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714cbfe | 1 | [{"ex":[["Children; Adolescent; Adults",[]],["e.g. Children; Adolescent; Adults",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["video, audio, slideshows, photographs, information graphics, graphics, maps or polls",[]]]},{"ex":[["Guest contributor; Regular columnist; Wire service",[]],["e.g. Guest contributor; Regular columnist; Wire service",[]]]},{"ex":[["Not fair/balanced; Somehow fair/balanced",[]],["e.g. Not fair/balanced; Somehow fair/balanced",[]]]},{"ex":[["Individual blame; Business blame",[]],["e.g. Individual blame; Business blame",[]]]},{"ex":[["Conflict; No conflict",[]],["e.g. Conflict; No conflict",[]]]},{"sy":[["duplication",[]]],"rt":[["uniqueness (or non-duplication)",[]]]},{},{"de":[["too crude for the wide variety of dimensions that exist",[]]],"sp":[["news diversity",[]]]},{"ex":[["Controversial; Non-controversial",[]],["e.g. Controversial; Non-controversial",[]]]},{"ex":[["individual politician; judge; religious figure",[]],["e.g. individual politician; judge; religious figure",[]]]},{"ex":[["political organization; legal organization; religious",[]],["e.g. political organization; legal organization; religious",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["Bedouins; Nubians",[]],["e.g. Bedouins; Nubians",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["external diversity focuses on the breadth of diversity choices consumers have in a media system as a whole",["Hellman, 2001","van der Wurff, 2011"]]],"rt":[["internal diversity",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Man; Woman",[]],["e.g. Man; Woman",[]]]},{"ex":[["Local; State; National",[]],["e.g. Local; State; National",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Minimum age will reduce death; Local economy will suffer from taverns lost business",[]],["e.g. Minimum age will reduce death; Local economy will suffer from taverns lost business",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Whereas internal diversity offers insights into the performance of individual media outlets",[]],["This includes the affiliations, status positions, and proximity of all actors presented or quoted in a given story or medium.",[]]],"rt":[["external diversity",[]]]},{"ex":[["Left -right; National -global, Progressiveconservative",["van Hoof et al. (2014)"]]]},{"ex":[["Social; Moral; Political; Legal; Individual",[]],["e.g. Social; Moral; Political; Legal; Individual",[]]]},{"ex":[["Change; Support",[]],["e.g. Change; Support",[]]]},{"ex":[["Descriptive; Interpretative; Critical",[]],["e.g. Descriptive; Interpretative; Critical",[]]]},{"ex":[["New York Times; Washington Post",[]],["e.g. New York Times; Washington Post",[]]]},{"ex":[["Not objective; Somehow objective; Objective",["Abdulla (2017)"]],["e.g. Not objective; Somehow objective; Objective",[]]]},{"rt":[["reflective diversity",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Never; Very often",[]],["e.g. Never; Very often",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["Positive; Neutral; Negative",["Day & Golan (2005)"]],["e.g. Positive; Neutral; Negative",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. ImpreMedia; Tribune; Univision",[]]]},{"ex":[["Coalition parties; New parties; Opposition parties",["Takens et al. (2010)"]],["e.g. Coalition parties; New parties; Opposition parties",[]]]},{"rt":[["actor diversity",[]]],"sp":[["Diversity dimensions",[]],["news diversity",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. Left -right; National -global, Progressiveconservative",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["e.g. ENG; Station SNG; network SNG",[]]]},{"ex":[["Jobs/ unemployment; Welfare; Money",["Peter & De Vreese (2003)"]],["e.g. Jobs/ unemployment; Welfare; Money",[]]]},{"de":[["was chosen as a normative standard to evaluate the diversity outcomes",[]]],"rt":[["open diversity",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. Muslim; Christian; Bahai's",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. News of the Day; Sports; Business",[]]]},{"sp":[["news diversity",[]]]},{"de":[["This includes the affiliations, status positions, and proximity of all actors presented or quoted in a given story or medium.",["1996"]],["too crude for the wide variety of dimensions that exist",[]]],"sp":[["news diversity",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. Executive; Middle Management; Worker",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["unknown",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. Tax policies; General politics; Arab spring",[]]]},{"sy":[["non-duplication",[]]],"rt":[["consonance (or duplication)",[]]]},{"ex":[["Carnage-pro; Taverns",[]],["e.g. Carnage-pro; Taverns",[]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. Academic; Advocates; Politicians; Religious figure",[]]]},{"de":[["remain a direct threat to democracy as it unveils new frontiers for free-speech advocates, among them policymakers, pundits, and professional journalists",["Wagner and Boczkowski, 2019"]]]},{"de":[["Results indicated that participants who harbored strong partisan views or were highly invested in an issue perceived media coverage as biased against their own view or sentiment",[]],["User comments may influence perceptions due to the ability of third-party audience members to shape others' perceptions of a news story or its editorial frame and may ultimately contribute to perceptions of an implied lean to the story depending on the audience's pre-conceived sentiments",[]]],"sy":[["hostile media phenomenon",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["traditional journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["were measured with the use of a single item. After reading the assigned article, participants were asked, \"Did the article present _________ as unethical or ethical?\"",[]]]},{"de":[["Measurement was accomplished with three items, which asked the participants to think about the news article they had just read and indicate how they felt the article provided information on the debated topic. The items included: (a) the amount of space and prominence the story gave to each side; (b) the strength of the arguments included for each side; and (c) the quality of the sources cited for each side.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Using items modified to fit the goals of this work, participants were asked three questions, including: (a) Do you feel that the news story was greatly biased against or in favor of your opinion about requiring vaccination to work?; (b) Do you feel that the writer of the news story was greatly biased against or in favor of your opinion about requiring vaccination to work?; and (c) Do you feel that the news outlet that published this story was greatly biased against or in favor of your opinion about requiring vaccination to work?",[]]]},{"de":[["This duty required that broadcasters \"devote a reasonable portion of broadcast time to the discussion and consideration of controversial issues of public importance\" (Caldera, 2020, p. 11), making available for the expression of opposing perspectives that stem from responsible elements within controversial issues.",["Caldera, 2020, p. 11"]],["This duty required that broadcasters \"devote a reasonable portion of broadcast time to the discussion and consideration of controversial issues of public importance\"",["Caldera, 2020"]]]},{"rt":[["online journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["a central concept in political communication",[]]]},{"ex":[["Flipboard",[]],["News Lens",[]],["Google News",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["To extend and improve prior work that mainly focuses on the English language or large language models with prompting, we propose bias probing with sentiment surfacing.",[]],["allows for the analysis of intrinsic bias in monolingual PLMs",[]],["is easily adaptable to various languages",[]]],"ex":[["e.g., \"Turkish\" vs \"Greek\" in Turkish and Dutch PLMs as illustrated in Figure 1",[]]]},{"sy":[["contexts",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sb":[["specified event",[]],["unspecified event",[]]]},{"rt":[["sentiments analysis",[]]]},{"sp":[["event detection",[]]]},{"sp":[["event detection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["cultural violence motivates actors to commit direct violence or to ignore structural violence.",[]],["Cultural violence can be present in societal norms such as religion, law and ideology, and language",["p. 31"]],["Cultural violence can be present in societal norms such as religion, law and ideology, and language (p. 31).",["p. 31"]]],"rt":[["direct violence",[]],["structural violence",[]]],"sp":[["violence",[]]]},{"rt":[["structural violence",[]],["cultural violence",[]]],"sp":[["violence",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["peace journalism 'is when editors and reporters make choices-of what stories to report and how to report them-that create opportunities for society at large to consider and value non-violent responses to conflict' (p. 5).",[]],["From this perspective it is seen as an attempt to restore balance in media coverage by expanding the sources to include, not just elites, but other parties involved in the conflict in order to provide material that helps to explain the situation in more depth.",[]],["Reports also on the issues behind the event.",[]],["People-oriented (focuses on common people as actors and sources of information).",[]],["Reports areas of agreement that might lead to a resolution.",[]],["Reports causes and consequences that led to the incompatibility/event.",[]],["Avoids labeling of good guys and bad guys.",[]],["Multiparty orientation (gives voice to many parties).",[]],["Non partisan (neutral, not taking sides).",[]],["More than one source identified in item.",[]],["longer length items are required to provide the explanations and discussion of alternative views and solutions advocated by peace journalism (Lee & Maslog, 2005).",["Lee & Maslog, 2005"]],["A peace journalism approach may help New Zealanders understand the complexities of the Melanesian region, which is more than just the 'arc of instability'.",[]],["Peace journalism suggests a change in the focus of the mainstream media away from elite people, elite nations and negativity, towards people, processes and paths to peace.",[]]],"rt":[["war journalism",[]],["citizenship journalism",[]],["civic journalism",[]],["development journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The filters are; (1) size, ownership and profit orientation of the dominant mass-media, (2) advertising as primary income, (3) the reliance of media on elite sources, (4) 'flak' as a means of disciplining the media, and (5) anti-communism as a control mechanism.",["p.166"]]]},{"de":[["This type of violence can result in horizontal inequalities; the difference in groups' right to use economic, social, and political resources in a society",["Galtung. 1996, p.31","Stewart & Brown, 2007, p.222","Galtung. 1996, p.31;Stewart & Brown, 2007, p.222"]]],"rt":[["direct violence",[]],["cultural violence",[]]],"sp":[["violence",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the mainstream Western media have a tendency to frame their reporting in terms of war and violence",[]],["Western news media focus on direct violence because of news values such as negativity, unambiguity, personification and meaningfulness.",["2005"]],["Reports mainly on visible events.",[]],["Elite-oriented (focuses on leaders and elites as actors and sources of information).",[]],["Focuses mainly on differences in society.",[]],["Focuses mainly on here and now.",[]],["Dichotomises between the good guys and bad guys, victims and villains.",[]],["Two-party orientation (one party wins, one party loses).",[]],["Partisan (biased for one party).",[]],["Only one source identified in item.",[]]],"rt":[["peace journalism",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["autocracy promotion",[]],["passive promotion",[]]],"sp":[["autocracy promotion",[]]],"ex":[["disinformation campaigns regarding labour rights targeted at foreign audiences exemplify active promotion",[]],["disinformation campaigns regarding labour rights targeted at foreign audiences",[]]]},{"de":[["narratives typically reinforce incumbent legitimacy by emphasising prosperity and order. Reform is framed as unnecessary or harmful",[]],["Together, these narratives support Proposition 3, reflecting an Affirmative logic in which autocracy is discursively normalised as a source of continuity and stability.",[]]],"rt":[["defensive logic",[]],["corrective logic",[]]],"sp":[["autocracy commercialisation",[]]]},{"de":[["autocracy promotion should be understood as the normalisation of autocratic governance practices through narratives marketising autocracy as a product",[]],["Rather than aiming at regime resilience or regime change, autocracy commercialisation centres on the circulation of narratives that normalise autocratic practices across diverse settings.",[]],["Commercialisation functions as a discursive market logic, presenting autocracy as a contextually appropriate response to governance challenges, irrespective of whether it results in regime change.",[]],["This logic treats narratives as discursive 'products' circulating in a market-like environment.",[]],["Rather than advancing a fixed model of autocratic governance, commercialisation offers flexible narrative structures adaptable to diverse contexts.",[]],["In so doing, it fosters demand by aligning narratives with the specific concerns of recipient regimes, enabling autocratic practices to be adopted when they are perceived to 'fit'.",[]],["embedding stability, sovereignty and lawful governance as discursive priorities",[]],["functions discursively through recurring emphasis on incumbency, order, and non-interference",[]],["autocracy commercialisation as a framework for understanding how autocracy is normalised through narrative practices",[]],["Commercialisation functions as a discursive market logic, presenting autocracy as a contextually appropriate response to governance challenges, irrespective of whether it results in regime change. This logic treats narratives as discursive 'products' circulating in a market-like environment.",[]],["Rather than aiming at regime resilience or regime change, autocracy commercialisation centres on the circulation of narratives that normalise autocratic practices across diverse settings. Commercialisation functions as a discursive market logic, presenting autocracy as a contextually appropriate response to governance challenges, irrespective of whether it results in regime change. This logic treats narratives as discursive 'products' circulating in a market-like environment.",[]]],"rt":[["autocracy promotion",[]],["marketising narratives",[]]]},{"de":[["autocracy promotion operates through marketising narratives of autocratic behaviour",[]]],"rt":[["active promotion",[]],["passive promotion",[]],["offsetting democracy",["Börzel, 2015"]],["economic coercion",[]],["diplomatic pressure",[]]],"sb":[["active promotion",[]],["passive promotion",[]]]},{},{"de":[["presenting authoritarian consolidation as a response to political uncertainty",[]]],"rt":[["defensive logic",[]],["affirmative logic",[]]]},{"de":[["narratives often reactively portray reformist actors as destabilising or externally driven. Here, incumbents are cast as bulwarks of stability and sovereignty, and autocracy is framed as a defensive response to external disruption",[]],["it affirms incumbency as a guarantor of order while showing that reform is volatile",[]],["China's narratives delegitimise reformist actors and portray incumbents as guarantors of political order",[]],["These narratives align with the framework of autocracy commercialisation, supporting Proposition 2 (Defensive logic), in which autocracy is discursively legitimised as a protective response to political disruption.",[]]],"rt":[["affirmative logic",[]],["corrective logic",[]]],"sp":[["autocracy commercialisation",[]]]},{"rt":[["narratives",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Rather than advancing a fixed model of autocratic governance, commercialisation offers flexible narrative structures adaptable to diverse contexts. In so doing, it fosters demand by aligning narratives with the specific concerns of recipient regimes, enabling autocratic practices to be adopted when they are perceived to 'fit'.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["narrative theory allows to connect various mechanisms, embedding them within broader discursive frames that legitimise autocratic practices.",[]],["Narrative theory offers a cohesive framework for explaining how autocracy commercialisation works by bridging diverse mechanisms into a unified story that advances autocratic governance.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of autocracy promotion, narratives thus serve as discursive devices actors employ to normalise autocratic practices through broader stories of order, stability and development.",[]],["Narratives do not simply reflect governance practices but actively shape perceptions, legitimising certain forms of rule while undermining others",[]],["narratives thus serve as discursive devices actors employ to normalise autocratic practices through broader stories of order, stability and development",[]]],"rt":[["discursive devices",[]],["discursive 'products'",[]],["discourses",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Autocracy promotion",["Börzel, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["narratives tend to remain neutral or procedural, lacking consistent thematic emphasis",[]]]},{"de":[["In the latter case, a state may not intend to spread autocracy by implementing these restrictive labour laws, but by adopting policies like those used by other autocracies, it indirectly normalises these practices. This can signal to other countries that such restrictions are acceptable, encouraging the passive spread of autocratic practices.",[]]],"rt":[["autocracy promotion",[]],["active promotion",[]]],"sp":[["autocracy promotion",[]]],"ex":[["the adoption of strict labour laws mimicking those in powerful autocracies illustrates passive promotion",[]],["the adoption of strict labour laws mimicking those in powerful autocracies",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In this type of propaganda, the source is entirely uncertain.",[]],["However, those who use black propaganda attempt to make the source appear reliable.",[]],["Furthermore, the target audience is directed to believe that the information is obtained from their own sources.",[]],["The most important characteristic of black propaganda is that society is unaware that this information comes from the opposing side and is a form of propaganda.",[]],["It aims to alter the facts, shake beliefs, and stir up public opinion. When the source is understood, it loses its effect and rebounds. It leads to an increase in hostile feelings",["foot_7"]],["Armenians conducted both domestic and international black propaganda campaigns, achieving an advantage until the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War that began on September 27, 2020.",[]],["However, those who use black propaganda attempt to make the source appear reliable. Furthermore, the target audience is directed to believe that the information is obtained from their own sources. The most important characteristic of black propaganda is that society is unaware that this information comes from the opposing side and is a form of propaganda.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]],"ex":[["Their black propaganda efforts instilled confidence and courage among their own people.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In this type of propaganda, the information source is not officially known.",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["disinformation",[]],["propaganda",[]],["psychological warfare",[]],["psychological operations",[]]],"rt":[["information-psychological war",[]]]},{"de":[["analyzes the history of the manipulation of visual means that were used in psychological warfare",[]]],"rt":[["psychological operations",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Historically, states, political organizations, and other actors have used propaganda to steer society and gain their support.",[]],["This can take various forms, involving media, communication tools, and the manipulation of information.",[]],["Propaganda can be used to shape the perspective of society, support policies, or guide society in a specific direction.",[]],["Propaganda is a conscious form of communication aimed at influencing people's thoughts and behaviors.",[]],["Armenians used these terrorist acts as propaganda material during and after the First Karabakh War.",[]],["They portrayed these actions not as acts of terrorism but as a struggle for independence and utilized them as propaganda material both at the national and international levels.",[]],["Historically, states, political organizations, and other actors have used propaganda to steer society and gain their support. This can take various forms, involving media, communication tools, and the manipulation of information. Propaganda can be used to shape the perspective of society, support policies, or guide society in a specific direction.",[]]],"rt":[["media",[]],["communication tools",[]],["manipulation of information",[]]],"sb":[["white propaganda",[]],["gray propaganda",[]],["black propaganda",[]]]},{"de":[["Individuals who want to provoke during rallies, funerals, and demonstrations blend into the crowd and make provocative statements on sensitive issues.",[]],["Provocation-type psychological warfare generally affects uneducated, unhappy, unemployed, and impoverished groups.",[]],["The statements of provocateurs who use this method are not only false but also have no basis.",[]]],"sp":[["psychological warfare",[]]]},{"de":[["Armenia used psychological warfare tactics to project itself as a stronger state than Azerbaijan, both on the national and international stage.",[]],["Armenia attempted to manipulate both its own population and the opposing side through psychological warfare tactics but ultimately failed to achieve its objectives.",[]],["According to him, psychological warfare can be divided into four types: 'strategic psychological warfare', 'tactical psychological warfare', 'reinforcement psychological warfare', and 'provocation-type psychological warfare'.",[]]],"sb":[["strategic psychological warfare",[]],["tactical psychological warfare",[]],["reinforcement psychological warfare",[]],["provocation-type psychological warfare",[]],["reinforcing psychological warfare",[]]]},{"de":[["This type of psychological warfare is often used to reassure people after conflicts and make them feel secure.",[]],["It is also employed to prevent any potential uprisings or rebellions.",[]],["The scope of this psychological warfare type includes assisting in the protection of transportation lines and aiding military governments in establishing law in occupied or liberated areas.",[]],["It also involves collaborating with civilians and assisting in post-war reconstruction efforts in war-torn areas, as well as helping establish places like newspapers, television, and printing presses, as well as local governance",[]]],"sy":[["reinforcement psychological warfare",[]]],"sp":[["psychological warfare",[]]]},{"de":[["This type of psychological warfare is carried out taking into account the enemy's sphere of influence.",[]],["The target here is not only the soldiers fighting on the enemy's front lines. Also, non-combatant soldiers, partisan or neutral communities, and civilians residing in that country are the targets.",[]],["During strategic psychological warfare, propaganda is used against the opposing side.",[]]],"rt":[["white propaganda",[]]],"sp":[["psychological warfare",[]]]},{"de":[["The objectives of this type of psychological warfare can be described as increasing obedience within society and raising the fear factor to prevent negative reactions, directing and misleading the international public opinion, and creating a rift between the local government and the people.",[]],["Generally, one of the goals of tactical psychological warfare is to deceive the enemy's military units both before and after the war.",[]]],"sp":[["psychological warfare",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In this type of propaganda, the aim is for accurate information to create the desired effect",["25"]],["White propaganda always sources its information from specific, reliable, and official sources, which enhances its credibility.",[]],["This type of propaganda aims to use real and accurate information, preventing the dissemination of false or misleading information to the public.",[]],["White propaganda seeks to debunk the enemy's claims by informing the public with accurate and reliable information, thereby exposing the falsehood or deception of the opposing side.",[]],["White propaganda aims to guide the thoughts and behaviors of the target audience with accurate information, with the goal of consciously informing society.",[]],["In white propaganda, false or suspicious information is not included.",[]],["White propaganda aims to assist people in making their own informed choices by presenting information openly and honestly.",[]],["White propaganda aims to guide the thoughts and behaviors of the target audience with accurate information, with the goal of consciously informing society. In white propaganda, false or suspicious information is not included.",[]]],"rt":[["strategic psychological warfare",[]]],"sp":[["propaganda",[]]]},{},{"de":[["we approach the questions of how Internet-based communication is controlled and regulated in different societal contexts more openly.",[]]]},{"rt":[["brownfield actors",[]]],"ex":[["companies such as Google, Facebook, etc.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["news; music, videos, and games; video-on-demand (VoD); video calls; social networks; banking; shopping; and interaction with public authorities.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Causal interpretation is an important aspect of conflict framing",[]]]},{"sy":[["causal accountability",[]]],"sb":[["Individual Responsibility",[]],["Societal responsibility",[]]]},{"sb":[["frame-building",[]],["frame-setting",[]]]},{"rt":[["causal interpretation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This involves giving a believable description of the events happening and suggesting their solutions as well.",[]],["an influential tool to construct information and alter masses' opinion of constructs around them",["Brüggemann, 2014","Ireri et al., 2019"]],["present comprehensive knowledge in simpler form so that audience can make meanings from these frames",["Tolley, 2016"]],["includes labelling of \"schemata of interpretation\" which in turns give audience the ability \"to locate, perceive, identify, and label\"",["Goffman, 1986","Mallouli & Sweeney, 2019"]],["describing the problem, bringing possible solutions, and digging out responsible individuals, and evaluating morally are the key elements of framing",["Entman et al., 2009"]],["Frames diagnose the issues and conflicts, determine what are causes of conflict between the opposite parties, identifying the agents that are responsible for creating the conflict, make more judgments regarding effects of the conflicts, present remedies and take necessary steps for the resolution of conflicts.",[]],["Frames are considered constructs through which the audience develops the meaning of their surroundings.",[]]],"rt":[["News Framing",[]]]},{"rt":[["frame-building",[]],["frame-setting",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["News framing matters in the media field as it has effects on the behavior and mindset of the audiences.",[]],["Salma Ghanem gives a broader understanding of news framing by identifying four extensions; storyline, main argument, placement, and tone of the theme",["Kim et al., 2013"]]],"sb":[["storyline",["Kim et al., 2013"]],["main argument",["Kim et al., 2013"]],["placement",["Kim et al., 2013"]],["tone of the theme",["Kim et al., 2013"]]]},{"de":[["stresses on the resolution of conflicts by depolarizing every aspect of both parties involved in conflict and emphasize more on the promotion of peace rather than violence",[]],["Peace journalism process condemn the repetition of facts that degrade opponent and results in the escalation of conflicts",["Lynch, 2014","Siraj, 2016"]]],"rt":[["war journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["which include the effects of political and social conservatism, political polarization, religious discourse, anti-quarantine activists, and anti-mask and anti-vaccination movements.",[]]]},{"de":[["journalists, who try to make their positions visible by assuming the role of mediators in these discussions",[]],["the sources, who are able to access the media space and participate in justifying and popularizing the problem of scientific disinformation among the public opinion",[]]]},{"de":[["In this way, the sources' statements are equated to the facts themselves and the audiences must draw their own conclusions about what has been said",["Chagas & Cruz, 2022"]]]},{"de":[["it emerges as a matter of choice between a true or false narrative of the facts. Instead of pointing out to an external actor that should be accountable for this trouble (the politicians, the scientists, the anti-science movements, etc.), these articles seem to naturalize the spreading of \"fake news\", seen as a result of the post-truth/information disorder era in which the consumption of information is determined by mechanisms of selective perception, ideological bubbles, confirmation biases, algorithmic mediation, etc.",[]]],"ex":[["the spreading of a significant amount of misleading content associated with the pandemic, including scientifically unproven Covid treatments (e.g., chloroquine), false treatments, etc.",[]]]},{"sp":[["building a public problem",[]]]},{"de":[["associated with denialist movements or conspiracy theories in other countries (especially China, the United States, and Russia).",[]]]},{"de":[["an offshoot of the crisis in media legitimacy",[]]]},{"sp":[["building a public problem",[]]]},{"de":[["It covers the role of public agents who disseminated fake news (e.g., Bolsonaro) and those who combated it, the tensions within the public authorities regarding how the pandemic was communicated, and the public authorities' negotiations with international organizations (especially WHO) and the pharmaceutical industry.",[]]]},{"sp":[["building a public problem",[]]]},{"de":[["public problems are socially constructed.