[["this attention commodity is eventually monetized through advertising models, resulting in a proliferation of ads in online life. With the commodity form of attention being key, the forces of news creation are swayed to work in ways such that their news can amass as much user attention as possible. The intent of news production becomes no longer just to inform, but also to accumulate attention. This attention incentive progressively crowds out other factors such as news quality, predicating increasing prevalence of highly sensationalized (Hendriks et al., 2018) and clickbait-style content within our news streams.",["Hendriks et al., 2018"]],["this attention commodity is eventually monetized through advertising models, resulting in a proliferation of ads in online life.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["News writers could be funded to flatter or defame products or political actors. The financial motive stems from the urge to use fake news to influence opinions among people in the real world.",[]]],"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["rumors",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["scams",[]]],"ex":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["rumors",[]],["hoaxes",[]],["scams",[]],["misinformation, disinformation, rumors, hoaxes, scams",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sb":[["engagement",[]],["attitude",[]],["graduation",[]],["explicit appraisal",[]],["implicit appraisals",[]]]},{"de":[["Since it is targeted towards the appraisal, it examines the reaction of writers in examining the impact, the quality, and the composition of an object.",[]]],"sy":[["aesthetic region",[]]],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",[]],["attitudinal appraisal",[]]]},{"rt":[["attitude",[]]],"sb":[["emotive region",[]],["Judgment",[]],["Appreciation",[]]],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["heteroglossic contraction",[]]],"sp":[["heteroglossic contraction",["Xia Dai, 2019"]]]},{},{"sy":[["affect",[]]],"sp":[["attitudinal appraisal",[]]]},{"de":[["Engagement is targeted towards readers and it examines the forms of interaction occurring between writers and readers which can be monoglossic or heteroglossic.",[]]],"sb":[["Monoglossic engagement",[]],["Heteroglossic engagement",[]]],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",[]]]},{"de":[["the most used appraisal resources in court discourses",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["implicit appraisals",[]]],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",[]]]},{"sp":[["Appraisal framework",[]]]},{"sp":[["linguistic resource",[]]]},{"sp":[["engagement",[]]]},{"rt":[["explicit appraisal",[]]],"sp":[["Appraisal framework",[]]]},{"de":[["a form of allusion to the Governor's statement through intertextual positioning considered relevant to the current proposition",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["ethical region",[]]],"sp":[["attitudinal appraisal",[]]]},{"de":[["While the latter will accrue authority to speakers and exterminate contrary opinions, the former is expected to be mutually understood.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["engagement",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["attitude marker",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["factors responsible for protests",["Stekelenburg & van en Klandermans, 2009"]],["description of protesters",["Stekelenburg & van en Klandermans, 2009"]],["various types of protests",["Stekelenburg & van en Klandermans, 2009"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["By combining different data sources, these approaches aim to create more comprehensive and accurate models",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["report",[]],["declare",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["selective ways of presenting reality in order to promote a particular interpretation or moral evaluation",["Entman, 1993"]]],"sy":[["interpretive packages",["Gamson & Modigliani, 1989"]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["scripts that the media coverage of VC might make available for childless individuals in general",[]]]},{"de":[["the choice not to have children",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The misinformation detection task is a binary classification task.",[]]]},{"de":[["The output of this claim encoder is the prior belief of the veracity of the claim.",[]]]},{"rt":[["expertise",[]]],"sp":[["source credibility",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Those frameworks span the media's factual/fictional dimensions, and implicitly connect the consumer's space which is paradigmatically private and political space which is paradigmatically public",[]],["an injury connected with the pervasive misrecognition of everyday life as 'merely' ordinary (not, that is, touched by the 'glamour' of mediation).",[]]]},{"rt":[["media world",[]]]},{"de":[["our broader sense of 'the media' as a site of