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This category opposes disinformation as it pertains to science discourse a priori qualified as true or credible.",[]]],"ex":[["texts that inform about vaccines and protective materials, divulge reasoning behind the disqualification of scientifically unproven treatments, and that make mention of national policies to encourage the production and dissemination of scientific works.",[]]]},{"de":[["\"the press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about\"",[]]],"rt":[["first iteration of the agenda-setting theory",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This function suggests that media provide the words and expression people use to articulate an opinion and express it when talking to others about a specific issue.",["Noelle-Neumann, 1973/2004"]]],"rt":[["key-words agenda setting",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["explained through applicability effects, that is immediate effects of exposure to issues and attributes, which later foster salience type effects (i.e. priming).",[]]],"sy":[["second-level agenda setting",[]]],"sb":[["equivalence frames",[]],["emphasis frames",[]]]},{"de":[["explain how certain subjects are discussed in very specific terms by ordinary people, even when the issues do not refer to specialized matters.",[]]],"sy":[["key words level of agenda setting",[]]],"rt":[["articulation function of the media",[]]],"sp":[["agenda setting theory",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["third-level agenda setting",["Vu, McCombs & Guo, 2014, p. 671"]]]},{"de":[["Priming is a notion which originates in cognitive psychology and derives from the associative model of memory: every new concept is stored as a node in a network and is connected to other concepts by semantic paths; the priming effect refers to the activation of a certain node in the network by an external stimulus semantically related to it. The activated node will be the interpretative filter in forming judgments or processing information.",[]],["This mechanism is based on \"a memory-based model of information processing, which assumes that individuals make judgments about other people or issues based on information easily available and retrievable from memory\"",[]],["a notion which originates in cognitive psychology and derives from the associative model of memory: every new concept is stored as a node in a network and is connected to other concepts by semantic paths; the priming effect refers to the activation of a certain node in the network by an external stimulus semantically related to it.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["CT",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["tailored to the conspiracy communities by addressing the specific insider terms they used.",[]],["used the SAGE method to identify insider language",[]]],"sy":[["specialized terminology",[]]],"ex":[["e.g., \"trace gas,\" \"sea level rise,\" \"temperature measurements,\" etc.",[]],["trace gas",[]],["sea level rise",[]],["temperature measurements",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In that case, conspiracy theory believers are more likely to engage their defense mechanism and choose to continue holding their original belief.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["inoculation theory",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Framing is one strategy which politicians can use to bias these discussions towards their stance.",[]],["By emphasizing specific aspects of the issue, politicians create an association between the issue and a specific frame of reference, allowing them to influence public perception of an issue.",[]]],"ex":[["the debate around increasing the minimum wage can be framed as a quality of life issue or as an economic issue.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["semantic frame extraction",[]]]},{"rt":[["semantic frames",[]]],"sp":[["semantic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["a weak interpretation of",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can also be used as a basis for comparing news articles, and to suggest relevant content based on the similarity of actual argumentative statements.",[]]],"rt":[["argument and opinion mining",[]]]},{"rt":[["causation frame",[]],["frame-evoking element",[]]],"ex":[["Instances of the \"causation\" frame, such as \"climate change causes global warming,\"",[]],["the causation frame",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Fake news detection",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Puede realizarse mediante su asimilación a un animal, a una máquina o a las fuerzas del mal",[]],["Al objeto se le atribuyen tales cualidades como inmoralidad, estupidez, brutalidad, características para los animales, o la incapacidad de la compasión, que es típico para una máquina.",[]]]},{"de":[["la función de la consolidación de la identidad colectiva, de la movilización, de legitimación del poder y de la violencia, de predicción de la victoria",[]],["La demonización del enemigo a través de su identificación con el mal absoluto justifica el uso de todos los métodos posibles para luchar contra él y legitima la continuación del enfrentamiento.",[]],["Los investigadores destacan las siguientes funciones de la imagen del enemigo: la función de la consolidación de la identidad colectiva, de la movilización, de legitimación del poder y de la violencia, de predicción de la victoria [11, pp. 13-16]. El cumplimiento eficaz de la función de legitimar la violencia es imposible sin atribuirle a esta imagen las cualidades malignas, que provocan las emociones profundamente negativas. Para lograr este efecto, se utiliza el mecanismo de formar o deshumanizar la imagen del enemigo. Puede realizarse mediante su asimilación a un animal, a una máquina o a las fuerzas del mal [11, pp. 14-16].",["11, pp. 13-16","11, pp. 14-16"]]],"rt":[["deshumanizar",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Las percepciones soviéticas de Latinoamérica en general y de Chile en particular tenían signos característicos de un mito: la romantización del pasado y del futuro, la mezcla de los acontecimientos históricos reales con las percepciones idealizadas de los mismos, el carácter metafórico y emocional, la dicotomía héroes / antihéroes.",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["asimilación al nazismo",[]]]},{"de":[["The function of the hedges, thus, are to show the degree of certainty or doubt the authors have towards their own; hedges also leave a room for the readers or viewers to make their own judgements",["Yongqing Tengl 2015"]]]},{"rt":[["discriminatory",[]],["racist",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Repetition has power; a power on the memory, on the attitudes, and on the acts.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["post-truth thesis",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["bubble",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["post-truth thesis",[]]]},{"sp":[["Speech act theory",[]]],"ex":[["e.g. the act of marrying",["10"]]]},{"sp":[["Speech act theory",[]]],"ex":[["e.g. \"I do\"",["10"]]]},{"sp":[["Speech act theory",[]]],"ex":[["the perlocutionary act could be that of irritating the bride's family",["10"]]]},{},{"de":[["often used without much consciousness or explicit explanation of its meaning.",[]],["what they are diagnosing is not (or not only) a change in the amount or nature of the mendacity and manipulation perpetrated by politicians, but a more profound and widespread shift in attitudes to the very ideas of truth and falsehood.",[]],["Use of the term is associated less with simple nostalgia for past centuries than with a modified Whiggish view of history: society was progressing steadily towards ever greater enlightenment, rationality and freedom, until recently when -with the aid of such historically unprecedented innovations as social media -it all went horribly wrong, in a way emblematised by Brexit in Britain and by Trump in the US.",[]],["The thesis is then that the explanation of the undesirable political trends in question is that people have stopped forming their opinions based on facts, and have fallen into the grip of emotional and irrational influences incubated by social media and other aspects of twenty-firstcentury life.",[]],["A person in this condition does not care whether her beliefs in general are true or false.",[]],["perhaps she is simply fond of uttering certain statements, and acting 'as if' she believed certain things to be true, without actually believing them to be true -yet not necessarily believing them to be false either.",[]],["employed to talk about popular speech and behaviour which the employer of that notion finds puzzling in their apparent deludedness or irrationality.",[]],["first and foremost a slur word: it serves to smear its referents, but without contributing to an understanding of their nature or significance.",[]],["performs actions of its own: a protest against a protest, a cry for a return to politics as usual, and a distraction from the basic project of trying to understand what is happening.",[]],["it is either totally banal (e.g. if it is observing that politicians sometimes lie or bullshit or that people's beliefs are sometimes distorted by emotion), or it is both wildly audacious and philosophically confused (e.g. conflating narrowmindedness with a form of relativism and attributing both to large swathes of the population on the basis of scant-to-non-existent evidence).",[]],["'Post-truth' is first and foremost a slur word: it serves to smear its referents, but without contributing to an understanding of their nature or significance.",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["alternative facts",[]],["lying",[]],["propaganda",[]],["falsehood",[]],["post-truth talk",[]]]},{"de":[["proponents of 'post-truth' discourse sometimes state that what they are diagnosing is not (or not only) a change in the amount or nature of the mendacity and manipulation perpetrated by politicians, but a more profound and widespread shift in attitudes to the very ideas of truth and falsehood.",[]]],"rt":[["the rise of social media",[]],["echo chambers",[]],["identity politics",[]],["postmodernism",[]],["lying",[]],["propaganda",[]],["falsehood",[]],["Hearts over heads",[]],["bullshit",[]]],"sb":[["Hearts over heads",[]],["bullshit",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it is a revisionary view as to what 'truth' means or consists in.",[]]],"sb":[["subjectivism",[]]]},{"de":[["The counter-claim of speech act theorists is that we can do far more with our words than this.",[]],["treating sayings as doings",[]],["the dimension of speech as action",[]],["According to this traditional view, words are for saying things: we say things with words. As for doings, or actions, those fall into a separate category, which is only indirectly related to the category of sayings. By saying something, I may (sometimes) influence the way others think, and that may (sometimes) influence what they then go on to do. Conversely, the things that I and others do may lead to certain things being said about us. There is thus a causal exchange between the categories of sayings and doings: sayings respond to doings, and vice versa.",[]],["The connection is never direct, however, but mediated through the mental processes of sayer and doer.",[]]],"sb":[["locutionary",[]],["illocutionary",[]],["perlocutionary",[]]]},{"sp":[["relativism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a cluster is characterized by a degree of flexibility, distinguishing it from more rigidly defined topics. Clusters can encompass a broader range of related concepts, allowing for a more nuanced exploration of themes that emerge from the articles.",[]],["This clustering process enables us to discern patterns and connections among terms, offering a clearer understanding of how these keywords interact and contribute to the overall narrative.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["By identifying clusters of related terms, we can better comprehend the complexity of the narratives presented and the dynamics that shape public perception.",[]],["and it plays a crucial role in understanding the nuances of language in news articles.",[]],["it plays a crucial role in understanding the nuances of language in news articles",[]],["it helps to illuminate the underlying themes and issues being addressed",[]]]},{"de":[["Misinformation about a business can have financial consequences on the business",["Petratos, 2021"]]],"rt":[["misleading information",[]]],"sb":[["Health misinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["social networking sites",[]]]},{"de":[["Social networking sites are also used to describe experiences with a product or service.",[]],["social media sites are a source of advice and recommendations in the form of comments on posts.",[]]],"sy":[["social media",[]]],"ex":[["\"non-traditional\" social media platforms such as the comment section of e-commerce platforms and news sites",[]],["yelp.com",[]],["allrecipes.com",[]],["Amazon.com reviews",[]],["stackoverflow.com",[]]]},{"de":[["It demands that individuals navigate Hukou-linked welfare gaps, perform economic or cultural \"deservedness\" to avoid the \"burden\" label, and manage a state of permanent transience, building \"home\" through cyclical mobility without challenging the sedentary basis of social citizenship.",[]],["active aging for the Houniao is framed as a precarious negotiation of structural barriers",[]]],"rt":[["Western paradigms that equate activity with consumer choice and personal health management",["Benson & O'Reilly, 2016"]]]},{"rt":[["burden rhetoric",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["New ageism",[]]]},{"de":[["we treat frames as cognitive structures that shape audience interpretation by defining problems, diagnosing causes, making moral judgments, and suggesting remedies.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["conveys societal apprehensions regarding the aging population and the ability of urban areas to accommodate their escalating needs.",[]]],"sp":[["Houniao Frame",[]]]},{"de":[["the Houniao Frame is not a neutral reflection but an active construction that shapes societal understanding and legitimizes certain policy responses over others.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["emphasize personal choice",[]],["validating Houniao mobility as a legitimate social phenomenon and promoting regional tourism economies",[]],["the lifestyle frame is maintained when it supports national interests but downplayed when it might reveal weaknesses in China's systems.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["suggests that their arrival in destination cities significantly burdens local services, stretching the capacity of care facilities, housing, and community support systems.",[]],["casts Houniao as a disruptive force, potentially overwhelming the infrastructural and social support networks in these warmer locales",[]],["conveys societal apprehensions regarding the aging population and the ability of urban areas to accommodate their escalating needs.",[]]]},{"de":[["This feature was observed first among American soldiers during World Word II and subsequently among Holocaust survivors, immigrants, mental health providers, and patients suffering from psychiatric or somatic symptoms, and is associated in most cases with suicidal ideation and suicidal risk",["Frank, 1946"]],["associated with a lack of hope and meaning in life, helplessness, and low self-esteem",["Clarke and Kissane, 2002"]]]},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["they feel that information about the war between Ukraine and Russia is everywhere, overwhelming and invading their lives",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["rumination as an adaptive mechanism",[]]],"rt":[["exposure (direct or indirect) to traumatic events",[]],["adaptive mechanism",[]]],"sp":[["emotional regulation strategies",[]]]},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Variance",[]]]},{"rt":[["satire",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Yet, satire is a way of criticizing people or ideas in a humorous way.",[]],["It uses laughter as a weapon and against the vices which exist outside of the work itself.",[]],["comedy evokes laughter mainly as an end in itself, while satire mocks. It uses laughter as a weapon and against the vices which exist outside of the work itself.",[]],["Satire is a form of implicit communication.",[]]],"rt":[["comedy",[]]]},{"de":[["effectively reduces its influence on peoples' beliefs and activates their analytical thinking",[]],["reactive and passive debunking",[]],["the debunking post disproved misinformation claims about Ukrainian refugees from the same outlet",[]]],"rt":[["source exposure",[]],["counter-misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["more susceptible to believe and consume misinformation",[]],["strongly identify with their political beliefs, they are prone to rejecting debunking efforts that contradict their beliefs",[]],["online information flows remain within ideological homogenous networks",[]],["Due to these strong biases, adherents are likely to accept false information that is aligned with their personal beliefs.",[]],["hidden and stigmatized communities",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["conspiracy theories",[]]],"sb":[["fringe communities of misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["hidden and stigmatized communities",[]]]},{"de":[["group administrators",[]],["Serving as gatekeepers of posts in the groups, that is deciding which posts to be published or not",[]]],"sy":[["group administrators",[]]],"sb":[["group administrators",[]]]},{"de":[["this infrastructure absorbs new trending misinformation claims and pushes them on a global scale",[]]],"ex":[["anti-vax movements during the COVID pandemic",["Burki, 2020","Cinelli et al., 2020","Johnson et al., 2020"]]]},{"de":[["propose to activate source criticism by exposing sources' unreliability",[]],["highlighting a source's unreliability can provide a point of reference similar to debunking (Lewandowsky et al., 2020), lower the costs of conducting source criticism (Ahlstrom-Vij, 2016), and activate members' media literacy (Steensen, 2019) and analytical thinking (McKernan et al., 2023).",["Lewandowsky et al., 2020","Ahlstrom-Vij, 2016","Steensen, 2019","McKernan et al., 2023"]],["The source exposure statement highlighted a source's lack of credibility and reliability by proving their bad track record of spreading misinformation, biased reporting, or lack of impartiality",[]],["present source exposure as a potential strategy, focusing on limiting consumption rather than limiting audience acceptance of misinformation",[]],["We argue that by exposing and highlighting misinformation sources' unreliability and debunking their track record to fringe communities, these communities will update their perspective of exposed sources and reduce their consumption to avoid being misled.",[]]],"rt":[["source criticism",[]]],"sp":[["counter-misinformation",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["It includes the ability to critically and laterally read race and intersecting oppressions in digital contexts, as well as the ability to recognize and subvert the ways that technologies (algorithms, artificial intelligence, bots, etc.) oppress certain groups while maintaining the status quo for others.",[]],["CRDL also includes recognizing the ways that technology can be used and designed to foment racial division to suit political and economic ends.",[]],["Additionally, CRDL refers to one's capacity to develop historical knowledge and a lens to situate racist content, anti-Blackness, and whiteness.",[]],["It incorporates an understanding of how attention and emotion have been weaponized in complex digital terrains, including Internet politics, education, work, social interaction, and entertainment, and cultivating capacities to navigate them.",[]],["CRDL involves creating digital media, artifacts, and processes in ways that embody a person's interests and help to organize and liberate communities.",[]],["Finally, being able to reflect on each of these competencies is an important aspect of CRDL.",[]],["being able to reflect on each of these competencies is an important aspect of CRDL.",[]],["emphasis on unmasking hidden white supremacist narratives",[]],["assess abilities on specific tasks related to critically reasoning about race-related content online",[]],["skills that performers at each level might possess or have to develop to successfully navigate an increasingly complex race-related digital landscape",[]],["Critical race digital literacy needs students have include developing counternarratives of racist discourses online, training in how to situate race-related digital content in historical context, detecting issues of power in search results, and determining the range of race-related disinformation and misinformation that can come from a range of sources both foreign and domestic.",[]]],"sy":[["CRDL",[]]],"rt":[["critical race theory",[]],["digital literacy",[]],["online civic reasoning",[]],["critical race digital literacy skills",[]],["lateral reading",[]]]},{"rt":[["critical race digital literacy",[]]]},{"de":[["how students critique the racialized messages in books, films, popular music, and other media",[]]],"sb":[["digital media contexts of literacy use",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["disagreement often persists even under repeated annotation, reflecting genuine interpretive ambiguity rather than noise",["Pavlick and Kwiatkowski, 2019","Davani et al., 2022"]],["disagreement in semantic annotation often reflects genuine ambiguity or perspective rather than annotator error",["Basile et al., 2021","Pavlick and Kwiatkowski, 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["Framing is closely related to downstream attitudes such as sentiment and stance, making it a useful intermediate representation for modeling social meaning.",[]]],"rt":[["sentiment",[]],["stance",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["private states",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["explicit mentions of private states",[]],["speech events expressing private states",[]],["expressive subjective elements",[]],["opinions",[]],["emotions",[]],["sentiments",[]],["speculations",[]],["evaluations",[]]]},{"rt":[["opinion",[]],["subjectivity",[]]]},{"rt":[["opinion",[]],["sentiment",[]],["subjectivity",[]]],"sb":[["document, sentence, word and feature-based",[]]]},{"de":[["This involves determining if the topics are relevant and if they correctly represent the underlying information in the claims without misinterpretation or error.",[]]]},{"de":[["To assess whether the topic labels are clear, precise, and unambiguous, we evaluate precision, unambiguity, consistency, and accessibility.",[]],["Ensure that each topic label communicates its content effectively to avoid confusion.",[]]],"sb":[["Precision",[]],["Unambiguity",[]],["Consistency",[]],["Accessibility",[]]]},{"de":[["are a common vehicle for misinformation",["Ni et al., 2024"]]]},{"sy":[["false or misleading information",[]],["false information",[]],["misleading information",[]]]},{"de":[["To assess whether the topics are welldifferentiated and free from redundancy, we evaluate their distinctiveness and degree of overlap.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Clarity",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["peripheral route",[]]],"sp":[["routes of persuasion",["28"]],["Elaboration Likelihood Model",[]]]},{"de":[["They can be persuasive even without stimulating the processing of arguments.",["33"]]]},{"de":[["This is not learning -the difference from learning is the personal contribution to elaboration (e.g. the individual's attitude).",["30"]]]},{"sb":[["the central route",["28"]],["the peripheral route",["28"]]]},{"rt":[["information battles",[]],["information warfare",[]]]},{"rt":[["central route",[]]],"sp":[["routes of persuasion",["28"]],["Elaboration Likelihood Model",[]]]},{"de":[["It is not analogous to telling the truth: the main purpose of persuasion is to gain influence, not to spread the truth, thus, persuaders can hide the truth or even mislead the recipient as long as it serves their purpose, therefore techniques applied by the persuader remains a matter of ethics. 11",["11"]],["It is not analogous to telling the truth: the main purpose of persuasion is to gain influence, not to spread the truth, thus, persuaders can hide the truth or even mislead the recipient as long as it serves their purpose, therefore techniques applied by the persuader remains a matter of ethics.",["11"]]]},{"de":[["there is a common perception that it involves purposefully generated information used for targeting audiences to influence their attitudes and actions.",[]],["the passage of the article could be interpreted as a strong propaganda product (i.e., laying out of arguments, etc.)",[]],["snapshot as a weak one (i.e., more emotive or symbolistic)",[]],["In other words, it is an intentional and systematic attempt to shape perception, manipulate knowledge or modify behavior so that the elicited response would contribute to the desired goals of the propagandist.",[]],["it is an intentional and systematic attempt to shape perception, manipulate knowledge or modify behavior so that the elicited response would contribute to the desired goals of the propagandist.",["18"]]],"rt":[["persuasive communication",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["but those are not necessarily being exploited at the moment",[]]],"sb":[["passivity towards political news",[]],["lack of critical assessment of the information received",[]],["bias towards the source",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["In this way, they serve as thematic signposts in speeches, slogans, and headlines.",[]]],"sp":[["poetic formulas",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["poetic formulas",[]]]},{"de":[["They often facilitate as thematic signposts that foregrounded the speaker's value and tradition, identity, or message.",[]]]},{"de":[["persuasive and ideological tool that not only shapes political identity but also amplifies polarization through media complicity.",[]],["broader significance of poetic rhetoric in constructing political identity, shaping public perception, and engaging voters.",[]]]},{"de":[["focusing on the convergence of language, identity, and technology shaping political norms.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["is designed to construct, maintain, and exercise the political influence.",[]]]},{"de":[["This ensures ideological consistency and protects against missteps.",[]]],"sp":[["poetic formulas",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Remember",[]]]},{"ex":[["I think I am a nice person",[]],["People that know me, like me",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Facebook outcry about a company's billboard ads",[]],["Facebook privacy issues",[]],["Korean airlines firestorm",[]],["NFL's CoverGirl ad",[]],["Notebook brand Moleskin asked designers to submit \"free\" designs",[]],["NYPD and McDonalds asking consumers to make positive online posts",[]]]},{"de":[["depoliticizing does not mean avoiding political topics.