value and truth within the social landscape",[]],["The phrase 'the media', in this sense, while it maps onto the broad institutional sphere that links television, radio and the press, is a constructed term, that operates by contrast to another constructed term, 'the ordinary' (that is, the part of the social world that is not 'in' the media).",[]],["a constructed term, that operates by contrast to another constructed term, 'the ordinary' (that is, the part of the social world that is not 'in' the media).",[]]]},{},{"de":[["I do not mean the power (ideological or otherwise) exercised upon us by specific media texts; I mean more generally media institutions' differential symbolic power",[]],["it is precisely the media's claim to represent the social whole that is the basis of their power.",[]]]},{"de":[["a boundary, regularly legitimated and symbolically effective, between 'media world' and 'ordinary' (that is, non-media) 'world'",[]]],"rt":[["ordinary world",[]]]},{"de":[["operates to distort the actual complexities of the media process",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the real domination is today the exclusion from the power of naming",["1996: 179"]]]},{"rt":[["media world",[]]]},{"rt":[["witnessing",[]]],"sp":[["ideal types",[]]],"ex":[["tourist locations based on sites of media production (such as television sets or film locations), in particular visits to Granada Studios Tour, Manchester",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["pilgrimage",[]]],"sp":[["ideal types",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["the statement \"the present king of France is bald\" which presupposes that there is a king of France",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["diagnostic for presupposition",["Heim, 1983","Van der Sandt, 1992","De Marneffe et al., 2019"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["In closed commercial chatbots, guardrails may take the form of proprietary peripheral models",[]],["Some guardrails uae peripheral components to detect and prevent the model's production of potentially harmful content",["Anil et al., 2023","Inan et al., 2023","Rebedea et al., 2023"]],["Others may be trained directly into the model using the same human feedback system that improves the capabilities of the model",["Bai et al., 2022","Achiam et al., 2023","Touvron et al., 2023"]]]},{},{"de":[["the model is more likely to refuse a direct request for a defense of gun control or an argument denying climate change if the user has previously expressed a political identity at odds with those views.",[]]],"rt":[["political biases",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["history",[]]]},{"de":[["Consumer protection is all about providing consumers with factual knowledge necessary for rational consumer choices.",[]]]},{"de":[["exactly these features make them useful.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Some authors claim that these regulations can be fully explained in terms of protection of dignity of victims or private memories of their living relatives.",[]],["Memory laws, thus, are an example of regulations aimed at protecting truths which are not merely private.",[]]],"rt":[["personal truths",[]],["collective memory",[]],["history",[]]],"sp":[["personal truths that concern historical events",[]]],"ex":[["counteract misinformation about Shoah or other atrocities committed by totalitarian regimes throughout the 20th century",["18"]]]},{"de":[["the concept of public interest is assumed as being fundamental for journalism.",[]],["The media often describe themselves as missionaries of public good and employ their understanding of public interest as a signpost for their conduct.",[]],["the state actions to protect public health or public order etc. are, after all, actions in the public interest.",[]],["it can still play a role of a useful analytic tool for conceptual analysis of the actual, but also called-for regulations.",[]],["the notion of public interest coincides with the notion of social interest and partly deflects from the notion of socially justified interest",["32"]]],"sy":[["social interest",["32"]],["socially justified interest",["32"]]],"rt":[["common good",["37"]],["general will",["37"]],["public truths",[]],["personal truths",[]],["social interest",["32"]],["socially justified interest",["32"]]],"sb":[["national security",[]],["public order",[]],["public health",[]]]},{},{"de":[["on many occasions need to be protected by actions taken by authorities. It is mainly due to the fact that often there is no personal interest that could be ascribed by the law to a particular person in order to protect the information, for example in the court.",[]],["Contrary to \"personal\" information, I referred to this kind of information as \"public\".",[]]],"sy":[["public",[]]],"rt":[["personal truths",[]]]},{"de":[["It is an essential element of a rational discourse and a prerequisite for effective political intervention",["50"]]]},{},{"sb":[["unigram, bi-gram