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["climate change",[]],["agricultural policies",[]],["wind energy",[]],["biofuels",[]],["the Fukushima disaster",[]]]},{"de":[["a previously held moderate belief (e.g., \"I'm not sure about the motives of the refugees\") is taking a more extreme form following the more radical elements of the community (e.g., \"refugees are not really escaping violence but to get free social benefits\")",[]]]},{"ex":[["vaccine controversies",[]],["food security",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["petty disputes in a community forum",[]]]},{"ex":[["fake news",[]],["fake reviews of tourist destinations and hospitality businesses",[]]]},{"de":[["Comments share the same platform with the original news item and respond to both the original and to other user comments.",[]],["Online comments may be generated long after the news item first appeared and may serve user agendas that have very little to do with the original news story.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["manifest itself in various ways",[]]],"sb":[["cyberbullying",["2"]],["trolling",["3"]],["creation of online firestorms",["4"]]]},{"ex":[["Woody Allen",[]],["Trump",[]],["attacking memorial pages of deceased people",[]],["known as RIP trolling",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Wikileaks and Edward Snowden",[]],["gun rights/gun control",[]],["news stories relating to economy",[]],["government inefficiency",[]],["immigration",[]],["defense",[]],["foreign policy",[]],["intelligence agencies",[]],["politicians' personality traits",[]]]},{"ex":[["racist abuse on Twitter of an FA football player",[]]]},{"ex":[["Islamophobia",[]]]},{"ex":[["the #gamergate controversy related to gaming culture",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["vindictive toxicity",["28"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["time work",[]]]},{"de":[["The virus is highly contagious, with a case fatality significantly higher than the seasonal flu, estimated at between 1% and 5% in various countries in December 2020 and at about 2% globally in December 2021 (Ritchie et al., 2020).",["Ritchie et al., 2020"]],["Face masks, both surgical and textile varieties, are an effective tool to prevent transmission.",[]]],"rt":[["corona-suspicious definition",[]]]},{"de":[["The novel coronavirus, often referred to as the China or Wuhan virus, is not the true cause of the disorder. This is a social rather than a true epidemiological upheaval. It is thus a \"plandemic,\" to use the term launched by the viral video with the same title in May 2020 (Nazar and Pieters, 2021), weaponized by political interests through mainstream media (MSM) manipulation.",["Nazar and Pieters, 2021"]]],"rt":[["corona-convinced definition",[]]]},{"de":[["model of contrarian discourses",[]],["In this model, people who take part in science-distrusting discourses are portrayed as afflicted by human cognitive limitations and emotional vulnerabilities, at turns manipulating others through their public involvement, and themselves manipulated by savvy propagandists who operate the influence machinery of digital social media.",["Gross, 1994","Miller, 2001"]],["explains science-contrarian and denialist beliefs through cognitive shortcomings or vulnerability to manipulation, in opposition to science-trusting beliefs which are framed as cognitively normal and self-explanatory",[]],["the deficit model is persistent both in scientific literature and in public discourses, due to its advantages in formulating research programs and public policies",["Simis et al., 2016"]],["The deficit model explains science-contrarian and denialist beliefs through cognitive shortcomings or vulnerability to manipulation, in opposition to science-trusting beliefs which are framed as cognitively normal and self-explanatory.",[]]]},{"de":[["notions that formalize lay social actors' acts of knowledge-making",[]],["concepts that capture an important agentic dimension of the social construction of knowledge",[]],["fear plays an important role on both sides of these controversies. While vaccine-distrusting views fear vaccine adverse effects and, as a rule, push away fears against preventable diseases, the vaccine-trusting views mandate fear of disease and dissuade fear of vaccine risks.",[]],["time work, emotion work, and boundary work are useful to delineate the narrative that animates this ontology, through character construction and stories about past, present, and possible futures.",[]],["is part and parcel of knowledge work.",[]]],"rt":[["science work",[]],["number work",[]],["time work",[]],["boundary work",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["functions as a symbolic hinge object, in which the same official figures acquire opposing interpretations and sustain divergent worldviews",[]],["the sanitary mask has become, again, a hinge object during the Covid-19 pandemic, after a similar development during the Spanish Flu",["Hauser, 2020"]]],"ex":[["the Covid-19 vaccine is a hinge object",[]]]},{"de":[["In contrast, hinge objects connect conflicting communities of practice, enabling them to better specify their worldview in opposition to one another.",[]],["Hinge objects articulate bifurcated realities in the making, uniting them through shared elements and differentiating them through divergent interpretations.",[]],["articulate bifurcated realities in the making, uniting them through shared elements and differentiating them through divergent interpretations.",[]]],"rt":[["boundary objects",[]]],"ex":[["cigarettes",[]],["vaccines",[]],["sanitary masks",[]],["guns, cigarettes, vaccines, or masks",[]],["guns",[]],["masks",[]],["seatbelts",[]],["such as guns, cigarettes, vaccines, or masks",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["following Slater et al. in acknowledging their shared apprehension of the scientific consensus and the findings of mainstream science",["Slater et al., 2020"]]],"sy":[["science-denialist",[]],["contrarian",[]],["science-suspicious",[]],["suspicious",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]],["misinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["science-denialist",[]],["contrarian",[]],["science-suspicious",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["We call the corresponding posts that spread fake news correction posts and these users correctors later in the paper.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["unintentional fake news spreaders deserve a \"gentle\" strategy developed by social media platforms: nudging and fact-presenting recommendation are more reasonable than suspension and deactivation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["individuals tend to believe information is correct after repeated exposures",["6","23"]]]},{"de":[["misinformation can stymie the efforts for preventive measures",["9"]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["de Vreese (2005) notes that from the perspective of emphasis framing, frames are generally seen as coherent packages of information containing a 'central organising idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events'",["Gamson & Modigliani, 1989: 143"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Framing studies can be separated into two distinct types depending on the kind of framing effect studied",["Druckman, 2001b"]]]},{"sp":[["media strategies",[]]]},{"de":[["de Vreese (2005) notes that from the perspective of emphasis framing, frames are generally seen as coherent packages of information containing a 'central organising idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events'",["Gamson & Modigliani, 1989: 143"]],["the frames represent two distinct ways of reacting to terrorism, i.e. with fear or determination, which may suggest to readers which course of action is most suitable.",[]]]},{"sy":[["subjective risk",[]]]},{"rt":[["terrorism",[]]]},{"de":[["terrorism and PI have been identified in the tourism literature as similar but also distinct phenomena.",[]]],"sy":[["PI",[]]],"rt":[["terrorism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["they tend to visit sun-and-fun destinations which are consistent with their preference for low activity levels",["Plog, 2001"]]],"rt":[["allocentrics",[]]],"sp":[["tourism consumers",[]]]},{"de":[["terrorism is concerned with the intentional use of violence against carefully selected targets to communicate a message and satisfy specific aims",[]],["terrorism and PI have been identified in the tourism literature as similar but also distinct phenomena.",[]]],"rt":[["PI",[]],["political instability",[]]],"ex":[["targeting civilians to generate media attention, moral repugnance in the target population, and behavioural changes undertaken by the affected (e.g. avoiding travel, or certain places)",["Rubin, Brewin, Greenberg, Simpson, & Wessely, 2007","Silver, Holman, McIntosh, Poulin, & Gil-Rivas, 2002"]]]},{},{"de":[["can be used to frame an issue by supplying background information or story suggestions",["Matthews, 2010"]]],"sy":[["vox pops",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["cultural dissimilarities",[]]]},{"de":[["The concept of reward learning follows from classical learning theory, specifically social reinforcement learning.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In a nutshell, it implies that humans tend to repeat behavior that they have experienced as rewarding in the past.",[]]]},{"de":[["In fact, we observed strong polarization even under conditions where Axelrod's model of cultural polarization typically leads to monoculture (e.g. random networks, complete networks).",[]]],"rt":[["rich-get-richer dynamic",[]]]},{"de":[["That is, we show with an agent-based model that polarization is intensified when users become more active after having experienced successful interactions, compared to a world where there is no variation in user activity.",[]]]},{"de":[["broad cooperation is not easily detectable by automated coding schemes.",[]]],"rt":[["Narrow cooperation",[]]],"ex":[["The former Bangkok governor reaffirmed that the PAD remained committed to securing Mr. Thaksin's resignation, and to petition for a royally-appointed interim prime minister as a replacement. He also condemned the disruption of an opposition Democrat Party rally by supporters of the prime minister in Mr Thaksin's northern hometown, Chiang Mai",["Thai News Service 2006"]],["The protesters and the Democratic Alliance Against Dictatorship plan a major rally on Thursday to oust the Abhisit government after the Pheu Thai Party missed toppling it during the censure debate",["Thai News Service 2009"]]]},{"de":[["Journalists systematically underreport facts that are too secretive (description bias)",[]]],"rt":[["selection bias",[]]]},{"de":[["Well-developed automated coding schemes should be able to capture narrow cooperative events.",[]],["The verbs used for identifying narrow cooperation are abet, agrees, aid, ally, align, assist, associate, back, comprise of, endorse, facilitate, help, join, lead, link, mobilize, share, support, sympathize, ties with, work with, welcome.",[]]],"rt":[["broad cooperation",[]]]},{"rt":[["description bias",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In these reports, the media provided apparently complete information, such as dates, locations, figures and so on. Images of the scene were also attached, making the reports seem much more credible to the public. In fact, journalists had just combined different pieces of stories and distorted them to look as though they were about real people in China, resulting in a contradiction between the actual facts and what was reported.",[]]],"sy":[["distorted fake news",[]]],"rt":[["reverse news",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["A security with cancer fund a poor girl in Sichuan",[]],["The President of Zimbabwe arrests the Olympic team for missing out on medals",[]],["Female employees line up to kiss the boss",[]],["Zombie meat incident",[]],["Male driver in Chengdu gave female driver a severe beating",[]],["Beijing old lady extorted foreigners",[]]]},{"de":[["Theoretically, fact-checking the news adds to the cost of telling lies for politicians, which enables political debate to stand on a more solid basis and helps people form accurate perceptions",["Wen and Zeng 2016"]],["creating debates on third-party fact-checking mechanisms and establishing procedures based on internet big data technology.",[]]]},{"de":[["The simplification of the narrative model: because of the time restrictions on editing and writing, media workers cannot write interesting news to an early deadline. In order to publish as soon as possible, some journalists choose to set the model of news based on related materials. After doing interviews, and as related events unfold, they supplement the news accordingly. The narrative structure basically follows the sequence of \"introduction-details-people' s activities\", but lacks innovation.",[]],["Fast news is frequently updated, so that its life-span is relatively short, with the result that audiences easily forget the news that they have already read.",[]]],"rt":[["competing for news",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]]},{},{"de":[["First of all, the subject has been expanded. In an era of omni-media, the requirement for high-level media literacy is not only restricted to journalists, but extends to everyone.",[]],["The creation of new media and We-Media have given rise to the ubiquity of the media, which are no longer a scarce resource. All the information we receive is in the form of news, which we need to understand through media literacy.",[]],["media literacy awareness should be taught in education, so that it is a basic knowledge for everyone.",[]],["Public media literacy is the fundamental factor and the most active force in socialized media.",[]]]},{"de":[["In the context of fiercer competition in the news market and the saturation of information, the media market prefers to report a variety of negative news, so as to grab readers' attention and compete for ratings.",[]]]},{"de":[["the concepts of news professionalism such as \"objectivity\", \"independence\", \"reality\", and \"first time\" are abstract concepts which cannot be practically realized.",[]]],"rt":[["objectivity",[]],["independence",[]],["reality",[]],["first time",[]]]},{"de":[["Shi Anbin puts forward a concept of \"reality bias\" to illuminate the flood of fake news during the process of the US General Election.",[]]]},{"de":[["Sensational journalism emphasizes the provocation of audiences' emotions.",[]],["Sensational journalism often chooses what is referred to as \"dirty news\" when selecting topics.",[]],["Sensational journalism emphasizes the provocation of audiences' emotions. It is similar to fast food in the era of information.",[]]],"sy":[["sensational news",[]]],"rt":[["muckraking news",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["human bites dog",[]],["the Shenzhen public security defendant' s rape case in 2011",["Yang 2011"]],["Lei Zhengfu' s case in Chongqing in 2012",["Wang 2013"]],["the killing of a baby in Beijing Daxing in 2013",["Zhang 2013"]],["the murder case at McDonalds in Shandong Zhaoyuan in 2014",["Zhu 2014"]]]},{},{"de":[["First, it emphasizes the authenticity of news, and encourages reporters to do a number of interviews and repeatedly research and verify the authenticity of the news at the expense of speed, to ensure that each stage of the report is convincing.",[]],["Secondly, slow journalism has more profundity. It not only embodies truth, but more importantly advocates the excavation of further information from the facts as the basis of the news. It calls for an explanation of the reasons for and development of the news, in order to analyze its trend and influence.",[]],["Thirdly, slow journalism is presented in a variety of ways. It has abundant and appropriate methods of presenting the news, including data visualization, integrated media and storytelling, with the aim of gaining a complete understanding of the news.",[]],["Specifically, slow journalism enjoys three features. First, it emphasizes the authenticity of news, and encourages reporters to do a number of interviews and repeatedly research and verify the authenticity of the news at the expense of speed, to ensure that each stage of the report is convincing. Secondly, slow journalism has more profundity. It not only embodies truth, but more importantly advocates the excavation of further information from the facts as the basis of the news. It calls for an explanation of the reasons for and development of the news, in order to analyze its trend and influence. Thirdly, slow journalism is presented in a variety of ways. It has abundant and appropriate methods of presenting the news, including data visualization, integrated media and storytelling, with the aim of gaining a complete understanding of the news.",[]]]},{"de":[["Such news items tend to be sensationalized, provocative and sometimes pornographic, in order to attract attention and make an impact on the public.",[]]],"sy":[["totally fake news",[]]],"sp":[["fake news",[]]],"ex":[["6.9degree earthquake took place in Jiangxi",[]],["Shanghai girl fled from Jiangxi countryside",[]],["A Dongbei village's collapse in morality",[]],["Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission of Shanxi Province Shanxi is removed",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["we simulate the potential vulnerability of factchecking models to database pollution with misinformation documents by injecting synthetically-generated false documents into the evidence sets of fact verification models, and assess the impact on the performance of these systems.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"sy":[["FEVER",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the quest for authenticity as a key motivating factor behind tourists' decisions to go on township tours",[]]],"ex":[["no visit to South Africa is complete without a tour like this",[]],["A great experience of real South Africa",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Attributing residents' way of life in townships to culture, rather than as shaped by poverty, serves to depoliticise and deproblematise poverty, while simultaneously stigmatising the bearers of those 'cultures'",[]],["This notion permitted the tourists to see the living and working conditions of the different immigrant groups as expressions of a 'cultural identity'.",["Steinbrink, 2012"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Discourses stipulate how ideas about a particular issue (for example, poverty or tourism) are put into practice, and establish rules that restrict alternative ways of knowing, talking about, or conducting ourselves in relation to these issues within a particular sociohistorical context",["Parker, 1992","Parker, 2004","Parker, 1992(Parker, , 2004)"]]]},{"sb":[["ecotourism",[]],["voluntourism",[]]],"ex":[["ecotourism and voluntourism, along with other practices like backpacking",[]]]},{"de":[["This imagined public thus becomes an actor with agency and political significance, available to be invoked",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["contribute to an older politics of invisibility.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["to talk about townships as places of hope is to be silent about their lack of toilets and running water.",[]]]},{"de":[["Slum tourism is often framed as particularly morally questionable and as an unethical form of voyeurism linked to coloniality (Freire-Medeiros, 2009;Iqani, 2016).",["Freire-Medeiros, 2009","Iqani, 2016"]],["Slum tourists are criticised by academics and within the media for supporting the commoditisation, romanticisation, and consumption of poverty, and are accused of engaging in 'poverty tourism' or a form of 'poverty porn'",[]],["an unethical form of voyeurism linked to coloniality",[]],["not merely a passive social phenomenon but a productive one; when tour companies represent slums to tourists in specific ways, slum tours are 'spoken into being' as particular discursive objects",[]],["slum tourism is an important social practice to study because it reflects 'an interest, perhaps an unease, about poverty among those who are better off'",["Frenzel, 2016: 4"]],["Slum tourism is a loaded, contentious, and much-debated issue within both the public and academic domains.",[]]],"sy":[["poverty tourism",["Freire-Medeiros, 2009","Iqani, 2016"]],["poverty porn",["Freire-Medeiros, 2009","Iqani, 2016"]]],"rt":[["poverty tourism",[]]],"sb":[["ethical tourism",[]],["ecotourism",[]],["voluntourism",[]]]},{"rt":[["slums of hope",[]]]},{"de":[["It foregrounds the resources within slums and highlights the resilience and industriousness of residents.",[]],["This optimistic discourse of self-help and resilience reproduces broader neoliberal market-orientated principles of governance centring on reduced state responsibility for the poor (Bansel, 2007;Reed, 2012).",["Bansel, 2007","Reed, 2012"]],["produced in the absence of discourses of despair",[]],["counter-discourse, an identity management tool, that allows tourists to resist claims of voyeurism and exploitation and to construct themselves as socially conscious, enlightened and as morally superior to tourists who choose not to engage in township tours.",[]]],"rt":[["slums of despair",[]]]},{},{"de":[["represents 'a living and evolving collectively produced discourse about tourism'",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Stance detection is used in natural language processing, social sciences and beyond in order to understand subjectivity and affectivity in the forms of opinions, evaluations, emotions and speculations [4].",["4"]],["Compared to the more general sentiment analysis, stance detection is a more topic-dependent task that requires a specific target [1] or a set of targets [5,6]",["1","5","6"]],["used in natural language processing, social sciences and beyond in order to understand subjectivity and affectivity in the forms of opinions, evaluations, emotions and speculations",["4"]]],"sy":[["stance classification",[]],["identification",[]],["prediction",[]]],"rt":[["opinion mining",["2","3"]],["sentiment analysis",["2","3"]],["aspect-based sentiment analysis",["2","3"]],["debate-side classification",["2","3"]],["debate stance classification",["2","3"]],["emotion recognition",["2","3"]],["perspective identification",["2","3"]],["sarcasm/irony detection",["2","3"]],["controversy detection",["2","3"]],["argument mining",["2","3"]],["biased language detection",["2","3"]]]},{"sb":[["uni-modal models",[]],["multi-modal models",[]]]},{"de":[["The input space X includes multidimensional data, comprising both the content of the news and its social context.",[]],["In this context, we define the output space as Y = {0, 1} to classify news items as real (0) or fake (1).",[]]],"sy":[["false news detection",[]]],"rt":[["information credibility evaluation",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Social context-based methods",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["To this end, these models ground the model bias score to the data bias score.",[]]]},{"rt":[["absolute-bias metrics",[]]],"sp":[["fairness metrics",[]]]},{"de":[["The higher confidence score of the model predictions indicates more severe bias.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["In other words, cross-cutting comments were liberal comments on conservative vlogger and news outlet videos or conservative comments on liberal vlogger and news outlet comments.",[]]]},{"de":[["Cross-cutting discussions on social media are often employed in literature as proof to contradict the argument of online echo chamber effects",["13"]],["can mitigate political bias by exposing people to opinion-challenging ideas",[]]],"sy":[["cross-partisan discussions",[]]],"rt":[["online echo chambers",[]],["echo chamber",[]]]},{"de":[["were developed to caution people about their biased news consumption",[]],["individuals being confined to informational echo chambers where their views are reinforced back to them",[]],["the echo chamber effect is one of the most actively explored topics in political communication",["16","17"]],["digital algorithms as its core cause",["7"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["and considers it as one of the common tendencies that individuals can have.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["false news",[]],["fabricated news",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["false memory",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["suggesting that debriefing works well to reduce belief in a story, even if participants still retain the memory of it.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["may be expected to have less impact on our future behaviour",[]]],"ex":[["many people remember seeing Santa Claus coming down the chimney as a child, but as an adult no longer believe that to be a veridical experience.",[]],["many people remember seeing Santa Claus coming down the chimney as a child, but as an adult no longer believe that to be a veridical experience",[]],["you are unlikely to leave cookies out for Santa on Christmas Eve if you don't believe he really exists, regardless of your childhood memories",[]]]},{"sb":[["gamified interventions designed to teach participants about online misinformation to help them detect it in future",["31","32"]],["generic warnings about the presence of misinformation, intended to increase participants' tendency to monitor information more carefully",["33","34"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Discourse of the Analyst -Deliberate subversion of the prevailing master discourse",[]]],"sp":[["The Four Discourses theory",[]],["Lacanian discourses",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Lacanian discourses",[]]]},{"sp":[["The Four Discourses theory",[]],["Lacanian discourses",[]]]},{"de":[["Discourse of the Master -Struggle for mastery/domination/penetration",[]]],"sp":[["The Four Discourses theory",[]],["Lacanian discourses",[]]]},{"de":[["Discourse of the University -Provision and worship of \"objective\" knowledge -usually in the unacknowledged service of some external master discourse",[]]],"sp":[["The Four Discourses theory",[]],["Lacanian discourses",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Myers-Briggs-Type-Indicator (MBTI)",[]]]},{"rt":[["Discourse of the Master",[]],["Discourse of the University",[]],["Discourse of the Hysteric",[]],["Discourse of the Analyst",[]]],"sb":[["Master",[]],["Analyst",[]],["University",[]],["Hysteric",[]]]},{"de":[["they can be used as a reference model to interpret works of art, social situations, and so on.",[]],["The Lacanian framework defines a more complex representation of the roles assumed by two interacting parties, formulating four discrete discourse types Lacan (1972), Lacan (1974) and Bailly (2009)",[]]],"sb":[["Hysteric discourse",[]],["Discourse of the Master",[]],["Discourse of the University",[]],["Discourse of the Hysteric",[]],["Discourse of the Analyst",[]],["discourse of the Capitalist Contri",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["network approaches",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["linguistic approaches",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["Myers-Briggs-Type-Indicator (MBTI)",[]]]},{"sb":[["Discourse of the Master",[]],["Discourse of the University",[]],["Discourse of the Hysteric",[]],["Discourse of the Analyst",[]]]},{"sp":[["Myers-Briggs-Type-Indicator (MBTI)",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Sentiment analysis could be performed using different approaches such as Sentiment Identification Algorithm which is Compositional Semantic Rule, Numeric Sentiment Identification, Vector space model, and Bag-of-Word and Rule-based.",["25"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["parroting back the 'correct answer', looking without touching, solving problems 'in the head', sitting passively, and learning to do without optical cues",[]]],"rt":[["class inequality",[]],["alienation",[]]],"ex":[["parroting back the 'correct answer', looking without touching, solving problems 'in the head', sitting passively, and learning to do without optical cues",[]],["\"parroting back the 'correct answer', looking without touching, solving problems 'in the head', sitting passively, and learning to do without optical cues\"",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["elites and the professional middle class who could benefit from tax evasion and avoidance",[]],["public and private employees who are taxed at source",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a biopolitical project that is further developing in the emergency pretext of the economic crisis",[]],["This \"assemblage\" is transforming states, institutions and individual living, basically all aspects of social life, under the principles of the enterprise, following the pace and the demands of global finance.",[]],["the market arises not as a \"natural\" entity but as something constituted and surveilled by formal state institutions and international treaties",[]],["the market order is defined by competition and not by exchange",[]],["the function of the state is defined by competition, gradually reformed under the norms of the enterprise, according to market norms",[]],["the idea of competition enters individual life, and individuals are supposed to function as entrepreneurs of their self, as private enterprises, with individuals self-organizing their conduct beyond its strict implementation by the state apparatuses.",["2013","338"]],["They relate to the core bourgeois ideology, as it emerged in the 18 th century, and they also distance themselves from their 18 th century origins, to meet the productive requirements of globalized and deregulated capitalism of the 21 st century.",[]],["Its need for unrestricted market activity across the globe, minimal taxation or state regulation (e.g. environmental or labor) of business, competition, efficiency, innovation, flexibility, entrepreneurialism and individual responsibility, and mobility, in contexts where the standard militarized form of mass production, factory work, seems displaced and with limited political power.",[]],["understanding its late socio-political demands on societies, individuals and institutions for competition and efficiency",[]],["The success of neoliberalism has to do with a variety of institutional as well as subjective issues. The volatile and fast changing world driven by late capitalism-with the exceptional condition of the crisis becoming a norm-has neoliberalism as its discursive/institutional and moral framework to organize the necessary reforms for adjustment, reproduction and effective acceleration of capital's dynamics in the present and the future.",[]],["a) the market arises not as a \"natural\" entity but as something constituted and surveilled by formal state institutions and international treaties b) the market order is defined by competition and not by exchange c) the function of the state is defined by competition, gradually reformed under the norms of the enterprise, according to market norms d) the idea of competition enters individual life, and individuals are supposed to function as entrepreneurs of their self, as private enterprises, with individuals self-organizing their conduct beyond its strict implementation by the state apparatuses.",[]]],"sb":[["an ideological and hegemonic project, related to a cultural politics indoctrinating society with neoliberal values (such as entrepreneurialism, competitiveness, the understanding of social affairs in economic terms)",[]],["policy and political program, connected to privatization, deregulation, liberalization, depoliticization, and monetarism",[]],["state form, connected to the production of economically competitive states through specific institutional reforms",[]],["governmentality, related to the reproduction of a neoliberal state of affairs through the self-governing of citizens' everyday lives according to the values and practices of neoliberalism",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["systemic crisis-explanations",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["European variation of neoliberalism",[]]]},{"ex":[["Aid",[]]]},{"sy":[["de-democratisation",[]]]},{"de":[["result in the degradation of popular sovereignty, participation in decision making and control, as well as in the further compromise of social demands for justice and wealth redistribution.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["is characteristic of bourgeois hypocrisy and the crude neoliberal ignorance and narrow-mindedness advancing today, negating history, unequal power structures and monopolies, or globalization and its interconnectivity.",[]]]},{"rt":[["non-systemic ones",[]]]},{"de":[["Students gain in-depth knowledge and understanding about AI-generated images. They learn to compare and contrast images not only for what they depict but also for how they are generated (e.g., by prompts, datasets, and computational processes)",[]]]},{"de":[["It functions as a dense semiotic site where norms of race, gender, age, and beauty are inscribed and contested, and prejudices are formed.",[]]]},{"de":[["In this critical pedagogical approach, students do not merely analyze images or media; they also experiment with the tools that produce them and discuss how they are produced. By integrating theory and practice, this approach promotes a pedagogical climate in which students learn about as well as with media.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["e.g. The Arizona group said the call from Mr. Trump on Wednesday came unexpectedly, and the group had spent much of the day Thursday scurrying to make travel arrangements to New York.",[]],["The Arizona group said the call from Mr. Trump on Wednesday came unexpectedly, and the group had spent much of the day Thursday scurrying to make travel arrangements to New York.",[]]]},{"de":[["interpretive news tends to be longer than straight news and often includes analysis and commentary alongside the reporting of events",["Barnhurst and Mutz, 1997"]]]},{"de":[["By presenting the essential details at the beginning, readers can rapidly comprehend the main points of the article, resulting in a shorter article",["Pöttker, 2003"]]],"ex":[["the main sentences in cluster 1 were located in the first quarter of the article, indicating the use of the inverted pyramid structure",["Missouri Group, 2013"]]]},{"ex":[["e.g. Donald Trump is investing more in conspiracy theories about President Obama's birth certificate as he explores his bid for the presidency.",[]],["Donald Trump is investing more in conspiracy theories about President Obama's birth certificate as he explores his bid for the presidency.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Intermodal knowledge distillation based fusion methods often overemphasize certain modalities, leading to modality bias in short videos.",[]],["This bias complicates accurate content analysis and fake information detection.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["One of the extreme manifestations of such dependence is the virtualization of consciousness, when the person becomes unable to distinguish between objective reality and virtual reality.",[]]],"sb":[["virtualization of consciousness",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the main features of information are as follows: ideality, continuity, inexhaustibility, mass, transformability, versatility, the ability to compress and transport at high speed, quality (adequacy and reliability), completeness, accessibility, relevance, etc.",[]],["information is a complex, multifaceted comprehensive phenomenon, its specific sides and characteristics are studied by many sciences which, being independent, develop in inextricable unity, complementing and enriching each other.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This problem is rooted not only in economic, instrumental or technological factors related to the certain complexity of ensuring all users' access to the information resources, but also in personal psychological factors: linguistic competence, education, information competence, and motivation to increasing one's knowledge and learning.",[]]]},{"sy":[["computer security",[]]]},{"de":[["the concept of security implies threats and protection against them.",[]],["Depending on the object being threatened and in need of protection, we can identify 'human security' -in its individual quality, 'security of a group' -for example, of the ethnic or religious group, 'public safety', 'national security' of the state, 'regional security' or 'collective security' of groups of states that constitute a region or union, and, finally, 'international security' or 'global security' of the world community.",[]]],"rt":[["military",[]],["economic",[]],["political",[]],["environmental",[]],["cultural",[]],["informational",[]]],"sb":[["human security",[]],["security of a group",[]],["public safety",[]],["national security",[]],["regional security",[]],["collective security",[]],["international security",[]],["global security",[]],["military",[]],["economic",[]],["political",[]],["environmental",[]],["cultural",[]],["informational",[]]]},{"de":[["Social communication is also virtualized, and communication in social networks replaces real, live communication.",[]]],"sp":[["cyber disease",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["He ain't been eating.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["I don't never have no problems.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["Mohan is having two houses.",[]]]},{"ex":[["Got two pictures on the wall.",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["It's some coffee in the kitchen.",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["I saw the film.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Temporary",[]]],"rt":[["Extramedia level",[]]]},{"rt":[["contextual discourse",[]]],"sp":[["trust discourses",[]]]},{"de":[["As a departure from the other discourses, consensual trust is applied more on the information itself rather than on its source.",[]],["It refers to the human propensity to hold as truths claims that are in accordance with existing information.",[]]],"rt":[["epistemological coherence theory",[]]]},{"de":[["the most cognitively laborious form of trust formation",[]]],"rt":[["Ideological level",[]],["Extramedia level",[]],["Routine level",[]],["Individual level",[]]]},{"de":[["Within the contextual discourse a source is deemed trustworthy only after the source's interests in the story have been reviewed. That is to say: a source is only trustworthy 'under the circumstances'.",[]],["In contrast to the consensual discourse, the contextual discourse is based on the qualities of the source rather than on informational concomitance with other sources.",[]],["a source is only trustworthy 'under the circumstances'",[]],["the contextual discourse is based on the qualities of the source rather than on informational concomitance with other sources",[]],["Trust in the contextual discourse is born and exists only within the context of a particular media event",[]],["requires journalists to re-evaluate potential sources in relation to each new situation",[]]],"sy":[["contextual discourse",[]]],"rt":[["consensual discourse",[]],["pragmatic discourse",[]]],"sp":[["trust discourses",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The source's trustworthiness is irrelevant.",[]]],"sp":[["trust discourses",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["The hierarchy is created by the flow of influence through the levels.",[]]],"rt":[["the ideological",[]],["the extramedia",[]],["the organisational",[]],["the routine",[]],["the personal level",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Continued trust formed by the pragmatic discourse enables the journalists to form time-saving routines",[]]],"rt":[["contextual discourse",[]]],"sp":[["trust discourses",[]]]},{"de":[["Three interlocking reasons were identified within this discourse: the source's expertise, its availability, and previous experiences with the source.",[]],["The journalists are not necessarily trusting of the sources' truthfulness, but rather their usefulness in the journalistic process. This usefulness is determined both by the journalists' needs and the source's qualities, which define the pragmatic discourse as being affected by the routine level and the extramedia level of influence in the Shoemaker and Reese (1996) hierarchy of influences.",[]]]},{"de":[["inattentive readers will evaluate the information based on the proximate source",[]]]},{"de":[["System trust is partially based on the deterring effects of formal or semi-formal systems.",[]]]},{"de":[["Each discourse has a distinctive pattern of common journalistic sources, and influence source tiers as described by Shoemaker and Reese (1996). That is to say: the use of different journalistic sources is rationalized differently, and different types of influences shape those rationalizations.",[]]],"sb":[["Ideological",[]],["Pragmatic",[]],["Consensual",[]],["Contextual",[]]]},{"de":[["This behavior is aimed at affecting reputation and generating distrust towards a certain person or on a specific topic.",[]],["fake news on Facebook is produced by the apparent freedom and absence of sanctions held by cybercitizens.",[]],["fake news directly affects political stability at election time, which is reflected in acts that violate the dignity and privacy of candidates.",[]],["it affects public health because it distorts information and maximizes the practice of disseminating information without verifying its credibility, a situation that exposes the health of citizens.",[]],["dissemination of fake news is a reflection that questions the ethical credibility of the issuer of the content that is disseminated on platforms such as Facebook.",[]],["Fake news spread on Facebook affects the reputation and credibility of candidates or politicians.",[]],["The results showed that fake news is promoted in political issues to generate instability and in health issues to generate confusion and panic in the population.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["rumors",[]],["sentiment analysis",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["gender bias",[]]],"ex":[["The man is intelligent",[]],["The woman is careless",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["extractive approach",[]],["abstractive approach",[]]]},{"sy":[["Justification Production",[]]],"sp":[["fact-checking tasks",[]]]},{"de":[["The extractive approach often adopts joint learning of veracity prediction and summary sentence extraction to generate explanations.",[]]],"sy":[["extractive methods",[]]]},{"de":[["restating erroneous information increases its familiarity, potentially causing debunking efforts to backfire.",[]]],"rt":[["Redundancy",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["explanation generation for the verdict",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["trust",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["information scanning, while unintentional, requires active attention to information and the ability to recall it",["Ruppel, 2016"]],["It is noteworthy that information scanning, while unintentional, requires active attention to information and the ability to recall it (Ruppel, 2016).",["Ruppel, 2016"]]],"rt":[["information seeking",[]]]},{"rt":[["information scanning",[]]]},{"sp":[["trust",[]]]},{"de":[["trust is based on not only the perceived competence of the trustee but also their perceived motivation.",[]]],"rt":[["major dimensions of trust",[]]],"sb":[["ability",[]],["benevolence",[]],["integrity",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["In the context of news, it encompasses the broader aspects of trustworthiness, reliability, dependability, integrity, and reputation.",[]]]},{"de":[["the quality of the information to be trusted and believed in",[]],["Correctness, Trustworthiness, or Credibility is the quality of the information to be trusted and believed in.",[]]],"sy":[["Correctness",[]],["Trustworthiness",[]]],"rt":[["reliability",[]],["dependability",[]],["integrity",[]],["reputation",[]]]},{"de":[["In comparison, disinformation is false information intentionally and knowingly propagated by individuals to gain political, financial, social, or psychological benefits.",[]]],"rt":[["information disorder",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]],["mal-information",[]]]},{"rt":[["information disorder",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{"rt":[["Information Disorder",[]]],"sp":[["information disorder",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It is the probability score that will be used as an additional feature to detect the misinformation.",[]],["stance is detected towards a particular topic (Sun, Wang, Zhu, & Zhou, 2018), agreement or disagreement towards a particular claim (Mohtarami et al., 2018) and even attitude expressed in a text towards a target (Augenstein, Rocktäschel, Vlachos, & Bontcheva, 2016).",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["has grown vital as misinformation spreads beyond human fact-checking capacity.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]],["fact-checking",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["Such calculated smear campaigns became so persistent during this time that they even acquired their own acronym: FUD, for the 'fear, uncertainty, and doubt' that open-source advocates suspected them of trying to spread",["Pfaffenberger, 2000","Raymond, 2001"]]]},{},{"sy":[["recolección de cerezas",[]]]},{"sy":[["recolección de cerezas",[]]]},{"rt":[["argucias básicas",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sy":[["falacia lógica",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["los primeros movimientos antivacunas nacen en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX cuando Reino Unido impulsa varias leyes para obligar a su población a vacunarse contra la viruela.",[]]],"rt":[["grupos de presión",[]]]},{"de":[["organizaciones y personas negacionistas (bulos sobre vacunas y noticias falsas sobre mascarillas, principalmente)",[]]],"rt":[["movimientos antivacunas",[]]]},{"rt":[["argucias básicas",[]]],"ex":[["que las vacunas sean cien por cien seguras y efectivas",[]]]},{"de":[["similar to human interactions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the opinion expressed toward an issue based on content",[]],["since our focus here is on attitudes in a community, not attitudes of individual users.",[]],["For attitude as systematized in this paper, the content is a piece of text, the target is an issue under discussion, and, like ideal points, the polar variable is continuous.",[]]]},{"de":[["Second, we must use those statements to characterize valence with regard to that issue.",[]]],"rt":[["valence",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["tap the perceived dishonesty of the news environment, which corresponds to perceived intentional misleading, deception, and dishonesty of the media",["Hameleers et al., 2020"]],["Disinformation is often partisan in nature: it is tailored to specific issue publics or ideological groups in society that should be most likely to accept the dishonest claims (Marwick & Lewis, 2017).",["Marwick & Lewis, 2017"]],["As disinformation is intended to make an impact and as it can be distributed in a systematic, goal-directed way to bring about societal change or disruption, it may be problematic for deliberative democracy.",[]],["Disinformation perceptions align with populist worldviews in which the media are severely distrusted and seen as the people's enemy.",[]],["they do not simply distrust the content of information itself but cast severe doubts on the intentions underlying the production of news content: news producers are regarded as part of a corrupt established order that misleads news consumers as part of a scheme to hide the power discrepancy between the ordinary people and the corrupt elites.",[]],["The goals of disinformation may vary, but cultivating distrust; increasing support for, for example, radical left-or right-wing issue positions; and strengthening polarisation may be some of the political goals targeted by agents of disinformation",["Jackson, 2017","Marwick & Lewis, 2017"]],["Disinformation is often partisan in nature: it is tailored to specific issue publics or ideological groups in society that should be most likely to accept the dishonest claims",["Marwick & Lewis, 2017"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{"de":[["they do not simply distrust the content of information itself but cast severe doubts on the intentions underlying the production of news content: news producers are regarded as part of a corrupt established order that misleads news consumers as part of a scheme to hide the power discrepancy between the ordinary people and the corrupt elites.",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["misinformation",[]],["disinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["This may be an indicator of media literacy and more desirable levels of scepticism: in times of information overload and high choice, citizens should be able to critically navigate their information environment and should not uncritically accept all incoming political information.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Misinformation thus scores 'low' on the facticity dimension (Tandoc Jr. et al., 2018) and refers to statements that are untrue when scrutinised by empirical evidence and/or expert opinion (Nyhan & Reifler, 2010).",["Tandoc Jr. et al., 2018","Nyhan & Reifler, 2010"]],["scepticism in the accuracy of news reporting is more prominent",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]]],"sp":[["false information",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["manifest as frames or organising ideas in news coverage",["Hameleers & Vliegenthart, 2020"]],["individual-level attitudes corresponding to the perceived divide between the ordinary people's in-group and the evil and corrupt elites",["Schulz et al., 2017"]]]},{},{"sy":[["post-factual",[]]]},{"rt":[["post-truth or post-factual relativism",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["influence both representational and allocative",[]]],"rt":[["representational",[]]],"ex":[["Impacts include biased content ranking [43,93] and moderation [62], or disparate quality of service for different user groups [25].",[]]]},{"sb":[["explicit descriptors",[]],["implicit indicators",[]]],"ex":[["gender or race",[]],["preferences or behaviors",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Rather than capturing worst-case harm through maximum negative sentiment, our metric measures relative disadvantage across demographic groups, revealing systematic groupbased deviations.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This occurs through both explicit bias in content generation and more subtle forms of misrepresentation",["16","48"]]]},{"rt":[["representational differences",[]]]},{"de":[["categories of sensitive personal data",[]]]},{"rt":[["system prompts",[]]]},{"sy":[["fossilised light",["1992, 24"]]],"rt":[["digital image",[]]]},{"ex":[["cinematic techniques of sound synchronised with visuals",["2005,262"]],["the cinematic techniques of sound synchronised with visuals",["2005,262"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the idea of intermediality explores the complex interactions between literary texts and other medial forms such as photography, film, visual art and digitality.",[]],["a more complex, interwoven thematic and stylistic presence where writing can emulate filmic styles, mimic photographic ways of seeing, or simulate the flickering pixelation of digital imagery.",[]],["the idea of intermediality explores the complex interactions between literary texts and other medial forms such as photography, film, visual art and digitality",[]]]},{"de":[["clickbait headlines tend to be informationally incomplete and exhibit recognisable lexical, semantic, and stylistic differences, typically relying on extensive use of forward-referring expressions and discourse deixis (Blom, Hansen, 2015), hyperbolic and formulaic language (Scott, 2021(Scott, , 2023)), as well as simplification, secularisation, negativity and provocative content (Kuiken et al., 2017).",[]],["Essentially, all clickbait strategies rely on creating information gaps (Scott, 2021) and phoricity because the reader needs to locate the entities that are being referred to later in the full text or discourse for the headline to make sense (Blom, Hansen, 2015, p. 92).",["Scott, 2021","Blom, Hansen, 2015, p. 92"]],["the main stand-out feature of the headlines is sensationalism, manifested in various clickbait and narrativity strategies, which are accumulated across the written text and the accompanying image.",[]],["Compared to headlines in traditional news media, clickbait headlines tend to be informationally incomplete and exhibit recognisable lexical, semantic, and stylistic differences, typically relying on extensive use of forward-referring expressions and discourse deixis (Blom, Hansen, 2015), hyperbolic and formulaic language (Scott, 2021(Scott, , 2023)), as well as simplification, secularisation, negativity and provocative content (Kuiken et al., 2017).",["Blom, Hansen, 2015","Scott, 2021(Scott, , 2023)","Kuiken et al., 2017"]],["to attract readers' attention",[]]],"rt":[["sensationalism",[]],["narrativity",[]]],"ex":[["headlines in the Croatian Jutarnji list and Lithuanian Lietuvos rytas, i.e. online iterations of established \"quality\" / \"broadsheet\" newspapers are representative examples of sensationalism and clickbait",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The aggregation of narrative stance-taking strategies is deliberately used to exploit readers' natural curiosity and the need to fill in the information gaps in the narrative presented to them.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Narrative stance-taking is achieved by the division of the headline into two segments by interpunction (e.g., by a full stop, a colon, or a dash).",[]]]},{"de":[["to attract readers' attention",[]]],"sy":[["storytelling",[]]]},{},{"de":[["A vague reference to participants or processes announced in the headline may also be considered a type of forward-referring tool since the vague expression (typically a generic noun or a non-specific noun phrase; military expert, important battle, important message, major success) implies that the specific information about the participant or an event will be revealed once the headline is clicked.",["Blom, Hansen, 2015, p. 92"]]],"rt":[["forward-referring tool",[]]],"ex":[["e.g., this important battle; this Ukrainian",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Molek-Kozakowska distinguishes two aspects of sensationalism: a sensationalist choice of topics to be covered (e.g. scandals, crimes, social taboos, etc.) and a sensationalising way of packaging information to make it appear more relevant or interesting (ibid, 174).",["ibid, 174"]],["employing emotion in storytelling",[]]],"ex":[["headlines in the Croatian Jutarnji list and Lithuanian Lietuvos rytas, i.e. online iterations of established \"quality\" / \"broadsheet\" newspapers are representative examples of sensationalism",[]]]},{"de":[["Molek-Kozakowska distinguishes two aspects of sensationalism: a sensationalist choice of topics to be covered (e.g. scandals, crimes, social taboos, etc.) and a sensationalising way of packaging information to make it appear more relevant or interesting",["ibid, 174"]]]},{"de":[["online news headlines can be observed as a quintessential contemporary storytelling device because they are designed in such a way to grab readers' attention by using emotional, sensual, or even frightening and disturbing images and language (Harris et al., 2015, p. 137).",[]],["three important elements -information, experience, and emotion -are integrated into news discourse (Amangeldiyeva et al., 2020, p. 3164)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["but acknowledge that TGNB may also use these pronouns.",["8"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Distal antecedents were handcrafted to reflect distant social contexts.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["misgendering and negative responses to gender disclosure",[]]],"sb":[["misgendering",[]],["negative responses to gender disclosure",[]]]},{"de":[["a focus on biological body parts as a sole form of describing someone's gender",[]],["centers on biological essentialism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Being consistent in pronoun usage is the opposite of misgendering.",["7"]],["Addressing someone using a pronoun that does match their gender identity.",[]]],"sp":[["gender non-affirmation",[]]],"ex":[["Sam uses they/them pronouns, but someone referred to them as he",[]]]},{"de":[["queer is a reclaimed word",[]],["reclaimed word",[]]],"sy":[["LGBTQIA+",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Our definition of toxicity parallels that of the Perspective API observed at the time of this work:",[]]]},{"de":[["Excessive orientation of the editorial policy to clickbait may lead to the lack of socially important, but low-rated topics, such as ecology or culture.