or tri-gram",[]]]},{"de":[["propaganda is often referred to as a technique in controlling and manipulating the society\"s beliefs.",[]],["History shows that propaganda is used in shaping the public\"s perception and discernment in order to achieve the influencer\"s political or economic goal",["5"]],["In literature writing, propaganda is often referred to as a technique in controlling and manipulating the society\"s beliefs.",[]],["Propaganda is a form of communication that is used in influencing communities, or people in general, to push forward an agenda for a certain goal.",[]],["Propaganda would normally consist of accurate or semi accurate information, which is used to influence people to spread the various agendas to achieve a specific goal.",[]]],"rt":[["social communication",["1"]]]},{},{"de":[["SA was chosen for two main reasons. First, web pages are rich in emotion-related opinions and content. Second, text analysis relates to the use of propaganda on the web because text content contains opinions or directives that could influence public perception in decision making.",["8"]],["SA is capable of detecting the presence of propaganda, and anger or hatred embodied in community channels.",["8"]],["Any opinion or emotion expressed in the form of a text would contain a negative, positive, or neutral element.",[]],["Sentiment analysis (SA) involves analysing texts that contain opinions and emotions.",[]],["Sentiment analysis (SA) is then used in identifying the positive and negative elements within the propaganda itself, through analysing the related documents, social media, articles or forums.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["widely disparaged as a pernicious force in contemporary American politics",["Johnston et al. 1990","Brady and Johnston 1987","Broh 1977","Patterson 1980"]],["media-conveyed information about likely winners and losers",[]]],"sy":[["horse-race media coverage",[]]],"rt":[["horse-race spin",[]],["spin",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["contributors may want to avoid wasting their money on a candidate without a chance of winning, ¡ust as strategic voters avoid wasting their votes on noncontenders.",[]],["they may use information about a candidate's prospects to resolve their uncertainty and indecision about whom to support, both financially and otherwise.",[]],["when people make decisions to contribute that take into account perceived viability-whether for reasons of strong loyalty to a candidate or hesitancy about a candidate's chances-both deci.sion-making processes are highly strategic in nature. In both cases, potential contributors are making a concerted effort to allocate their money more efficiently, either by not giving money to a primary candidate unless they know he or she has a chance of winning, or by not giving money to a candidate until they know he or she truly needs it to win.",[]],["media coverage of the horse race simply alters people's perceptions of an already-liked candidate's chances of victory, and thus facilitates strategic contributions",[]]],"rt":[["strategic voting",[]],["loyalty-based contributing",[]],["hesitancy-based contributing",[]]],"sb":[["hesitancybased strategic contributing",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["cultural capital is acquired primarily through an individual's initial learning and is unconsciously influenced by the surroundings",["Bourdieu, 2000"]]]},{"de":[["Although cyberchondria and information overload are generally considered to be negative, the results of the study showed that these factors contributed to the widespread adoption of recommended preventive behaviours by the population",["Bala et al., 2021"]],["considered to be negative",[]]],"ex":[["one study found them as beneficial factors that lead to preventive behavioural development",["Bala et al., 2021"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the social media habitus is infested by misinformation, disinformation and fake news which have a significant impact on behavioural development",["Dhanashree et al., 2021"]]],"sp":[["Habitus",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["informational bias",["Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2006"]],["lexical bias",["Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2006"]]]},{"de":[["capture event-level political discourse and encode nuanced ideological cues",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["partisan perspectives",[]]]},{},{"de":[["partisan viewpoints through a language model, which can occasionally generate inaccurate or misleading representations, often referred to as LLM-hallucinations.",[]],["We acknowledge that our framework produces partisan viewpoints through a language model, which can occasionally generate inaccurate or misleading representations, often referred to as LLM-hallucinations.