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["Regulatory model under the DSA",[]]]},{"de":[["one common aspect that can be observed is that hate speech attacks people's identity.",[]]]},{"de":[["the format through which people signal their beliefs",[]]]},{"de":[["deliberately falsified news",[]]]},{"de":[["occurs when exchanging information with peers improves belief accuracy",[]],["exchanging probabilistic judgments is more effective at facilitating social learning than exchanging binary classifications",["21","22","23","24","25","26","27"]],["the capacity for individuals and groups to exhibit social learning in the signals they provide for evaluating news veracity",[]]]},{"de":[["Spreading of misinformation is a cause of great concern for human society.",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["fake news related to politic, finance, reputation, health and education",[]]]},{},{"de":[["claim that AEMET and other scientific institutions are manipulating the weather for dark purposes",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]],"ex":[["geoengineering and chemtrails",[]]]},{"de":[["often issued by companies whose products and services pose a threat to society",[]]]},{"sy":[["black PR",["Rodríguez-Fernández, 2023, p. 122"]]]},{"de":[["emerges as another threat that exacerbates the weaknesses of democracies.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["operations carried out by agents or fighters, meant ... to solve international problems, deceive rivals, weaken their status and disrupt their ability to successfully execute hostile (to the Soviet Union) plans.",[]],["Ronen Bergman (2016) writes that the KGB defined active measures as \"operations carried out by agents or fighters, meant ... to solve international problems, deceive rivals, weaken their status and disrupt their ability to successfully execute hostile (to the Soviet Union) plans.\"",["Ronen Bergman (2016)"]]],"rt":[["political warfare",[]]]},{},{},{"sb":[["distortion",[]]]},{"ex":[["when Rashida Tlaib refused to go to Israel to see her grandmother after receiving a visa from Israel to do so, she blamed Israel for her refusal",[]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["since 1967, seven times Israel has offered peace deals that were rejected by the Arabs",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["hybrid warfare to include not just propaganda but also the use of journalists to disseminate false information, and military or paramilitary action",[]],["include not just propaganda but also the use of journalists to disseminate false information, and military or paramilitary action.",["Żaryn (2019)"]],["He uses hybrid warfare to include not just propaganda but also the use of journalists to disseminate false information, and military or paramilitary action.",[]]],"rt":[["active measures",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["deception",["Thomas (2004)"]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["the Kurds, Armenians, Catalonians, Bangladeshis, Slovakians, Slovenes, and Jews are peoples.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["specially prepared information to incline him to voluntarily make the predetermined decision desired by the initiator of the action",["Thomas (2004)"]],["to 'control' the 'reflex' of the opponent by creating a certain model of behavior in the system it seeks to control. The most fundamental way to do this is to locate the weak link in the system and exploit it through moral arguments, psychological tactics, or appeals to specific leaders' character",["Thomas (2004)"]],["\"specially prepared information to incline him to voluntarily make the predetermined decision desired by the initiator of the action\" and \"to 'control' the 'reflex' of the opponent by creating a certain model of behavior in the system it seeks to control. The most fundamental way to do this is to locate the weak link in the system and exploit it through moral arguments, psychological tactics, or appeals to specific leaders' character\"",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The device works well with young, impressionable youth looking for a cause to support.",[]]],"ex":[["Rachel Corrie, for example, died standing in front of a bulldozer clearing out the tunnels used by terrorists to attack Israeli civilians from Gaza. Her death became a huge propaganda success.",[]]]},{"ex":[["to participate in anti-Israeli days on campuses",[]]]},{"de":[["key applications that may thrive during the pandemic",[]]],"ex":[["YouTube",[]],["Facebook",[]],["Twitter",[]],["Snap Chats",[]],["Instagram",[]],["WhatsApp",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["digitally designed discourse",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["(2) Certainty in science communication can be expressed with respect to various aspects (Pei and Jurgens, 2021b). (Un)certainty exists towards specific numbers/quantities ('approximately 50 %'), the extent to which a finding applies ('mainly observed for') or the probability that something applies, occurs or is associated ('possibly associated with').",["2021b"]],["This task uses a 4-point rating scale ranging from Uncertain to Certain with the nuances somewhat uncertain and somewhat certain in between.",[]],["(Un)certainty exists towards specific numbers/quantities ('approximately 50 %'), the extent to which a finding applies ('mainly observed for') or the probability that something applies, occurs or is associated ('possibly associated with').",[]]],"rt":[["Uncertainty",[]]]},{"sb":[["Increase in causal claim strength",[]],["Increase in generality",[]],["Increase in certainty",[]],["Increase in sensationalism scores from paper to reported finding > 1sd",[]]]},{"de":[["(3) Gen-eralizations claim something is always true, even if it is only valid in certain instances or occasionally.",[]]]},{"ex":[["For example, a reporting that generalizes a finding about diabetes type 2 in seniors to all people with diabetes or a generalization from a specified set of medical conditions ('reduced risk of stroke and diabetes') to a general statement ('has health benefits').",[]]]},{"ex":[["FINDING A: Parent conversations with children about their weight connected to disordered eating Compare that to Finding B: FINDING B: Disordered eating was more prevalent in children whose fathers engaged in weight conversations. → Finding B specifies that it is conversation with fathers which were investigated. Finding A generalizes the statement from fathers to all parents.",[]]]},{"sp":[["Critical distortions",[]]]},{"sp":[["Critical distortions",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Inaccurate science reporting is a form of misinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Cues for sensationalism could be: dramatic, urgent, exaggerated language: life-changing, unparalleled performance, revolutionary, transformative, miracle treatment or use informal or colloquial language: amps up the efficiency,",[]],["Cues for sensationalism could be: dramatic, urgent, exaggerated language",[]]],"sy":[["sensationalism",[]]],"ex":[["life-changing",[]],["unparalleled performance",[]],["revolutionary",[]],["transformative",[]],["miracle treatment",[]],["amps up the efficiency",[]]]},{"de":[["The score on the x-axis ranges from -1 (least sensational) to 1 (most sensational).",[]],["detecting sensationalism is not strictly tied to scientific language",[]],["Sensationalism for example can be encoded in a variety of linguistic cues, but it is also connected to certain topics: someone might perceive a finding about Covid vaccines to be more sensationalist as opposed to a different treatment, because it is more frequently the topic of recent discussion.",[]],["Cues for sensationalism can be urgent, exaggerated language or conveyed through the use of informal or colloquial language.",[]],["Cues for sensationalism could be: dramatic, urgent, exaggerated language: life-changing, unparalleled performance, revolutionary, transformative, miracle treatment or use informal or colloquial language: amps up the efficiency",[]]],"ex":[["the distribution of the reported finding scores is offset more toward +1, indicating that the reportings are typically more sensational compared to the paper findings.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Certainty",[]]]},{"de":[["This study applied framing theory and agenda-setting theory to explain polarisation in reports.",[]]],"rt":[["Framing theory",[]]],"sp":[["mass communication",[]]]},{"de":[["Firstly, whether the media report a certain issue and the amount and type of the information used to report the issue make readers learn whether the issue is important and how much importance it carries. Secondly, the frame that is placed on the information by the media, influences the perception of the news by the audience.",[]],["This study applied framing theory and agenda-setting theory to explain polarisation in reports.",[]]],"rt":[["agenda-setting theory",[]],["metaphor",[]],["slogan",[]],["spin",[]]],"sp":[["mass communication",[]]]},{"de":[["The comparison of a sophisticated international initiative to the everyday social and natural phenomenon is understandable to even the low-educated people; it tries to convey the economic benefits of the BRI.",[]]],"ex":[["the concept of Chinese investment under the BRI is compared to 'dujdut na pari' (rain of money) (Ataka)",[]],["the action of non-participation of Bulgarian government in the BRI described as 'propusna vlaka' (missed the train) (Ataka)",[]],["the BRI is also compared to the Marshall Plan after the Second World War (Club 'Z')",[]]]},{"de":[["These critical and sharp phrases lead to framing of EU-related negative perceptions of BRI in the mind of the audience.",[]],["Such an attractive and strong phrase emphasizes the economic profits of China's involvement in Bulgaria and thus guides the audience to think in a positive way of the BRI.",[]]],"sy":[["jargon",[]],["catchphrase",[]]],"rt":[["jargon",[]],["catchphrase",[]]],"ex":[["'razdelya Evropa' (break Europe) and 'zadushi svobodna turgoviya' (it stifled free trade) (Club 'Z')",[]],["'promenyat radikalno ikonomicheskata situatsiya' (change the economic situation radically)",[]]]},{"de":[["This sentence starts by setting us a pre-condition that China is not likely to comply with European principles, which inserts negative opinions into the frame of China's BRI.",[]],["This eye-catching phrase shifts the focus from the initiative itself to the governance capacity of Bulgaria with the pre-set condition that BRI is beneficial and profitable.",[]]],"ex":[["'…ako Kitai ne bude nakaran da se pridurja kum evropeiskite printsipi za prozrachnost.'(if China is not made to adhere to the European principles of transparency)",[]],["'natsionalna garantsiya' (national guarantee)",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["patriotic journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["They gave examples how they tackle stories that explain to the citizens new projects implemented by the government, how they can encourage development, national unity and stabilise the economy.",[]]]},{"de":[["We did a section to solve citizens' problems. People send us their individual problems, we send it to Citizens Complaints Office in the cabinet, and we solve it",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["These biases can manifest in (written) discrimination, wherein a person or group is intentionally mistreated based on specific characteristics",["Reisigl, 2017"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["However, due to methodological and linguistic constraints, we are limited to working within a binary gender spectrum in this work.",[]]]},{"sp":[["linguistic discourse analysis",[]]]},{"sp":[["linguistic discourse analysis",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["natural disasters, scandals, crimes, and domestic or international crises",[]],["Accidental events include natural disasters, scandals, crimes, and domestic or international crises.",[]]]},{"de":[["Sometimes it's because the sausage-making process in policy institutions and individual minds is hard to observe, but often what happens in the middle is left out because data about the middle processes simply don't exist.",[]]]},{"ex":[["such a war, scandal, or a high-profile legislative debate",[]]]},{"de":[["The practical upshot is known as ''indexing'' by the news: when it comes to political issues, news comes to be defined as whatever public institutions with power are talking about at a given moment (e.g., Bennett 1990;Hallin 1986).",["Bennett 1990","Hallin 1986"]]]},{"de":[["uncertainty about the content and structure of informational flows",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The profitability of mass-audience news outlets hinges not on retaining the small but loyal audience of news junkies, but on attracting a larger and more lucrative marginal audience of people who are somewhat indifferent about public affairs news",[]]],"rt":[["news junkies",[]]]},{"de":[["A certain number of newspaper pages and minutes per hour on television must be devoted to ads, and the size of the ''news hole''-the remaining amount of time or space set aside for news items-is usually invariant over the short run regardless of what's happening on a given day.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["timeliness (news is something that just happened)",[]],["novelty (news is something that is unusual or out of the ordinary rather than typical and expected)",[]],["geographic proximity (news is something that happens close to where audiences reside)",[]],["familiarity (audiences are more interested in the doings of familiar persons like the president or Hollywood stars than of abstract social trends or anonymous institutions like Congress)",[]],["audience impact (audiences are more interested in things that affect them directly and in important ways than in things that have a tangential relationship to daily life)",[]],["drama (dramatic stories are more interesting to follow and conflict stories are more easily told)",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["spin",[]]]},{"sp":[["directional 'spin'",[]],["spin",[]]]},{"de":[["to distort the results of clinical studies",[]]],"sb":[["directional 'spin'",[]],["hyping 'spin'",[]],["denigratory 'spin'",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it has been a major focus of philosophy, statistics, mathematics, psychology, and the cognitive sciences.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["fake news detection models",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"sp":[["fake news detection models",[]]]},{},{},{},{"sp":[["fake news detection models",[]]]},{"sp":[["fake news detection models",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["anxiousness, confidence, depression, favor, malice, sympathy etc.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["They capture the degree of certainty to which a proposition holds.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["For instance, strong modals (e.g., \"could\"), probabilistic adverbs (e.g., \"maybe\"), and conditionals (e.g., \"if\") depict a high degree of uncertainty and hypothetical situations, whereas weak modals (e.g., \"should\") and inferential conjunctions (e.g., \"therefore\") depict certainty.",[]]],"ex":[["strong modals (e.g., \"could\"), probabilistic adverbs (e.g., \"maybe\"), and conditionals (e.g., \"if\") depict a high degree of uncertainty and hypothetical situations, whereas weak modals (e.g., \"should\") and inferential conjunctions (e.g., \"therefore\") depict certainty.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["usage of the word complicit indicates participation in an activity in an unlawful way.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["stylistic features",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["It is important for news media as the same topics can be discussed from different perspectives, which can influence our understanding, beliefs, and attitudes regarding what is happening in our society.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This frame draws attention to perceived inadequacies in academic leadership and governance.",[]],["The frame also indicates that administrative inaction can increase scrutiny of institutional policies and leadership.",[]]],"ex":[["the article \"Harvard, Stanford, and MIT get an 'F' from ADL on antisemitism report card\" (USA Today on April 18, 2024) criticizes universities' administrations for not adequately responding to demands against antisemitism actions.",[]]]},{"de":[["audiences form feelings about events they do not experience directly through mental images and symbolic pictures created by words and phrases used by journalists and editors.",[]],["authorities' choices of specific facts, messages, and vocabulary create patterns of stereotypes that align with audience beliefs and interests, eventually shaping public opinion.",[]],["the media no longer tell the public \"what to think\" but \"what to think about\"",[]],["the media not only influence what issues are important but also how those issues are perceived through specific attributes, thus significantly shaping public opinion and attitudes",[]]],"rt":[["media framing",[]],["object salience",[]],["attribute salience",[]]],"sb":[["object salience",[]],["attribute salience",[]]]},{"de":[["By highlighting these sentiments, the frame emphasizes the prevalence and seriousness of antisemitism in American society.",[]]],"ex":[["the article \"Antisemitism is rampant. Campus protests aren't helping things\" (USA Today on April 28, 2024).",[]]]},{"rt":[["object salience",[]]],"sp":[["agenda setting",["McCombs and Valenzuela (2007)"]]]},{"de":[["the cancellation of speeches as censorship",[]]]},{"de":[["legitimizing activist actions by situating them within a tradition of",[]]]},{"de":[["In this sense, this frame emphasizes winners and losers, making it compelling for readers but potentially oversimplifying complex issues.",[]]],"ex":[["the article \"Tom Cotton, Kari Lake show how much Trump, Republicans have normalized violent rhetoric\" (USA Today on April 19, 2024) sheds light on the provocative remarks by Sen. Tom Cotton, framing it as a broader political conflict between activists and political figures.",[]]]},{"rt":[["distortion bias",[]],["decision-making bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["distortion bias",[]],["content bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["content bias",[]],["decision-making bias",[]]]},{"rt":[["thematic frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["guide the way verbal and visual discourse is organized",[]],["Entman defined framing as selecting certain aspects of reality and making them more salient to promote a specific interpretation or response.",[]]],"sb":[["natural frameworks, which develop independently of social agents",[]],["social frameworks, shaped by the motives and actions of individuals",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Gitlin (1980) applied framing theory to the study of protest movements, establishing it as a critical approach to analyzing media coverage of social movements.",[]]],"rt":[["natural frameworks",[]],["social frameworks",[]],["episodic frames",[]],["thematic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["This frame situates the current event within a legacy of ideological conflicts.",[]]],"ex":[["the article \"U.S. has long history of college protests: Here's what happened in the past\" (USA Today on May 15, 2024) draws parallels to historical events and provides a deeper context for understanding current challenges.",[]]]},{"de":[["This frame also suggests that highlighting institutional reactions can shape public understanding of accountability and responsibility.",[]]],"ex":[["the article \"Columbia says encampments will scale down; scores of protesters arrested at USC: Updates\" (USA Today on April 25, 2024) covers the various institutional reactions to campus protests and includes calls for increased safety measures.",[]]]},{"rt":[["agenda-setting",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["attribute salience",[]]],"sp":[["agenda setting",["McCombs and Valenzuela (2007)"]]]},{"de":[["the media often employs negative frames to depict protest movements, focusing on spectacle, violence, and conflict.",[]]]},{"de":[["This frame posits that safety and security concerns can provoke strong emotional responses and drive public demand for protective measures.",[]]],"ex":[["the article \"Demonstrators breach barriers, clash at UCLA as campus protests multiply: Updates\" (USA Today on April 29, 2024) reflects on this frame that shows how Jewish and Muslim students feel unsafe on campuses due to the tensions.",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["episodic frames",[]]]},{"de":[["It appeals to public concern for safety and justice and creates a sense of urgency and moral clarity.",[]],["Given the fact that this frame focuses on violence, it can provoke strong emotional reactions that compel audiences to take a stand on the issue.",[]]],"ex":[["the article \"GOP Sen. Cotton criticized for comments on dealing with Gaza protesters disrupting traffic\" (USA Today on April 17, 2024) underscores the dangerous consequences of political rhetoric by featuring responses from public figures who condemn Cotton's remarks as incitement to violence.",[]]]},{"de":[["as well as sort out and evaluate the contents of communications found in printed and digital media.",[]]],"sy":[["critical text analyses",["Luke 2011"]],["pedagogies",["Luke 2011"]]],"rt":[["critical text analyses",["Luke 2011"]],["pedagogies",["Luke 2011"]]]},{"de":[["The development of these new literacy skills and critical awareness can be fostered through critical media literacy (CML) learning. Hence, learners develop their epistemic awareness, decrease their vulnerability to deception, and focus on facts",["MacKenzie, Rose, & Bhatt 2020"]],["CML education plays a critical role in empowering students to identify and analyze information, as well as to engage as active participants in critical thinking about media and technology",["Hobbs 2011","Kellner & Share 2005"]],["in order to nurture the growth of empowered and active citizens",["Bergstrom, Flynn & Craig 2018"]],["In CML, students study how news affects viewers and how they can use the information to form possible perceptions by becoming critically literate.",[]],["Consequently, students can traverse multiple texts while disputing what the text asserts and its authority (Wardani 2021) and connecting theory to practice (Joanou 2017).",[]],["through critical media literacy, students have access to material that allows them to critically reflect, appraise, and actively participate in discussions or other types of media expression.",[]],["critical media literacy includes the capacity to read, analyze, and interpret information presented through media platforms.",[]],["I think it is how we process information from media.",[]],["CML is still seen as a set of critical and analytical abilities in information, media selection, and content interpretation.",[]],["CML instruction is vital to encourage students in critical thinking about media and technology (Hobbs 2011;Kellner & Share 2005) and to cultivate the emergence of empowered and engaged citizens (Bergstrom, Flynn & Craig 2018).",["Hobbs 2011","Kellner & Share 2005","Bergstrom, Flynn & Craig 2018"]],["The teachers see CML as receptive skills. They see it as information processing and the capacity to distinguish between factual and fake news.",[]],["CML represents a modern shift from reactive to proactive (AlNajjar 2019).",["AlNajjar 2019"]],["The teachers see CML as receptive skills.",[]],["They see it as information processing and the capacity to distinguish between factual and fake news.",[]]],"sy":[["critical media literacy learning",[]],["Media that is used to access the information critically.",[]],["CML",[]]],"rt":[["media literacy",[]],["critical literacy",[]],["media access and source selection",[]],["media comprehension and analysis",[]],["media production and distribution",[]],["democratic learning",["Carlsson 2019","Forsman 2019","Kellner & Share 2019"]]]},{"de":[["students learn about social basics that they will surely need as parts of the members of the community",[]],["CML education is essential to provide meaningful and contextual language teaching and to facilitate students' fostered democratic exchanges, social transformation, and engagements",["Share, Mamikonyan & Lopez 2019"]],["enhance their analytical thinking ability and empower them to use media and technology to promote democratic interactions, social transformation, and engagements",["Share, Mamikonyan & Lopez 2019"]],["Critical media literacy education meets the needs of students in becoming savvy media consumers, information managers, and responsible creators of their ideas via the use of advanced multimedia technologies from a global media culture.",[]],["Critical media literacy education also allows for integrating all subject areas and developing a common vocabulary applicable across all disciplines.",[]]],"sy":[["CML",[]],["CML education",[]]]},{},{"de":[["in this case, of CML understanding.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The component of media access incorporates concerns around technological infrastructure such as the dubious internet and the ability to evaluate and select credible sources.",[]]],"rt":[["media source evaluation and selection",[]]]},{"de":[["It is an educational approach that aims to raise students' awareness of how the media works, how it is generated, how it is structured, and how it is used to develop society (DeNardis & Hackl 2015).",["DeNardis & Hackl 2015"]],["Further, media literacy is strongly associated with free, independent, democratic media (Carlsson 2019), critical awareness, and critical thinking (Forsman 2019;Kellner & Share 2019).",[]]],"sy":[["media pedagogy",["Ptaszek 2019"]],["media education",["Ptaszek 2019"]],["educational media",["Ptaszek 2019"]],["digital (new media) literacy",["Ptaszek 2019"]],["skills",["Ptaszek 2019"]]]},{},{"de":[["has long been considered a weaker selection criterion than 'bad news'",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["inductive",[]]]},{"de":[["largely consistent with the focus on spending and the economic impact of mental health service provision in contemporaneous policy documents",[]],["The economy frame focused on the rising cost of mental illness as a result of: higher demand for mental health provision with which '[n]either the NHS nor overstretched social services can keep up' (The Times, 22/01/14); productivity lost to mental health problems -'[m]ental health problems cost the country an estimated £100bn each year through lost working days and benefits' (The Guardian, 28/10/14); and welfare claims by mentally ill individuals -'in this region, over 10,000 people claim Employment Support Allowance (ESA) and have a mental health condition' (The Journal, 17/12/14).",["The Times, 22/01/14","The Guardian, 28/10/14","The Journal, 17/12/14"]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{"rt":[["frames",[]]]},{"de":[["a presentation format that follows existing conventions",[]]],"rt":[["frame analysis",[]]],"sb":[["recovery frame",[]],["stigma frame",[]],["economy frame",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The stigma frame presented mental illness as '[t]he last taboo' and argued that 'when you have a mental illness, it doesn't mean you can't achieve things' (Derby Evening Telegraph, 19/04/12), while also emphasising the discrimination and social exclusion that mentally ill individuals still face.",["Derby Evening Telegraph, 19/04/12"]]],"rt":[["misinformation",["Bath Chronicle, 11/07/13"]]],"sp":[["frames",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["hoaxes",[]],["satires",[]]],"sp":[["yellow journalism",[]],["propaganda",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"ex":[["A man has been raped in a daylight attack in Edinburgh city centre.",["B15"]]]},{"de":[["This relates to structural problems in the UK, particularly the laws regarding rape (B32), as well as the overwhelming demand for police officers to address the issue.",["B32"]],["This political narrative seamlessly connects to broader debates about the origin of perpetrators, further shifting conversations toward immigration laws.",[]],["This frame is often paired with other framing devices.",[]]],"ex":[["articles describe how the police were unprepared to handle the crime due to a lack of trained officers",["B35"]]]},{},{},{},{"ex":[["There is a clear group of men who, although they lead a heterosexual life outside, regard themselves as very macho and see the aggressive act of penetrating another person as something manly.",["T3"]]]},{},{"de":[["In feminist writing, rape is a gendered term that fosters patriarchal power structures in Western society",["Brownmiller, 1975, p. 343"]],["rape serves as a tool of domination, which occurs on many levels",[]],["The literature review revealed that much of the previous research limits the definition of rape to female victims by male perpetrators.",[]],["predominantly limited to a homosexual context",[]]],"sy":[["gendered term",[]]],"rt":[["human rights violation",["Horvath & Brown, 2013, p. 3"]],["sexual assault",[]]],"sb":[["acquaintance rape",[]],["stranger rape",[]],["male rape",[]]],"ex":[["rape as part of warfare",["Wood, 2018"]],["digital rape in the metaverse",["Horne, 2023","Shariff et al., 2023"]]]},{"de":[["the media's portrayal of rape fosters these stereotypes and shapes society's view of rape",["Hust et al., 2023, p. 477"]]],"sb":[["Victim myths",["Li et al., 2017, p. 775"]],["perpetrator myths",["Li et al., 2017, p. 775"]],["myths about the rape situation",["Li et al., 2017, p. 775"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["misinformation propagation dynamics",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["network theory",[]],["infectious disease modeling",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["susceptible (S, have not been infected)",[]],["exposed (E, have been infected by misinformation but have not yet retweeted misinformation)",[]],["infective (I, have retweeted misinformation)",[]]]},{"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",[]]]},{"de":[["The mechanism giving equal space to voices in favour and against a point of view, can explain unbalanced information [29,30].",["29","30"]],["The mechanism giving equal space to voices in favour and against a point of view, can explain unbalanced information",["29","30"]]],"rt":[["unbalanced information",["29","30"]]]},{"rt":[["Misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["can explain unbalanced information",["29","30"]],["In science journalism, I think one of the most important is not to believe the minority. In political journalism it is normal to put one pro and one contra in the discussion, but it doesn't work in science journalism. If you have 99 scientists who say that it is like this, and you have one scientist who doubts it. Then it is not a good idea to represent these 99 scientists on the same level as this one exception",["BE1/41:19"]]],"rt":[["biases",[]]]},{"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",[]]]},{"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",[]]]},{"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",[]]]},{"de":[["Media also enable participation in discussions and public debates [1] and have an agenda setting influence [2].",["1","2"]]],"rt":[["science-media relationship",[]]],"sb":[["investigative journalism",[]],["engagement journalism",[]],["solution journalism",[]]]},{"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The overarching principles and the related standards for quality science communication can be measured and monitored by indicators which serve as concrete characteristics of the principles and standards.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Legitimised representation",[]],["statistical representation",[]]],"sp":[["communicative representation",[]]]},{"de":[["the craft ethos is adopted as tacit knowledge through implicit socialisation and is therefore difficult for journalists to verbalise.",[]]]},{},{},{"sy":[["journalistic objectivity",[]]],"rt":[["journalistic objectivity",[]]]},{},{"de":[["it is often necessary for journalists and their editorial teams (as for the role of sub-editors, see Vandendaele 2017) to modify the quoted discourse.",[]]]},{"rt":[["Claimed representation",[]],["statistical representation",[]]],"sp":[["communicative representation",[]]]},{"de":[["mass media combine two processes: the communication process between different actors in society on the one hand, and the mediation of this communication by journalists via mass media on the other.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["but also includes profiles, fact-based articles, and other typical kinds of journalistic output.",[]]],"ex":[["profiles",[]],["fact-based articles",[]]]},{"de":[["involves a lot of decisions",[]],["the initial part of the compound, news, is not restricted to news articles but also includes profiles, fact-based articles, and other typical kinds of journalistic output.",[]]],"ex":[["negotiating the subject matter",[]],["searching for background information",[]],["planning and carrying out interviews",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In written journalism, however, such disfluencies are not so serious because the discourse to be quoted can easily be edited in the writing phase to meet the desired content and linguistic form",["Haapanen 2017b"]]]},{"de":[["A news account, according to this conception, draws its authority exactly from its opaqueness and dissociation from its constructedness.",[]]],"rt":[["Transparency",[]]]},{"de":[["Quotes are actually discursive devices that enable journalists and other media stakeholders to express their stance (Perrin 2012) and control public discourse while maintaining an ostensible impartiality (e.g. Ekström 2001;Haapanen and Nylund forthcoming 2019;Haapanen and Perrin 2017).",["Perrin 2012","Ekström 2001","Haapanen and Nylund forthcoming 2019","Haapanen and Perrin 2017"]]],"sb":[["sound bite quotes",[]]]},{"de":[["In audio-visually broadcast media, sound bite quotes can be distinguished from the surrounding item either auditorily, as with radio, or audio-visually, as with television, where the audience may not only hear but also see the quoted person speaking.",[]]],"sb":[["sound bite quotes",[]]]},{"de":[["At the same time, the represented members recognise these statements as being pronounced on their behalf, thus considering it unnecessary to raise their own voice.",["Wagner 1978, 74"]]]},{"de":[["retrospective verbalisation, in which C.S. comments on her video-recorded work process immediately after the writing assignment was completed.",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Legitimised representation",[]],["Claimed representation",[]]],"sp":[["communicative representation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["Professional control",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["media frames",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the lenses through which disputants view a conflict situation",[]],["highlights a conflict between individuals, groups, or organizations with the intent to capture the audience's attention",["Bartholomé et al. (2015)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["reflects concrete factors that can directly affect a community's immediate needs",["Semetko and Valkenburg (2000)"]],["can illustrate the short and long-term financial consequences following a crisis",["An and Gower (2009)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["news frames can organize a social reality for audiences by giving meaning to different issues and promoting diverse interpretations.",["Chong and Druckman (2007)"]]],"sy":[["news frames",["Chong and Druckman (2007)"]]]},{},{"de":[["To frame in news media is to select specific aspects of a text and emphasize them throughout a news story, which thereby increases the salience of a specific issue that allows for \"a causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation\" (Entman, 1993, p. 52) of a particular item.",["Entman, 1993, p. 52"]],["Frames can define the boundaries of public discussion of an issue by determining the causes of an event, making moral judgments, and suggesting possible solutions or remedies.",[]]],"sb":[["environmental impact frame",[]],["economic consequence frame",[]]]},{"de":[["news media in Brazil and the United States both shape an interpretation of reality by highlighting specific facts of what is covered while deemphasizing other aspects of the events.",[]],["By giving prominence to certain facts and not others, different news organizations in these countries will distribute diverse messages to their audiences, leaving their respective publics to draw differing conclusions and interpretations of why and how these events occurred",[]],["the use of framing theory provides a powerful lens to understand how American and Brazilian newspapers shaped the coverage of one of the most destructive environmental crises of the past century.",[]],["framing theory is crucial in understanding how news media build meaning for audiences",["Chong & Druckman, 2007","Entman, 1993","Scheufele, 1999"]]]},{"de":[["presents an emotional perspective when presenting an issue, which may lead the audience to think more sympathetically about those affected by an event",["Cho and Gower (2006)"]],["stimulates emotion and exaggerates our evaluation or perception of crises much more negatively than a different frame might",["Cho & Gower, 2006"]]]},{"de":[["human-interest frames can provide more emotional and direct involvement in a story than the dry recitation of statistics and quotes from politicians",["Cho & Gower, 2006"]]],"ex":[["Agamenon da Silva Menezes, a farmer's union leader in Brazil, was used as a source in one story to illustrate the overreaction by many regarding the fires, as he considered them a normal part of the ecological cycle.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Crises that affect the environment or the public can appear as the result of an immoral or antisocial act.",[]],["An (2011) explained that the morality frame typically appears as a quotation from an individual, group, or party attributed as responsible for a crisis.",["An (2011)"]]],"sy":[["immorality frame",["An (2011)"]]]},{},{"rt":[["social preferences",[]],["content preferences",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The questionable responses caused by knowledge hallucination may lead to LLMs' unstable ability in decision-making.",[]]]},{"de":[["negative reasoning is expected to decrease the confidence level and even alter the polarity of the news.",[]]]},{"de":[["to transform the representations of news and reasoning into a common feature space for semantic regularization",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["a method known to produce incomplete debiasing",[]]],"rt":[["Iterative Null Space Projection",[]],["dictionary-based debiasing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It calculates the gender information vector for each word in a word association graph created with Small World of Words project (SWOWEN;Deyne et al., 2019) by propagating information related to masculine and feminine gender pair set (e.g. she and he) (w i m , w i f ) ∈ L, using a random walk approach (Zhou et al., 2003).",["SWOWEN;Deyne et al., 2019","Zhou et al., 2003"]]]},{"de":[["It compares two same size sets of target words X and Y (e.g. European and African names), with two sets of attribute words A and B (e.g. pleasant vs. unpleasant).",[]]]},{"de":[["It compares two same size sets of target words X and Y (e.g. European and African names), with two sets of attribute words A and B (e.g. pleasant vs. unpleasant).",[]]],"rt":[["Word Association Test",[]],["SemBias",[]]]},{"de":[["This balanced use of empathy helped humanise institutional communication without weakening credibility.",[]]]},{"de":[["Emotive discourse was coded when leaders expressed empathy, concern, or reassurance toward affected communities.",[]],["Conveys empathy and emotional alignment with affected communities while maintaining institutional credibility",[]],["it is now widely recognised in crisis communication as a strategic framing device that can shape public perception and strengthen persuasive messaging",["Fadhil, 2021"]],["Emotive discourse can foster empathy, reduce anxiety, strengthen relational bonds, and build public trust",["Coombs, 2009","Ulmer et al., 2011"]],["helped bridge the gap between technical policy discussions and public sentiment. This connection encouraged engagement and helped sustain attention toward systemic solutions.",[]]],"ex":[["Terms such as \"support\" or \"together\" often signal unity, while words like \"racism\" or \"discrimination\" point to injustice and exclusion.",[]]]},{"de":[["In this way, framing supported transparency, moral leadership, and international cooperation, while reinforcing the urgency of addressing food security as a complex global concern.",[]]],"sb":[["structural framing",[]]]},{"rt":[["thematic framing",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Inclusive language was identified through the use of collective pronouns such as \"we\", \"our\", and \"us.\"",[]],["Signals collective agency and coalition-building between institutions and global publics",[]],["leaders increasingly used inclusive language to encourage collective responsibility and reinforce the idea that addressing food security challenges required a joint international effort.",[]],["The use of inclusive language helped reduce defensiveness and made audiences more receptive to reform proposals.",[]]],"rt":[["inclusive markers",[]]],"ex":[["The phrase \"we'll discuss\" frames the policy conversation as a collaborative effort rather than a directive statement.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["The findings suggest that inclusive rhetoric helped legitimise coordinated global action by framing the crisis response as a collective effort rather than an institutional directive.",[]]],"rt":[["inclusive rhetoric",[]]]},{"de":[["This framework is particularly apt for complex crises because it emphasises emotional connection, community rebuilding, and long-term recovery.",[]]],"sb":[["Initial Reaction",[]],["Crisis Assessment",[]],["Issues of Blame",[]],["Healing and Forgiveness",[]],["Corrective Action and Rebuilding",[]]]},{"de":[["Reinforces institutional priorities and emphasizes dominant themes in leadership messaging",[]],["Terms such as global and system point to the transnational and structural scale of the crisis, preparing audiences to recognise the need for multilateral coordination and policy reform.",[]],["Words such as \"support\", \"help\", \"achieve\", and \"join\" highlight action and participation, reinforcing ideas of collective responsibility and shared effort.",[]],["Meanwhile, terms such as climate and rural draw attention to issues of risk and equity, keeping concerns about vulnerable communities visible in the discourse.",[]],["The word today signals immediacy and urgency, helping maintain momentum for nearterm responses and policy decisions.",[]]]},{"de":[["helped sustain attention throughout a crisis that lasted several years.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Storytelling and temporal narrative coherence were coded when leaders connected past events, present conditions, and future recovery to construct a continuous narrative of the crisis.",[]],["Creates narrative continuity and situates crisis communication within a restorative timeline",[]]]},{"de":[["Directs audience interpretation of the crisis and emphasizes particular policy priorities",[]]]},{"rt":[["pro-stereotypical (PRO) scenarios",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["bias subspace subtraction",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["SSCB'de gazetelerin komünist diktatörlüğün propagandasını yapmak, toplumun duygu ve düşünce dünyasını kendi politikaları doğrultusunda manipüle etmek ve toplum mühendisliği yapmak için kullanıldığını",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["Büyük Terör",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["moral labels based on the Moral Foundation Theory (non-moral, care, harm, fairness, cheating, authority, subversion, loyalty, betrayal, sanctity, degradation)",[]]],"rt":[["moral values",[]]]},{"sb":[["Care/Harm",[]],["Fairness/Cheating",[]],["Loyalty/Betrayal",[]],["Authority/Subversion",[]],["Purity/Degradation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["submitting to authority, respect for social hierarchy/traditions, leadership, prohibiting rebellion against authority",[]]],"sp":[["moral foundations (MF)",[]],["Moral Foundations Theory",[]]]},{"de":[["generosity, compassion, ability to feel pain of others, sensitivity to suffering of others, prohibiting actions that harm others",[]]],"sp":[["moral foundations (MF)",[]],["Moral Foundations Theory",[]]]},{"de":[["Fairness & Equality",[]]]},{"de":[["justice, reciprocity, reciprocal altruism, rights, autonomy, equality, proportionality, prohibiting cheating",[]]],"sp":[["moral foundations (MF)",[]],["Moral Foundations Theory",[]]]},{"de":[["This technique is a finegrained view of how issues are expressed.",[]],["Frames are associated with issue, political party, and ideologies.",[]]],"sb":[["Economic frame",[]],["Quality of Life frame",[]]],"ex":[["if a politician emphasizes the economic burden a new bill would place on the public, then they are using the Economic frame.",[]],["if they emphasize how people's lives will improve because of this bill, then they are using the Quality of Life frame.",[]],["if a politician emphasizes the economic burden a new bill would place on the public, then they are using the Economic frame",[]],["if they emphasize how people's lives will improve because of this bill, then they are using the Quality of Life frame",[]]]},{"de":[["Cultural Identity",[]]],"ex":[["if the politician tweeting is a woman and she discusses an issue in terms of its effects on women.",[]]]},{"de":[["virtues of patriotism, self-sacrifice for the group, prohibiting betrayal of one's group",[]]],"sp":[["moral foundations (MF)",[]],["Moral Foundations Theory",[]]]},{"sb":[["Care/Harm",[]],["Fairness/Cheating",[]],["Loyalty/Betrayal",[]],["Authority/Subversion",[]],["Purity/Degradation",[]],["Non-moral",[]]],"sp":[["Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)",[]]]},{"de":[["The theory suggests that there are five basic moral values which underlie human moral perspectives, emerging from evolutionary, social, and cultural origins.",[]]],"sb":[["moral foundations (MF)",[]],["Care/Harm",[]],["Fairness/Cheating",[]],["Loyalty/Betrayal",[]],["Authority/Subversion",[]],["Purity/Degradation",[]],["Non-moral",[]]]},{"de":[["Factual, (Self) Promotion",[]]],"sp":[["Moral Foundations Theory",[]],["moral foundations (MF)",[]]]},{"de":[["frame prediction is a challenging 17-label classification task",[]]],"sy":[["frames",[]],["Framing",[]]],"rt":[["moral foundations",[]]]},{"de":[["Morality & Ethics, Personal Sympathy & Support",[]]]},{"de":[["disgust, contamination, religious notions which guide how to live, prohibiting violating the sacred",[]]],"sp":[["moral foundations (MF)",[]],["Moral Foundations Theory",[]]]},{"rt":[["technology awareness",[]]],"sb":[["source evaluation",[]],["algorithmic awareness",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Media and information literacy competencies comprise the critical abilities to access, understand, evaluate and create media content in diverse formats, and to engage as informed and active participants in media environments",["UNESCO, 2013: 12"]],["At its core, media literacy calls for the development of analytical skills to deconstruct media messages, technical skills to produce content, and reflective skills to recognise one's own role as both consumer and creator of media",["Potter, 2016"]]],"rt":[["Digital literacy",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This definition captures both the personal faith dimension (intrinsic religiosity) and the social-conformity dimension (extrinsic religiosity).",[]],["religious orientation, whether intrinsic (internally motivated) or extrinsic (socially or materially motivated)",[]]],"sb":[["intrinsic religiosity",[]],["extrinsic religiosity",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["social TV",[]]]},{"de":[["enabling them to evaluate online information's validity critically",[]]]},{"de":[["Se presenta como una forma avanzada de medios manipulados",[]],["desafíos significativos para la autenticidad de la información digital y la confianza pública",["Gomes-Gonçalves, 2022","Batista y Santaella, 2024"]],["los deepfakes actúan como catalizadores de polarización, y herramientas estratégicas de desinformación política (Batista y Santaella, 2024), porque funcionan para el ataque en contra de un candidato.",[]],["los deepfakes impulsados por IA son una herramienta efectiva y muy poderosa para las estrategias de campañas de desinformación política.",[]],["Este término hace referencia a recursos visuales o de audio que han sido sintéticamente creados o manipulados, para parecer auténticos.",[]],["Esta tecnología es cada vez más sofisticada, difícil de detectar, por lo que consigue que la audiencia no pueda diferenciar entre un contenido real y uno manipulado por la IA",[]],["El término es una combinación de las palabras inglesas \"Deep\", que significa profundo, y \"fake\", que quiere decir falso",["Altuncu et al., 2024","Fernandes et al., 2025"]],["Singh et al. (2025) coinciden en que los deepfakes, actualmente, representan la nueva generación de medios sintéticos, como la inteligencia artificial que simula una interacción real de una o varias personas.",["2025"]]],"sy":[["deep fakes",[]]],"rt":[["medios sintéticos",[]],["desinformación política",[]]],"sb":[["Deepfaces o caras profundas",[]],["Deepvoices o audios deepfakes",[]],["Image deepfakes o deepfakes de imágenes",[]],["Video Deepfakes o video manipulado",[]],["Real-time deepfakes",[]],["sátira",[]],["Deepfaces",[]]],"sp":[["medios sintéticos",[]]]},{"de":[["categoriza sus efectos en contextos de alta polarización política",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Su grado de precisión puede ser en ocasiones imperceptibles para el ojo humano y pasan como una fotografía real.",["Fernandes et al., 2025"]],["Tiene similitud con el concepto y uso de los deepfakes de video",["Fernandes et al., 2025"]]],"rt":[["deepfakes de video",["Fernandes et al., 2025"]]],"sp":[["deepfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["Se logra con inteligencia artificial que utiliza aprendizaje profundo, como las redes generativas adversarias (GAN)",["Rana et al., 2022"]]],"sp":[["deepfakes",[]]]},{"de":[["The game functions as a perspective-taking exercise (i.e., by putting the player in the position of a fake news creator)",[]]],"rt":[["inoculation theory",[]]],"sp":[["inoculation theory",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Inoculation theory states that the same can be achieved with (malicious) persuasion attempts: pre-emptively exposing someone to a weakened version of a particular misleading argument prompts a process that is akin to the production of \"mental antibodies,\" which make it less likely that a person is persuaded by the \"real\" manipulation later on",["2013","2017","Compton, 2013","van der Linden et al., 2017"]],["It follows a medical analogy: a vaccine is usually a weakened version of a particular pathogen which, after being introduced to the body, induces the production of antibodies, preventing an individual from becoming sick when exposed to the real illness. Inoculation theory states that the same can be achieved with (malicious) persuasion attempts: pre-emptively exposing someone to a weakened version of a particular misleading argument prompts a process that is akin to the production of \"mental antibodies,\" which make it less likely that a person is persuaded by the \"real\" manipulation later on (Compton, 2013;van der Linden et al., 2017).",["Compton, 2013","van der Linden et al., 2017"]]],"ex":[["a vaccine is usually a weakened version of a particular pathogen which, after being introduced to the body, induces the production of antibodies, preventing an individual from becoming sick when exposed to the real illness.",[]]]},{"sp":[["inoculation theory",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"rt":[["text summarization",[]]],"sb":[["extractive approaches",[]],["abstractive models",[]]],"sp":[["News headline generation",[]]]},{"de":[["The coverage scores also partially reflect general personalization, given that manually-written headlines in test set mirror annotators' personalized reading preferences",[]]]},{"sp":[["content-based headline generation",[]]]},{"de":[["preserving more facts from the candidate news in the title",[]],["preserving factual consistency between the generated headlines and the source news",[]]],"sy":[["headline faithfulness",[]]],"rt":[["precision journalism",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["content-based headline generation",[]],["User-oriented headline generation",[]]]},{"de":[["Recently, personalized headline generation [11], i.e., generating a user-specific headline based on the user's reading interest, was proposed to produce eye-attracting headlines rather than potential clickbait.",[]]],"sp":[["News headline generation",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["Implicit approaches",["28","30"]],["The explicit approaches",["31","34"]]],"sp":[["News headline generation",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["tone of the disclosure",[]]],"sb":[["Low Completeness",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["This assumes a conscious and deliberate managerial disclosure strategy",["Bowen, Davis, & Matsumoto, 2005","Merkl-Davies & Brennan, 2007"]],["deliberate choices of managers aiming at strategically manipulating stakeholders' opinions and decisions through a firm's disclosures",[]]],"rt":[["presentation (language and verbal tone)",["Merkl-Davies & Brennan's (2007)"]],["disclosure (quantity, thematic content, and attribution)",["Merkl-Davies & Brennan's (2007)"]]],"sb":[["concealment",[]],["image enhancement",[]]],"ex":[["managers can skew the disclosure tone more positively than what is justified",["Davis & Tama-Sweet, 2012"]],["leverage verbal complexity to befog unpleasant information",["Henry, 2008"]]]},{},{"de":[["drawing upon Bloomfield's (2002) incomplete revelation hypothesis, which, in turn, is an application of the equilibrium described by Grossman & Stiglitz (1980), who show that in efficient markets, the return to analysing data must equal the cost of analysis.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the obfuscation hypothesis implies that managers of poorly performing firms may use impression management strategies to make bad news costly by writing long annual reports with unreasonably complex words and convoluted sentences.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the objective of discourse analysis is to focus on the link with the social universe that is evident in these texts in order to investigate the discursive practices connected to social environments.",[]]]},{"de":[["is inscribed in language, and does not correspond to real individuals that are external to the discursive activity",["Amossy, 1999"]],["configured in the discourse itself by means of linguistic choices",[]]]},{},{"sb":[["The former demonstrates that discourse, despite the subject's pretension that they are an autonomous source of meaning, is constituted by other discourses",[]],["the latter alters the apparent unicity of discourse by incorporating other voices with explicit or non-explicit signals",[]],["the constitutive one",[]],["the latter",[]]]},{"de":[["inclusive language forms point to the construction of a certain discursive ethos, that is, in Amossy's (dir.) (1999) terms, the image that S constructs of themself in a text.