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the generated perspectives are event-centric rather than being overly specific to individual news articles.",[]],["generated perspectives capture broader event-level signals than focusing on specific details of the article",[]]],"sy":[["left-leaning and right-leaning perspectives",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["a topical representation of the frequently occurring talking points that constitute the narrative of an event.",[]]]},{"rt":[["partisan perspectives",[]]]},{"rt":[["hard metric",[]]]},{"de":[["These properties include (1) the lens through which it is discussed, identified using media-frames (Boydstun et al., 2014), (2) relevant entities mentioned, (3) roles assigned to these entities, and (4) attitudes towards them (Khanehzar et al., 2021;Roy et al., 2021).",["Boydstun et al., 2014","Khanehzar et al., 2021","Roy et al., 2021"]],["a relational structure to characterize ideological differences",[]],["In our work, this contextualized relational structure is what we define as a talking point.",[]],["We then enrich this information by contextualizing it with relevant entities, their associated roles (via activity), and the surrounding media frame.",[]]],"rt":[["entities",[]],["media frame",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Crises contain the main ingredients of newsworthinessthey are negative, unambiguous and proximal.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["frames 'diagnose, evaluate and prescribe'",["Entman,1993, p. 52"]]],"rt":[["Rashomon effect",[]],["multiple interpretations central to the 'Rashomon effect'",[]]],"sb":[["attribution of responsibility, conflict, human interest, economic consequences and morality",[]]],"ex":[["attribution of responsibility",[]],["conflict",[]],["human interest",[]],["economic consequences",[]],["morality",[]],["counts and comparisons",[]],["criticisms",[]],["contextual considerations",[]],["counts and comparisons, criticisms, and contextual considerations",[]]]},{"de":[["Framing is key to public perception of a crisis",[]]]},{"sp":[["media logic",[]]]},{"sp":[["media capital",[]]]},{"sp":[["media capital",[]]]},{"de":[["calls for either the maintenance of the status quo or policy change",["Shanahan et al (2011)"]]]},{"rt":[["social capital",[]]],"sb":[["institutionalized media capital",[]],["individualised media capital",[]]]},{"rt":[["framing theory",[]],["news values",[]],["mediatisation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["mediatisation",[]]]},{"de":[["an inherently dynamic and process-oriented concept that cannot be reduced to the transmission of message or communication through the media",[]]],"rt":[["mediation",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["the release of the PISA data",[]]]},{},{"de":[["calls for either the maintenance of the status quo or policy change",["Shanahan et al (2011)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Comics are seen here as graphic narratives (see Stein & Thon, 2015) that use multimodal devices to tell stories.",[]]]},{"de":[["media literacy, as a skill, is something that needs to be developed; and media literacy involves several dimensions, such as cognition, morals, aesthetics, and emotions",["Potter, 2010"]]],"rt":[["source criticism",[]]]},{"de":[["Through such a gaze, distinguishing between reliable and unreliable sources of information is easy because one is highly educated, relies on the authority of academic experts, and shares the values of the established media and the political mainstream.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["question the information they're receiving and find out the truth for themselves",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["graphic narratives",["Thon, 2015"]]]},{},{"de":[["media literacy practices such as source criticism become a way to provide tools for people, especially young people, to navigate in such an information-dense context and to be able to sort and verify information.",[]],["source criticism is constructed as a personal skill",[]],["source criticism, instead of being constructed as a complex phenomenon that is ever evolving, is made into a specific skill-level that the individual either has or has not acquired, a binary not unlike how truth is constructed.",[]]],"rt":[["media literacy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["is widely recognized as an essential skill in our increasingly globalized world",["Byram, 1997","Deardorff, 2006"]]]},{},{"de":[["a textbook is not merely a commercially available reference book used in a language teaching program, it also serves as an important means to deliver political and ideological orientation",["Yamada (2006)"]]]},{"de":[["The religious instructors educate the students that they are now \"Mokallaf,\"",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The literature classified those who died during the Islamic Revolution, whether in the Iran-Iraq conflict or as a result of terror tactics, as 'shahids.'",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["media pluralism",[]]]}] |