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["Sociocultural gender",[]]],"ex":[["\"la cuchara\" (the spoon) and \"la espumadera\" (the skimmer) are feminine; \"el cuchillo\" (the knife) and \"el tenedor\" (the fork) are masculine",[]]]},{"de":[["(\"I, you and possibly\" others as opposed to the \"I and others, but not you\" of exclusive \"we\")",[]]],"rt":[["exclusive \"we\"",[]]],"ex":[["nuestros pulmones",[]],["no vamos a darnos cuenta",[]],["comenzaremos a toser",[]],["cuidarnos",[]]]},{"de":[["linguistic marks of conflict that point to historically denied dissidence identities",[]],["traces of the \"heterogeneity shown marked\" that object to grammatical binarism and convey comments by the subject about their own enunciation, alluding to the image of previous sexist and patriarchal discourses with whom they disagree",[]],["it is usually characterized as a predominantly urban phenomenon",["Moure, 2018"]],["Inclusive language proposes resources for the non-visibility of gender -which we mentioned in the previous section, but rejects the use of the feminine variants, since it objects to binary forms.",[]],["it is a public language phenomenon, that is, it is used in an interview, in an advertisement, in a tweet.",[]],["inclusive language as a discourse phenomenon, not a language phenomenon",[]],["distances us from many",[]],["provoke some meaning effect",[]],["conceived of as a social transformation mechanism",[]],["discursive interventions that show a certain dialogical positioning of S before a discourse framework alluded to in that enunciation.",[]],["they evidence a dispute against the use of the generic masculine form and, therefore, they raise an objection to the discourses considered sexist and patriarchal that circulate and are legitimized in different social realms.",[]],["Such resources show positioning spaces and the configuration of collectives and of subjects of saying.",[]],["Undoubtedly, all these inclusive language forms generate meaning effects that challenge us as speakers and therefore also make us uncomfortable and destabilize us.",[]],["Thus, the words or expressions acted upon with some of the elements of inclusive language (x, -e) carry a commentary by the speaker on their own enunciation.",[]],["The forms of inclusive language point to the image of previous discourses that they present as sexist and patriarchal and with which they disagree.",[]],["They are forms that object to grammatical binarism, propose new rupture variants and evoke other discourses that have been forbidden up until now.",[]],["And therein lies the strength and novelty of the so-called \"inclusive language\": its marks make room for a questioning, offer new meanings and evoke traditionally silenced voices.",[]],["the so-called \"inclusive language\" emerged, promoted by studies with a gender perspective, that aims at gender equality and the visibility of dissident identity groups",[]],["it is a discursive intervention that introduces implicit comments on the enunciation made and produces certain meaning effects",[]],["inclusive language is an eminently political discursive-rhetorical phenomenon",[]],["we understand inclusive language marks as symptoms of the confrontation between different subject positions, from which identification processes are generated.",[]]],"sy":[["inclusive forms",[]],["inclusive language marks",[]]],"rt":[["discursive traces",[]],["inclusive marks",[]],["linguistic marks of dissent",[]],["subjectivity marks",[]]],"sb":[["the at sign, the asterisk and x",[]],["the e morpheme",[]]],"ex":[["generic nouns without determiners",[]],["collective nouns",[]],["abstract nouns",[]],["nominalizations",[]],["paraphrases",[]],["@",[]],["x",[]],["el *",[]],["la -e",[]],["les nietes",[]],["les niñes",[]],["Resources that make the feminine gender visible, such as the split or double mention: \"Los voluntarios y las voluntarias\" (The volunteers) and the use of bars and parentheses: \"Los/las médico/as\" y \"Lo(a)s medico(a)s\" (\"The doctors\").",[]],["Mechanisms for gender non-visibility. On the one hand, paraphrase and use of pronouns without a gender mark and employment of abstract nouns: \"grupo voluntario\" (volunteer group), \"el voluntariado\" (the volunteer), \"quienes se ofrecieron\" (those who offered themselves), \"personas voluntarias\" (volunteer people), among others. On the other hand, certain graphic resources, such as the at sign, @, (\"l@s voluntari@s\"), the asterisk (\"voluntari * s\"), and x (\"lxs voluntarixs\"), which are exclusive to written texts.",[]],["Where an e or an x appears, instead of a masculine mark, there is a commentary that emerges and questions.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["can also be thought of as spaces of dispute for the meaning and the right to make sexual dissidence forms visible in the public sphere.",[]]],"rt":[["discursive practices",[]],["interpellation",[]]],"ex":[["les niñes",[]],["les jóvenes que aman",[]],["trabajadorxs freelance y monotributistas organizdxs",[]],["artesanxs, emprendedorxs, productorxs músicxs y maestrxs",[]]]},{},{},{"ex":[["direct speech, words between quotation marks or in italics, and glosses",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["masculine",[]],["feminine",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["enunciative heterogeneities",[]]],"sp":[["enunciative heterogeneities",[]]],"ex":[["direct speech, words between quotation marks or in italics, and glosses",[]]]},{"rt":[["grammatical gender",[]]]},{},{"de":[["inclusive forms are subjectivity marks, which shape discourses that are positioned and differentiated from others.",[]]]},{"sp":[["unmarked forms, where the presence of the other appears without explicit marks, such as free indirect speech, irony and imitation",[]]],"ex":[["free indirect speech",[]],["irony",[]],["imitationfoot_2",[]],["free indirect speech, irony and imitation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["This technique is similar to SenDeb, but the bias direction is calculated differently. This method aims to find an optimal orthogonal matrix so that the first K dimensions correlate well with the linguistic features in the rotated space. The second dimension is assumed to be orthogonal to the first one. The bias direction is considered to correspond to the eigenvector of the highest eigenvalue of the matrix.",[]]],"rt":[["SenDeb",[]]],"sp":[["projection-based debiasing technique",[]]]},{"de":[["After training a single classifier, the representations are debiased by projecting them onto the learned linear classifier's weight matrix to gather the rowspace projection.",[]]],"sp":[["projection-based debiasing technique",[]]]},{},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Selection is driven by what researchers have called news values (Galtung and Ruge, 1965;Harcup T andO'Neill D, 2001, 2017), which determine whether a story is newsworthy.",[]]],"rt":[["Selection",[]]]},{"ex":[["an individual's struggle to find work",[]],["the grocery/gas budget of a single family",[]],["household expenditures",[]],["personal debts",[]]]},{"de":[["Rather, it is influenced by the selection made by media professionals (McQuail, 1992).",[]]],"rt":[["framing",[]]]},{"sp":[["framing",[]]]},{"de":[["Kansei can relate sensitivity, feeling and emotion.",[]]]},{"de":[["Kansei approach is mainly being utilised in the business and product services domain to obtain users feedback and emotional reaction [3].",["3"]]],"rt":[["Kansei Word (KW)",[]]]},{"de":[["KW is a word that can be used to represent a user's emotions.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["political security is a concern with the organisational stability of the state's systems of government and the ideologies that give them legitimacy",["9"]],["The role of political security in national security is important since political security acts as a defender in defence of the nation from any form of political oppression that can affect national security.",[]]],"sp":[["national security",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["conteúdos que não precisam ser totalmente falsos, como o próprio nome pode sugerir (fake = falso), mas como informações que buscam ser infiltradas no ambiente de informação, para gerar confusão.",["De Paula et al. (2018)"]],["conteúdos que geram ambiguidades no entendimento do que se acredita como verdade",[]],["as fake news se caracterizarem como conteúdos que não precisam ser totalmente falsos, como o próprio nome pode sugerir (fake = falso), mas como informações que buscam ser infiltradas no ambiente de informação, para gerar confusão.",[]]],"sy":[["notícias falsas",[]]],"rt":[["pós-verdade",[]]]},{"de":[["acredita-se que as visões fundamentalistas vão além dos discursos religiosos, povoando as reflexões das dimensões políticas, sociais e éticas da sociedade na modernidade tardia.",[]],["fundamentalismos, que podem ser expressos na trindade: fé na História, como história do progresso do mundo; fé na Ciência, como crença popular; fé na Política, como messianismo político.",["Dreher, 2005, p. 565"]],["discursos fundamentalistas são passíveis de serem usados em qualquer argumentação, seja ela filosófica, religiosa, científica, ou mesmo, política.",[]],["visões fundamentalistas vão além dos discursos religiosos, povoando as reflexões das dimensões políticas, sociais e éticas da sociedade na modernidade tardia.",[]]],"sb":[["fé na História, como história do progresso do mundo",[]],["fé na Ciência, como crença popular",[]],["fé na Política, como messianismo político",[]]]},{},{"de":[["pode ser considerada, de certa forma, como uma verdade conveniente de um determinado grupo, guiado por uma determinada ideologia. Uma verdade motivada, não por um referencial racional, ou científico, mas sim, orientado muitas vezes por crenças ou motivado pela emoção.",[]],["a pós-verdade se refere a mentiras sendo rotina em toda a sociedade, e isso significa que mentir não é um crime, portanto, não é plausível a condenação de quem conta ou compartilha.",["Higgins (2016)"]],["A pós-verdade pode ser considerada, de certa forma, como uma verdade conveniente de um determinado grupo, guiado por uma determinada ideologia. Uma verdade motivada, não por um referencial racional, ou científico, mas sim, orientado muitas vezes por crenças ou motivado pela emoção.",[]],["Já a pós-verdade se refere, ampliando a visão de De Paula et al. (2018), não apenas nas mentiras que circulam no ambiente informacional, mas também em informações que podem gerar uma ambiguidade na representação de qualquer ideia que se pretenda assumir como verdade.",[]]],"sy":[["post-truth",[]]],"rt":[["fake news",[]]]},{"de":[["Trata-se de uma informação que visa gerar confusão ou engajamento pelo emocional, abandonando a reflexão racional e o posicionamento crítico.",[]]],"rt":[["verdades convenientes produzidas artificialmente",[]]]},{"rt":[["pós-verdade",[]]]},{},{"de":[["The next best thing to legal reasoning and expertise are deliberative processes",[]]]},{"de":[["in the EU, demotion is treated as a minus to removal: The normative framework is identical, only that the threshold to justify demotion will likely be lower than justifying removal.",["34"]]]},{"de":[["its contribution to rectifying the societal impact of content moderation remains structurally limited.",["35"]]]},{"de":[["Individual remedy can be conceived as part of a broader approach to hold platforms accountable, which has been characterized as the rule of law approach.",["14"]]]},{"de":[["The Board ultimately aims at discovering systemic issues and flaws in Meta's content moderation and takes individual cases as a vehicle to advocate for systemic changes.",[]]],"rt":[["social media councils",[]]]},{"sp":[["risk advisory opinions",[]]]},{},{"ex":[["the demotion of content",[]],["shadow-banning",[]]]},{"de":[["social media councils tended to be contextualized in the world of individual remedy",[]]],"sb":[["Oversight Board",[]]]},{"de":[["as a positive angle (the face of the other in love relations, for example) or as negative (by rejecting or animalization of the face in the insult or in the racism, or even in the distortion).",["(LE BRETON, 2010, p. 142)"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["As Hernri van Lier (1983) states about the photographic image, these \"show also the connotations, that means, the spiritual states, the social and epistemological prejudices of whom has taken the photograph or to whom it is aimed.\"",["VAN LIER, 1983, p. 29"]],["these \"show also the connotations, that means, the spiritual states, the social and epistemological prejudices of whom has taken the photograph or to whom it is aimed.\"",["VAN LIER, 1983","p. 29"]]],"rt":[["denoted",[]]]},{},{"de":[["the symbolic dimension of the body",[]]]},{"rt":[["connoted",[]]]},{},{"de":[["In the everyday language, the face represents the whole person, for the identity feeling that characterizes it and for the esteem/Prestige that has from others. The face is a measure of social dignity of which an actor is object.",["KAPLAN, 2016","p. 213"]]]},{},{"de":[["The photography is the result of a decision that involves esthetic and ethical values, and constitutes one decision among the ones possible.",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["ethnocentrism leads to misunderstanding others. The individuals falsely distort what is meaningful and functional to other peoples through their own tinted glasses.",["Barger, 2018"]],["judging other groups from our own cultural point of view",["Barger, 2018"]]],"sy":[["thinking one's own group's ways are superior to others",["Barger, 2018"]],["judging other groups as inferior to one's own",["Barger, 2018"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["The mob lynching consists of prohibited acts such as attacks by vigilantes, murder, rape, harassment, assault, theft and so on.",[]],["mob lynching can be understood in these words: (i) there must be evidence that a person was killed (ii) the person must have met death illegally, (iii) a group of three or more persons must have participated in the killings and (iv) the killing is carried out in public.",["NAACP, 1922"]],["It shows the social domination of a particular group of people and due to this they lynch the target people or groups without any fear of punishment (Drennan, 2017).",["Drennan, 2017"]],["The mob lynching involves injury or murder of an individual who is considered as a criminal or accuse for the other community.",[]],["It shows the social domination of a particular group of people and due to this they lynch the target people or groups without any fear of punishment",["Drennan, 2017"]]],"sy":[["lynching",[]]],"ex":[["Muslims are targeted for lynching due to slaughtering of cows and beef consuming by cow vigilantes",[]],["people are lynched by upper caste people due social discrimination",[]],["few victims have been lynched because of suspicion of child lifting and theft",[]]]},{"de":[["According to the typology proposed by Knapp, these should be classifi ed as 'fear rumours'",["15"]]],"ex":[["Most German rumours -18 out of 31 -referred to the worsening military situation of the Axis powers.",[]]],"sp":[["rumour",[]]]},{"ex":[["Two of them associated the anticipated turn for the better with the expected deployment of poison gasses by the Wehrmacht; another three mentioned the major counteroffensives being prepared by the Axis powers; and one advocated hopeful anticipation of Hitler's speech revealing his ingenious plans.",["24"]]],"sp":[["rumour",[]]]},{"de":[["Knapp classifi ed stories of this kind as 'wedge-driving rumours'",["28"]]],"ex":[["decorations for service in the fi eld of battle had been doled out unjustly because the army was consumed by corruption and cronyism",["27"]]],"sp":[["rumour",[]]]},{"sy":[["Gerüchte",[]]],"rt":[["whispered propaganda",[]]],"sb":[["fear rumours",["15"]],["pipe-dream rumours",["23"]],["wedge-driving rumours",["28"]]]},{"de":[["are a crucial marker of public opinion",["77"]]],"rt":[["whispered propaganda",[]]]},{"sy":[["Flüsterpropaganda",[]]],"rt":[["rumours",[]],["rumour",[]]]},{"rt":[["racism and hate speech detection",[]],["fake news detection",[]],["irony and sarcasm detection",[]]],"sb":[["racism and hate speech detection",[]],["fake news detection",[]],["irony and sarcasm detection",[]]]},{},{"de":[["fear is associated with a sense of intolerance and ethnocentrism",["Cottrell and Neuberg 2005;Marcus et al. 1995"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["CPDA supports a relational analysis of policy, which examines the role and context of discourse, and it \"encourages analysis of the connection between policy and power\" (Farrelly et al., 2019, p. 264).",[]],["CPDA provides a framework that analyzes the discourses of the policy process within the context in which they occurred; in other words, discursive practices form a part of the process which also shapes the structure of future discourse (Mulderrig et al., 2019).",[]],["CPDA provides a framework for normative and explanatory critique focused on the context of how a policy developed, a distinguishing feature of the approach from CDA.",[]],["Through the use of policy discourse as a medium for analysis, CPDA focuses on the relational, constitutive, context-specific, and power-laden issues and properties of policy (Farrelly et al., 2019).",[]]],"rt":[["critical discourse analysis (CDA)",[]],["critical policy studies",[]]]},{"de":[["which paint the opposing argumentative frame \"as being grounded in unreasonable and rationally indefensible values and goals\"",["Fairclough & Fairclough, 2012, p. 81"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["A racial project can be described as racist \"if it creates or reproduces structures of domination based on racial significations and identities\" (emphasis in original, Omi & Winant, 2015, p. 128).",["Omi & Winant, 2015, p. 128"]]]},{},{"de":[["As Feagin (2006) notes, \"systemic racism encompasses a broad range of racialized dimensions of [U.S.] society: the racist framing, racist ideology, stereotyped attitudes, racist emotions, discriminatory habits and actions, and extensive racist institutions developed over centuries by whites\" (p. xii).",[]],["Furthermore, research that explores systemic racism investigates \"the unjust, deeply institutionalized, ongoing intergenerational reproduction of whites' wealth, power, and privilege\" (Feagin, 2006, p. 4).",[]],["is observable",[]]],"ex":[["all the schools [on the list of failing schools] have high concentrations of blacks and/or Latinos living in poverty",["Millar, 2019b"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["SEAT evaluates the degree of association between the representations of words from a given attribute set and those from a target set.",[]]],"rt":[["Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT)",[]]]},{"de":[["This technique has traditionally utilized Counterfactual Data Augmentation (Zmigrod et al., 2019) for bias subspace estimation.",["Zmigrod et al., 2019"]]],"rt":[["Counterfactual Data Augmentation",["Zmigrod et al., 2019"]],["bias subspace",[]]]},{"de":[["with a score of 50% indicating no bias.",[]]]},{},{},{"rt":[["offensive or abusive speech",[]],["online harassment",[]]],"sb":[["misogyny",["17"]]]},{"de":[["In the hate speech context, these keywords are usually offensive words or words that can be used to express hatred.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["do not suffer from a lack of information. Instead, the problem is that their information is unreliable, arising from the development of their own 'trusted' sources and epistemic authorities.",["2019"]],["self-sealing: they are difficult to challenge, because contrary evidence \"is dismissed either as 'fake news' or as part of the conspiracy\" (2019, 96).",["2019"]]],"rt":[["self-sealing",[]]]},{"de":[["The echo chamber is a closed epistemic space, in which insiders' opinions mainly or exclusively receive affirmation.",[]]],"rt":[["epistemic bubbles",[]],["filter bubbles",[]],["populism",[]]]},{"de":[["actively exclude and discredit dissenting voices",[]],["established by creating a trust asymmetry between members and non-members which insulates insider beliefs from rebuttal",["Nguyen (2020)"]],["Membership centers on agreement with a core set of beliefs, including beliefs that support the trust disparity",[]],["The asymmetry of trust even makes it the case that contrary evidence, sufficient to shatter an epistemic bubble, often actually reinforces an echo chamber",["Nguyen (2020)"]],["arise through manipulations of trust, creating a disparity between insiders and outsiders",[]],["Lack of exposure isn't the problem here -systematic distrust of outsiders is",[]],["empirical research into real-life echo chambers, whether in the form of cults or Facebook groups, confirms that the phenomenon Nguyen speaks about is both real and epistemically harmful",[]],["neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise",[]],["echo chambers tend to be epistemically and politically divisive",[]],["actively exclude and discredit other relevant voices.",[]],["arise through manipulations of trust, creating a disparity between insiders and outsiders.",["2020"]],["Membership centers on agreement with a core set of beliefs, including beliefs that support the trust disparity.",["2020"]],["Crucially, this means that neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise.",[]]],"rt":[["epistemic bubbles",[]],["filter bubbles",[]],["disinformation",[]],["discreditation",[]],["populism",[]],["conspiracy thinking",[]]],"ex":[["cults",[]],["Facebook groups",[]]]},{"de":[["may be caused by personalization algorithms as well as by social selection, suffer from a lack of exposure to relevant alternative views",[]],["Other voices have been left out, sometimes through no ill-will",[]],["may be caused by personalization algorithms as well as by social selection",[]]],"sy":[["filter bubbles",[]]],"rt":[["echo chambers",[]]]},{"rt":[["echo chambers",[]],["epistemic bubbles",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Populist communication is often aimed at glorifying the people, praising their virtue and emphasizing their unity and uniformity, while detaching them from an elite which it blames and discredits.",[]],["Finally, because they present the people's will as unitary and themselves as its embodiment, populists preclude the possibility of legitimate opposition.",[]],["Thus a large part of populist rhetoric is aimed at connecting and dividing, constructing and reconstructing identities using symbolic, emotional, and colloquial language (Ernst et al. 2019;Block and Negrine 2017).",["Ernst et al. 2019","Block and Negrine 2017"]],["In the end, populism cannot subsist without the division between elite and people: if the opposition is resolved, so is the basis for populism.",[]],["neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise",[]],["To properly reflect the anti-political and anti-pluralist tendencies of populism, honesty would require us to add \"... and power comes before politics.\"",[]],["expanding from anti-status quo rhetoric to the explicit distrust of epistemic authorities",[]],["Crucially, this means that neither echo chambers nor populism allow for pluralism or compromise.",[]]],"rt":[["communication style",[]],["echo chambers",[]]]},{},{"de":[["high analytical capacity",["Kahan et al., 2017"]],["Analytical individuals are best equipped to evaluate political issues through the lens of their preexisting beliefs, which tends to impact how they interpret political content.",[]],["Individuals with low CRT scores interpret new messages based mainly on intuition, while those with high scores can perceive information nuances",["Frederick, 2005"]]],"sy":[["analytical abilities",[]]],"rt":[["Cognitive Reflection Test -CRT",[]]]},{"de":[["In summary, misinformation arises when individuals accept inaccurate information, leading to the adoption of delusive convictions that can strongly impact their attitudes and behaviors.",[]],["A misinformed person firmly holds wrong beliefs, acts politically based on them, and resists facts when they contradict their beliefs",["Kuklinski et al., 2000"]],["A misinformed person firmly holds wrong beliefs, acts politically based on them, and resists facts when they contradict their beliefs (Kuklinski et al., 2000). In summary, misinformation arises when individuals accept inaccurate information, leading to the adoption of delusive convictions that can strongly impact their attitudes and behaviors.",["Kuklinski et al., 2000"]]],"sy":[["rumors",[]],["fake news",[]],["disinformation",[]],["mal-information",[]]]},{},{"de":[["need for cognition because such an attribute is associated with deep thinking",["Cacioppo;Petty, 1982"]],["this element may fill the chronic thinkers' need to think more",[]]],"sy":[["chronic thinkers",["Cacioppo;Petty, 1982"]]]},{},{"sb":[["agreement/ disagreement",[]],["certainty",[]],["tact/rudeness",[]],["volition",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["neutral",[]]],"ex":[["looking for some new music for the weekend? check my #liveinthefuture top 10 chart at beatport http://t.co/2cpl73ixiy",[]]]},{"de":[["The detection and analysis of speaker stance, or stance-taking, is a topic in semantics and discourse analysis where real communication between people and their interaction is in focus.",[]]],"sy":[["speaker stance",[]]],"rt":[["modality",["9","17","9,17"]],["evidentiality",["8","12","29","8,12,29"]],["evaluation/appraisal",["25","31","25,31"]],["subjectivity",["6","11","41","42","6,11,41,42"]],["sentiment",["20","21","39","40","44","20,21,39,40,44"]]]},{"de":[["absurdity and joint fantasising are easily characterised as thus",[]]]},{"de":[["resides in opting out of this maxim",[]],["autotelic humour involves overt autotelic untruthfulness, and is based on opting out of the first Quality maxim, which is overt for the hearer to notice. Thus, it is neither a violation, which would invite deception, nor a flout, which would invite an implicature.",[]]],"rt":[["first maxim of Quality",[]]],"sp":[["humour types",[]]]},{"de":[["lacing news contents with humour implies an alternation between non-serious and serious modes/frames of communication.",[]],["humour is fundamental to this pervasive practice in Nigerian broadcast media",[]]],"rt":[["humour",[]]],"sb":[["song-as-humour",[]],["absurdity",[]],["joint fantasising",[]],["speaker-meaning-telic humour",[]]]},{"rt":[["information-conveying",[]]]},{"de":[["GSP reveals the constitutive parts of a particular genre in terms of its obligatory, optional and recursive elements, which are reflexive of the situational context of the interaction that specifies the restrictions and affordances (Mey 2001) of the communicative event.",[]],["reveals the constitutive parts of a particular genre in terms of its obligatory, optional and recursive elements, which are reflexive of the situational context of the interaction that specifies the restrictions and affordances",["Mey 2001"]]]},{"de":[["equating humour with non-seriousness, playfulness, and jocularity and contrasting it with seriousness is the basic conceptualisation of the phenomenon in literature.",[]]],"sy":[["non-seriousness",[]]],"rt":[["rhetorical devices",[]]],"sb":[["autotelic humour",[]],["speaker-meaning-telic humour",[]]],"ex":[["jokes, proverbial analogies, metaphorical expressions, voice modulation, and mimicry",[]]]},{"sp":[["secondary gatekeeping",["Ojebuyi & Ojebode 2012"]]]},{"rt":[["factconveying",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["focuses heavily \"on the interactional situation in which both speakers and hearers realise their aims\"",["Mey 2009: 751"]]]},{"rt":[["speaker meaning",[]]]},{"de":[["In other words, a speaker's belief, thought, desire, attitude, intention and so on, which is intended by the speaker to be recognised by the hearer as intended.",[]]]},{"de":[["a pragmeme need[s] not be an utterance and sometimes may be equivalent to long, structured, and completed units",["Capone 2016: xvii"]],["the specific stage of the interaction provides specific affordances to the speakers",[]],["is the situation of acting which both provides the possibilities and creates the restrictions that are inherent in the well-formed act of speaking",["Mey 2016: 137"]]]},{"de":[["The practice takes the form of reviewing (indicating the headline and providing the gist of the item) news items from daily newspapers.",[]],["secondary gatekeeping, which implies that it reviews news items selected from national dailies and online news sites",[]],["secondary gatekeeping occurs when broadcast media, particularly the radio, \"monitor[s], select[s] and broadcast [s] some portions of the contents of the print media\"",["Ojebuyi & Ojebode 2012: 63"]]],"sy":[["where a news medium selects and broadcasts fragments of the contents of another, primary media",[]]],"rt":[["conversational humour",[]],["journalistic genre",[]],["spontaneous conversation",[]]],"sp":[["hybrid genre",[]]]},{},{"rt":[["pragmatic acting",[]]]},{"de":[["communicates truthful or covertly untruthful speaker meaning by means of fulfilment, flouting or violation of this maxim and the other ones as well",[]],["the continuum of speaker intention in speaker-meaning-telic humour is between transparency, ambivalence, and purposefully covert.",[]]],"rt":[["first maxim of Quality",[]]],"sp":[["humour types",[]]]},{"sb":[["covert untruthfulness",[]],["overt untruthfulness",[]],["overt autotelic untruthfulness",[]]]},{},{"de":[["a nuanced form of expression",[]],["complex nature of sarcasm",[]]]},{},{"de":[["sharing a post on your profile",[]]],"sy":[["retweeting",[]],["sharing",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Because they have a national image of invulnerability and selfsufficiency, collective narcissists may be attracted to COVIDrelated conspiracies that deny the disease's existence.",[]],["over adherence to an identity leads to preferential and biased behaviors that prioritize gains to the in-group over the wellbeing of society",["Sternisko et al., 2021"]],["the conceptual distinctions between narcissistic tendencies and motivated reasoning are blurred in the case of collective narcissism",[]]],"sy":[["national narcissism",[]]],"rt":[["politically (or other group-based) motivated reasoning",["Kahan, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["showed no significant effects on engagement",[]],["covert narcissism is also defined by a high degree of self-centeredness but showed no significant effects on engagement",[]]]},{"de":[["tends to involve social behavior that is characterized by a lack of empathy, higher social sensitivity, and increased frequency of social media use",["Dickinson and Pincus, 2003","Fegan and Bland, 2021"]]],"sp":[["narcissism",[]]]},{"sb":[["fake news",[]]]},{"sp":[["empathy",[]]]},{"de":[["associated both with greater activity on social media platforms",["Gnambs and Appel, 2018","McCain et al., 2016","McCain and Campbell, 2018"]],["higher incidence of belief in conspiracy theories",["Cichocka et al., 2016"]]],"sp":[["narcissism",[]]]},{"sy":[["mental shortcuts",[]]]},{"sb":[["propaganda",[]],["misleading advertising",[]],["news parody",[]],["satire",[]],["manipulated news",[]],["news that has been completely fabricated",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["Evidence supporting the motivated reasoning account would show positive associations between higher conservatism, higher religiosity, and lower trust in medical scientists with liking and retweeting COVID-related misinformation.",[]],["the motivated reasoning account was driven primarily by religious-based motivations rather than political ones",[]]],"sy":[["conformity to group opinions",[]]],"rt":[["politically (or other group-based) motivated reasoning",["Kahan, 2015"]]]},{"de":[["These goals could involve: maintaining a positive self-image Dunning, 2003, avoiding anxiety from unwelcome news (Dawson et al., 2002), and rationalizing self-serving behavior (Hsee, 1996).",["Dunning, 2003","Dawson et al., 2002","Hsee, 1996"]]]},{"de":[["has been shown to be negatively associated with belief in myths",["Swami et al., 2016"]],["positively associated with tendencies to scrutinize information",["Fleischhauer et al., 2010"]]],"sp":[["Big Five Inventory (BFI)",[]]]},{"sy":[["liking",[]]]},{"sp":[["empathy",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["while misinformation is not",["Wu et al., 2019"]],["Misinformation and disinformation both refer to fake or inaccurate information.",[]]],"sy":[["inaccurate information",[]]],"rt":[["misinformation",[]]]},{"de":[["de-facto used to denote false information in mainstream media",["Bondielli and Marcelloni, 2019"]],["fake news contains four basic components: creator, target victims, news content, and social context",["Zhang and Ghorbani, 2020"]],["It is often used to confuse people and persuade them to believe something, to buy a product or otherwise provide profit for the creator",["Zhang and Ghorbani, 2020"]]],"sy":[["false news",["Vosoughi et al., 2018"]],["false information",[]]],"rt":[["deceptive news",["Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017","Lazer et al., 2018","Shu et al., 2017"]],["satire news",["Conroy et al., 2015","C. Tandoc Jr. et al., 2018","Wardle, 2017"]],["cherry-picking",["Asudeh et al., 2020"]],["clickbait",["Chen et al., 2015"]],["rumour",["Zubiaga et al., 2018"]]],"sb":[["intentionally false news published by a news outlet",["Zhou and Zafarani (2020)"]]]},{"de":[["It is a multidimensional construct, consisting of several dimensions that describe certain aspects of IQ and can be measured and assessed",["Gustavsson and Wänström, 2009","Paggi et al., 2021"]]]},{"de":[["In addition to intentional fabrication, sensationalism and competition for attention can also produce misinformation",["Wang et al., 2019"]],["Misinformation and disinformation both refer to fake or inaccurate information.",[]]],"sy":[["false information",[]],["inaccurate information",[]]],"rt":[["disinformation",[]],["fake news",[]],["rumour",[]],["urban legend",[]],["spam",[]],["troll",[]]]},{"de":[["with the credibility of actor conveying information",[]]],"sp":[["IQ dimension",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Misinformation Susceptibility Tests (MISTs)",[]]]},{"de":[["These tests usually involve subjecting participants to diverse misinformation forms to gauge their propensity to believe and disseminate such information.",[]],["pose an ethical dilemma by potentially exposing the public to harmful misinformation before its widespread dissemination.",[]]],"rt":[["Psychological inoculation",[]]],"sb":[["information accuracy tests",[]],["willingness-to-share tests",[]]]},{"de":[["designed to weaken the belief in and spread of misinformation",[]],["effective but require extensive Misinformation Susceptibility Tests (MISTs) during development",[]]],"rt":[["Misinformation Susceptibility Tests (MISTs)",[]]]},{"de":[["utilizing LLMs in place of human subjects to address these challenges.",[]],["can be applied to emerging and anticipated misinformation scenarios without harming human participants",[]],["effectively circumvents the ethical concern of exposing the public to misinformation prematurely",[]]],"rt":[["Misinformation Susceptibility Tests (MISTs)",[]]]},{"sp":[["Misinformation Susceptibility Tests (MISTs)",[]]]},{"de":[["The core of accelerationism is the goal of creating societal chaos.",[]]],"ex":[["True change ... only arises in the great crucible of crisis. A gradual change is never going to achieve victory. Stability and comfort are the enemies of revolutionary change.",[]],["\"True change ... only arises in the great crucible of crisis. A gradual change is never going to achieve victory. Stability and comfort are the enemies of revolutionary change.\"",[]]]},{"de":[["The Groypers, a group that attracts white supremacists and other far-right activists, also employ the term.",[]]]},{"de":[["a clear use of bricolage (Deuze, 2006;Johnson, 2012;Markham, 2018) is used to draw together and remix various media--often those that are popular in the moment, like voice overs, simple text on background, overlay, moving image, collage--in order to instill and communicate a simultaneous sense of urgency, enthusiasm, and celebration.",["Deuze, 2006","Johnson, 2012","Markham, 2018"]],["the success of this creative technique lies in the bricolage ethos that each PHI brings as they offer stop motion memes and invitations of interpersonal connection (Yammine), placard memes and an affective persona in service of activism and amplification (Dosani), and collaged memes and infographics that support parents and others looking for vaccine and Covid-19 related advice (Vohra-Miller).",[]],["bring together a variety of aesthetics, communities, and facts to build greater public trust",[]],["memetic practices of bricolage (stop motion, placard, collaged, and infographic memes)",[]]],"rt":[["meme culture",[]]],"ex":[["stop motion",[]],["placard",[]],["collaged",[]],["infographic memes",[]]]},{"sy":[["sticky intersection",[]]]},{"rt":[["infodemic",[]]]},{"sp":[["memes",[]],["meme",[]]]},{"rt":[["disinformation",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Because they are easily shared, parodied, and remixed, memes bring together \"popular culture, politics, and participation in unexpected ways\" (Shifman 2014, p. 4).",["Shifman 2014, p. 4","Shifman 2014"]],["Memes are clearly a central driving force of our networked digital culture with \"significant social, cultural and political merit,\" insofar as they function as \"effective communicative devices for alignment building and for stimulating socio-political discussion\" (Zeng and Abidin, 2021, p. 4).",["Zeng and Abidin, 2021, p. 4","Zeng and Abidin, 2021"]]],"rt":[["meme culture",[]]],"sb":[["image-macro",[]]],"ex":[["image-macro",[]],["hashtags",[]],["TikTok videos",[]],["Instagram posts and reels",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["they function as \"effective communicative devices for alignment building and for stimulating socio-political discussion\" (Zeng and Abidin, 2021, p. 4).",["Zeng and Abidin, 2021, p. 4"]],["Covid-19 discourse is memetic in the traditional use of the term: memes are understood as the circulation or viral spread of a concept, idea, or practice across people within a culture.",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["PHIs like Dosani, Vohra-Miller, and Yammine would use platform affordances and the meme-ification of evidence-based information about the pandemic and vaccines to counter such narratives.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Assertive speech acts encompass a range of activities, such as stating, demanding, admitting, reporting, displaying, noting, offering evidence, speculating, proposing, boasting, complaining, and expressing viewpoints.",["in Leech, 1993, p. 164"]]],"sp":[["speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["stating, demanding, admitting, reporting, displaying, noting, offering evidence, speculating, proposing, boasting, complaining, and expressing viewpoints",["Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]]},{"sp":[["illocutionary force",[]]]},{"de":[["This pertains to a forthcoming event or activity. This form of commissive speech act encompasses various roles, including promise, swear, threaten, declare, and offer.",[]],["This pertains to a forthcoming event or activity.",["in Leech, 1993, p. 164","Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]],"sp":[["speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["promise, swear, threaten, declare, and offer",["Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]]},{"de":[["This particular form of speech act demonstrates adaptability in relation to the content of the argument and the prevailing reality. This form of proclamation speech act encompasses various roles, including authorization, decision-making, prohibition, permission, pardon, and classification.",[]],["This particular form of speech act demonstrates adaptability in relation to the content of the argument and the prevailing reality.",["in Leech, 1993, p. 164","Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]],"sp":[["speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["authorization, decision-making, prohibition, permission, pardon, and classification",["Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]]},{"de":[["In short, directive speech acts aim to ask the speech partner to carry out a certain action. Some of the functions contained in this type of directive speech act are, forcing, inviting, demanding, suggesting, ordering, giving instructions, and advising, begging, demanding.",[]],["In short, directive speech acts aim to ask the speech partner to carry out a certain action.",["in Leech, 1993, p. 164","Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]],"sp":[["speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["forcing, inviting, demanding, suggesting, ordering, giving instructions, and advising, begging, demanding",["Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]]},{"de":[["This particular form of expressive speech act encompasses various purposes, including but not limited to praising, thanking, criticising, complaining, blaming, applauding, flattering, and accusing.",[]]],"sp":[["speech acts",[]]],"ex":[["praising, thanking, criticising, complaining, blaming, applauding, flattering, and accusing",["Searle (in Leech, 1993, p. 164)"]]]},{"sp":[["illocutionary speech acts",[]]]},{"de":[["This particular form of expressive speech act encompasses various purposes, including but not limited to praising, thanking, criticising, complaining, blaming, applauding, flattering, and accusing.",[]]]},{"de":[["Its scope of investigation encompasses the following: 1) language utilized as evidence; 2) language encountered during the judicial process; and 3) language as a legal product itself.",["Suryani et al., 2021, p. 110"]],["an examination is conducted on the interplay between language, criminal activities, and legal frameworks.",["Suryani et al., 2021"]]]},{"de":[["Hate speech covers both situations in which socially marginalized people are directly harmed and occasions in which third parties are incited to hate, the latter of which is likely to result in a group hate crime",["Kang, 2020, p. 8"]],["hate speech appears to represent the evolution of free expression in Indonesia, as proven by the fact that so many hate speeches are publicly delivered.",["Susanti, 2022, p. 19"]],["hate speech does not always come across as clear hatred",["Kang, 2020"]],["hate speech has become a social issue in practically every country.",[]],["certain individuals engage in hate speech with the intention of undermining those they perceive as adversaries.",["Paz et al. (2020)"]],["resorting to hate speech as a means of expressing disapproval or dissatisfaction",["Wang et al. (2022)"]],["engage in hate speech targeting certain human attributes, alongside the utilisation of impolite language.",[]],["resorting to hate speech as a means of expressing disapproval or dissatisfaction.",[]],["targeting certain human attributes, alongside the utilisation of impolite language.",[]],["intentionally uttered a statement that has the potential to contain hate speech and has potential legal impacts.",[]]],"rt":[["false information",[]],["fake news",[]],["aggression",[]],["cyberbullying",[]],["derogatory or offensive language",[]],["online extremism",[]],["insults",[]],["swear words",[]]],"sb":[["Humiliation",["Susanti et al., 2022"]],["Defamation of a good name",["Susanti et al., 2022"]],["Blasphemy",["Susanti et al., 2022"]],["Unpleasant conduct",["Susanti et al., 2022"]],["Provoking",["Susanti et al., 2022"]],["Inciting",["Susanti et al., 2022"]],["Spreading false information",["Susanti et al., 2022"]],["directive, expressive, and assertive speech acts",[]]]},{"de":[["Speech acts encompass all activities performed by an individual during the act of speaking.",[]],["the concept of speech acts can be seen as an individual manifestation of a psychological character, with its persistence being influenced by the speaker's linguistic abilities within a given context.",["Purba, 2011, p. 80","in Purba, 2011, p. 80","Chaer and Leonie Agustine (in Purba, 2011, p. 80)"]],["Speech acts play a key role in the process of communication",["Grundlingh, 2018, p. 2"]],["In every instance of interpersonal communication, the participants (the speaker or writer and the hearer or reader) engage in the use of speech acts to convey and comprehend messages",["Grundlingh, 2018"]],["speech acts encompass several behaviours performed during speaking, including presenting a report, making statements, posing questions, issuing warnings, making promises, expressing agreement, expressing sorrow, and offering apologies.",["in Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["the concept of speech acts can be seen as an individual manifestation of a psychological character, with its persistence being influenced by the speaker's linguistic abilities within a given context",["Chaer and Leonie Agustine (in Purba, 2011, p. 80)"]]],"rt":[["process of communication",[]]],"sb":[["assertive",[]],["directive",[]],["commissive",[]],["expressive",[]],["declaration",[]]],"ex":[["presenting a report",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["making statements",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["posing questions",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["issuing warnings",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["making promises",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["expressing agreement",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["expressing sorrow",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]],["offering apologies",["Purba, 2011, p. 79"]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["In general terms, following Potter's cognitive theory of ML, it allows us to control our own exposure to media and media-mediated content and serves as the basis for constructing our own meanings (Potter, 2004, pp. 58-59).",[]],["media literacy also contains the principles of media preferences and choices that condition the media choices of young people.",[]],["it allows us to control our own exposure to media and media-mediated content and serves as the basis for constructing our own meanings",["Potter, 2004, pp. 58-59"]]],"rt":[["digital skills",[]]],"sb":[["technicist",[]],["cognitive access",[]],["online privacy and safety",[]]],"sp":[["a form of digital cultural capital",[]],["Digital Capital",[]]]},{"de":[["young people do indeed form relationships with these creators or influencers, which can range from simply following their social media accounts and liking their posts, to other levels of engagement, such as commenting, subscribing, and joining discord servers or communities on forums like Reddit.",[]]],"ex":[["young people follow various online content creators, influencers, and stars, in relation to whom they shop, shape their preferences, learn new skills, or follow current affairs, inter alia.",[]]]},{"sb":[["bonding",[]],["bridging",[]]],"sp":[["capital",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["variation of the modern theme",[]]]},{},{"de":[["something that had both become an essential prerequisite of Soviet progress and, as David-Fox has noted, that attempted to create and build while the terror campaign was destroying many members of the elite.",["39"]]]},{},{"de":[["desarticula su núcleo ideológico cisheteronormado",[]],["evitar que la mirada cisheteronormativa se instale en sus respectivos perfiles",[]]],"sy":[["mirada cisheteronormativa",[]],["núcleo ideológico cisheteronormado",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Así, los discursos de odio se articulan con las desigualdades sistémicas presentes en la vida cotidiana para legitimar su efecto sobre aquellos sectores vulnerados.",[]],["Los discursos de odio deshumanizan porque suprimen a nivel simbólico y fáctico los derechos humanos de las víctimas, situándolas en una posición de inferioridad/subalternidad",["Gomes Dantas & Pereira Neto, 2015","García González, 2022"]],["si los discursos de odio tienen un núcleo ideológico, entonces su construcción parte de un marco de referencia que le otorga un sentido y 'coherencia'",["Martínez & Sánchez Ceci, 2023"]],["los discursos de odio que han recibido (in) directamente se construyen desde una mirada cisheteronormada y se articulan con marcos religiosos, en su mayoría católicos, dada su relevancia sociocultural en México.",[]],["los discursos de odio y la otrificación son desarticulados simbólicamente por el anonimato de su emisor, la fortaleza/debilidad del vínculo con el joven LGBT+ y las lógicas operativas que éstos aprovechan en Internet.",[]]],"rt":[["otrificación",[]],["núcleo ideológico",[]]],"ex":[["discursos de odio recibidos de manera (in)directa en Internet provienen de: 1) personas con un vínculo social débil hacia los jóvenes LGBT+ (familiares externos a su núcleo, contactos exclusivos de Internet o cuya interacción disminuyó con el tiempo por diversas razones), 2) casos contados de personas LGBT+ que replican los discursos de odio que han internalizado de manera (in)consciente, y 3) como la mayoría refiere, usuarios anónimos.",[]]]},{"de":[["esto permite que una persona beneficiada por ese orden se haga de un poder simbólico e ideológico que le permite subyugar a aquellos grupos subalternizados.",["1"]]],"rt":[["subalternizados",["1"]]],"ex":[["Por ejemplo, el dominio de los adultos sobre los jóvenes o el de los hombres cisheterosexuales sobre las mujeres cisheterosexuales y las disidencias sexogenéricas.",[]],["el dominio de los adultos sobre los jóvenes o el de los hombres cisheterosexuales sobre las mujeres cisheterosexuales y las disidencias sexogenéricas.",["1"]]]},{},{"de":[["El objetivo de funar/cancelar a alguien es ejercer un señalamiento colectivo y público por la carga simbólica negativa que se difunde a través de un comportamiento socialmente reprobable.",[]]]},{"de":[["La particularidad de la opresión es que está condicionada al contexto, al tiempo y al lugar donde se expresa, por lo que su manifestación es heterogénea y contingente.",[]],["Así, la visibilidad, intensidad y coercitividad de la opresión dependen de la legitimidad que tenga el discurso emanado desde el poder que incita dichas acciones, así como de la correlación de fuerzas de los grupos subalternizados.",[]],["La particularidad de la opresión es que está condicionada al contexto, al tiempo y al lugar donde se expresa, por lo que su manifestación es heterogénea y contingente. Así, la visibilidad, intensidad y coercitividad de la opresión dependen de la legitimidad que tenga el discurso emanado desde el poder que incita dichas acciones, así como de la correlación de fuerzas de los grupos subalternizados.",["2"]]],"rt":[["dominio",["2"]],["subalternizados",["2"]]],"ex":[["Por ejemplo, el contexto europeo para las personas LGBT+ es diametralmente opuesto al contexto en los países de Medio Oriente; mientras que en el primero estos grupos han ganado cada vez mayor legitimidad, en el segundo, su correlación de fuerzas es tan desfavorable que las formas de opresión pueden terminar legalmente con su vida.",[]],["el contexto europeo para las personas LGBT+ es diametralmente opuesto al contexto en los países de Medio Oriente; mientras que en el primero estos grupos han ganado cada vez mayor legitimidad, en el segundo, su correlación de fuerzas es tan desfavorable que las formas de opresión pueden terminar legalmente con su vida.",["2"]]]},{"sp":[["opresión",[]]]},{"de":[["Para que la otrificación sea efectiva se debe construir una distancia entre el 'nosotros' y los otros, por lo que la exaltación de las diferencias y la enunciación de las desigualdades sistémicas fundadas en la raza, identidad/ expresión de género, orientación sexual y clase social, entre otras, sirven de soporte para definir dicha separación y, por ende, encubrir la deshumanización que promueve.",["Pérez Salazar, 2021","Rea Campos, 2017"]],["los discursos de odio y la otrificación son desarticulados simbólicamente por el anonimato de su emisor, la fortaleza/debilidad del vínculo con el joven LGBT+ y las lógicas operativas que éstos aprovechan en Internet.",[]],["fortalecer la distancia producida por la otrificación",[]]],"rt":[["deshumanización",[]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["This is a way for the initiating party to signal that the initiated agenda is a high priority, not just a trial balloon.",[]],["elevation is systematically different from other types of behavior",[]],["elevation is a collective party practice rather than the domain of specific types of politicians",[]],["It is a collective effort to lift as a group and to actively promote the party's focus, irrespective of whether this focus constitutes an initiation or not.",[]],["for the initiating party MPs to signal that the initiated agenda is a high priority, not just a trial balloon",[]]],"rt":[["retweeting the party message",[]]]},{"de":[["The concept captures only the communication that does not respond to ongoing debates.",[]],["preceded by markedly lower levels of attention to the issue from other actors compared with noninitiations",[]],["initiation captures the efforts of political parties to advance their focus",[]],["proactive efforts by parties to set an agenda",[]]]},{"de":[["This model allows for tracking parties' efforts and abilities to influence political discussions in two interrelated ways.",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{"de":[["the strategic employment of memory in their social interactions constructs their own identities by opposition and influences their behaviours in the international system",[]]],"sy":[["diplomacy with memory",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["journalists have the cultural capital within the field of newspaper reporting to be able to manoeuvre successfully within the dynamic structure of the field",[]]]},{},{"sy":[["cultural capital",[]]],"rt":[["cultural capital",[]]]},{"de":[["which both defines the parameters of the journalistic field and yet allows sufficient latitude for journalists and mastheads to be able to distinguish their own point of view and achievements from those of their competitors.",[]],["Objectivity in this view is not so much a strategic ritual (Tuchman, 1972), as a set of rules about verification and accuracy",["Tuchman, 1972"]]]},{},{},{"de":[["entirely fabricated stories (presented as legitimate news)",[]],["leads to inaccurate beliefs and creates partisan disagreements over basic facts",[]],["Misinformation is dangerous because it leads to inaccurate beliefs and creates partisan disagreements over basic facts.",[]]]},{"de":[["fact-checking improves the overall quality of news available to viewers; however, it does not incentivize firms to improve the accuracy of their own news articles.",[]],["policies for tackling misinformation, namely media competition and third-party fact-checking",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["electrotechnology term",[]],["Denying personal freedom of choice, everyone was forced to conform to the state's political framework.",[]]],"sy":[["coordination",[]],["coordination/synchronization",[]]]},{},{"de":[["was part of the ideological discourse, which was based on Social Darwinist theory",[]]]},{"rt":[["parasite",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the need for a strong and pure German race, judenrein, and ultimately a new supernation",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["the viral-metamorphic theory",[]]]},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{"sy":[["race hygiene",[]]]},{"de":[["blood relationships that the Germans had established using the medieval name Sippe (clan)",[]]],"sy":[["clan",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Totalitarian discourse favours the following forms: saving the community, eliminating enemies, overcoming negativism, or adopting it.",[]],["Totalitarian speech imitates democratic speech by replacing reality with a meta-reality that embodies the abolition of the separation between power and society.",[]]],"sy":[["Totalitarian speech",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["used alternatively to designate the economic 'annihilation' of Germany (notably in Mein Kampf), the 'destruction' of enemy troops, then 'extermination.'",[]],["employed to denote the economic 'annihilation' of Germany (particularly in Mein Kampf), the 'destruction' of enemy forces, and finally 'extermination.'",[]]]},{"de":[["the fundamental nationalistic principles",[]],["the transcendental nature of the German nation (Volk)",[]]],"rt":[["Volksgemeinschaft",[]],["Volksgenosse",[]]]},{},{"de":[["intended to create an exclusive community that did not include members of 'inferior races' or people who did not share Nazism's love",[]]],"rt":[["Volk",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["untranslatable name",[]]]},{},{"de":[["Appropriation places new actors 'in service' to traditional journalism, detailing their role performance in news texts as information sources or platforms, for instance, or as added newsworkers contributing towards traditional journalistic endeavour.",[]]],"rt":[["paradigm repair",[]]]},{},{},{"de":[["In Bourdieu's writing and in subsequent work by Benson, we understand the field as a space defined by its ability to project and maintain a dominant vision of what journalism is.",[]]]},{},{"de":[["As a descriptor, it validates ProPublica's journalistic bona fides, as does the use of 'muckraking', channelling a familiar term for investigative journalism.",[]]],"sy":[["investigative journalism",[]]]},{},{"de":[["It is a reaction to change when that change originates outside the traditional news media realm.",[]],["By normalizing, journalists adapt technologies that otherwise challenge their primacy to fit within extant professional norms.",[]],["From this vantage, normalization reflects an ability of traditional and legacy media to maintain their societal power by nullifying emergent voices.",[]],["an extension of paradigm repair",["Berkowitz 2000"]],["the discursive reinforcement of a traditional portrait of the journalistic field at moments when that is challenged by external factors",["Berkowitz 2000"]],["joining this concept with paradigm repair sees the routinization of non-traditional newswork as part and parcel of traditional journalism.",[]]]},{},{},{"sp":[["Group fairness",[]]]},{"de":[["In the fairness literature, group fairness is commonly framed in terms of protected groups G, such as race, gender, and age.",[]]],"sb":[["demographic parity",[]],["equalized odds",[]],["multilingual group fairness",[]]]},{"de":[["In our multilingual setting, we require that the text snippets expressing similar semantics in different languages should be similarly related to the same images.",[]]],"sb":[["α-multilingual individual fairness",[]],["multilingual individual fairness",[]]]},{"de":[["explore how the multilingual fairness notions, characterized by individual fairness and group fairness, are formulated on the multimodal representations.",[]]],"rt":[["individual fairness",[]],["group fairness",[]]]},{},{"de":[["multilingual group fairness postulates that multimodal models should induce similar predictive performance across different languages",[]]],"rt":[["multilingual individual fairness",[]],["multilingual accuracy parity",[]]],"sb":[["multilingual accuracy parity",[]],["multilingual group rate parity",[]]],"sp":[["group fairness",["Zemel et al., 2013","Chouldechova, 2017","Hardt et al., 2016","Zhu et al., 2022"]],["individual fairness",[]]]},{"de":[["multilingual individual fairness presumes similar outcomes between similar language expressions grounding on the same images",[]]],"rt":[["multilingual group fairness",[]]],"sp":[["individual fairness",["Dwork et al., 2012"]]]},{},{},{},{"de":[["Credibility would be a feature of what is trustworthy",[]]],"sy":[["reliability",[]]]},{}] |